Name : Dewa Made Mahendra Putra

NIM : 1312021098

Class : 3C

1. Summarize all the phonological processes that have been learned, preferably with
examples of your own examples !
Answer
1. There are four categories of phonological processes ; assimilation ( where segments
become more alike ), syllable structure ( where there is alteration in the distribution of
consonants and vowels), weakning and strengthening ( where segments are modified
according to their position in the word), and neutralization ( where segemnts merge in a
particular environtment).
Phonological processes that I have learned are :
A. Assimilatory processes
a. Consonant assimilates vowel features

There are two common processes here such as palatalization and labialization.
Palatalization means the tongue of a front vowel is superimposed on an adjacent consonant.
And labialization means the lips position of a rounded vowel.

For examples : public [ɪrustic ɪ

public + ity  publicity [ɪə

   

  rustic + ity  rusticity [ɪə

[-k] [-s]
 b. Vowel assimilates consonant features

There is nasalized process which occur in English. In my understanding about

nasalized process :

For example :

- Bad [band
- Gut [gun 

If we say ‘bad’ and ‘band’ in two ways such as with closing nose and without
closing nose. The sound of the word ‘bad’ is still hear clearly, but the sound of the word
‘band’ is not hear clearly when we say with closing our nose.

c. Consonant assimilates consonant features

This process can be seen in English where the ending of plural, third person
singular, and past tense agree in voicing with a preceding a consonant.
For example
 The ending of plural : in word rocks, dogs and horses.
- Rocks : rock + s  [s]. When the preceding sound is voiceless, the [s]
allomorph occurs.
- Dogs : dog + s [z]. After a vowel or a voiced consonant, the [z] allomorph
occurs.
- Horses : horse + s [ɪz]. When the preceding sound is a sibiliant (the kind
of “hissing” or “hushing” sound heard at the end), the [ɪz] is occurs.
 Third person singular : in the sentence she buys an apple and she studies
seriously.
- Buy + s  buys. In this case, if the sound before ‘y’ is voice or vowel. So
according to simple present tense that indicate third person singular, we just
put ‘s’.
- Study + s  studies. In this case, if the sound before ‘y’ is voiceless or
consonant. So, ‘y’ changes become ‘i’ and put ‘es’ follows ‘i’.
 Past tense in word walked and needed.
 - Walk + ed  [-kt]. When the preceding sound is voiceless in past tense, the
sound is heard voiceless.
- Need + ed  [-gd] : When the preceding sound is voice in past tense, the
sound is heard voice.
d. Vowel assimilates vowel features

In this process, we can distinguish vowel harmony from umlauting or fronting. In

English, irregular plurals are vestiges of an umlauting process which was fairly extensive
in Old English.

For examples :

Singular Plural
Mouse Mice
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth

B. Syllable structure processes

In syllable structure process, consonants or vowels may be deleted or inserted.
Basicly, a syllable containing a single consonant and vowel ( CV ).

For examples : a orange. If we want to say “a orange” is bit difficult to say. Because
the ideal structure based on syllable process is (CV) or (CVCVCV). So, there is a
problem that can solve by one of three ways that has mentioned above such as in this
case, consonant could be inserted between two vowels because in this case there are
two vowels sequences.

a. Consonant Deletion
In some r-less dialects of English, word final r is dropped before a
consonant or in phrase final postition, but not before a vowel.
Example :
- I wear black shoes, I wear apparel.
- My sister is carrying a bag, My sister carried a bag.
 b. Vowel Deletion
English morphemes terminating in a vowel drop the vowel before a suffix
begining with a vowel.
Examples :
- Italia, Italian ( derived from Italia + an )
- Singapore, Singaporan ( derived from Singapore + an )
- Piano, Pianist ( piano + ist )
- Flute, Flutist ( flute + ist )
c. Consonant Insertion
In some dialects of English, r is inserted whenever a word ending in a
schwa (ə) is followed by a word begining with a vowel \.
Example
- Hysteria (ɪəriə). He’s got hysteria for a year, Hysteria-r is one of
genetic diseases.
- Cholera (əəShe knows that her boyfriend has got cholera since
seven grade, Cholera-r is a disease caught from infected water that often
causes death.
d. Vowel Insertion
In English, schwa is inserted between final consonant-sonorant cluster.
- Angry, anger [ ə
- Materialistic, materialism əɪəəɪə