SLIDES - Urinary System 2016

The Urinary System
Colorado River Delta © Photo Researchers
Mercedes Gutierrez, PhD.

University of Minnesota
The Urinary System
• Objectives:
– Learn and describe organs of urinary system, and their function
– Describe anatomy of kidneys and nephron, understand
fundamentals of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
– Describe anatomy of urinary tract
– Briefly describe embryonic and fetal development of the
urinary system
The Urinary System
• Objectives:
– Learn and describe organs of urinary system, and their function
urinary system
The Urinary System
Cells in the body produce waste products that end up in the
bloodstream. Urinary system removes waste products and helps
maintain homeostasis
Organs:
• Kidneys – filter waste products from the bloodstream and convert
the filtrate into urine
• Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra (Urinary tract) – transport

the urine out of the body
The Urinary System
Functions:
• Storage of urine – urine produced continuously. Stored in urinary
bladder
• Excretion of urine – micturition
• Regulation of blood volume – under direction of certain hormones
• Regulation of erythrocyte production – secretion of

erythropoietin
• Regulation of ion balance/acid-base balance – Na+, K+, and H+,

NH4+
© Thieme, 2008
12th rib
© Thieme, 2008
© Thieme, 2008
The Urinary System
• Objectives:
– Learn and describe organs of urinary system, and overview
their function
urinary system
Kidneys
Gross Anatomy:
• Concave medial border

(hilum) where vessels,
nerves, and ureter enter
and/or exit the kidney
Kidneys
Gross Anatomy:
• Concave medial border

(hilum) where vessels,
nerves, and ureter enter
and/or exit the kidney
• Hilum continuous with

internal space (renal sinus),
which houses renal arteries,
veins, lymph vessels,
nerves, renal pelvis, calyces,
and adipose tissue
Kidneys
Tissue Layers (from innermost to
outermost):
Fibrous (renal) capsule – dense irregular

connective tissue. Maintains the kidney’s
shape, protects it from trauma, and helps
prevent infections from entering it
Kidneys
outermost):

Perinephric (perirenal) fat –adipose

connective tissue. Completely surrounds
kidney and offers cushioning and
insulation.
Kidneys
outermost):

Perinephric (perirenal) fat –adipose

connective tissue. Completely surrounds
kidney and offers cushioning and
insulation.
Renal fascia – dense irregular connective

tissue. Anchors the kidney to posterior
abdominal wall and peritoneum.
Paranephric fat – outermost layer.

Composed of adipose connective tissue,
lies between renal fascia and
peritoneum.
Kidneys
Anterior Inferior
vena cava
Stomach
Descending Liver
abdominal aorta
Renal vein
Renal artery
Body of
Renal hilum L2 vertebra
Left kidney Paranephric fat
Renal fascia
Spleen
Perinephric fat
Fibrous capsule
Posterior
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.
Kidneys
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Renal Pyramid
(Papilla)
Renal Column
Kidneys
Renal sinus
contains:
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Corticomedullary junction Renal pelvis
Renal artery
Renal papilla
Renal vein
Renal lobe
Ureter
Fibrous capsule
Right kidney, coronal section

Kidneys
Renal cortex
Renal medulla Renal sinus

contains:
Minor calyx
Minor calyx Renal pyramid Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Renal column
Renal artery
Corticomedullary junction
Renal vein
Renal pelvis
Renal papilla
Major calyx
Renal pyramid
Renal lobe
Renal column
Ureter
Fibrous capsule
Ureter
Right kidney, coronal section

(left): © Ralph T. Hutchings/Visuals Unlimited

Kidneys
- Blood Supply -
Inferior Vena Cava
Right Renal Artery

Right Renal Vein Left Renal Artery
Left Renal Vein
Left Gonadal
Vein
Abdominal Aorta
© Thieme, 2008
Kidneys
- Blood Supply -
Segmental Arteries
Left Renal Artery
Left Renal Vein
Left Gonadal
Vein
Abdominal Aorta
© Thieme, 2008
Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Interlobular artery
Segmental
artery
Renal artery

Kidneys
- Blood Supply -
Kidneys
- Blood Supply -
Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Interlobular artery Afferent arteriole
Nephron
Segmental Glomerulus
artery
Renal CT
corpuscle
Renal artery Efferent arteriole
Cortex
Arcuate Medulla
vessels
Nephron loop

Kidneys
- Blood Supply -
Nephron
artery
Renal CT
corpuscle
Interlobular
vein
Cortex
Peritubular
capillaries Vasa recta
Arcuate Medulla (associated (associated with
vessels with convoluted nephron loop)
tubules)
Nephron loop

Kidneys
- Blood Supply -
Nephron
artery
Renal PCT
corpuscle
Interlobular
vein
DCT
Cortex
Peritubular
capillaries Vasa recta
Arcuate Medulla (associated (associated with
vessels with convoluted nephron loop)
tubules)
Renal vein
Nephron loop
Interlobar vein Arcuate vein Interlobular vein

Nephron
- Functional filtration unit -
• Consists of
• a renal corpuscle (glomerulus + glomerular or Bowman’s capsule)
• a proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
• a nephron loop Renal tubule
• a distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron
Proximal convoluted
tubule
Renal corpuscle
Cortex
Renal Distal convoluted
corpuscle tubule
Descending
Corticomedullary limb
junction Nephron Descending
loop Ascending limb
limb
Nephron
loop
Medulla
Collecting
tubule
Ascending
Collecting limb
duct

Nephron
Renal corpuscule Collecting

Efferent
arteriole Nephron loop tubule
Afferent
arteriole
PCT DCT
Glomerulus
Glomerular Ascending
limb
capsule Descending
Capsular space limb
Collecting duct
Renal tubule

Nephron

Efferent
Afferent
arteriole
PCT DCT
Glomerulus
limb
capsule Descending
Capsular space limb
Collecting duct
Renal tubule

Nephron

Efferent
Afferent
arteriole
PCT DCT
Glomerulus
limb
capsule Descending
Capsular space limb
Collecting duct
Renal tubule

Proximal
Efferent convoluted
arteriole Renal tubule
corpuscle
Distal Distal
convoluted convoluted tubule
tubule
Afferent
arteriole Renal corpuscle
Collecting
duct Proximal
convoluted tubule
LM 100x
(b) Histology of renal cortex
Nephron loop Tall microvilli

Short, sparse microvilli
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Basement
membrane
Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule
(a) Nephron components (c) Convoluted tubule epithelia
Thick limbs of
nephron loops
Collecting ducts
Thin limbs of
nephron loops
Vasa recta
LM 100x
(d) Histology of renal medulla

b: © Keith Wheeler/Science Photo Library/Coris; d: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos by Dr. Alvin Telser
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Nephron
Peritubular capillaries
Efferent
arteriole
Nephron loop
Afferent
arteriole
PCT Collecting
DCT tubule
Glomerulus
Glomerular
capsule Ascending
Capsular space limb
Descending
limb
Collecting duct
Vasa recta

Nephron
• Forms urine through:
• Glomerular filtration - water and some dissolved solutes in blood plasma
passively move out of the glomerulus into capsular space due to pressure
differences across the filtration membrane. Product is called filtrate.
• Tubular reabsorption - substances in the filtrate move by diffusion or active

transport across the wall of the renal tubules to return to the blood. Filtrate
that is modified is called tubular fluid.
• Tubular secretion - active transport of solutes out of the blood into the
tubular fluid.
• Once tubular fluid exits the collecting duct, it is called urine

Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
The movement of substances from The movement of substances The movement of substances
the blood within the glomerulus from the tubular fluid back from the blood into the
into the capsular space into the blood tubular fluid
Efferent
arteriole
Nephron loop
Afferent
arteriole
PCT Collecting
DCT tubule
Glomerulus
Glomerular
capsule Ascending
Capsular space limb
Descending
limb
Collecting duct
Vasa recta

Nephron
• Facts:
• Glomerular filtration
– Not very selective, most solutes
– Proteins above size of Albumin (~69KDa) not allowed
• Tubular reabsorption
– PCT principal site of reabsorption
– All glucose, all amino acids, 65% Na+, thus 65% H2O
– DCT reabsorption is regulated to maintain solute balance: fine
tuning implies K+ secretion and Na+ reabsorption under the
control of Aldosterone
• Tubular secretion
– Regulated secretion to get rid of waste: urea, uric acid,
ammonia, creatinine.
Nephron
• Facts:
• Ducts are the last structures that have the capacity to modify the tubular
fluid further, and can do so under the influence of ADH and aldosterone
Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
The movement of substances from The movement of substances The movement of substances
the blood within the glomerulus from the tubular fluid back from the blood into the
into the capsular space into the blood tubular fluid
Efferent
arteriole
Nephron loop
Afferent
arteriole
PCT Collecting
DCT tubule
Glomerulus
Glomerular
capsule Ascending
Capsular space limb
Descending
limb
Collecting duct
Vasa recta

Nephron
• Facts:
• Ducts are the last structures that have the capacity to modify the tubular
fluid further, and can do so under the influence of ADH and aldosterone
• Secretion of these hormones results in increased water and sodium

absorption from the tubular fluid in the ducts, reducing water and sodium
loss from kidneys
• ADH secreted in response either to a rise in concentration of ions in blood

or fall in blood volume (dehydration)
• If individual is hydrated, ducts only transport the tubular fluid and do not
modify it.
Nephron
• Juxtaglomerular Apparatus – composed of:
– Juxtaglomerular cells - modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent

arteriole located near the entrance to the renal corpuscle
– Macula densa - modified epithelial cells in a distal convoluted tubule that
touch the juxtaglomerular cells
– Extraglomerular mesangial cells - contract and phagocytize filtered
particles
– Structures work together to regulate blood pressure: macula densa cells

monitor ion concentration in tubular fluid. If blood volume or solute
concentration is reduced, tubular fluid reflects this reduction, and macula
densa cells detect change and stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to release
renin. Renin activates the renin-angiotensin pathway, resulting in
aldosterone production, which causes increases in blood ion concentration
and blood volume.
The Urinary System
• Objectives:
their function
urinary system
Pelvis
Ilium
Sacrum
Pubis
Ischium
Female Pelvis
Sacrum
Ilium
Ischium
Coccygeus
Iliococcygeus
2
Pubococcygeus
Pubis
1 Puborectalis
Levator ani
1 – Openings for urethra and vagina
2 – Rectal opening
Female Urogenital
Ureter
Uterus
Urinary Bladder
Rectum
Urethra
Vagina
Male Urogenital
Urinary Bladder
Rectum
Prostatic
Urethra
Prostate Gland
Membranous
Urethra
Penile
Urethra
Urinary Tract
Ureters
- Long, fibromuscular,
retroperitoneal tubes
- Conduct urine from the

kidneys to the urinary
bladder
- Originate at renal pelvis
and extend inferiorly to
enter the posterolateral
wall of the base of the
urinary bladder
Mucosa Adventitia Transitional Inner Outer
epithelium longitudinal circular
muscle muscle
Lamina Transitional
propria epithelium
Mucosa
Muscularis
Lumen
Adventitia
LM 18x
(a) Ureter cross section (b) Histology of ureter

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos by Dr. Alvin Telser

Urinary Tract
Urinary Bladder Ureteral openings
- Expandable, muscular reservoir for Detrusor muscle Rugae

urine
Urethra
Urinary Tract
Urinary Bladder Ureters
- Expandable, muscular reservoir for
urine
- Immediately posterior to pubic
symphysis
Detrusor
muscle
Pubis
Urinary Tract
Urinary Bladder Ureteral openings
- Expandable, muscular reservoir for Detrusor muscle

urine Peritoneum
- Immediately posterior to pubic

symphysis
- Retroperitoneal organ (superior
surface is covered with Trigone
peritoneum)
- Trigone is formed by imaginary
lines connecting the two ureteral
openings and the urethral
opening. It functions as a funnel to
direct the stored urine into the
urethra as the bladder wall
Urethra
contracts. Different embryological
origin.
Urinary Tract
Urethra Ureteral openings
- Fibromuscular tube, conducts

urine to the exterior of the body
- Bundles of smooth muscle fibers
surround the mucosa and help
propel urine to the outside
Urethra
Urinary Tract
Urethra
- Fibromuscular tube, conducts
urine to the exterior of the body
- Bundles of smooth muscle fibers
surround the mucosa and help
propel urine to the outside
- Internal urethral sphincter is
involuntary. External urethral
sphincter is voluntary.
Urinary Tract
Ureteral openings
Female Urethra
- Only transports urine
- 3-5 cm long
- Opens to the outside at the
external urethral orifice
Urethra
Urinary Tract
Male Urethra Ureteral openings
- Passageway for both urine and

semen, but not at the same time
- 18-20 cm long
- Three segments: prostatic,
membranous, and spongy (penile)
Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Spongy Urethra
Urinary Tract
Male Urethra
- Prostatic – short, most dilatable
portion. Extends through the
prostate gland
- Membranous – shortest and least
dilatable portion. From inferior
surface of prostate gland through
urogenital diaphragm. Surrounded
by external urethral sphincter.
- Spongy – longest. Encased within a
erectile tissue of penis (corpus
spongiosum). Extends to the
external urethral orifice.
Micturition
(or the act of peeing)
• Parasympathetic (pelvic splanchnics) from micturition reflex center at S2-S4:

relax internal urethral sphincter - urine can pass through and stimulate
contraction of detrusor muscle
• Sympathetic innervation from T11-L2: contracts internal urethral sphincter and
inhibit contraction of detrusor muscle
• Micturition reflex:
1) Bladder fills and becomes distended, stretch receptors in bladder wall
activate and signal the micturition reflex center
2) Parasympathetic impulses travel to internal urethral sphincter and
detrusor muscle
3) Smooth muscle in sphincter relaxes, detrusor contracts
4) Person’s conscious decision to urinate causes relaxation of external
urethral sphincter
5) Expulsion of urine facilitated by contraction of abdominal wall muscles
6) Upon emptying of the bladder, the detrusor muscle relaxes and neurons
of micturition reflex center are inactivated
Aorticorenal ganglia
Superior
Hypogastric
Plexus
Inferior
Hypogastric
Plexus
Bladder
The Urinary System
• Objectives:
their function
urinary system
Urinary and Reproductive Systems
-Relationships-
• They develop together: “urogenital” system
• Both derived from a common mesodermal ridge: intermediate

mesoderm (IM)
• Excretory ducts of both initially enter a common cavity: cloaca
• Consequently, developmental anomalies may well involve both

systems
Development of Urinary System
• Three nephric structures:
– Pronephros – never functionally excretory, degenerates
– Mesonephros – functional for 4-6 weeks, degenerates
– Metanephros – definitive kidney

Urinary System
-Formation of Excretory Unit-
• 4th Week - Intermediate mesoderm in cervical region gives rise to small duct:
mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct
©Larsen’s Human Embryology 4th Ed.

Urinary System
• Mesonephric ducts (pair of longitudinal rods)

grow caudally
• IM condenses and reorganizes into

PRONEPHROS
• Pronephri disappear by day 25

Urinary System
• The more caudal tubules differentiate, the more
cranial ones degenerate
• 5th week – mesonephric tubules start to

differentiate into excretory units:
– medial end resembles a cup-shaped sac

(Bowman’s capsule), which wraps around a
knot of capillaries (glomerulus) to form a renal
corpuscle.
Urinary System
• The more caudal tubules differentiate, the more
cranial ones degenerate
• 5th week – mesonephric tubules start to

differentiate into excretory units:
– medial end resembles a cup-shaped sac

(Bowman’s capsule), which wraps around a
knot of capillaries (glomerulus) to form a renal
corpuscle
Urinary System
• Mesonephroi are functional between 6th-12th weeks and produce

small amounts of urine. After that they cease to function and
regress
• Mesonephric ducts also regress in the female. In the male, the ducts
persist and form parts of the male genital duct system
Urinary System
• Formation of metanephros begins with
formation of ureteric buds from IM in the sacral
region
• Ureteric buds penetrate a portion of the sacral

IM, the metanephric blastema, and bud begins
to bifurcate
Urinary System
region

to bifurcate
Urinary System
region

to bifurcate
• Each tip acquires a cap-like aggregate that gives it

a lobulated appearance
• By middle of 6th week the metanephros has 2 lobes separated by a sulcus

Urinary System
• 6th week - ureteric bud bifurcates 4
times, yielding 16 branches
• Branches coalesce to form 2-4 major

calyces extending from the renal
pelvis
• 7th week - the next generations of

branches coalesce, forming minor
calyces
• By 32 weeks additional bifurcations

have formed branches that would
become the future collecting tubules
and ducts of the kidney
Urinary System
-Formation of Nephron-
• Tip of each tubule induces development of a
metanephric blastemal cap, which
differentiates into a nephric vesicle
Urinary System
• Nephric vesicle changes shape, fuses with the

ureteric duct and become continuous, forming
the uriniferous tubule.
• Renal corpuscle of nephric tubule forms the

outer layer of Bowman’s capsule
Urinary System
• Nephric vesicle changes shape, fuses with the

ureteric duct and become continuous, forming
the uriniferous tubule.
• Renal corpuscle of nephric tubule forms the

outer layer of Bowman’s capsule
• Lengthening nephric vesicle ultimately forms

distal and proximal convoluted tubules and
loops of Henle
Urinary System
PROnephros MeSonephros MeTanephros

(Second) (Third)
Urinary System
-Formation of Bladder and Ureter-
• Cloacal region is partitioned by the urorectal septum into a ventral urogenital sinus
and a dorsal anorectal canal
Urinary System
• Urogenital sinus:
– expanded cranial structure – bladder
– narrow neck – becomes the pelvic urethra
– phallic segment – expands beneath the

growing genital tubercle
Structure Males Females

Pelvic urethra Membranous and prostatic urethra Membranous urethra
Phallic segment Penile urethra Vestibule of vagina
Urinary System
• Distal portions of the mesonephric ducts and

attached ureteric ducts become incorporated
into the posterior wall of the bladder
Urinary System
• Distal portions of the mesonephric ducts and

attached ureteric ducts become incorporated
into the posterior wall of the bladder
• Ureteric ducts migrate caudally along the

posterior bladder wall, incorporating the distal
ureters into the wall of the bladder
Urinary System
• Mesonephric ducts migrate caudally until they
open into the pelvic urethra
• Triangular area on the posteroinferior wall of

the bladder is called the trigone of the
bladder
• The mesodermal tissue of the trigone is later

overgrown by endoderm from the
surrounding bladder wall, but it remains
visible in the adult
Urinary System

Urinary System

Urinary System
-Ascent of Kidneys-
• Metanephric kidney initially develops in the pelvic region
• Ascends between 6th and 9th week
• Differential growth of the body during early development causes a shift of the
location of the kidney
Urinary System
-Ascent of Kidneys-
• Ascending kidney is progressively re-
vascularized by a series of arterial sprouts
from the dorsal aorta
• Sometimes, one or more of these

transient renal arteries fails to regress,
resulting in the presence of accessory
renal arteries
Urinary System
-Ascent of Kidneys-
• The inferior poles of the two

metanephroi may fuse during the ascent,
forming a U shaped “horseshoe” kidney
on the ventral side of the aorta that
would not migrate further than the
origin of the IMA
Urinary System
-Ascent of Kidneys-
• Failure of migration of one or both kidneys can result in the retention of one or
both kidneys in the pelvis. This does not normally have adverse effects on kidney
function
Urinary System
- Malformations -
• RENAL AGENESIS: Kidneys may fail to develop on one or both sides due to faulty
tissue-tissue interactions between the ureteric bud and nephrogenic mesenchyme
– Bilateral renal agenesis: causes oligohydramnios, which results in compression

of the fetus, Potter syndrome, (deformed limbs, wrinkly skin, abnormal facial
appearance [flattened nose, wide interpupillary space low set ears] and
tapering fingers). Infants with bilateral renal agenesis are usually stillborn or
die shortly after birth
Urinary System
- Malformations -
• If the initial branching of the ureteric bud is not incorporated into the developing
kidney, the result would be a duplication of the ureter. This duplication could be
variable in length
The Urinary System
THE END

SLIDES - Urinary System 2016

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The Urinary System

Colorado River Delta © Photo Researchers

Mercedes Gutierrez, PhD.

• Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra (Urinary tract) – transport

• Excretion of urine – micturition

• Regulation of blood volume – under direction of certain hormones

• Regulation of erythrocyte production – secretion of

• Regulation of ion balance/acid-base balance – Na+, K+, and H+,

• Concave medial border

• Concave medial border

• Hilum continuous with

Fibrous (renal) capsule – dense irregular

Fibrous (renal) capsule – dense irregular

Perinephric (perirenal) fat –adipose

Fibrous (renal) capsule – dense irregular

Perinephric (perirenal) fat –adipose

Renal fascia – dense irregular connective

Paranephric fat – outermost layer.

Right kidney, coronal section

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Renal medulla Renal sinus

Right kidney, coronal section

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Right Renal Artery

Left Renal Vein

Left Renal Vein

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Renal artery Efferent arteriole

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Renal artery Efferent arteriole

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Interlobar vein Arcuate vein Interlobular vein

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

• a distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Renal corpuscule Collecting

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Renal corpuscule Collecting

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Renal corpuscule Collecting

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

(b) Histology of renal cortex

Nephron loop Tall microvilli

(d) Histology of renal medulla

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

• Tubular reabsorption - substances in the filtrate move by diffusion or active

• Once tubular fluid exits the collecting duct, it is called urine

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

• Secretion of these hormones results in increased water and sodium

• ADH secreted in response either to a rise in concentration of ions in blood

– Juxtaglomerular cells - modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent

– Structures work together to regulate blood pressure: macula densa cells

- Conduct urine from the

(a) Ureter cross section (b) Histology of ureter

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

- Expandable, muscular reservoir for Detrusor muscle Rugae

- Expandable, muscular reservoir for Detrusor muscle

- Immediately posterior to pubic

- Fibromuscular tube, conducts

- Passageway for both urine and

• Parasympathetic (pelvic splanchnics) from micturition reflex center at S2-S4:

• Both derived from a common mesodermal ridge: intermediate

• Excretory ducts of both initially enter a common cavity: cloaca