Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Page
Super Vac,
"The Ventilation Specialists",
manufactures a wide variety of
portable ventilators powered by electricity, gasoline, battery, air
and water used for emergency smoke and fume ventilation.
For information on the entire line of Super Vac ventilation
equipment, refer to your Super Vac fire equipment catalog,
contact your dealer or visit our website at:
www.supervac.com
Scan QR Code for video or go to:
supervac.com/tm1
Page
1
INDEX
Ventilation ............................................................. 3
Ventilation Theory
Super Vacuum Manufacturing makes no warranty
Why Ventilate . ............................................ 4
implied or stated about the specific use of any of the
applications in this manual. Organizations using this Smoke and Fire Gases ............................... 4
manual are strongly encouraged to practice ventila- Flashover .................................................... 4
tion theories under controlled conditions. Everyone
using ventilation products must thoroughly under- Backdraft .................................................... 4
stand the Safety Precautions on page 25 of Tactics . ....................................................... 5
this manual. Mechanical Ventilation................................. 6
Pressure Gradients...................................... 6
Churning ..................................................... 6
Ventilation Decision Tree ............................ 7
Requirements for Effective
Mechanical Ventilation................................. 7
Fan Combinations........................................ 8
Stacking Smoke Ventilators......................... 9
Wind Direction............................................. 9
Special Situations
Confined Space Emergencies................... 16
High Rise Buildings................................... 18
Below Grade Conditions............................ 20
Interior Rooms........................................... 20
Emergencies Involving Temperature......... 20
Air Movement for Cooling.......................... 21
Use of Fog Nozzles................................... 22
Use Instructions
Portable Generators.................................. 23
Extension Cords........................................ 23
Community Services.................................. 24
Neutralizing and Deodorizing..................... 24
Safety ....................................................... 25
Maintenance.............................................. 25
Page
2
VENTILATION
Throughout this manual, ventilation is discussed toxic content of fire gases has had a dramatic effect
in relation to smoke. Smoke is a convenient media on the way we attack fires.
to use in illustrating air movement because of its vis- Ventilation can be achieved through “natural
ibility. However, the same principles apply to many means” or through “mechanical means”. Natural
toxic fumes, paint, welding fumes, vehicle exhaust, ventilation includes opening windows and allowing
dust, and other airborne contamination. the wind to provide fresh air to the fire building envi-
The replacement of the products of combustion, ronment. It also includes self-ventilation of the fire
heat and fire gases, with fresh air is VENTILATION. when it burns through the roof, thereby allowing the
Ventilation on the fire ground is essential to the overall trapped fire gases to escape through the roof opening.
objective in that it enables fire fighters to complete Mechanical ventilation includes using HVAC systems
their mission of RESCUE and EXTINGUISHMENT built into buildings, using fog streams out of windows
faster and safer. Through a coordinated attack that to create air movement, and negative or positive
includes the ventilation of the fire building, fire fighters pressure ventilation through the use of specialized
will work in an environment that is more tenable for the fire service fans. This manual will concentrate on the
fire fighters themselves and any trapped occupants use of specialized fire industry fans to create positive
in the building. Ventilation reduces the conditions and negative pressure ventilation.
of back draft and flashover in addition to increasing Super Vac has been providing special fire
visibility for other fire ground operations. service fans to the fire service since 1926. Since
Fire ground commanders are now realizing the that time, Super Vac has been involved in every
benefits of ventilation through the efforts of many years development in fire service ventilation practices. Our
of research by manufacturers, fire departments, insur- research and development people receive hundreds
ance companies, and through their own experiences. of inquiries and suggestions throughout the year.
Research has shown that the sooner the ventilation Super Vac works with many fire service training
process occurs in the overall fire ground plan, the organizations such as the International Fire Service
greater the reduction in property damage, and the Training Association (IFSTA) and the International
greater the reduction in manpower and equipment Society of Fire Service Instructors (ISFSI) to improve
needs. As fuels have changed over the past several the technologies available to fire departments. This
years, the ventilation objective has become more and manual is an example of our commitment to the fire
more important. With this change in fuels, fire gases service personnel of the world.
have become considerably toxic. This increase in the
Page
3
VENTILATION THEORY
BACKDRAFT
A backdraft situation exists when the environment
should be in a flashover, however there is not suffi-
cient oxygen to support combustion. When oxygen is
introduced into this environment, an explosion occurs
as the fire speeds.
Ventilation is required in this case. It is important
to understand the entire ventilation process and carry
it out carefully under backdraft situations. Some signs
of backdraft are:
Puffing smoke outside the building or area
Dense black smoke turning grey to yellow
Little or no flame
Smoke stained windows
Smoke leaving then re-entering the building
Excessive heat with no visible fire
Page
4
VENTILATION THEORY
TACTICS
Fire attack and / or rescue operations should On a smaller scale, fire fighters can take
occur around the same time as ventilation operations advantage of smoke's tendency to rise by placing
or soon thereafter. Coordination of the fire attack and fans at the highest point in the exhaust opening. This
ventilation operations are essential, as they dramati- opening may be a window or a door, or it may be an
cally affect the outcome of the situation. Ventilation opening created during the ventilation process. During
can be destroyed by attack crews who are not acting positive pressure operations, ventilate the bottom
in concert with ventilation crews. Also, attack opera- floor first and work your way to the top.
tions not in conjunction with ventilation operations
may not reach their objective: the fire or the rescue.
Ventilation crews should return to or communicate
with the command post for reassignment.
Protection lines for the ventilation crew should
not be used for fire fighting lines unless specifically
directed to do so by the command post. Attack crews
could be in jeopardy if ventilation crews fight the fire
from the wrong vantage point. The tactical objective
of the ventilation crew will determine where and how
ventilation is done. For rescue, generally, positive
pressure is needed between trapped occupant(s)
and the fire and between the trapped and the exit.
This may or may not be easily identifiable. Once the
rescue mission is completed, ventilation equipment
may need to be repositioned for attack operations
or for overhaul operations.
During attack operations, positive pressure
is needed between attack crews and the fire with
the exhaust opening on the opposite side of the
attack.
Whenever possible, ventilation crews should
take advantage of smoke and fire gases' natural
tendency to rise. While a potentially dangerous
operation, some situations call for fire fighters to make
their way to the roof and cut it open. This will release
super heated fire gases, smoke and sometimes fire
through the hole. A protection line is required. Never
put the protection line on or in a vent hole unless it is
for the direct protection of the ventilation crew. Once
a ventilation hole has been cut, retreat to the ground
for reassignment.
Page
5
VENTILATION THEORY
FOG STREAMS N
+ +
+ N
N
+ N
+ N
N
+ N
+
+
Page
6
VENTILATION THEORY
VENTILATION
DECISION TREE
6. Initiate ventilation as soon as tactically possible. 16. Never use gasoline powered fans in smoke atmospheres.
7. Include ventilation as part of standard operating 17. Use only fans with explosion proof motors inside
procedures (S.O.P.). questionable atmospheres.
8. During negative ventilation operations place fan as 18. Never place hose lines into ventilation openings.
close to smoke source as possible.
19. Make sure that created drafts do not close doors
9. Use combinations of fans to achieve the best or windows.
performance, either combinations of positive and
negative pressure, or multiple fans for additional volume. 20. Maintain ventilation operations during overhaul.
10. Use prevailing winds as much as possible. 21. First open,then pressurize maintaining control
of air movement.
Page
7
VENTILATION THEORY
Page
8
VENTILATION THEORY
NEGATIVE PRESSURE
Area: 3 ft.
Average Wind Speed
60 mph
DOOR
WIND
Average
Wind Speed
10 mph
POSITIVE PRESSURE
WIND
Page
9
POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
ADVANTAGES OF POSITIVE
PRESSURE VENTILATION
1. Reduces property damage.
2. Increases visibility and safety.
3. Can maintain primary and secondary egress
routes.
4. Reduces overhaul time.
5. Can utilize electric or gasoline powered fans. WALL WALL
6. Does not require explosion proof motors.
7. Can be initiated from the exterior of the build-
ing.
8. Is effective on all structures when doors or
windows are maintained.
9. Does not require smoke and fire gases to pass
through the fan.
10. Is quicker than negative ventilation.
11. Keeps doorway clear of equipment.
12. Air velocity within building is increased.
13. Equipment cleaning time is reduced.
14. Works well in large areas.
Page
10
POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
The design of the V-Attack is such that the door is When using a garage door, open it only partway.
sealed top to bottom with the units at 45° angles. Then using two fans, seal the doorway with the cones
This leaves a straight shot for attack lines. of air.
Page
11
WORKING WITH POSITIVE PRESSURE
All ventilation operations should be under the crew needs to open up on the opposite side of the
direction of the incident commander. This can be attack crew, then place a pressure zone between
direct supervision, through a company officer such the attack crew and the fire.
as a truck company officer, or through a ventilation To initiate positive pressure operations, either
section leader. Ventilation operations are as critical gas powered or electric powered fans may be used.
to the overall operation as are other procedures. If Generally speaking, a larger fan will produce faster
the ventilation operation is neglected, the overall results. However, always compare fans by their rated
operation suffers. output, not by their size in inches.
Once a crew has been assigned to perform the Because positive pressure requires the select
ventilation operation, they must identify the location opening and closing of air exit points, care should be
of the fire and the mission of the team. For example, taken not to destroy the integrity of windows or doors
if there is a backdraft condition, the crew should so that they are capable of being opened and closed
open up above the fire to exhaust super heated fire to change the direction of air flow. This is contrary to
gases and products of combustion. If a rescue is to the standard practice of many departments and will
be made, the crew needs to place a positive pressure require new awareness and training. Also, fire fighters
zone between the trapped persons and the fire, and a using several doors as ingress and egress routes can
positive pressure zone between the rescue crew and reduce the effectiveness of the ventilation effort. Again,
the fire. When making a direct attack, the ventilation training and coordination is important. If windows are
broken, use doors to compartmentalize room(s).
CORRECT WRONG
FIRE FIRE
INCREASED
PRESSURE
CLOSED CLOSED
WINDOWS WINDOWS
CLOSED & DOORS CLOSED & DOORS
WINDOWS WINDOWS
& DOORS & DOORS
AIR FLOW WITH DOORS AND WINDOWS CONTROLLED AIR FLOW WITH UNCONTROLLED OPENING OF KITCHEN
DOOR ALLOWING PRESSURE TO SEEK PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE
CORRECT WRONG
FIRE FIRE
CLOSED CLOSED
WINDOWS WINDOWS
& DOORS CLOSED & DOORS
CLOSED
WINDOWS WINDOWS
& DOORS & DOORS
ATTACK CREW SHOULD WORK IN CONCERT WITH VENTILATION AN UNCOORDINATED ATTACK WILL WORK AGAINST
BOTH ATTACK AND VENTILATION
Page
12
NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
ADVANTAGES OF NEGATIVE
PRESSURE VENTILATION USING
ELECTRIC SMOKE EJECTORS
1. Reduces property damage.
2. Increases visibility and safety.
3. Can maintain primary and secondary
egress routes.
4. Reduces overhaul time. Double-Hung Windows
5. Can utilize electric fans. 1. Raise lower window.
6. Can utilize explosion proof motors. 2. Place Super Vac unit on window sill and pull
7. Does not require a great deal of coordination window down onto handles.
with other operations. 3. Secure both hooks of the Super Vac hanger
8. Is not upset easily. unit into bottom sill of the window.
9. Requires little training. 4. Wrap cable of hooks around handle to obtain
10. Can be used in conjunction with flexible duct length which will hold smoke ejector securely
equipment. on lower sill of window. Properly installed, the
11. Works well in small area situations such as a Super Vac unit performs unattended and ejects
single room. smoke at maximum efficiency. NOTE: Be sure
12. Works well in the removal of heavier than the unit is correctly placed. To direct smoke,
air gases. fan blade must be on the inside forcing air over
13. Works well from aerial equipment from the motor to outside. Reverse the position to pull in
exterior of high rise rooms. fresh air.
14. Works when opening integrity is not
maintained. Casement Windows
15. Electric smoke ejectors do not
produce CO.
16. Can be used in cave-ins.
17. Can be used to cool fire fighters in
staging areas.
Page
13
NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
NEGATIVE PRESSURE
DOOR PLACEMENT
With the fan on the smoke side of the doorway, In large door openings, place fan slightly farther
place a fan or fans far enough away from the doorway back or use multiple fans.
so as to cover the doorway with a cone of air coming Positioned in this manner the ejector not only
from the fans. This will create a venturi effect with the moves the air passing through the propeller, but also
air going out the door, increasing the fans effective- draws air into the air stream on the discharge side.
ness by as much as 100%. Stacking fans will increase Efficiency increases by 20 to 100% of rated capacity.
volume greatly, reducing ventilation time and increasing Actual increase varies according to the size of the
ventilation effectiveness. For oversized doors, place fan, the size of the door opening through which it
fans side by side to overlap their cones of air. An is exhausting and the size of the opening providing
alternate method of using two fans in a doorway is to replacement or make up air.
place one fan on the door, and a second fan away on
the floor. The smaller the fan, the lower the increase in
The following guidelines should be used only as capacity, and vice versa. This is mainly because of
an aid in determining the correct placement of Super the difference in velocity and the concentrated reach
Vacs based on the sizes of the door and the fan. of the air stream. By positioning either a 16” or a 24”
Super Vac 8 to 10 feet inside a door measuring 30” x
16” Super Vac exhausting through a 36” door 84”, the volume of air exhausted will increase about
should be positioned 6’ to 8’ from opening. the same for either ejector (30 to 40%).
WALL WALL
WRONG:
If fan is placed
too close to
the opening,
re-circulation
possibilities exist.
CORRECT:
WRONG:
Too far
from
opening.
Page
14
NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
OPEN CLOSED
WINDOW DOORS
CLOSED
DOORS
OPEN
WINDOW
CLOSED
WINDOW
CLOSED
DOORS
CLOSED CLOSED
DOOR DOOR
REPLACEMENT
AIR
OPEN
WINDOW
ATTIC
CLOSED CLOSED
DOOR DOOR
CLOSED
DOOR
OPEN
WINDOW
Page
15
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Confined spaces with LIGHTER than air gases Confined spaces with LIGHTER than air gases
or smoke and more than one opening or smoke and only one opening
Wind Direction
Using Duct
Wind Direction
Wind Direction
Page
16
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Wind Direction
Using Duct
Wind Direction
Page
17
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
High rise buildings create special ventilation Stairwells are the main arteries of high rise
problems. However, the ventilation principles are the buildings. They are the means of egress for occupants
same. Air still moves from an area of higher pressure and the means of ingress for fire fighters. When
to an area of lower pressure. Factors included in high pressurizing stairwells to maintain this egress/ingress
rise ventilation include: route, fire fighters must understand that smoke and
fire gases are still going to rise to the top floors and
Distance from ground level to roof mushroom down. If there is not an opening at the top
Number of potential openings of the stairwell, it may be possible to force smoke
Stairwells and elevator shafts through the fire floor to the outside; smoke in the
Occupants stairwell above the fire will have to be exhausted
HVAC systems through the top floor and out.
Weather Many buildings have pressurized stairwells
Prefire planning built into them. Prefire planning should indicate if
Manpower
Page
18
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
As already stated, pre-fire planning is essential Communication with the command post should
in the combat of high rise fires. In addition to roof provide continuous status reports as the ventilation of
top openings and HVAC systems, pre-fire planning high rise buildings is a top priority. Smoke is usually
should include the types of openings and windows in a greater danger than fire and in many cases causes
the building, the time of day that occupants occupy greater problems.
the building, the location of all shafts and hoist ways,
and the availability of the building engineer in case of
HVAC operation.
Page
19
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Basements
Electric fans with flexible duct
REPLACEMENT
AIR
EMERGENCIES
REPLACEMENT
INVOLVING TEMPERATURE
AIR
Situations involving hot or cold temperatures
LIGHTER THAN AIR GAS OR SMOKE REMOVAL
range from those that have temperatures causing
discomfort, to extreme temperatures that can cause
death. Super Vac electric fans can move warm air
to a cold area or they can move cool air to a hot
area during temperature emergencies. Temperature
Man Holes
emergencies involve situations such as persons
Two electric fans with flexible duct.
trapped during inclement weather or industrial
accidents near or in hot machinery. Fans may also
be used in the rehabilitation area to warm or cool
fire fighters.
REHAB
Fans may also be used in the rehabilitation area to
cool fire fighters. Misting attachments can be used to
provide additional cooling on scene or during training
evaluations. Also,use shade trees, tarps and awnings
to prevent sun exposure in the rehab area. And always
set up the rehab in an area that is free of smoke and
vehicle exhaust.
Page
20
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
AIR MOVEMENT FOR COOLING Two difficulties in controlling fire and excessive
water loss are (a) an excessive dependence upon
Introducing air and water to modern fire fighting water for cooling, and (b) the difficulty of getting
techniques was first described in Scientific American nozzles into effective position in a highly heated area.
Magazine as early as 1877. Super Vac introduced Broken fog streams have limited range. Exclusive
the air and water technique in their 1961 ventilation dependence upon water cooling ignores the efficient,
training manual. practical and rapid means of getting rid of excessive
Water is well known as a cooling or extinguishing heat by mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventila-
agent, but air is more plentiful, more readily available tion properly applied quickly removes heat to the
and may be extremely effective where properly used. outside atmosphere. Heat is dissipated at the ratio
Normally, air with 30% or better relative humidity pro- of the square of the distance, so that by doubling the
vides effective insulation against heat and fire. Air in distance of exposed fuel, we reduce tremendously
an immediate fire area has been dried out, thus the the dangerous temperature:
fire burns vigorously unless heated air and smoke are
removed or displaced. As temperature increases, the To summarize, several basic means of heat
amount of moisture (humidity) near the fire is quickly reduction are readily available for fire suppression:
absorbed. At higher temperatures the moisture absorp-
tion is much greater. 1. Cooling water sprayed to absorb and transfer
If we introduce cool moist air (all natural air has
excessive heat.
some moisture), not only is the air itself a coolant, but
the natural moisture inhibits combustion. As tempera- 2. Mechanical ventilation to move heat outside
ture is reduced, much of the moisture in the heated where it is quickly dissipated.
air is released and contributes further to suppress
combustion. Often we see this released moisture in 3. Mechanical ventilation to move in cool moist
the form of condensation after a fire is extinguished. air to replace heated gases and reduce
A quick and efficient way to introduce moisture to dry fuel temperature.
air and gases in a fire is by using spray or fog nozzles.
Water spray cools excessive heat and purges the fire 4. Cool moist air to insulate fuel that might be
area as water particles are expanded into steam and heated by the fire to an ignition temperature.
replace moisture lost from heat of the fire.
Moisture in air, whether natural or provided by 5. Cool moist air to inhibit flame production.
hose streams, provides a barrier against radiated heat.
Observe the protection afforded by a fog nozzle. It 6. Cool moist air to reduce temperature in the
transfers heat from the fire area when converted into fire area and free latent moisture trapped
steam and interferes with the oxidation process. by excessive heat (remember that relative
Even after flame production ceases there may be humidity in the immediate burning area may
considerable latent heat, but cool moist air serves to approach zero).
reduce this heat until fuel distillation ceases completely.
While small fog streams stop flame production,
they have inadequate cooling capacity to remove the
high latent heat remaining in the fuel. Sometimes twice
as much water is needed in this “overhauling” stage
than in ”flame suppression“ stage. Tests measuring
quantities of water needed to control fires with fog
nozzles point up to this fact.
Page
21
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Fire fighters combating a blaze with fog equipment 1. Place the blower on the floor so the spiral
should hold the fog nozzle as high as possible and aim blast of air is directed toward the fire.
it directly at the source of the blaze. However, in many
fire situations the water particles in fog streams do not 2. Hold the fog nozzle so that it is parallel with
have sufficient mass or weight to provide effective the air stream and is just above the edge of
range. Also, obstructions such as shelves, partitions, the fan, and see that the fog stream contacts
etc. may prevent the fog stream from reaching the the air stream 3 to 4 feet from the exhaust
fire. These problems can be solved by using a Super end of smoke ejector.
Vac with the fog equipment. 3. Diligent practice and drilling must be
Super Vacs permit the fire fighter to combine the observed to acquire the necessary skill
best advantages of both water and air as extinguishing to combat effectively the unique problems
agents. By combining fog equipment with the powerful present in each activation of fire.
spiral air screw produced by the smoke ejector, the
natural tendency of water to coalesce is averted.
This combination of air pressure and aeration tends
to keep the water droplets separate, and extends
the range and effectiveness of spray streams. Water
discharged in this manner can be directed far beyond
the reach of a normal nozzle and in a form that can
provide more effective extinguishing and purging
than by water spray alone.
Page
22
USE INSTRUCTIONS
fan is up to full speed, another fan may be * FOR 220 VOLT - FANS, DOUBLE THE MAXIUM LENGTH CABLE EXTENSIONS SHOWN ABOVE.
RESCUE
Page
23
USE INSTRUCTIONS
Page
24
USE INSTRUCTIONS
Page
25
Super Vac "The Ventilation Specialists" manufactures a wide variety of portable ventilators powered
by electricity, gasoline, battery, air and water used for emergency smoke and fume ventilation.
For information on the entire line of Super Vac ventilation equipment, refer to your Super Vac fire
equipment catalog,contact your dealer or visit our website at: www.supervac.com
Ventilation Fans Sizes: 16",18",20",24"and 30"
Battery
Water
Smoke Machine
70,000 to 750,00
CFM Blowers
Rescue Saws
Smoke Ejectors
Super Vacuum
Manufacturing Company, Inc.
Post Office Box 87
Loveland, Colorado 80539-0087
Phone: 970-667-5146 or 1-800-525-5224
Fax: 970-667-4296 / Website: www.supervac.com
Page
26
Printed in the U.S.A. SVTM 11/11
Page
28