Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
HANDBOOK
Fifth Edition
Edited by
Ernest W. Flick
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
viii
Foreword
Completely revised, and vastly expanded, this well-established and successful reference volume is designed
principally for the chemical and other process industries, but will be found useful by anyone needing the latest
pertinent data on industrial solvents.
This Fifth Edition is uniquely helpful when it becomes necessary to select a new solvent on a competitive or
comparative basis: when the customary solvent, employed hitherto, might no longer be available, or can no longer
be used because of environmental reasons; or when prices have risen to such an extent that an existing process
must be redesigned to make it economically feasible again.
The over 1,200 tables in this book contain basic data on the physical properties of most solvents and on the
solubilities of a variety of materials in these solvents. Even phase diagrams for multicomponent systems are
included. Particularly valuable are the HPLC and UV data for various solvents provided in the last chapter.
The contents of the tables were selected by the editor mainly from manufacturers' literature at no cost to, nor
influence from, the manufacturers or distributors of these solvents. The source of each table is indicated by a
reference number following the title. A complete set of references is found at the end of the book, as well as a
trade name index.
The vast amount of information contained in the book is evidenced at once in the large table of contents, which
is organized by chemical groups and also serves as the index. An abbreviated summary of the contents is given
below, indicating the number of tables in each category.
vii
Contents and Subject Index
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
..
2.44 23
2.45 trans-1 2-Dimethylcyclohexane ....................................................... 24
2.46 cis-I 2-Dimethylcyclohexane ......................................................... 24
2.47 Mixed 1.2-Dimethylcyclohexane ....................................................... 25
2.48 Ethylcyclohexane .................................................................. 25
2.49 lsopropylcyclohexane ............................................................... 26
Olefins ..................................................................................... 27
2.50 Ethylene ........................................................................ 27
x Contents and Subject Index
2.114 1-Phenylbutene-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.115 sec-Amylbenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.116 Mixed Amylbenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Terpenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.1 17 DIPENTENE No. 122 Terpene Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.1 18 SOLVENOL 2 Terpene Solvent ....................................................... 55
2.1 19 SOLVENOL 226 Terpene Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.120 HERCULES Steam-Distilled Wood Turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.121 HERCULES alpha-Pinene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.122 Selected Properties of Some Common Terpene Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.123 Arizona Terpene Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
ComparativeData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.124 Amoco PANASOLSolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.125 Ashland Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents ................................................ 62
2.126 Chemcentral Solvents (Aliphatic and Aromatic) ............................................ 63
2.127 Crowley Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.128 Dynaloy Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.129 Eastman Solvents and Diluents ....................................................... 68
2.130 Exxon Hydrocarbon Solvefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.131 Fina Aromatic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.132 Hoechst Celanese Methyl Isobutyl Ketone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.133 KendalVAmalie. Wlco Special Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.134 Mobil Oil Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.135 Penreco Hydrocarbon Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.136 Phillips 66 Hibh P u r i i Hydrocarbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.137 Shell Chemical Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.138 Sunoco Chemicals Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.139 3M SCOTCH-GRIP Solvents No. 2 and No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.140 Total Petroleum Special Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.141 UCARSolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.142 Unocal Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.143 VistaLPASolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.92 ..........................................
Physical Properties of Refined tert-Amyl Alcoho 310
6.93 Azeotropes of tert-Amyl Alcohol ...................................................... 310
IroamylAlcohol ............................................................................. 311
6.94 .................................................
Physical Properties of Isoamyl Alcohol 311
6.95 .......................................................
Azeotropes of Isoamyl Alcohol 311
ActhreAmylAlcohol ......................................................................... 312
6.96 ..............................................
Physical Properties of Active Amyl Alcohol 312
FuselOll. Rellned........................................................................... 312
6.97 ................................................
Physical Properties of Refined Fusel Oil 312
YethylamylAlcohol .......................................................................... 313
6.98 ..............................................
Physical Properties of Methylamyl Alcohols 313
2-EthylbutylAlcohol......................................................................... 313
6.99 ..............................................
Physical Properties of 2-Ethylbutyl Alcohol 313
n-HexylAlcohol ............................................................................ 314
6.100 .................................................
Physical Properties of n-Hexyl Alcohol 314
6.101 ..................................................
Solubility of Water in n-Hexyl Alcohol 314
6.102 ..........................................................
Azeotropes ofexyl Alcohol 314
CyclohexylAlcohol .......................................................................... 315
6.103 ...............................................
Physical Properties of Cyclohexyl Alcohol 315
6.104 .....................................................
Azeotropes of Cyclohexyl Alcohol 315
HeptylAlcohol .............................................................................. 316
6.105 ..................................................
Physical Properties of Heptyl Alcohol 316
6.106 ........................................................
Azeotropes of Heptyl Alcohol 316
2-HeptylAlcohol ............................................................................ 316
6.107 ................................................
Physical Properties of 2-Hem Alcohol 316
3-HeptylAlcohol ............................................................................ 317
6.108 ................................................
Physical Properties of 3-Heptyl Alcohol 317
2-EthylhexylAlcohol......................................................................... 317
6.109 .............................................
Physical Properties of 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol 317
n-OctylAlcohol ............................................................................. 317
6.1 10 .................................................
Physical Properties of n-Octyl Alcohol 317
6.111 .......................................................
Azeotropes ofn-Octyl Alcohol 318
SW-OctylAlCOhOl ........................................................................... 318
6.1 12 ................................................
Physical Propetties of sec-Odyl Alcohol 318
6.113 .....................................................
Azeotropes of sec-Octyl Alcohol 318
.............................................................................
lsooctyl Alcohol 319
6.1 I4 .................................................
Physical Properties of lsooctyl Alcohol 319
Nonyl Alcohol .............................................................................. 319
6.115 Physical Properties of Nonyl Alxoholx319
3b..TrimethylhexylAlcohol ................................................................... 320
6.1 16 .......................................
Physical Properties of 3.5.5-Trimethylhexyl Alcohol 320
DecylAlcohol .............................................................................. 320
6.117 ...................................................
Physical Properties of Decyl Alcohol 320
IrodecylAlcohol ............................................................................ 321
6.1 18 .................................................
Physical Properties of lsodecyl Alcohol 321
TrldecylAlcohol ............................................................................ 321
6.1 19 .................................................
Physical Properties of Tridecyl Alcohol 321
OtherAlcoholsandAlcoholBlends ............................................................. 322
6.120 ALFOL Alcohol Low Range Blends C,-C,.............................................. 322
6.121 .................................................
ALFOL Alcohol Pure Homologs C,-C, 322
6.122 .............................................
ALFOL Alcohol High Range Blends C,o-&,
+ 323
6.123 ALFOLTypical properties ........................................................... 324
ComparatlveData ........................................................................... 325
6.124 .................................................................
Ashland Alcohols 325
6.125 ..............................................................
Chemcentral Alcohols 325
6.126 CPSChemicalAlcohol99% ......................................................... 326
6.127 ...........................................................
Eastman Latent Solvents 327
6.128 .........................................................
Hoechst Celanese Alcohols 329
6.129 ....................................................
Procter and Gamble Fatty Alcohols 330
6.130 ............................................................
Shell Chemical Alcohols 331
6.131 ............................................................
Union Carbide Alcohols 332
AllylAlcohol ............................................................................... 333
6.132 ....................................................
Physical Properties of Allyl Alcohol 333
6.133 .........................................................
Azeotropes ofAlkylAlcohol 333
mi Contents and Subject Index
POLYHYDRICALCOHOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
EthyleneGlycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
7.1 Physical Properties and Specifications of Ethylene Glycol ................................... 359
7.2 Boiling Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................................... 363
7.3 Density of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
7.4 Specific Gravity at 60°F of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solution vs Composition .................... 361
7.5 Freezing Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
7.6 Specific Heat of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................................... 362
7.7 Vapor-tiquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................... 362
7.8 Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ..................................... 363
7.9 Viscosity of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
7.10 Relative Humectant Values of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
7.1 1 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ............................ 364
7.12 Key Hygroscopictty Curve for Ethylene Glycol ............................................ 365
7.13 Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Relative Humidities .......................... 365
7.14 Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Absolute Humidities ......................... 365
7.15 Kinematic Viscosity of Anhydrous Ethylene Glycol and Trimethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
7.16 Freezing Points of Anhydrous Ethylene Glycol and Trimethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
7.17 Azeotropes of Ethylene Glycol ....................................................... 366
PropyleneGlycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
7.18 Physical Properties of Propylene Glycol ................................................ 367
7.19 Propylene Glycol Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
7.20 Boiling Points of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................................... 368
7.21 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
7.22 Density of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (Percent by Weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
7.23 Effect of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions on Dew Points at Various Contact Temperatures . . . . . . . 370
7.24 Freezing Points of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
7.25 Heat of Vaporization of Propylene Glycol at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
7.26 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Propanediol Solutions at 20". 30".and 40°C ...................... 371
7.27 Relative Humectant Values of Propylene Glycol. N.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
7.28 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
7.29 Specific Heat of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................................... 373
7.30 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
7.31 Total Pressure over Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions Versus Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
7.32 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................... 373
7.33 Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ................................... 374
7.34 Viscosities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
7.35 Azeotropes of Propylene Glycol ...................................................... 374
If-Propanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
7.36 Physical Properties of 1.3-Propanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
7.37 Freezing Points of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Propanediol ................................... 375
7.38 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Propanediol at 20' and 40% ...................... 376
1,2-Butanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
7.39 Physical Properties of 1.2-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
7.40 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.2-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C ......................... 377
7.41 Absolute Viscostty of Aqueous 1.2-Butanediol Solutions at 20' and 40°C ....................... 377
1,3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
7.42 Physical Properties of lb-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
7.43 Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
7.44 Refractive Index and Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol .................... 378
7.45 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.3-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C ......................... 378
7.46 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol ......................................... 378
7.47 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.3-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
1,4-Butanediol .............................................................................. 379
7.48 Physical Properties of 1.4-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
7.49 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.4-Butanediol Solutions at 20' and 40% ....................... 379
7.50 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.4-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C ......................... 379
Pf-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
7.51 Physical Properties of 2.3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
7.52 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
7.53 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2.3-Butanedio I-Ethanol Solutions ............................ 381
7.54 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2.3-Butanedio l-hiethanol Solutions ........................... 381
7.55 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions .................................. 381
7.56 Freezing Points of Aqueous meso-dextro-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions ........................... 382
xviii Contents and Subject Index
7.57 Effect of meso.2. 3.Butanediol on the Freezing Point of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions ..... 382
7.58 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol Solutions ........................... 383
7.59 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio LEthylene Glycol Solutions ..................... 383
7.60 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methano1 Solutions .......................... 383
7.61 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
7.62 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions. Expressed Logarithmically. as a
Function of Concentration and Temperature ........................................... 384
7.63 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions in Relation to Concentration
and Temperature ............................................................... 384
7.64 Kinematic Viscosity of 60% levo-2.3.Butanediol. Glycerol and Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Low
Temperatures .................................................................. 384
7.65 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol Solutions at 20°C. Expressed in
Centistokes .................................................................... 384
7.66 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methanol Solutions at 20°C. Expressed in
Centistokes .................................................................... 385
7.67 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2.3.Butanedio l.Ethylene Glycol Solutions in 20'C
Expressed incentistokes ......................................................... 385
7.68 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions at
20'C. Expressed in Centistokes .................................................... 385
7.69 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol. levo.2.3.Butanediol. meso-dextro-
2.3.Butanediol and Glycerol at 20°C ................................................. 385
7.70 Optical Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20°C ...................... 386
7.71 Effects of Concentration and Temperature on the Specific Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo-23-
Butanediol Solutions ............................................................. 386
7.72 Refractive Indices of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at Different Temperatures ............ 386
7.73 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Solutions of meso- and levo.2. 3.Butanediol at 25'C ............... 386
7.74 Specific Gravity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20'. 30'. and 40% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
7.75 Specific Gravity of Aqueous meso.2. 3.Butanedol Solutions at 20'. 30'. and 4O'C ................ 387
7.76 Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of levo-2. 3.Butanediol and Ethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Butanediois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
7.77 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20". 30'. and 40°C ....................... 388
7.78 ..............
Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C. in Centistokes 388
2.Butene.1, 4.dioi ........................................................................... 388
7.79 Physical Properties of 2.Butene-1. 4.diol ............................................... 388
2.Butyne.1, Cdioi ........................................................................... 389
7.80 Physical Properties of 2.Butyne.l. ...............................................
4.diol 389
IC-Pentanedlol ............................................................................. 389
7.81 .................................................
Physical Properties of 1.5.Pentanediol 389
7.82 ......................
Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.5.Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C 390
7.83 ........................
Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.5-Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C 390
2,CPen.nediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
7.84 Physical Properties of 2.4.Pentanediol ................................................. 390
NeopentylGlycol ............................................................................ 390
7.85 ................................................
Physical Properties of Neopentyl Glycol 390
Pentanediols ............................................................................... 391
7.86 .............
Kinematic Viscostly of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40%. in Centistokes 391
7.87 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20' and 4Q°C .......................... 391
IS-Hexanediol ............................................................................. 392
7.88 .................................................
Physical Properties of 1.6.Hexanediol 392
2,5.Hexanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
7.89 Physical Properties of 1.5.Hexanediol ................................................. 392
HexyleneGiycol ............................................................................. 392
7.90 ..................................
Physical Properties and Specifications of Hexylene Glycol 392
7.91 .......................................
Freezing Points of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures 393
7.92 ........................
Specific Gravity and Freezing Point of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures 393
Pinacol ................................................................................... 394
7.93 ........................................................
Physical Properties of Pinacol 394
22-Diethyl-I f-Propanedloi ................................................................... 394
7.94 Physical Properties of 2.2.Diethyl.l. .......................................
3.Propanediol 394
2.Ethyl.1, 3.Hexanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
7.95 Physical Properties of 2.Ethyl.l. ...........................................
3.Hexanediol 394
2,5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne.2,5 .diol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
7.96 Physical Properties of 2.5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne-2. 5.diol .................................... 395
1,4.Cyclohexanedimethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Contents and Subject Index xiu
KETONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
12.1 Physical Properties of Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
12.2 Low Temperature Characteristics of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone ............................ 625
12.3 Solubility of Various Materials in Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
12.4 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at Different Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
12.5 Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at 25°C .................................. 627
12.6 Viscosity of Aqueous Acetone Solutions at 25% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
12.7 Refractive Index of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
12.8 Liquid-Vapor Equilibria for Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at Different Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
12.9 Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
MethylEthylKetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
xxiv Contents and Subject Index
7.57 Effect of meso.2. 3.Butanediol on the Freezing Point of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions ..... 382
7.58 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol Solutions ........................... 383
7.59 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio LEthylene Glycol Solutions ..................... 383
7.60 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methano1 Solutions .......................... 383
7.61 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
7.62 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions. Expressed Logarithmically. as a
Function of Concentration and Temperature ........................................... 384
7.63 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions in Relation to Concentration
and Temperature ............................................................... 384
7.64 Kinematic Viscosity of 60% levo-2.3.Butanediol. Glycerol and Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Low
Temperatures .................................................................. 384
7.65 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol Solutions at 20°C. Expressed in
Centistokes .................................................................... 384
7.66 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methanol Solutions at 20°C. Expressed in
Centistokes .................................................................... 385
7.67 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2.3.Butanedio l.Ethylene Glycol Solutions in 20'C
Expressed incentistokes ......................................................... 385
7.68 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions at
20'C. Expressed in Centistokes .................................................... 385
7.69 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol. levo.2.3.Butanediol. meso-dextro-
2.3.Butanediol and Glycerol at 20°C ................................................. 385
7.70 Optical Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20°C ...................... 386
7.71 Effects of Concentration and Temperature on the Specific Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo-23-
Butanediol Solutions ............................................................. 386
7.72 Refractive Indices of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at Different Temperatures ............ 386
7.73 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Solutions of meso- and levo.2. 3.Butanediol at 25'C ............... 386
7.74 Specific Gravity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20'. 30'. and 40% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
7.75 Specific Gravity of Aqueous meso.2. 3.Butanedol Solutions at 20'. 30'. and 4O'C ................ 387
7.76 Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of levo-2. 3.Butanediol and Ethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Butanediois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
7.77 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20". 30'. and 40°C ....................... 388
7.78 ..............
Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C. in Centistokes 388
2.Butene.1, 4.dioi ........................................................................... 388
7.79 Physical Properties of 2.Butene-1. 4.diol ............................................... 388
2.Butyne.1, Cdioi ........................................................................... 389
7.80 Physical Properties of 2.Butyne.l. ...............................................
4.diol 389
IC-Pentanedlol ............................................................................. 389
7.81 .................................................
Physical Properties of 1.5.Pentanediol 389
7.82 ......................
Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.5.Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C 390
7.83 ........................
Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.5-Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C 390
2,CPen.nediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
7.84 Physical Properties of 2.4.Pentanediol ................................................. 390
NeopentylGlycol ............................................................................ 390
7.85 ................................................
Physical Properties of Neopentyl Glycol 390
Pentanediols ............................................................................... 391
7.86 .............
Kinematic Viscostly of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40%. in Centistokes 391
7.87 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20' and 4Q°C .......................... 391
IS-Hexanediol ............................................................................. 392
7.88 .................................................
Physical Properties of 1.6.Hexanediol 392
2,5.Hexanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
7.89 Physical Properties of 1.5.Hexanediol ................................................. 392
HexyleneGiycol ............................................................................. 392
7.90 ..................................
Physical Properties and Specifications of Hexylene Glycol 392
7.91 .......................................
Freezing Points of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures 393
7.92 ........................
Specific Gravity and Freezing Point of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures 393
Pinacol ................................................................................... 394
7.93 ........................................................
Physical Properties of Pinacol 394
22-Diethyl-I f-Propanedloi ................................................................... 394
7.94 Physical Properties of 2.2.Diethyl.l. .......................................
3.Propanediol 394
2.Ethyl.1, 3.Hexanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
7.95 Physical Properties of 2.Ethyl.l. ...........................................
3.Hexanediol 394
2,5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne.2,5 .diol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
7.96 Physical Properties of 2.5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne-2. 5.diol .................................... 395
1,4.Cyclohexanedimethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Contents and Subject Index mix
16.46 .................................................................
Ether. Anhydrous 917
16.47 2-Ethoxyethanol................................................................. 918
16.48 EthylAcetate.................................................................... 918
16.49 Ethylene Dichloride ............................................................... 919
16.50 ......................................................................
Ethyl Ether 919
16.51 GLYME ........................................................................ 920
16.52 n-Heptane ...................................................................... 920
16.53 Hexadecane .................................................................... 921
16.54 Hexane ........................................................................ 921
16.55 ..................................................................
Isobutyl Alcohol 923
16.56 iso-Octane (2.2.4-Trimethylpentane) .................................................. 924
16.57 .................................................................
Isopropyl Alcohol 924
16.58 ................................................................
Isopropyl Myristate 925
16.59 Methanol ....................................................................... 925
16.60 2-Methoxyethanol................................................................ 926
16.61 ............................................................
2-Methoxyethyl Acetate 926
16.62 ...............................................................
Methylt-Butyl Ether 926
16.63 Methylene Chloride ............................................................... 927
16.64 Methyl EthylKetone ............................................................... 927
16.65 Methyl Isoamyl Ketone............................................................. 928
16.66 .............................................................
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 928
16.67 Methyl n-Propyl Ketone............................................................ 929
16.68 N-Methylpyrrolidone .............................................................. 929
16.69 Pentane ........................................................................ 929
16.70 Petroleum Ether .................................................................. 930
16.71 beta-Phenethylamine .............................................................. 930
16.72 2-Propanol ..................................................................... 931
16.73 .................................................................
n-Propyl Alcohol 931
16.74 ..............................................................
Propylene Carbonate 931
16.75 ........................................................................
Pyridine 932
16.76 ..................................................................
Tetrahydrofuran 932
16.77 Toluene ........................................................................ 933
16.78 ............................................................
1.2. 4-Trichlorobenzene 934
16.79 .................................................................
Trichloroethylene 935
16.80 1.1. 2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane ........................................................ 935
16.81 Triiuoroacetic Acid ................................................................ 936
16.82 .................................................................
Trimethylpentane 936
16.83 Water ......................................................................... 937
16.84 ortho-Xylene.................................................................... 937
REFERENCES.................................................................................. 960
A solution may be defined as a mixture of two or more substances which has uniform chemical and physical proper-
ties throughout. It may also be defined as a system whose component parts are two or more molecular species, there
being no boundary surfaces between these parts larger than molecules. There are two components to every solution-
the solvent and the solute. As a matter of convenience, the part of a solution which i s in excess is designated as the
solvent; the solute is the component which is in smaller proportion. Solvents, once used, may be recycled, reused, or
discarded in an environmentally safe manner.
The purpose of solvents i s to convert substances into a form suitable for a particular use. The importance of the role
of solvents is brought out most clearly by the fact that many substances exhibit their greatest usefulness when in
solution. Lacquer solvents, for example, are selected to produce homogeneous combinations and so selected as to
impart the most desirable mechanical properties. The physical properties of a fabricated solution can be regulated a t
will by the proper choice of solvents, thus adapting them to the most varied uses and methods of applications. Some
of the more important uses for solvents are in the adhesives, coatings, electronics, ink, pesticide, pharmaceutical,
photographic reproduction, and textile industries. Large quantities of solvents are also involved in dry cleaning,
metal degreasing, oil refining and recovery, and as fuel additives.
Solvents vary in their dissolving power, so that the line of demarcation between solvents, latent solvents and non-
solvents is difficult to define. Some of the factors which influence solvency are atmospheric conditions, purity and
molecular association. Molecular aggregation is the explanation for increased, attenuated, or decreased solvent power
or, more concisely, eccentric solvency. Any substance that will dissolve another i s called a solvent. Thus, we have a
gaseous solution when a liquid or a solid is dissolved in a gas; a liquid solution when any one of these is dissolved in a
liquid, and a solid solution when any one of them is dissolved in a solid.
Mixing of solvents, diluents and thinners often results in change of solvent properties. Some chlorinated compounds
become good solvents for cellulose esters when mixed with an alcohol. On the other hand, some active solvents for
esters of cellulose lose some of their solvent power when mixed with hydrocarbons. Alcohols are added to lacquers
to improve flow and to prevent blushing, although they vary considerably in these respects. Alcohols are not true or
active solvents for nitrocellulose as are the active dissolvents like ethyl lactate or n-butyl acetate. The alcohol group,
however, cannot be classed as nonsolvents like toluene or naphtha. When an alcohol is added to a true solvent, the
solvent power of the latter is not reduced but, on the contrary, this active solvent activates the alcohol to such an
extent that it too becomes a solvent. Therefore, alcohols are referred to as latent solvents, whose hidden solvent
qualities are brought out by the addition of an active solvent. The presence of a latent solvent increases the toler-
ance of an active solvent for a nonsolvent. This group of latent solvents is also called extenders, because they in-
crease the volume of a mixture without decreasing the solvent power.
In general, simple esters and ketones activate alcohols so that they too become solvents and are capable of tolerating
various proportions of diluents. This is due to the molecular aggregates formed. Two-type solvents containing both
an alcohol and an active solvent group, such as an ester, ether or ketone, activate alcohol to a lesser degree. Unit
volumes of a solvent will activate only a limited amount of alcohol, indicating that definite molecular aggregates are
formed. A mixture of 50% n-butyl acetate and 50% n-butyl alcohol will not lose i t s solvent power until 85 to 95% of
the volume is evaporated, contributing further evidence of the validity of the theory of molecular aggregates. Plas-
ticizers, which are the high-boiling solvents, also activate alcohols.
Liquids vary in their rate of evaporation. Naturally, in a mixture of liquids, some evaporate more rapidly than
others. For example, if the solvent constituent of a lacquer evaporates more rapidly than the diluent, the limit of
tolerance of the residual mixture is exceeded and gelling or precipitation occurs. As evaporation goes on, gigantic
molecular reactions take place. Vast numbers of molecules change places as the new aggregates are formed. Some are
1
2 Industrial Solvents Handbook
replaced and some are repelled, causing immiscibility, precipitation, blushing, or one or more of the many lacquer
faults. It follows that dilution ratios do not indicate tolerance during the change of solvent-nonsolvent balance
which occurs during drying.
In the theory of molecular aggregation, higher concentrations of cellulose derivatives contain fewer secondary-
valence bonds. Consequently, smaller amounts of diluent can be tolerated. This condition occurs during film drying.
Hydroxyl-containing solvents show greater tolerance for toluene than do the simpler esters. In the case of naphtha
the condition is reversed. There are, however, exceptions to this statement, among which are butyl lactate and Butyl
CELLOSOLVE, which have very high naphtha tolerance. Simple esters will tolerate 50 to 100% more naphtha
than will such materials as ethyl lactate, ethyl ether, ethylene glycol, diacetone alcohol, and so forth. Ethers of gly-
cols generally have higher dilution ratios than do the butyl esters with respect to benzene, toluene, and xylene.
Solutions of nitrocellulose tolerate larger quantities of nonsolvents than solutions of cellulose acetate. The "solvent-
power number'' i s influenced by both the nature of the diluent and the mixing of two or more solvents. Frequently,
when two or more nonsolvents are mixed, they may exhibit the qualities of a good solvent. This i s especially true
when one of the ingredients is an alcohol. The ether-alcohol solvent mixture for collodion is a familiar example.
Another example of acquired solubility is the mixing of butyl acetate with amyl or ethyl alcohol for the less highly
polymerized forms of glyceryl phthalate resins. Some of the chlorinated hydrocarbons will dissolve nitrocellulose
when mixed with an alcohol. A mixture of benzene and alcohol will dissolve nitrocellulose containing up to 11%
nitrogen. A toluene-ethyl alcohol solution of alkyd resin will dissolve nitrocellulose. In many cases the solvent prop-
erty of esters for resins and nitrocellulose is increased by the addition of an alcohol. On the other hand, when active
solvents for cellulose esters are mixed with aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, the solvent power of these active
solvents is decreased.
These facts bring to light reasons why many of the old-type solvents have been valued for their impurities. For
example, methyl acetone, made from the distillation of wood, had particularly valuable solvent properties. Actually,
it i s a mixed solvent which consists of methanol, acetone, esters and higher ketones. This mixture has certain desir-
able properties not obtained by any of i t s component ingredients when used separately. For this reason the "syn-
thetic methyl acetone" is made to simulate it. For this same reason commercial grades of butyl and amyl acetate
contain 85% ester and the remaining portion i s the corresponding alcohol. Amyl acetate, containing i t s characteristic
impurities when manufactured from fusel oil, is also valued for i t s solvent properties. The synthetic product is
different because it lacks these impurities. It is made from the pentane fraction of gasoline by chlorination; the
chloropentane is hydrolyzed to form amyl alcohol, and is finally esterified to the acetate.
Because of today's concern with environmental pollution, chemical composition limitations of solvent formulations
have been adopted by many state and local governmental agencies in the more highly industrialized areas of the
country. These rules and regulations seriously affect the use of many solvents, and solvent blends must be reformu-
lated to conform to the maximum allowable concentrations of the restricted solvents. It is necessary for the solvent
user t o acquaint himself with the governmental regulations of solvent use in his particular locale.
Hydrocarbon Solvents
PARAFFINS
FORMULA
I CHI FORMULA
I cu3-cn3
PROPERTIES
I RYM
iH
:;
I PURE
GRADE PROPERTIES I RE6Si:EH I PURE
GRADE
~~~
3
4 Industrial Solvents Handbook
FORMULA I
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRADE
Compoution. mlpht p81 unt -
Ethane - ___
Propylene
PrOP8M
__
99.98 - .-
.
Imbume - -- __0.02- . - -
Norm81 Butan8 ___._. __
Butene2
Neopentane ___
Impentene ._____ ___ - ~
Normal Pentane
Purity by freezing point, mol pucent ___
-305.84' (triple poi"
Freezing point, F
Boiling point, F -43.73'
Specific gravity of liquid at 60/W F 0.5077. ~ 0.508 0.510
10/1 c 0.5005. 0.501
147.0 145.9
3 71 271
< O.OW5 C0.0005
FORMULA
PROPERTIES
Spncifc w l u n n of nlp a t
208M15.
FORMULA
I cna-Cnl-Cnl-cna
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRAOE I PURE
GRADE
I T E ~ ~ ~ ~ A L
Ethane __
Propylene __
PlOp8W I I 1 U.6
lrobutine __ 0.05 I 0.3 I 1.0
Normal Butam 99.95 I 99.4 I 97.6
..
95.0 min
NOOpmttn8 I I I 0.2
Iropsntane I 0.2 I 0.3
Normal Penurn I I 0.1 I 0.2
FORMULA
I
I
9
cn,+-cn,
cn.
(continued)
6 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRADE
I PURE
GRADE
I TEiiWil
FORMULA
Composition, %@t=mnt
___________
Normal Butam 0.1 0.2
cc8uto~2 ___..
2,2.-Oim*hylpropme - 0.1 0.1
Impentam 99.99 99.4 97.1
Normal Pentane 0.01 0.4 2.8
PmtenbZ
Cyclopentane
*Literature d u n
Hydrocarbon Solvents 7
CH,-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH~
FORMULA
*Literature values.
Neo hexa ne
FORMULA
I
I
7%
CHa-y-CH2-CH3
CH-
I
PROPERTIES
REXARCH
CRAnF I PURE
GRADE
TECHNICAL
GRADE
PROPERTIES
RESEARCH
GRADE
PURE
GRADE
I T E ~ ~ ~ ~ A L
*Litwmun dum
Di isopropyl
FORMULA
I ?'a'?"'
cna-Cn-cn-cna
Hydrocarbon Solvents 9
FH3
FORMULA CH,-CH-CH2-CH2-CH,
'Literature v d u n
FORMULA 1 :"a
CH,-CHa-CH-CH2-CH,
?ROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRADE I WRE
GRADE
I T E ~ ~ ~ C ~ L
(continued)
IO Industrial Solvents Handbook
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRAOE
I PURE
GRAOE
I
I
1E:i;P
Specific W i .
t y of liquid at 6W60F
.- - ._
0.6690. .
0.669 0.669
-atJ@C __ - wp3y 3.F- - 0.664
API gravity at 60 F .'
-. - U.8
- . __
Cenr;iy ofTqGdat6o_F.b&$
_._
- 5.57
Vapor p m r e at 70 F, psi8 3.1-
- . 100 F. pua -. 6.0
i3a F. psia - -16.9 - -- -
R d r a c ~ w j d e x2
,W O 1.365?-. 1.376 . i.Bs
Color, Saybolt
Acid&, distdla<on rsliduc .
+a
. _
+30
"W!?l_
:: - '50
rmtnl
. _.
BoFvdatiC matter, grimdi00 mT 0.0005 - '- - -om----
.
.-.
Suifur c o k t . wetght per cent 0.W5 0.00s .
topper corrosion 1 1
Ooctor test
Flash point. approximate, F
Flammsbility limits. volume% in air
wpm
-25 .- nF
Lower 1.2. - . .-
Higher 7 7'
FORMULA
I CH,-CH2-CH2-CH,-CH2-~~I
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRADE
I PURE
GRADE
I 1
E
WiE
;
FORMULA
'Litoraturn WIUI
FORMULA
I CHa-CH-CH-CU2-CHa
FHaFHa
?fiO?ERTlLS
I 80%
6RAIE
"71 PROPERTIES
TECHNICAL
FORMULA CH,-CH14H-ICHIII-CHl GRADE
Boilini ooint. F
t
..
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Coppw corrosion
~ ______-.- - ~ o ~ oiart
-r __.- . -1 ...
2.2.3-Trimethylpentane __
~ ~
.
~ ~ ~ t , a p p r o - x ~ m . a ~ a.-~~-..
F . ~.
negative
- ~~ ~-
2.3.4-Trimethylpentam - 25 Estimated .
- - .
...
. - ~ ~
Higher I 1
FORMULA
I CHl--ICHIIB-CHa
FORMULA I CH3
CH3-d-CH2-dH-CHa
CH3
CH1
RESEARCH PURE
PROPERTIES
Comporition,rnipht perwnt-
GRADE GRADE PROPERTIES RESEARCH
GRADE ~~ 1 PURE
GRADE-
-...._
2.3-0inuthylpinta~
Composition.weight perwnt I __-
2.3-Oimithylpantana~
2-Mathylhuana
Wnhylhrxana
2-Methylhuane
3-Methylhaxana
-_
-~
5Ethylpintne tRCl >Ethylpantma .... -
Normal H@ptana 99.99 99.8 Normal Heptane trace
D imethykyclopantaw 0.01 0.2 0 imathylcyclopantane -.
Mathylcyclohaxma trace
1.2-Dimrthylhlxlm
Methylcyclohixane
2.2.Dimthylhexane 0.01
____ 0.2
2,CDitwthylhixam 2.44 imathylhexana
2.!LOimnhylhuam
~__________
2.5-0 imethylhexane
Dthw Dimnhylhexanm Othir Dimethylhexanes
2 2 1Trim.thvlamuna 2.2,CTritwthylpantana 99.99 99.8
2.2.3.Trirnrthylpmtana
2.3.4-Trimthvloantane
FORMULA
TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES
FORMULA
I C8niI
Dklillation r a m . F
GRADE
PROPERTIES
I GRADE
14 Industrial Solvents Handbook
FORMULA CH,-lCH2Is-CII,
‘Literature values.
*Literatun values.
Hydrocarbon Solvents 15
FORMULA
1 CH3-ICH21,-CH3
'Litersum values.
FORMULA
I cnp-ICH219-CHa
'Literature values
CHa-ICH21 ,O-CHa
FORMULA
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRADE I PURE
GRADE
I Nf;T:E:
* L i m e n valuu
Hydrocarbon Solvents 17
FORMULA
I CH3-ICH*1, ,-CH3
PROPERTIES
I RESiSiEH I E ; : : : I TECHNICAL
GRADE
ComPo%.c@!Lwe*r!m-. _. __ ~ . .- -
Normal Tridecane 99.9 99.8 99.2
Normal TetradKlne
Normal Pentadscane ~-
.______ ~ .- _-
~~. - ~ ____
Normal Hexadecane __ ______
Normal Heptadecane - ~~. ~~~
_ c _
90% Condensed - _____.I
-~ of liquid at 60/60 F
Spwificqravity ~
0.7601'. . ~ ~0.760
.~ ~.. . 0.762 . ~~
A P L ! W t Y a t G O F ~ _ _ ~ . 54.7
_______ 54.2
- ___~
Densit of li uid a t 60 F, Ibdgal
-Rafr2ive A x . 2 0 1 ~ 1 - -1 :__--
633L
1.42560' -__ 1.426
6.34_.----
1.427 .
-
_ _ Gardner
_ Color, _ _ ~ -
Acidity, distillation residue neutral neutral ~
FORMULA
I cu3-icn1i,1-cu, FORMULA I CH3-ICH21,3-CH3
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
I GRADE a
1 I:S
Composition, might percent.
~- - ..~
__.__- Normal Tridecana
Normal Tetradecane 99 Normal Totradecane _-
Normal--
Pentadscane -
Normal Hexadecane
__ Normal Pentadecane~--~
Normal Hexadecane
99.7
FORMULA
I CHa-lCHll(4--CHl FORMULA
I CH1-ICH1l ,.-CH1
I
I
PROPERTIES I TECHNICAL
GRAOE PROPERTIES
~
TECHNICAL
GRADE
mra v i t y at 80 F
at 2014 C
51.8
___
Apt gravitv at 80 F
a!-%14C
- _. .
__
_. 50.8 ____
API ravi at60 F 49.9t API gravity at K F . - __ - . 48.91
Den&ty :liquid at 60 F, I&l 6.49 Oenrity of liquid at 60 F,l_bdpI - - . 6.53
_____
__ Refractive index, 20/0 1.4352 ~Refractive
_ _index, __ 2WO
. _- - - - .-
__
Color. Gardner Cl Color. Gardner
____ -_ - - C L - - -
_ _Acidity, distillation residue Acidity, distillation residue -
Sulfur content, might percent ~ _ _ - Sulfur content,
__ -might__ percenL .- -
Bromine number 0.21
- ___
.-_____ _Bromine
_ _number _ 0 43
__ Kinematic virosicy. cs a1 71 F Kinematic viwority,>s
-- a177 F
Flash point, ~pproximate.F 275 Flash point, approximate. F 300
'Literature values
FORMULA
I CH1-ICH1l ,.-CHa FORMULA I
I
CH1-ICH21,,-CH3
PROPERTIES
I TECHNICAL
GRAOE
PROPERTIES
I TECHNICAL
GRAOE
Purity by freezing point, mol % 95.95 95.0 min Purity by froezing point. mol % - 95.37 95.0 min
Freezingpoint, F 81.82 Frwzinp point, F 87.98
Oistillation range, F 5 mm Hg Oistillation range, F ___ 5 mm Hp
Initial boiling point 302 Initial boilinp point 320
10%Condensed 310 10%Condensed 333
50%Condensed 312 50%Condensed 336
90% Condensed 312 90% Condensed 336
95%Condensed 313 95%Condenmd 336
API gravity at 100 F 51.8 API gravity at 100 F 51.0
API grlvity at 60 F 48.0t API gravity at 60 F 47.3t
Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdgal 6.56 Density of liquid a t 60 F. Ibdgal 6.59
Color, Grdner 1 Color, Gradner ¶
FORMULA
I PROPERTIES I #ox
GRADE
~ __- _range,
Oinillation - _ F.- _ - - - -5 mm_HP - - - ~
CYCLOPARAFFINS
FORMULA
I CHz-CH
I
CHz-C)4
'2 CH2
PROPERTIES
Normal Psnunn
'Litontun v d u a
'*Major impwitinsarn 2,ZTJimathylbuune and 2,3-0in*thylbutar.
20 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRADE I w.5x
GRADE
08.0%
GRADE
_ Composition.
_ _ wight percant
______
~
Normal Hexane
Msthylcyclopentlnr 0.5
2,CDimethylpentam 0.01 0.1 0.1
Cyclohexane 99.98 99.8 99.5 min 98.8 98.0 min
lrohsptana 0.1 0.4
3 t - 0 imethylpentm 0.01 0.2
Benzene & Toluene, ppm 193 5Wmar 200 5Wmax
1.1 -Dimrthylcyclopmtane
1.2 & 1.3~Dimethylcyclopsn~~~
(continued)
Hydrocarbon Solvents 21
*Literature values
CH1-CH 00%
PROPERTIES
FORMULA I 'C-tCH,Il GRADE
Cli-CH,'
Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F . . 0.754
PROPERTIES I 90%
GRADE
_ _ _
API gravity at 60 F
_ p ~ ~
Ooctor test -
-- Kinematic viscosity. cs at 32 F
Flash point. approximate. F < 70
- ~ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Distillation range, F ~___~_______
'Major impurities are: Cyclohexane. 3.3-Dimethylpentane and 2.Methvlhexane.
10% Condensed -.-190p---p
50% Condensed
9mb Condensed 190
190 -
22 Industrial Solvents Handbook
90%
FORMULA
I
I
CH+CH,
I H
-
CH,-cH,
,CH-CH,
-
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES I 90%
GRADE
API grrvity at 60 F
Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdgal
Vapor prstwre at 70 F, psia
__
~.
Composition, w g h t percent _ _ _ .. ~ ~
100 F, psia __ ..___-----
Normal Hexane __ _-__- 130 F. psia
-~
-
-
Methylcyclopentane Refractive index, 2010 - ---
2.4-Oimethylpentane - Color, Saybolt -
- ~ _ - _ _ _
Cyclohexane - ~. _ _ ___ - - ~ Acidity. distillation residue -
______--
Isaheptanes
~
3.3-Oimefhylpentane
Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 ml
Sulfur content, w i g h t percent
_-
____..~-
Benzene & Toluene. pprn Aniline point, F 120_ _ _ _ _ - ~
~ _ _ .
1.1 Oimethylcyclopentane Kauri Butanol value 40.5
1.2 & 1.3 Oirnethylcyclopentane 92t .-
Copper corrosion
Doctor tnt I
Purity by freezing point. mol %
Kinematic viscosity. cs at 32 F
Freezing point, F --- < 70
Boiling point, F _ _
Flash point. approximate, F I
Oistillation range, F --___
Initial boiling point ___ .~ ______
196
10% Condensed __ -__- 197 tMijor impurity is 3-Methylhexane.
50% Condensed 197
90% Condensed ___ 197
Dry point 197 ___
FORMULA
. RESEARCH PURE TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES
GRADE GRADE GRADE
Toluene
FORMUL A
PROPERTIES
I TECHNICAL
GRADE
PROPERTIES
TECHNICAL
GRAOE
_ _ _ Ethylcyclopentane Toluene
___ Toluene
tram 1.4.Dimethylcyclohrxane ~
0.11 - --
cit-1 .4-Oimethylcvclohexane 99.89
___-
Other Dimethylcyclohexanes __- Other Dimethylcyclohexanes
trans -1.2.Oimnhylcyclohexans
___ ciS-l.2-0 imethylcyclohexane
_~ ci~-l,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
orthoXylene ortho-Xylene
Unidnntified lmourities Unidentified Impurities
0.7
1.4297
+30
netural
- 0.0005
- Sulfur-conten!, wegh! percent ____
Copper cotrotion .
ooctor test .. negative-----
Flash point. approximate. F 40 (0 56) M1
PROPERTIES
I GRADE
TECHalCAL
FORMULA
I
I
C816
Freezing point, F
Boiling point, F
Distillation rage, F
PROPERTIES
I TECHNICAL
GRAOE
~ _ Initial _
boiling_
50% Condensed
_ _ Dry
_ _point~ _ _ _
point _ _ _.___
.
-
250
252
FORMULA
PROPERTIES
RESEARCH
GRADE
I PURE
GRADE
I TECHNICAL
GRADE
- Normal Hoptin8 .
Methylcyclohexane _ _ - - . .
Ethylcyclopmtanr - _ -
TolueM
t r m t 1,4-Dimrthylcyclohexane
cis1.CDimethylcyclohexane __
Other Dimethylcyclohexanes
trans. 1,2.0imMhylcyclohexane
ci~l.2-Dimethylcyclohexane - ~
ortho-Xylene
Unidentified Impurities
I t I 1
---I
Doctor t n l
_--
'LitrrMurr v a l u n
cn,-cH
I
'yI
FORMULA cn3-cn, cnI
CH./
PROPERTIES I PURE
GRADE
(continued)
Hydrocarbon Solvents 25
PROPERTIES
Dry point
RESEARCH
GRAOE I PURE
GRADE
~
FORMULA PROPERTIES
Distillation range, F
I PURE
__
GRAPE
-
PROPERTIES
I RESWCH I PURE
GRAOE
I TECHNICAL
GRAOE
~
~osfion-we~htprcent
Methylcyclohexane
_ _tnwl.2.D
_tmeth@yyoheteane
~
cir-1.2-Dtmsthylcyclohexne -- 2.0
Ethylcyclohexane __ 99.98 99.5 96.9
Ethylbenzene -- - - 0.02 0.4 0.8
Xylem __-
lsopropylbenzene
lmpropylcyclohunr
Unidmtifii trace 01 0.3
(continued)
26 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRADE I PURE
GRADE
I TECHNICAL
GRADE
~~ ~
Purity by freezing point, mol X - 99.66 99.19 99.0min 96.06 95.0 min
Fmzing poin&f - 168.38' -
Boiling point. F ~ -_ _ ~ 269.21. ____
Distillation range, F
Initial boiling point - 266
Dry point ~ -- 269 ~
- Copper c o n o s i ~ . - - ~- .. . ~- ..
Doctor t a l , -. , - - __ . _____-
Fluh point. approximate. F 66 66 66
'Literature values
FORMULA
'
GRADE GRADE GRADE
-__Comqosfi~nLwe~hyerc_Eent --
-__- Methylcyclohexan? __ -
-_ __
tran,~,2~imcthy~yclo~xan?
cit-1.2 Dimethylcyclohexan~__ -
Ethylcyclohexane
Ethvlbenzene
Xylen!! __ ___ _ _ ~
lsopropylbenzene
Isopropylcyclohexane __
Unidentified
____
Purity by freezing point. mol K _ _
Freezing point. F
Boiling point. F .
Distillationrange. F
Initial boiling point
ury point
Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60 F 0.8064. 0.807 0.807
at 20/4 C 06024. 0.803 0.803
API gravity at 60 F
Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibu'gsl
_-
-
6.72 __
Vapor pressure at 70 F. pw
1WF.psia .
Relractive indax, 20/0 1.44087'
________
Color. Saybolt
Acidity, distillation rcudue neutral neutral
Nonvolatile matter. pramdl00 ml. II 0.0005 0.0005
Sulfur conten(,-mwht percent
- Copper corrosion _ I I
Domrtm .____
Flash point apDroximite F 96 I 96 I 96
'literature values
Hydrocarbon Solvents 27
OLEFINS
FORMULA
I CHI - CH2 FORMULA CHI - CH-CH,
PROPERTIES
I
RESEARCH I 98.8% PROPERTIES
1
GRADE GRADE GRADE GRADE
Hiahel
Heating value for ideal 01s at 60 F
and 14 7 psia.BTUlcu ff, dry basis
'Literature values
FORMULA
II RESEARCH
CH,-C
74
-
I
CH1
PURE
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
GRADE GRADE
FORMULA
I CHa-CH2-CH - CH1
PROPERTIES I GRADE I
RESEARCH POLYMERIZATION
GRADE
I -301.63. I
PROPERTIES
I RESEARCH
GRADE IPOLYMERIZATION
GRADE
Freezina Doint. F
Boiling point, F
Specific gravity of liquid at 6060 F
20.73.
0.6013' 0.601
- Composition, might percent at 2014 C 0.5951.
lrobutane 0.1 API gravity at 60 F 103.9
lrobutylone 0.2 0.3
Vapor p m r e at 70 F.. oria
8. "Y 1 , W'
p ' I ,
I
C
3
.-
376
M
-
BUtOnbl 99.8 99.4 99.0 min
Buudienel.3 trace 100 F. pria I i 997
1
i i i 005F)
Normal Butans 0.2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 130 ~ _F. _osia_ _
Sullur content, ppm 1 10max
Butone2 trace
Acotyleni ILI Methylacetylene) ppm, W . 15 25max Specific gravity of real gar at
Water, ppm. might 60 F and 14.7pria (Air = 1) __
Carbonyl (LI Acnaldehyda) ppm, might Specific volume of real gas at
10 20max
Propdieno. ppm. might 60 F and 14.7 osia. cu ft/lb
4
Flash point, approximate.
___
Flammability l i m i i i
- Lorn 1.6' __
Highcr - - -- 9.3.
I I
*Literature values.
H
FORMULA CH,-C - C-CH9
I
H
I
H H
FORMULA
CH,-C
I
- 1
C-CHI
RESEARCH TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES
GRADE GRADE GRADE
Normal B u m
(continued)
Hydrocarbon Solvents 29
PROPERTIES I PURE
GRADE
1 TECHNICAL
GRADE
Freezingpoint, F
~~ ~
Boiling point, F _.
S p ~ i f i c ~ ~ i . ~ o ~ l a. ti 60160
q u i dF 0.619 0.618
at 2014 C 0.615 0.614
API.p i t y at 60 F 97.1 97.5
Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdgal 5.15 5.14
M o r prspure at 70 F. p i a ._ 28.0 28.1
105 F. psia 51.0 51.2
- _____._ I30 F, pria . .~- 76.5 78.7
Flash point, approximate. F -95 -100
*Literature value%
FORMULA CH2 - 7%
CH-CH-CH3
PROPERTIES I RESEARCH
GRADE I PURE
GRADE
I TEOCIX:C!L
99.97 96.3 95.0 min
Pentanes-2
0.01 tme 0.5
Normal Pentane
(continued )
30 Industrial Solvents Handbook
~
EO
Refractive index. 20/0
Color, Saybolt
F, pria
130 F,psia
-1.3643'
+30
-
I 13.364 1 1364
+30
~~~
Nonvolatile matter, gramdlW ml
Flash point. approximate. F
-
.
1 -70 1 -70
*Literature values
FORMULA
I
~~
Normal Pentane 01 02
8 o l ~ ~ ~ w ! ! l ! __-__
L _____ .- ___ 8809'-
- .. - ~~
~~
Distillations, F __ ___
~ ___ -
- Initial boilinppoint ---- ~~ ._- 87
__ C Y E ! ! ___~ ~ _ _ 88
Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60 F 0 6557. -. 0.656 . 0 656
~ at20/4&- ---0.6504:-
- -- _ 0 650
__. ~
0 650
API gravity at 60 F 842 _ _
--- 842
Density o f liquid at 60 F, lbrlgal , 546 __ 5 46
Vapor pressure at 70 F, pria - 10_ 21'
_ _ 103 - 10 3
100 F. pria 18.40. ___ 18 8 - 18 8 ___
130 F. pria - - -____ 32 0 32 0
- Refractive index, 20/0 --- -- - -. - - __ . -
13778' 1378 1 370
Color, Saybolt . -+34 - - _ _ .- +30 - +M
_ Acidity. distillation residue- -- - - .- - - n e- utral __ neutral
Nonvolatile matter,gramdl0(l ml ~. - O.DW5 0 0005
Flash point. approximate. F -55 -55
~ ~~ -
'Literature valuer
Hydrocarbon Solvents 31
_~
FORMULA
I RESEARCH
CHl-C=CH-CHl
PURE
3
TECHNICAL COMMERCIAL
PROPERTIES
GRADE GRADE GRADE GRADE
Compo$o_n,weight percent
. 3Methylbutene 1 .
I
2-Methylbutenel trace 0.2 0.2 10 3
~ 2MeWuteoe-l 99 99 99.5 97.4 95 0 rnin 87 8
Pentenell-
- - _ - - trace 0.1
Pentenes2 - - - __ -. 0.01 0.3 2.3 08
__lsopentane -, 1.1
Normal Pentane
APl&tv at 60 F
Density 01 IiquLd at 60 F & / p a l
'Literature values
Hiphrr I 8.7. I I
LitornureMIU(I.
32 Industrial Solvents Handbook
I -
n n H
FORMULA
I i
cn1 - c c - cnz - cn1 FORMULA I
-
cn3 - c cI - C
H
H-
~ CH
TECHNICAL RESEARCH
GRADE PROPERTIES
GRADE
Composition, weight percent - Composition, weight percent
lsopen!a!!e
._ lropentane
. - Pentene-l Peritene 1
2-Methylbutene.1 2 Methylbutene-1
NoJmal Pentane Normal Pentane 0.02
_ _ tranr-Pentane2 . o i 3.2 tranr-Pentgne 2 99 63
cir.Pente_n_aZ
- 99.9 96.8 95 0 min _cis_Pentene 2 0.35
2 Methylbutene-2 2 Methylbutene 2
-
Dry Point
.Specificgrwi!y of liquid at 60160 F
. .
. API gravity a t 60 F
a2014. C t
I
0 6608'
0.6556'
0.660
0.655
82.9
5.49
Dry Point
Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F
API gravity at 60 F
at 2014 C
0.6533'
0.6482'
FORMULA
I -
C H ~ CH - CH - cn2 - CH PROPERTIES
I PURE
GRADE
I TE:W;ZL
r"3
CH =CH-C-CH>
FORMULA 1 1 FORMULA '6'11
I
CHI
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
GRADE GRADE
I
-- 2.3-Dimethylbutene-
--- 1 ~ ... ...
2.3-0 imethylbutene-2 .~ ~ ~~ -~
__ cir-4-Methylpentene-2 cis_
CMethy&%ene 2
tranr-4-Methylpentene-2~
. - ~.
~~ ~
-- _ - --_ - __
~~
~ ~ - ~ -~ ~- 2 Methy9entene 2
Other Olefins 1.1 Other Olefins
I
Puriry by f r e g i y point, mol % - -. - . - Puriry by freezing point. mol %
Freezing point, F -184 43 Freezing point, F
.- __
Boiling pointLE- E o t l i n g p o i ~ .F
Distillation range.
_ _ - -F Oistillattoii range F
Initial boiling point 106 Initial boiling point
- .- .
1@
- Condensed 106 10% Condensed
50% C o n d e n t e d _ - ~ - - - - ~ 107 - - -
--__50% _Condensed-
_ .- . . . -
90%Conden=d_ _ - - 111 -. 90% Condensed
.- Dry
_ point
- ~ -
114
___ - Dry point 169
Specific gravityol IiGidat 66EO F 0 6582 Specificgravity of liquid at 60/60 F
~
0 703
- a t 2074 c 0 6533 a t 2014 C
-API pTfifat 6c- -
Density of liquid at 60 F. lbdga? -_..
835 API gravity at 60% 69 i
- 548 - Density of liquid at 60 F. Ibdgal 5.85
-- - _ _ - ._.
Vapor
- -preGure- at 70F. ps.1- - 72 - Vapor pressure at F. psia -- - ___
- - _-100 F,psia 1x6 ._ _ _ 100 F. psia
130F.pGa _ --
- _5 _1 - __
- F , rosia
130
-- - -
Retractive index. 2010 13766 Refractive index. 2010
Color, Saybolt +30 Color. Saybolt
_ _Acidity. distiilation
_
residue ---neutral Acidity. distillation residue neutral
- ~-
____
- Nonvolatile matter.
- grams/lOO __mT---- - .. 00005 Nonvolatile matkr. gramdl6a ml
Ooctor test
Flashpoint2pp%$ak:r - -
-
negative
45
---- - Ooctor test
Flash point.approximate. F I
I
- -35----
Yiteraiure values.
F"3
FORMULA C H =~ cn-cn2-cn-cn,
PROPERTIES
~ Composition,
_ _weight_percent_ _ ~ ~ ~ .
-
... ~ . ~ ~
3.3-Dimethylbutene- I _-
2.3.Oimethylbutane -_
4-Methylpentene-l 99.94 -~99.6 99.1 -.
34ethylpentene-- 1 0.02 0.1 -. .4L ____
2.3.Dimethylbutene-1 --__
2.3-Oimethylbutene-2 -_____
cis4-Methylpentene-2- 0.02 0.3 0.6 -
tran+4-MethyIpenteneZ
--______.___ 0.02 o.t--
(continued)
34 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PROPERTIES
RESEARCH
GRADE I PURE
GRADE
I TEGC:r$L
*Literature values.
'Literature values.
Hydrocarbon Solvents 35
FORMULA I CH3-C
7
- 75
C-CH-CH3
-_ Purity by freezing point, m d % 99.94 ... 99.2 99.0 mtL- 95.6 95.0 m n
-Freezing point. F _~ ___~ -221.46' - -. ~~~
*Literature values.
FORMULA
I PURE
CH3-CH - CH-CH-CH3
c"3
TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES GRADE GRADE
Com]-nLweqhtpcrcent .
4 Methylpntenel _
__ _ _ _ _
___ cir4-Methylgentane2
~ lranr-4.Methylpenten1-2
-~
2-Methylpentene 1
36 Industrial Solvents Handbook
FORMULA
_ _Composition,wglahtp_ercenr._
___-CMethylpentene-1
_-__cis-CMethylpentene-2
__ ~ __
2.Mathylpentane-1 99.90 99.8 95.8 95.0 min
_____
lroolefins 0.10
*Literature valum
FORMULA
I CHI-C
7%
- CH-CHa-CH3
PROMRTIES I PURE
GRADE
TECHNICAL
GRADE
cLsMghylpntene-2
- trans-dMathylpentenc-2
- _ _2-Msthylpentencl ~
'Literatun wlua
Hydrocarbon Solvents 37
'Literature values.
1
_ _ _ _ _ _ ~
Hexenel .-
Hexene-1
___-_-.___~_-- 0.1 ~-
.
~
- -.
Hexe!Er-?p.- _ ~ ~
Normal Hexane
Normal Hexane - ~ -- - - -
_ _ lsoolefins
_ . _ ~ . 0.1 lsoolefins -_____ _ - - -
Heptene-l --__- -
__Heptene-l tranr-Heptene-3 . - _ ..
- tranr-Heptene-3
cis.Heptene.3 cis-Heptene3 .. - -
tranr-Heptene 2 -
tranr-Heptene.2 -~ ca-Heptene2
cis.Heptene2
Purity by freezing point, mol % 99.28 Purity by freezing point. mol % ~
.~ ~~~ ~- .
Freezing point, F -222.04' Freezing point. F ~~
Table 2.75: Mixed 2- and 3-Hexenes (4) Table 2.76: Heptene-1 (4)
FORMULA
I CP12 FORMULA CHI -CH-ICH214-CH3
__
COmpOSltlOn,wzight_percent Composition. weight_eerce_nt .
Hexen! 1 23 Hexene 1 ___
____ .-
.
trans Hexene 2-- -
- __ tranrHexene 2 -
__ .cis-Hexene 2 158 95Omin cir-Hexene-2 ._ - __
Hexenes 3 ~-
71 10 81 1 Hexenes 3
- .
No&zHexane Normal Hexane_ -
lsoolefinr . - lsoolefinr - - - 13 -
._.HepteGe
__- 1 -- - - - -_ Heptenel - 9 7 6 - - -_
tranrHeptene3
- __- ___ - ~ ~
tranr-Heptene3 05 -
Distillation
- range. F ~ - - Distillation range. F ___ -
Initial__
boiling point - 152 2 Initial boiling point .- - -199 - . -
. Dry
-- Point __ - . 1554
- --
Dry point 202
__-- - -
_ _Specific
_ _ _ _gravity
_ _ of liquid at___
60/60 F - 0685_--- Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F -07032 ~ -
at 2014 c .
~~
I H
H t
FORMULA CH3-C = C-ICH I -CH3
2 3
PROPERTIES
I TEGCRHANFL Boiling point. F
Oinillation range. F
- --
Haptene. 1
cl+Heptent-3
trans-Heptsnc-2
cis.Heptenc-2 9 6 0 95Omtn
Hydrocarbon Solvents 39
Table 2.78: Mixed 2-Heptenes (4) Table 2.79: Mixed 3-Heptenes (4)
I - cn-(cnl13-cn3 1
-
FORMULA
I cn,-cn FORMULA lcn3-cnl-cu c n - i c H l I p 3
PROPERTIES
I
n
I
PURE
GRADE
I
TECHNICAL
GRADE
PROPERTIES
I
TECHNICAL
CRAOE
Heptene 1
_______
trans Heptene-3
-~ -
__cis Hep?? ~ _ ~ ~ _ _ _
trans Heptene-2 - 05
cis Heptene
_________~ - 2
- 2.4.4 Trimethylpentene 1
2.4.4 Trimethylpentene-2 ~_
- 2.3.3
_ Trimethylpentene
_ - ~ - 1
lroolefins I
_ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~
API gravity at 60 F _ _._~ 67.5 ~ _ _ _ 68.0 ____-
_ . _ ~ ~ _ _ ~
Density of liquid at 60 F. Ibdgal 5.92 5.91
Vapor pressure a t 100 F. pria _.___
Refractive index, 2010 - . 1.406 1.405 - ~
a - Diisobuty lene
Heptene-l
-~tranr-Haptene-3 _________
cis-Heptene-3
tranr-Heptene-2
cir-Heptens-2
2.4.1-Trimethylpentene-1 99.86 99.39 98.7
2,4,4-Trimethylpentene-2 - 0.05 0.08 0.1
._.___
2.3.3-Trimethylpentene-1 -
lsoolefins 0.09 0.53 1.2
Purity by freezig point, mol % 99.58 99.0 99.0 min 97.6 95.0 min
Freezing point, F -136.26.
Boiling point, F 214.59'
(continued)
40 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PROPERTIES
Distillation range, F
RESEARCH
GRAOE I PURE
GRAOE 1 TECHNICAL
GRAOE
- - -
Initial boiling point _____-_ _- .- - 214 3
10K Condensed
-_____- _ -_
50)6 Condensed ______ ___--- _ _ - ~
90% Condensed __ ___~__________-
Dry point . _ 214 6
-_.__
Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F 0 7194. 0.719 . ~__
0 720- - _
- at 2014 C 0 7150' ____
0.715 0716
API gravity at 60 F ____________
65 3 _.- * O _ _ _ _ ~
~.Density of liquid at 60 F, I b d g c .- 5 98 - 5.99 ~
--Color,
- - Saybolt +30 _
_ _ ~_~ .. ~ _ +30
__ ~ - __ -
p - D ii s 0 buty le ne
7".
5"3
- cn-c-cn,
FORMULA cn,-C
I
CHI
FORMULA
I C.",.
PROPERTIES
~
I TECHNICAL
GRADE
PROPERTIES
I SOX
GRAOE
Purity by freezing point, mol X 95.1 95.0min Purity by frlsling point, mol X
_-
Freezingpoint, F I F r n z i q point, F
Boiling point, F Boiling point, F
- _
Distillation range, F - Distillation range, F
Initial boiling point 219 Initial boiling point 216 200min
10% Condmad - 10% Condrnrd 217
50%Condensed ~- 5oK condenad 218
-- 9096 Condenad 9096 Condanmd 220
~ Ory_ point _ _ 230 Dry point 224 260 max
-~ Specific grlvity of liquid at WMl F 0.724 Spwilic~gflvityof liquid at W60 F 0.723
_- at M I 4 C -- a1014 c
API gravity at 60 F 64.0 ~ API gravity at 60 F 64.2
Density of liquid at 60 F, lbdgrl 6.03 Density of liquid at 60 W
-.-.____ g
d 6.02
Vapor presuru at 100 F, pua 15 Vapor prmure at 100 F, psh 2.0
Refrutive index. 20/0 1.416 RdrKtiva index. M/O
Color, Saybolt
- _ _ ~ +a . CJor. S2bolt-
- +30
-- Acidity. distillation residue
~
_ Acidity.
_ distillation readue neutral . neutral
_ - _Nonvolatile
__ matter,_gramdlW
_ _ _ ml O.OOO5 __ Nonvolatile
___._ matmr. gramdl00 ml ' 0.0005
Bromine number __ -..-Bromine
-- number - 140.3 130min
Kauri Butanol value Kauri Butanol value 38.3
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~
- .~
__
CODDU corrosion __ Copper corrosion .. .-
Doctor t m
1 lmax
- o"~!m_ - -_ w. w.
Flash point. approximate. F 35 IO 1310) Flash point, ap- 35 (Est.)
Hydrocarbon Solvents 41
FORMULA I -
cu2 cn--Icu2i5-cn3
PROPERTIES
____
Octenbl . 99 95 99.8 98.0
-trans.0ctene-2 ________
cir-Octene-2
mixed Octenes.3 0.01 0.1 -0.5
. _trans-0
_ ctene.4
_ ~ _ _ _ _ ~ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
Nonenbl -~ ~ -
u n
FORMULA
I
CU3-C - 1
c -lCn214-CH3 FORMULA I cn,-cu - cn-icH2i4-cu,
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
_ Oinillatio~ranpe,
_ F -
_ _ _Initial b>lg point 257 ~
Drypoint 259
SGfic-of liquid I t 6W60 F 0.728
atM/4 c
API gravity at 60 F 62.4
Density of liquid at 60 F. lbdgal 6.07
Vyomprenure
._ 70 F. psu
- 700 F. psu
___ _ _ 130 F, psia
Retractive index, 20/0 1.414
Color. Saybolt
_.
Acidity. distillation residue neutral
Nonvolatile
__ ~ matter,- gramdl00
_ml _ - 0.0005
Flash point. approximate, F Fllrh paint, approximate. F
42 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 2.86: Mixed Octenes (4) Table 2.87: Nonene-1 (4) Table 2.88: Decene-1 (4)
__
Composition. weight percent Composition weight percenl_ Composition, weight p e r c e n t --__
kI!y-
_ - p
-I
Octene . _ _Octene
_ 1 4.7 __ __
Octene 1 -__ _ _
tranetes2 trans Octene 2 Octene 2
-____
-trans __
CIS Octene 2 CIS Octene 2 cis Octene 2
t:fEy
~
mixed_Ogener3 -
tranr_0ctge-4 _ _Octenes
mixed _ 3__ - _ _
tranr-KcEns_l - T rmixed G 4 3
a &Octener -
NoneneL-._ - 98.7_. Nonene 1
_- . _
pOecene 1 -p___
Oecene 1 98.9 -
lwolelinr Iwolefins I1
__
Purity byfrepz i q p o in1,?om pUtllrpy freezing point. mol %
Freeziy point. F
I . 97.1 95.0 mu-
I
Freezing point. F
__ -.
Boiling point,
_ _ F ~ -
-- Boilinp point. F p__.
Oistillatio? range.F Oistillation
- __ ranqe, F ~
5- --- .I
Acidit distillation residue -neutral
_ _ ~
Nonvolatile matter. gramdl00 ml -Nonvktile maner. pramr/lM?! N z o k i l e matter gramdl00 m l
-
. ..
Flash ooint. aooroximate. F 1 70 Flash point. approximate, F Flash ooint aooroximate F 120 (En I
I
FORMULA I -
CH1 CH - ICHIII)- CH, FORMULA CH2 - CH - (CH21s- CHg
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
I TECHNICAL
GRADE
m-
#
Color, Saybok
- AradiW d m l h ~ residue
n -llDYml
F M point, gproximate. F 174
44 Industrial Solvents Handbook
FORMULA CH1 - 7% -
C-CH CH1 FORMULA -
C H ~CH-CH - cn- cn3
90%
PROPERTIES GRADE GRADE PROPERTIES GRADE
0.01
trace
9999 I trace
2 Methylbutenel
2 Methylbutadiene 1.3
Pentenes 2
2-Methybutene-2
trans Pentadiene-1.3
cir-Pentadiene 1.3
C yclopentene
Cyclooctadiene 1.5
01
07
::}SO
82
o mine.
iryciuoctad3ene~l.5
__
4-V~1$cyclohexenel 4 Vinylcyclohexenel
- _1 Meih$cyclohexenel
_ .. . 1 Methylcyclohexenel
3-Methylcyclohexene 1 3 Met hy lcy cloheiene 1
4 Methylcyclohexane 1 4 Methylcyclohexanel
Unidentified Unidentified
.
...
Purlty by freezing point. mol %
Freezing point, F
00111nypoint, F
Dlstillation range. F
lnitlal boiling point
10% Condensed
-lor -
10% Condensed
50% Condensed 509b Condensed 108
90% Condensed 90% Condensed 109
Dry point Dry point 113
Specific gravity of Tiquid at 60/60 F 0 6861' 0.686 Specific gravity of liquid at 60EO F 0 690
at 2014 C at 2014 C - _.
API gravity at 60 F API gravity at 60 F 73.5
Density of Liquid at 60 F, lbdgal 5.71: . Density of Liquid at 60 F, lbdgal 5.75
Vapor prwure at 7U F, pria 9.19' Vapor pressure at 70 F, pria
100 F,psia 16.67' i6.T - 100 F. psis 12.7
130 F, pria 28.23. 26.Z 130 F. pria
Refractive index. 2010 1.422 Refractive index. 20/D
Color, Saybolt +30 +30 Color Saybolt
Acidity. dirtillation residue Acldtty. distillation residue
Nonvolatile matter, gramd100 ml Nonvolatile matter, gramd100 ml
Doctor test Doctor test ._
Flash point, approximate, F Flash point. approximate, F -20 (Est.)
CYCLOOLEFINS
FORMULA
I CH2
H
:
- CH2
- CH ICHa
I
PROPERTIES I I PURE
GRADE
TEj:rF
99.95
(continued1
Hydrocarbon Solvents 45
I
~ .Unidentified
_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ___
Benzene __ __ _.
Toluene - -- -_
Ethylbenzene __
Xylenes
Purity by f r e e z i ~ o i n t ,mol % 99.93 99.5 99.0min
__ __-
- -21 1.14'
-. .F-r m i r q point, F
-Boiling point, F w
__ Distillation range. F - ~ _ _ __-
___Initial boiling point __ ~
111
112
- ~
Dry point - ~ ~ . . . ~
t y of liquid a t 60160 F
S p e c i f i z i___ -
0.7775' -~0.778 ___ 0.778
___.
o,772
.-
0.77199' 0.772
~~
__ at20/4 C .__
50.4 50.4
API gravity at 60 F
___
Density of liquid at 60 F. wdg-
Vapor prmure at 70 F. psia ___ - __- --
6.48 - 6.48
---
I00 F. psis
130 F,
_
psia --
Refractive index, 2010 1.42246. 1.422 I X - 1
+30 +30 t30
Color, Saybolt
neutral neutral --
Acidity, distillation
.. ~~. residue _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ ..
0.0005
_ _ _ 0.0005
~
CH1 -CHI
-_Distillation ranp, F ~
PROPERTIES I Ryii:EH I
I
PURE
GRADE ____
Initial boiling point
Dry point
Specific gravity of liquid at 6060 F 0.8159'
181
182
_____
0.816 -
Composition. weight percent _-____. ___ at20/4 C - - 0.81096* 0.811
41.9
__
Pentenu-2 API gravity at 60 F
2-Methylbutens2 _. __ Density of liquid a t 60 F. lbdgal 6.79 -
Cyclopentene -___ _-__ Vapor prmure at 70 F, psia
2.Methylbutenel _.
.- _ _ _ ~ 100 F. psia 3.1
Penteml - 130 F, psia
Cyclopntane Refractive index, 2010 1.44654' 1.446 __
Cyclohexane ______99.99 99.5 Color. Saybolt +30 t30
Cyclohexane 0.01 0.2 Acidity. distillation residue ____ neutral -._ _
Unidentified 0.3 ~ Nonvolatile
_ _ _ matter. _ _gramdl00
_ _ ml __ O.wO5
Coppr corrosion
Doctor t m
Ethylbenzene Flah point, approximate. F
Xylenes Flammability limits, volume % in air
! PROPERTIES
.?Methylbutene-1
Composition, weight percent
2 Methylbutadiene 1.3
Pentenes 2
2 Methybutene 2
trans-Pentadiene-1.3
I 1 RESEARCH
GRADE
____-__
__ __ _ _ -
__ ~
-.
PURE
GRADE
.__-
I TECHNICAL
~
GRADE
_ _ _
cis-Pentadiene-1.3 __
Cyclopentene . -__-_
Cychoctadiene-1.5 0 01 0.1 1.5
4 Vinylcyclohexene-1 99.99 99.9 98.5
l%eif;$cyclohexene
- _ _ -- - 1
3 Methylcyc!ohexene-l
4.MethyIcyclohexane- 1
-~
7WT. pila _ _ _ 0~'5_ _ 05 05
I ~ F psia
Refractive index. 2010
, -1
________ 1-464
-
1.464
-_ - - - ~
at 2014 C 0.8041
-
API gravity at 60 F 43.5
2-Methybutene-2---~ .
.- ~
Distillation range, F
Initial 6oiling point 215
Hydrocarbon Solvents 47
FORMULA
PROPERTIES
Dlstillstion range,-
__I--
F
I
E; : : : I TECHNICAL
GRADE
-1
Dry point 304
Composition. weight percent
- 2 Methylbutenel Tc-Xt@iIIo-FdjiiE 0.8865' 0.886
at 2014 C 0 8833'
2 Methylbutadienel.3
_
TI_ _grGitVTt
- @F-- 1-r: 0 883
--I
. 28 2
Pentenes 2
~
100 96
AROMATICS
I
I
cn-cn.
FORMULA CH
,
CH - cn I
CH
PROPERTIES
II;;;R;
I PURE
GRADE
Acidity, distillation raidua -
I
nwtnl
RESEARCH PURE Nonvol8tila m8ttar. gnmJl00 ml
PROPERTIES .~ O.ooo5
GRADE GRADE Cvpr conowon .-___
O ~ C ~ tam
O I .__ nqative
Composition, might percent .
~~
-FImh - - F-
-- point, approximate, - _. -. 10
hntsnw2
Fbmm8bility limits, volume% In air
2-Mathylbutml-2 __ ..
Cyclopntane - -
__L o u a c - - - - 1.3<-
____ -
Hiphn
2Methylbutmel - __ I
7.9.
I
__-Pentenel
Cyclopantim
_- 'Literatun V~IUIL
Cyclohexma -
Cyclohuma
Unidentified
Benzem 99.99 99.8
TOlUeM 0.01 0.1
Ethylbaruane 0.1
xyl#nrr
48 Industrial Solvents Handbook
,cn - CH PURE
c - CH3 PROPERTIES
FORMULA Cn\
-
cn cn
GRADE
PROPERTIES
I RYiiMEH I PURE
GRADE .
. 30.8 - -
7 26
0 45' 0.4
103' 1.0
2.15' _2.2.
149693' 1497
-- --+3-0
. .- - - i30
. _- neutral
Nonvolatilematter. gramdl00 ml 0.0005
Copper corrouon
Docior tm
Flash p o w approximate, F 40 IO 56r
Flammabilitv limits. volume X in air
Lower
Hqher
I I
'Literature values.
Purityky fmzree$nf,mol% . .
Freezing point, F
~ .~..
_ .Boi!!LlLp_Ln-! __
Distillation
..- . - .. r a w .
F .
_ _ Initial
~ boiling point -~
.~ Dry
.. point
..~ _ ~~
c - CHI - CH
& \
FORMULA cn CH
I /I
CH cn
* OU'
RESEARCH PURE TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES
GRADE GRAOE GRADE
_ _ _ _. --____ __..____
Doctor test -
Flash poinr,qproximate, F __
._.
-
, 59 (01310) 59 ( 0 1319)
Flammability limits, volum K in air-
LOW^
Highar --
-+i -t'
*Literature valua
Ethylbonzeneis wmetimes nablized with 2.6-diteniarybutyl.4-mrthylphenal which can be removed by distillation,
Hydrocarbon Solvents 49
FORMULA
I
RESEARCH PURE TECHNICAL
PROPERTIES
GRADE GRADE GRADE
I
CHB .CH
FORMULA
cn c -CH,
"CH'
~ ___
Density at 60-F, Ibdgal
of liquid-- .. 7.24 7 24
- Vapor pressure at 100 F, ptia 0 33. 0.3 03
F, psia
____.__-
130 0 74' 0.7 0.7
Refractive index, 20/0 149722' 1.497 1497
Color, Ssybolt +30 +30 +30
Acidity,
-___ distillation
- -r- e-xe -1
.. neutral neutral
_Nonvolatile
_ matte_r.p&l W m l 0.oOaS 0 WO5
Acid
_. wash
- - --- color _.. __
Color -- _. .
D ~ t telf-
y . nspative negative
Flash point, approximate.7 84 84
Flammability Iimi!s, volume K in?!!
_____.F
F
-
.
'Literature values.
FORMULA FORMULA I CH *
t
c'c.H
.
CH, ,CH
C"
Composition. m q h t percant
metaXylene __-
_.__-
ortho:Xylme 99.99 -
Ethylbentene -
-.Dinilation ~-
Initial boilinn ooint 306
. .
130 F, psia 7 4 -
1491---m i--
~
-
_-Lomr _ _ . 0.9' -~
Hyhr 6.5'
'Literature valum *Literature valum
Iropropylbenzetu and 1.2.4 Trimethylbenzene are sometimes stabilized
with 2.6 ditrrtian, butyl I-methylphenolwhich can be removed by distillation
Hydrocarbon Solvents 51
FORMULA FORMULA
I
PROPERTIES I GRADE PROPERTIES I RYiiMIi 1 E ; ; ; ; 1 TECHNICAL
GRADE
Composition, weight percent
___-__ .. Composition, weight percent
matc-Xylene
ortho-Xylene _ _- -. ___ -
___Ethylbenzene ~ - -- -
- Iropropylbenzene
___-_ - 1.5
Normal Propylbenzene 96.6 95 0 min
Mahylethyrbanle6iap n
1,Z.&Trimethylbenzene __ _______
__
1.3,5-TrimathyIbenzane
12.3-Trimethvlbenzene
0 8621
API gravity at MI F 31 7
Dinuty of liquid at 60 F, lbrlgal 7 22
.-
Vaaar a r m n at 1W F m-a __ -.
I -
_-____
130 F, psia
Refractivs index, 2WD 14915
Color, Saybolt .. +30
Acidity, distillation residue
Nonvolatilematter, gramrl1W ml -. . 0.0005
Flash point, approximate, F 114
Flammability limits, volume % in air -__
Low
Highr
'Literature v d u l r
lropropylbmzene and 1.2,CTrimethylbenzene m romtims) stabilized with 2,Bditertiary
butyl4mathylphenol which can be removed by distillation.
CH
I f
- CH1 -CHI - CH3
FORMA C H I C\CH
I II
C". - . . F
PROPERTIES
(continued)
52 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PROPERTIES
I
I
RESEARCH
GRADE
PURE
GRADE
TECHNICAL
GRADE
Spwific prlvity of liquid at 60/WF 0.8646. _- 0.865
_ ~ _ _ ._ 0.865 -
_______ X2L314.C 1 0.86013. . _ _om____. 0.860.--
I cn
.c"'Cn
.
'Literature values
Hydrocarbon Solvents 53
,-
cn1 - F -cnl
FORMULA
I CHfC,CH
*Literature values
54 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 2.1 14: 1-Phenylbutene-2 (4) Table 2.1 15: sec-Amylbenzene (4)
I
cn -cn-cn-cn3 cn,-cn-cn1-cn2-cn3
l l
FORMULA c,ndC-c! FORMULA c~ +-Fn
I .
cn cn
'cn'
PROPERTIES
I TECHNICAL
CRAOE
PROPERTIES
PURE
GRADE
TECHNICAL
GRADE
-
Composition,weight percent -__
__--_
Compoution. weigJht percent .- __
secondary.8utylbenzene secondayButylbanzene ______ -- - - - -
a t 2014 C - __
API a r ~ i t vat 60 F 27- 8 - ~
Color Alpha . __
-- AInhr
- Color I--
t t
Flah point. @proximate, F F k h poinf-aRproximsF
- volume X in air
FlammabtlJy limits, - _ -
LOm Lower
H@wr Higher
I I
PROPERTIES I
I
PURE
GRADE
Distillation range, F
-- 5696- - - -
10%Condensed
50% Condensed 3716- -
I
~
PURE
PROPERTIES
GRADE
90% Condensed
Dry p m t
-__-___
372 0
372 4 - -___
oall- - -
Typical Properties
Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6'c 0.853
Refractive index at 20% 1.475
Distillation range, 'c, 5% 175
9546 183
Freezing point, 'c 1-40
Flashpoiit, TCC, 'c 0 49 (120)
Aniline point, 'c <O
Unpolymerized residue, % 1.5
Monocyclic terpenes, % 91
Dipentene, 46 37
Kauri-butanol value 62
outstanding characteristics
High clarity; near colorlessness; pleasant odor; high solvency; good antiskinning properties; good
wetting and dispersing properties for pigments.
Solvent for synthetic and natural resins, rubber, waxes, raw and polymerized oils, and metallic driers.
Typical Properties
Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6% 0.860
Distillation range, %, 5% 166
95% 183
Color, Hazen 45
Hercules terpene 0.3
Freezing point, 'C C-40
Flashpoint, TCC, 'F r C ) 115 (46)
Kauri-butanol value 80
Aniline point, 'F (T) <23 (<-5)
Density at WF (15.6'c). Ibs/gal (kg/l) 7.17 (36)
Outstanding Characteristics
Clear, near colorless liquid; high solvent power; highly effective softening and swelling agent for
natural and synthetic rubbers.
56 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SOLVENOLB226 terpene solvent is a pale yellow to near colorless liquid that has high solvency for
resins, waxes, and greases. Of pinewood origin, il is a mixture of monocyclic terpenes rich in para
-menthane. It is used as a solvent in the manufacture of cleaning compounds; textile dyes; waxes and
polishes for floor, furniture, leather, and shoes; and in other chemical specialties.
Outstanding Characteristics
Clear,near colorless liquid; high solvent power; excellent welting and penaratiOg p e e s
HERCULES* SDW TURPENTINE is a clear, water-white liquid that complies with all
requirements of Federal and ASTM specifications for pure spirits of turpentine.
Outstanding Characteristics
Clarity; water-white color; typical turpentine odor; high solvency power; excellent wetting and
penetrating properties; uniform purity.
Solvent for raw and bodied drying oils, and for natural and synthetic resins and waxes.
Hydrocarbon Solvents 57
steamdistilled wood turpentine. It consists predominantly of the bicyclic terpene hydrocarbon, alpha-
pinene. Hercules alpha-pinene can be used wherever a high-purity-grade alpha-pinene is required.
Typical Properties
Specific gravity at 15.6T/15.6% 0.863
Refractive index at 2OT 1.466
Components, %
alpha-pinene 84.7
Camphene 13.9
beta-pinene 0.5
Distillation range, %, 5%-95% 156-158
Color, Hercules terpene 0.1
Freezing point. T c-40
Flashpoint, Tag closed up, 'F CC) 91 (33)
Kauri-butanol value 52
Density at WF (15.6%), IbsJgal (kg/l) 1.2 (0.86)
Outstanding Characteristics
Clear, water-white, high purity, chemically reactive, excellent solvent, narrow distallation range.
ACINTENEO A ALPHA-PINENE
ACINTE- A is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild turpentinelike odor which is very high in alpha-pinene
content. A C I N " P A is miscible in alcohols and insoluble in water.
PRODUCT PROPERTIES
specificatons Typical Analysis
Color, APHA' 20 max. 5
Distillation Range, 'CZ
First Drop 156.3
97% 157.4
Moisture, %3 <0.1 e0.1
Kauri-butanol Value4 68
Composition:'
Alpha-pinene, % 91 min. 93.0
Camphene, % 2.5
Beta-pinene, % 2.5
Other Terpenes, % 2.0
Specific Gravity, 15.5"/15.5"C2 0.8636
Weight Per Gallon, 15"C, lb 7.19
Refractive Index, 2O0F 1.4661
-
Flash Point, Closed Cup, ' C ( O r n 6 33(91)
CH
ACINTENE B Beta Pinene is obtained by fractional distillation of sulfate turpentine.
It i s used as an intermediate in the manufacture of synthetic resins.
ACINTENE~DP DIPENTENE
ACINTENP DP is a clear, yeUowish liquid with a lemon-pine-likeodor. It is obtained by several fractional
distillationsof CNde sulfate turpentine. ACINTENE DP is not a co-produd of any process and is sometimes referred
to as a'natural" dipentene. ACINTENE DP is miscible in alcohols and insoluble in water.
PRODUCT PROPERTIES
Specifications Typical Analysls
Color, Gardner ' 2 max. <l
Distillation Range, OC
First Drop 177
95% 187
Kauri-Butanol Value 90
Composition:'
Alpha-Pinene,% <1
Beta-Pinene, % 5
Camphene,% <1
MyrceneCarene,% 1
Dipentene, % 73
Para-Cymeneflerpinolene.% 10
Terpene Alcohols,% <1
Other Terpenes, 96 10
SpecificGravity, 15.50/15.5°C 0.8558
Weight Per Gallon, 1SoC,Ib 7.13
Refractive Index. 2OoC 1.4779
Flash Point, Closed Cup, OC(OF) 54 (130)
Indudes some beta-phellandrene.
Methodsof Analysis:
METHODS OF ANALYSIS:
1. ASTM D 1544-86
2. ASTM D 803-93
3. By Gas-Liquid Chromatography. Arizona Chemical Company method
furnished on request.
4. ASTM D 93-85 by Tag-Closed Tester
(continued)
60 Industrial Solvents Handbook
ACINTEN@ N Is a dark bmwn, very viscous liquid obtained fmm the fractional distillation of Sulfate turpentine
It Is composed of terpene dimers and polymers. ACINTENE N is soluble In turpentine, ammatlc Solvents, and
mineral splrlte.
PRODUCT PROPERTIES
Speclflcallons Typlcal Analysis
Color, Gardner ' 18 max. 17
Moisture, % 0.2 max. 0.05
Spedfic Gravity, 15.50/15.5% 0.963
Weight Per Gallon. 15%. Ib 8.02
v l w s l t y . Gardner-Ho!dt. 25'C Ze min. ze+
vlscoslty, cps,25% 3400
Rash Polnt. Closed Cup, 'CeQ ' 150 (300) min. 163 (325)
Methodsof Analysls: -
1. ASTM D 1544-86; Using Gardner color disks 1963 standard.
50% in heptane
2. ASTM D 802-82
3.ASTM D 93-85 by lagclosedtesler
ACINTENEQ L i s a dark brown, viscous liquid obtained from the fractional distillation of sulfate turpentine. It is
composed ofditerpenes. tdterpenes, and higher molecular-weightterpene polymers. ACINTENE L is soluble in
turpentine, amrnatic solvents, and mineral spirits.
PRODUCT PROPERTIES
Typlcal Analysis
Color, Gardner ' 13+
Specific Gravity, 15.5% 5.5'C * 0.96
Weight Per Gallon, 1SoC. Ib 8.00
Viscosity, Gardner-Holdt, 25'C * 22
Viscosity, cps, 25'C 3400
Flash Point, Closed Cup, 'C('Q 163 (325)
Methods of Analysis -
1. ASTM D 1544-86:Using Gardner color disks 1963 standard,
50% in heptane
2. ASTM D 802-82
3.ASTM D 93-85by lagclosed tesler
Hydrocarbon Solvents 61
COMPARATIVE DATA
. - __ - -~ ~ -_
Panasol Solvents non-specification properties
___ ---- _._ . __
Inspection Tests AN-2K AN3N AN-3S HAB-500 AB-130
Aliphatic Solvents
Pentane 5.26
~~
0.631 34-40 94-104 ~~
(0 26 - 0 8.1
-
Hexane 5.61 0.675 65-70 149-158 (0 29 151 (0.1 6.3 '
Cyclohexane 6.53 0.784 80-82 176-180 0 55 652 0 5.5
LACOLENET"' 6.04 0.725 91-109 195229 18 33 150 (1 2.4
~ ~ ~~ ~
Aromatic Solvents
I 1 Illlhl NI I , II I nil
I A , , < > I l t 14 O I I Ill N l II i 4 9 ' ,
VMCI'NAI'IIIHA I1 I I V
wmn SUIVI NI 19
<I
V M & I' N A I Y I l l i A 66 il 1541 260 288
- - .
________--
MINERAL SPIRITS 68 ..
0.7724
0 711s
- 376 397
e140 S O l V E N l 6 6
Flush E~ploalreLlmlls
ALIPHATIC PETROLEUM Polnl %by Vol. In A t
T q Cc satu-
NAPHTHAS.
- -_ tn
I
n
I46 1 il R II I HI1
IA( O I I F R 1111 llf N 1 1 V 70 I >
..... .
rseosOLv~NT - - 105 1.o
M l N F R A l S F A l 011 n i 705
MINEAAI SI'IRllS I1 I ? 11 I17 1114 11 I
0I)ORI F S S M I N F R A L S P I H I l \ ri 2 >I In e , !7 9 I 11
-_-_
RUOBER S O L V E N l
--
6 Ill 14 I47 n 13
-~
-_BTODDA~D~OLVENL
-
HEXSOLV
0 21
n 11
33
11
166
140
108
ll
0.7
I,'
VM h P N A P H T I I A
U460 S O L V E N l
V M h P N A P l l l t l A 66 __ - __
I :::I:
I 11
14
I7
1411
_4 _0
5>
1411
I 1
1 4
__
(1 n
MINERALSPIRITSO8 - - __
108 0.7
._
VI40 SOLVENT 66
-
n nn I44 in
__ - - .-I----- - -I------
spec uo1rac
Gravilv
AROMATIC HYDROCARBON Per
SOLVENTS "C
Specifications TYDica1
DESCRIPTION
Dynasolve 210 was developed to fill a widespread need for a solvent that would dissolve RTV silicones and silicone conformal coatings
effectively at room temperature. Dynasolve 210 dissolves silicones quickly and effectively, but it contains methylene chloride, and may
attack other polymers or coatings, such as epoxies and urethanes. Dynasolve 220.225, and 230, while not quite as fast as Dynasolve
210, contain no chlorinated solvents and are more selective. In most cases, Dynasolve 230 is fastest, followed by Dynasolve 225, and
then Dynasolve 220.
Dynasolve 210, 220, 225 and 230, when not contaminated by water, will not attack metai or metal components, with the exception of
aluminum. However,aluminum may be etched after extended immersion in these Dynaadves. Contaminationof these Dynasdves with
water will result in the formation of acids that can attack most metals and other substrates. Test data showsthat mu-metalwas untouched
after a 24 hour immersion in Dynasolve 210. Dynasolve 220; 225, and 230 will not attack acrylic or polycarbonate.
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
DYNASOLVE DYNASOLVE DY NASOLVE DYNASOLVE
210 220 225 230
Color Amber Amber Amber Amber
Specific Gravity 1.272 0.828 0.806 0.707
Boiling Point 104 F 31 1-348 F 235-290 'F 202-222 'F
Flash Point None 110 F 52'F 16°F
PH 2.14 1.70 1.60 1.30
DYNASOLVE CU-5
DESCRIPTION
T Y P I C A L PROPERTIES
Color: C 1 ear
Specific Gravity: 1.060
B o i l i n g Point: 202oc
Flash Point: 191OF CC
pH : 4 - 6
DYNASOLVE CU-6
DESCRIPTION
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Color : Clear
Specific Gravity: 1.055
Boi 1i n g P o i n t : 202oc
Flash Point: 210OF CC
pH : 4 - 6
(continued)
66 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Color: L i g h t Amber
Specific Gravity: 1.032
Boi 1i n g Point : >3000F
Flash P o i n t : 2620 F
pH: N/A
DYNASOLVE XD 22-1
DESCRIPTION
Color: C1 ear
Specific Gravity: 0.780
Boi 1i n g Point : 360° F
Flash P o i n t : 143OF CC
pH : N/A
DYNASOLVE XD 27-2
DESCRIPTION
Typical Properties
Solvent Name Flash IXslillation , Common Apvlications
-
De&
FAS 150 155 22 370 - 630 Very similar lo FAS 104 except higher flash
Uscd in the same applications as FAS 104.
Toluene (90% Purity) 31 232 - 253 High oclane, low RVP gasoline hlendstock
Physical Properties
AutoignitionTemperature MO'F (449°C)
Cntical CompresstbilityFactor 0.254
Critlcal Pressure 32 3 a h
Cntical Temperalure: 298.3%
Criical Volume: 0.369 mVkmol
Dipole Moment 9.0 X 10-30cm
EvaporationRate (n-BuAc = 1): 1.54
FlammabilityLimil (vol %in air):
Upper Limit: 8.0
L o w Limit: 1.2
Flash Pointa
gl( Closed Cup): 60°F (16°C)
Freezing Point: <-5O"C (e-58°F)
Heat of Vaporization:
(BTUk) 182 177 172 167 136
Temperature("F) 26 61.9 98.1 134 315
Ltquid Density:(Wgal) 6.86 6.71 6.55 6.24 5.90
Temperature(S) 25.7 61.9 98.1 171 243
Lquid Heat Capadly:
(BTWlbPF) 0.514 0.518 0.521 0.546
Temperature(4) 77.0 85.7 94.4 155
Lquid Thermal Conductiwty:
(BTUrmsaCPF) 2.45 X 105 2.32 X 105 2.06 X 105
Temperature('F) 5.03 54.7 154
LiquidVismwty:(cp) 0.774 0.570 0.436 0.345
Temperature(4) 32.8 70.7 109 147
NormalBoiling Point (760 mm Hg): 118°C (241°F)
SduLilii(grams/100gramsofwateratM"C):1.95
Specific Gravity (2OW4'C): 0.801
Surlace Tension: (dynedcm) 24.4 22.3 16.3
Temperature(00 61.9 981 207
Vapor Density (Ar = 1, at 20%): 3.46
Vapor Pressure: (mm Hg) 3.15 12.1 14.9 37.1 42.3
Temperalure(4) 25.7 61.9 68.0 98.1 207
Hydrocarbon Solvents 75
KENSOL 8
C.A.S. #68410-98-0
ASTM
METHOD PROPER= SPECIFICATION
D-287" GRAVITY, API 69.0 MIN 76.0 MAX
DS6 FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.) -4°FI-20°C MAX
TYPICAL VALUE
KENSOL I O
C.A.S. 68410-97-9
ASTM
METHOD PROPERTIES SPECIFICATION
D-287 GRAVITY, API 65 MIN
0-323 REID VAPOR PRESSURE 4.0 MIN 16.3 MAX
0-97 POUR POINT -40°F I 4 O " C MAX
D-8V DISTILLATION "F MIN MAX
_"F _ "C -"F _"C
IBP 100 38 134 57
10% 135 57 170 77
50% 200 93 235 113
90% 275 135 310 154
EBP 315 157 350 177
TYPICAL VALUE
D-28F GRAVITY, API 68
LBSJGAL. 5.9
D-323 REID VAPOR PRESSURE 4.6
D-156 COLOR, SAYBOLT +30
(BEFORE DYE)
0-56 FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.) -10"FI-23°C /
(cont inued )
76 Industrial Solvents Handbook
KENSOL 17
C.A.S. 64742-48-9
ASTM
METHOD PROPERTIES SPECIFICATION
D-287" GRAVITY, API 58 MlN I 6 1 MAX
D-8V DISTILLATION, "F
IBP 170°F MIN
EBP 400°F MAX
TYPICAL VALUE
0-287" GRAVITY, API 61
LBSJGAL. 6.1 2
D-8V DISTILLATION -"F -%
IBP 175 79
5% 210 99
10% 217 103
50% 244 118
90% 291 144
95% 303 151
EBP 358 181
D-1319 FLORESCENT INDICATORANALYSIS (F.I.A.)
AROMATICS, VCLUIE % 6.5%
OLEFINS, VOLUME % .5%
SATURATES VOLUME % 93
D-156 COLOR, SAYBOLT +30
D-56 FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.) +25"F 1 4 %
KENSOL 30
REGULAR MINERAL SPIRITS, C.A.S. 8052-41-3
ASTM
METHOD PROPERTIES SPECIFICATION
D-287" GRAVITY, API 50.8 MlN 152.7 MAX
D-56 FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.) 105°F 140°C MIN
D-86* DISTILLRTION, OF
5% 310°F MIN
95% 390°F MAX
EBP 410°F MAX
TYPICAL VALUE
D-287* GRAVITY, API 52
LBSJGAL. 6.42
D-156 COLOR, SAYBOLT +30
ODOR MILD PETROLEUM SOLVENT
D-611 ANILINE POINT 149°F I65°C
D-1133 KAURI BUTANOL VALUE 32.5
0-97 POUR POINT -40°F 140°C
D-1319 FLORESCENT INDICATOR ANALYSIS
AROMATICS, VOLUME % 9.4
OLEFINS, VOLUME % .7
SATURATES, VOLUME 89.9
D-86 DISTILLATION -OF -"C
IBP 306 152
5% 322 162
50% 341 170
95% 375 190
EBP 393 201
(continued)
Hydrocarbon Solvents 77
KENSOL 33
RULE 66 MINERAL SPIRITS, C.A.S. 8052-41-3
ASTM
METHOD PROPERTIES SPECIFICATION
D-287' GRAVITV, API 51 MIN / 54 MAX
D-56 FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.) 105°F 140°C MIN
D-86* DISTILLATION, "F
5% 310°F MIN
95'% 390°F MAX
EBP 410°F MAX
UV ANALYSIS, VOL % AROMATICS 7.2 MIN 17.8 MAX
TYPICAL VALUE
0-287* GRAVITY, API 52
LBSJGAL. 6.42
D-156 COLOR, SAYBOLT +30
0-61I ANILINE POINT 65
0-1133 KAURI BUTANOL VALUE 32.5
0-97 POUR POINT -40°F I 4 " C
D-1319 FLORESCENT INDICATOR ANALYSIS
AROMATICS, VOLUME Yo 7.5
OLEFINS, VOLUME % 0.5
SATURATES, VOLUME 92
0-86 DISTILLATION -"F -"C
IBP 318 137
5% 325 161
50% 339 169
95% 368 185
EBP 333 197
KENSOL 48T
NARROW CUT PETROLEUM DISTILLATE, C.A.S. #64741-86-2
ASTM
METHOD PROPERTIES SPECIFICATION
D-92 FLASH POINT 'F. COC 170 / 77°C MIN
D-28P GRAVITY, 'API 46.8 MIN - 48.0 MAX
D-86' DISTILLATION, "F
IBP 380 MIN 1193°C MIN
EB P 475 MAX 1246°C MAX
TYPICAL VALUE
0-287' GRAVITY "API 47.4
LBSJGAL. 6.5
D-92 FLASH POINT "F, COC 185 185°C
D-156 COLOR, SAYBOLT +30
D-1611 ANILINE POINT, "c 72.5 I162OF
D-1133 KAURI BUTANOL VALUE 28.3
D-86 DISTILLATION _ _
"F "C
IBP 391 199
10% 409 209
50% 422 217
90% 443 228
EBP 465 24.1
D-97 POUR POINT, "F 4 0 140°C
D-88 VISCOSITY Q lOO'F, SUS 31.2
D-445 VISCOSITY Q 40%, CST 1.56
DOCTOR TEST SLIGHTLY SOUR
COPPER STRIP CORROSION 1b
D-13.19 F.I.A. ANALYSIS, VOLUME X
AROMATICS 11.4
OLEFINS 3.1
SATURATES 85.5
78 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Compiles wlth ASThl D 841 Product Number: 871004 (Ibs). 060224 (gals)
Pounds per Gallon, 60 "F (15.6 T ) : 7.26 Speclficatlon Date: August 1,1996
I Solvent Xylene I
Property Method Specification TVDiCal
(continued)
Hydrocarbon Solvents 79
Dlstlllation, OF ASTM D 86
Initial Boiling Point 300 mln 310
Dry Point 350 max 340
Distillation. OF ASTM D 86
lnltial Boiling Point 300 min 310
Dry Point 400 max 340
(continued)
80 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Pounds per Gallon, 60 O F (15.6 O C ) : 7.29 Product Number: 870923 (Ibs). 860924 (gals)
Production Point: Chalmette, LA Specification Date August 1, 1996
Distillation, O F ASTM D 86
Initial Boiling Point 350 mln 360
Dry Point 420 max 380
Pounds per Gallon. 60 O F (15.6 "C): 7.50 Product Number: 870212 (Ibs), 868323 (gals)
Production Point: Chalmde, LA Specmcation Date August 1.1996
Hydrocarbon Solvents 81
...............
Speciflcations 2281 011 aaaa oil 2261 011 2289 011 2280 011
...................................... ....................
CAsNo.
............................................................. :; 84742-14-8 8414246-7 8042476 804247.6
..................... .................... ....................
API Pnrlly. 80°F 4w HI 44/47 43/41 uu44
: SWIIIC anvlty, SOO/BO*F
.............................................................. : 77Y/ 797 ~ Y YmixI 7YllNll kmIn2r
Obllll.th, ASlM 0 86
IBP, 'F. mln 975
rc. mlnl (IYI
...........................................................
, End Polnl. "F. moa 400
(% maul (23R
: Pound./a.(lon, B O T 6.56
: ............................................................. :
6.64 6.69 6.76
j VI~ty,iQoT,SUS 32.0 33.2 34.5 38.0
4 -IS ,I 25
1-40) (-261 I-IS) (-4)
pertles (Typical)
.......................................
;
1 -byW.WX
...................................... <I C I
n-Bulylben7ene Isopenlane
Pure
.........
A63400 990 Pure 126400 990
Isobulylbenzeiir Commercial 126200 -
~~ ~~
__ -
Sales Test
Tests Specs Typicals Method
c b n ~ b o r l , V d% Sun GC-MS
48 0
02
74 4
17 4
a01
47 4 D287
D86
MoMin-33oMax 320
395 Max 387
1.5Max 1 .o
25 Mi11 30 13 I 50
Clear Clear V d
copper- LA D130
99 95
0 0 3 Max 401
0 03
03Max 0.02
5 D1209
0 D848
Allpearance ClWJ V I
@ 65 78F
~
D84Y
D847
d1492
D1744
- ~ _-
Sales Test
Tests Specs Typicals Method
ConlposuonWL % D4492 or Eqwvalen(
99.95
0.015
0.15Max 0 035
-
CYCLOHEXANE MARCUS HOOK, PA
Sales Test
Tests Specs Typical Method
Composition D3054
-
XYLENE MARCUS HOOK, PG
Sales Test
Tests Specs Typical Method
Composilion. Vol % D2360 or Equivalent
Total Cgromatics --_ 99.8
Paraxylene .__ 23-26
Metaxylene ___ 51-57
Orthoxylene ___ 12-15
Ethylbenzene _-- 2-14
Benzene 0.01 Max ~0.005
Toluene 0.5 Max 0.07
CQ+ Aromatics 1.0 Max e0.2
Non-Aromatics 0.3 Max 0.02
Typical
Physical
Properties
Solvent No. 2 Solvent No. 3
Petroleum Distillate M EK
Solvent or Blend N-Hexane and Toluene (Methyl Ethyl Ketone)
Flash Point - 14°F. (TCC) 20°F. (TCC)
Net Weight (Approx.) 6.3-6.7 6.65-6.75
(Ibs./gal.)
HDF-201
HDF 300
PropemL Test Methodw Typical Requirement
HEXENES
Properly Test Method") Reauirement
P-P M I X [ R e f i n e r y Grade)
V o l a t i l e Residue:
Evaporated Temperature, 95% D-1837 -40 -37 Maximum
or
Butane and Heavier P e r c e n t D-2163 0 - 1.0 2.0 Maximum
R e s i d u a l Matter:
Residue on Evaporation of 100 m l D-2158 <.05 0.05 Maximum
O i l S t a i n Observation D-2158 Pass Pass
T o t a l S u l f u r , ppmw D-4045 0 - 2 10 Maximum
Hydrogen S u l f i d e D-2420 Pass Pass
C o r r o s i o n Copper S t r i p D-1838 1 No. 1 Maximum
Moisture Content D-2713 Pass Pass
Composition (Mole P e r c e n t ) : D-2163
Propylene 80 70 Minimum
Propane 19 30 Maximum
Ethane and l i g h t e r .1 1.0 Maximum
32
I
30
28 1
2h
IO 20 3u 40 50
Ketone Added ' by WI
I
(continued )
98 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table2.141: (continued)
Surface Tension
Solvent dynesjcm
Diisobutyl Ketone 22.2
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 23.G
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 24.6
Methyl n-Amyl Ketone 26.1
Diacetone Alcohol 31.0
lsoohorone 32.0
Isopropyl Acetate 22.3
Isobutyl Acetate 23.6
Ethyl Acetate 23.7
n-Propyl Acetate 24.3
Primary Amyl Acetate 25.2
Butyl Acetate 25.4
Butvl CELLOSOLVE" Acetate 27.4
I BUM CELLOSOLVE" Solvent 28.6
Butyl CARBITOL" Solvent 31.0
Methvl CARBITOL" Solvent 35.9
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Typical ASTM
Specifications Properties Test
RETARDSOL
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Typical * ASTM
Specifications Properties Test
Distillation Range,OF.
IBP 362 335 368 413 465 4M
10% 388 340 312 420 474 472
20% 392 341 373 422 475 474
50% 412 345 377 424 479 479
90% 460 355 386 43 I 495 497
95% 476 360 389 434 506 508
EP 516 385 405 458 539 S31
Flash Point,
Tag Closed Cup, "F 148 112 146 178 - -
Pensky Martens, O F - - - - 226 228
Fwm Point. "F -90 <-I03 <-103 -81 -43 0
Pour Point, "F -95 <-I12 <-I12 -92 -45 0
Viscosity. cSt
70°F 2.2 1.4 1.8 2.4 3.8 3.8
100°F I .6 1.1 1.4 I .8 2.6 2.6
Aniline Point, F
' 160 137*" 142" 160 I70 I80
Kauri Butanol Value 32 36 35 32 29 27
Solubility parameten".
(CnVcm4 OJ 8.1 8.0 8. I 8. I 7.9 7.8
Descrlptlon
Vista MR Solvent is a highly refined hydrocarbon in the kerosene boiling range. It is colorless, has a mild odor,
low viscosity, and a typical aromatics content of 15%. MR Solvent has an extremely low sulfur and nitrogen
content. The unique process used to produce MR Solvent yields low levels of normal paraffins. Consequently, MR
Solvent has a higher solvent strength and lower freeze point than competitive solvents with equivalent boiling
ranges.
pesaiotion;
Vista C14 npuafftn is a high purity, linear saturated paraffin. It is a clear, low odor, low vircoclity liquid.
Dorcrlption:
Vista C1416 n-paraffin is a high purity, linear saturated paraffin blend ofvarious molecular weights in the
C13-CI7carbon range. I t is aclear,strawcolored, lowodor, lowviscosity liquid.
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
Table 3.1: Allyl Chloride (7) Table 3.2: n-Amyl Chloride (7)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
103
104 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
I
FORMULA
CI
CH, - CH
4
- CH2 - CH3
PROPERTIES
I 98.0%
GRADE
PROPERTIES
I
I S8.W
GRADE API gravity at 60 F 1
Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60 F
at 2014 C ~- ~-
-
0.879
0 . 8 7 5 - ___
29.5
1
~
l-
I Density of liquid at60 F, I b d p l - __- .-__7 32
Composition, m i g h t percent Refractive index, 20/0 ~ __1 396
____~__
Color, Saybolt
mcondary-Butyl Chloride 99.5
Butenes 0.5
Acidity, distillation residue _______-_ -_
_ Nonvolatile_ matter, gramdl00
~ ml ~ -
Purity by frnzinq point, mol % Color Alpha
F n u i n q point, F Flashjoint, approximate, F < 80- ____-
Boiling point, F _ _ _ _ limits, volume X in air
_ _ Flammibility
Lower
Condensed
I
151 Higher I - - --
'Literature values
50% Condenwd 154
90% Condensed
Dry point 156
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 105
Table 3.7: Butyryl Chloride (27)
PHYSICAL PRO PE RT IE S
M o l e c u l a r Weight 106.5
Freezing Paint -89'C
Boiling P o i n t 102°C
Distillation Range 100" t o 110°C
Octanoy I Chloride
PHYSICAL P R O PERTIES
M o l e c u l a r Weight 162.7
C h l o r i n e C o n t e n t (typical) 21.8%
P o u r Point (-7O'C
S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y , 15.5*/15.5*C
0.955
Pounds per G a l l o n at 15.5.C 7. 96
1 111 1
Table 3.11: Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (73)
Carbon Tetrachloride 1589' 1322' 170 172 600 900 - - - 0080' 0013' 14598
'TCC
108 Industrial Solvents Handbook
- -
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons 109
Alkyd Resins
Phthalic Drying Oil Modified Solution
Phthahc-Non-DrvmqOil Modified Solution
Resin Mod;iic:d Solution
Styrene Modiiicv Solution
Rosin Moditicid Solution
Asp ha It Petroleu m Hot Melt
Butyl Oleate Hot Melt
Cai bowax Hot Melt
Cellulose Acetate Hot Melt
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Solution
Chlorinated Rubber Solution
Coumarone-Indene Resins Solution
Dibenzyl Sebacate Solution
Oibutyl Phthalate Solution
Dicapryl Phthalate Solution
DI iso-butylAdipate Solution
Dioctyl Adipate Solution
Dloctyl Phthalate Solution
Di-iso-octyl Phthalate Solution
Diocytl Sebacate Solution
Epoxy Resins Solution
Maleic Resins Solution
Methyl Methacrylate Solution
Petroleum Resins Solution
Paraplex G-60 Solution
Paraplex G-62 Solution
Phenolic Resin, Non-heat Hardening Solution
Pliolite Resins Solution
Polydichlorstyrene Solution
Polyester Resins Solution
Polyethylene Resins Solution
Polystyrene Resins Solution
Polyvinyl Chloride Resins Solution
Rosin Solution
Rosin Ester Resins Solution
Rubber
Natural Solution
Nitrile Solution
SBR Solution
Neoprene Solution
Eutyl Solution
Santicizer 141 Solution
Santicizer 160 Solution
Terpene Resins Solution
Tetrahydrofurfural Oleate Solution
Triaryl Phosphate Solution
Tricresyl Phosphate Solution
Triphenyl Phosphate Solution
Urea Formaldehyde Resins Solution
Waxes
Mineral Hot Melt
Natural Hot Melt
Paraffin Hot Melt
(continued1
110 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PHYSICAL PROPERTEES
n B. P. 'C of Azeotrope
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
_.__
SPECIFIC ISOMER
EMPIRICAL MOL. ASSAY
PRODUCT BOILING GRAVITY REF. INDEX CONTENT
FORMULA WT. (Method)
RANGE "C n 2: (Prox.)
X * C .
____
COMMERCIAL
95% in 1.040- 1.5360- 99 %
BENZYL CHLORIDE C7H,CI 126.6 3 " range 1.111 1.5370 rnin.
i c l . 179°C
- . ___ .
para METHYLBENZYL C.H,CI 140.6 199- -- 1.535-
CHLORIDE 204" 1.540 (11
-__ -~.- ...
METHYL~ENZYL C,H,CI 140.6 199- 1.070- 1.5360- 98 %
CHLORIDES 204" 1.080 1.5370 (2)
15.5")
ETHYLBENZYL 154.7 217- 1.046- 1.5293-
CHLORIDES 222" 1.047 1.5305
ISOPROPYLBENZYL 109- 1.01- 1.520-
CHLORIDES 168.7 112" @ 1.03 1.530
15mm. ___ ___
2,4-DIMETHYLBENZYL 154.7 221- 1.050- 1.5375-
CHLORIDES 226" 1.065 1.5385
___
3.4-DIMETHYLBENZYL 154.7 225- 1.059- 1.5370-
CHLORIDES 232" 1.062 1.5390
_-
DEVELOPMENT .- __ ____
2,5-DIMETHYLBENZYL 154.7 221- 1.035- 1.5350- 98 %
CHLORIDE 226" 1.045 1.5360 (2)
- ____ ____
meta-CHLOROBENZYL 161.1 98-104" 1.25- 1.5532- 97.5%
CHLORIDE @ 15mm 1.27 1.5542
____-____ _--
a,a'-DICHLORO. 175.1 ~ O X133°C
. -- 70.80% ( p )
XYLENES @ 15mrn. 20.30% (0.)
___-_ _____-
BIs.CH LOROMETHYL. 190-
DURENE 231.2 196" dec.
___ (3)
RESEARCH
ortho-METHYLBENZYL 140.6 98 %
CHLORIDE (1)
meta-METHYLBENZYL 140.6 98 %
CHLORIDE
___..
CHLOROMETHYC- 180.5 135- 9 8%
TETRALINS 145' (2)
@ 7mm.
a-CHLOROMETHYL-p- 190.7 58- 95 %
METHYLNAPHTHALENI 62 min.
(3) (2)
l12-Dich lorobenzene
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Purified Technical
z B. P. *C of A r e o t r o p e
20 Cineole 173.5
33. 5 Cyc lohexanol 153.6
31 2-Etharyethyl a c e t a t e 155.5
34 n-Hexyl alcohol 151.6
46 Camphene 155.0
63.5 Iaoamyl e t h e r 112.4
21 I a o u n y l propionate 155.2
14 d- Limonene 174.2
50 u-Pinene 153.4
2 Phenol 156.0
43 P r o p y l i#ovale rate 154.5
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 117
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
H CI
tra ns-Acety I ene Dichloride
I I
cis-Acetylene Dichloride c=c
I I
CI H
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
cis isomer trans isomer
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
G I yc erol DichIorohydr in
Dichl oroisopropyI AI coho1 CIC H2C H( OH)CH2C I
1,3-Di ch Ioropropanol-2
Q- Ropenyldic hl orohydri n
1 .3-DICHLORO-Z -PROPANOL FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
7Q B. P. 'C of Azeotrope
Boiling point (1,3-) 174%
( 1 , 2 - ) 183%
91 Bromobenzene 155.5
Boiling range 174-176% (95%)
39 0- Bromotoluene 170. 5
F l a s h point 74'C
32 p- Brornotoluene 172.8
Refractive index 1.47-1.48
62 Camphene 152.8
Specific gravity 1.36-1.39
43 u-Chlorotoluene 168.9
Vapor premmure 7 mm
85 o-Chlorotolene 158.0
78 p-Chlorotoluene 160.0
1.2-DICHMRO-3-PROPANOL FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH: 45 Cymene 165.5
55 p- Dichlorobenzene 162.2
b B. P. 'C of Azeotrope
62 2 , 7-Dimethyllac tane 155.0
55 0- Bromotoluene 171.6 85 Dimethyl oxalate 162.0
15 Camphene 156.0 33. 5 Indene 173.5
60 u-Chlorotoluene 171.0 30 Iodobenzene 173.0
68 Indene 160.0 10 Isoamyl butyrate 178.6
60 u-Limonene 169.3 52 Isoamyl e t h e r 165.9
43 2-Octanol 172.5 43 d-Limonene 166.8
80 a-Pinene 153.0 50 Mesitylene 156.0
50 Thyrnene 170.8 41 -
p Methylanlaole 173.1
35 Methylheptenone 178.5
57 o-Phellandrene 163.0
63. 5 -
a Pinene 150.4
63 Pseudocumene 164.4
85 Styrene 142.5
38 a-Terpinolene 166.8
40 Thymene 166.5
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 119
Table 3.27: Dichloromethane (22)
TYPICAL PR 0P E RTI ES
0 IO 20 10 40
TEMPERATURE,
degrees Centigrade
(continued)
120 Industrial Solvents Handbook
z B. P. 'C of A z e o t r o p e
30 Ac et one 51. 6
23 Biallyl 56.5
94.8 1. 3-Butadiene -5.0
20 C h l o r o m e t h y l m e t h y l ether 54
30 C y c lopentane 38.0
55 Diethylamine 52.0
11.5 Ethanol 54.6
21 Idomethane 39.8
8 Iaoproponol 56.6
51 Pentane 35.5
23 Propylene oxide 40.6
6 tert-Butanol 51. 1
1.5 Water 38. 1
C5H 1OC'2
n
3-Ch loropropylene-1 ,2-oxide O-CH2-CH-CH2CI
Epichlorohydrin i s a colorless, mobile, highly reactive liquid. I t i s completely miscible with many organic liquids such
as acetone, carbon tetrochloride, alcohols, benzene, ethers, halogenated hydrocarbons, fixed oils, etc . It i s not
miscible with glycerin and water. The two reactive functional groups make i t a very useful chemical intermediate. In
the presence of a catalyst, its epoxy group enters into an exothermic reaction with the active hydrogen atoms of alcohols,
amines, carboxylic acids, phenols, mercaptans, etc. The atom i n the molecule reacts w i t h acid salts, alkali metal pheno-
lates, and alcohalates, amides, amines, etc.
Epichlorohydrin i s used to o large extent as a raw material i n the manufacture of epoxy resins. When condensed with di-
hydric phenols or phenolic resins, epoxy resins are obtained which range from liquids to solids. It i s also used i n the
manufacture of ion exchange resins, adhesion resins and a lorge number of other chemicals.
Manochloroethane CzHsCl
Muriatic Ether
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Molecular Weight: 64.52 Refractive Index of Vapor, nk5 1 .oo 1
Description : Ethyl chloride is a Vapor Pressure, mm Hg
colorless mobile liquid at 1 atmosphere 0°C (32°F) 464
below 12.4"C (54°F). Above the boiling 10°C (50°F) 692
point, i t is a colorless gas. Ethyl chloride 20°C (68°F) 101 1
has an ethereal odor and is highly volatile Specific Gravity of Vapor (air=]) 2.23
and flammable. Solubility at 0"C,
g ethyl chloride/100 g water 0.447
- 138.3 g water/100 g ethyl chloride 0.07
Freezing Point, "C
"F -217 Solubility:
Ethyl chloride is soluble in most organic
solvents.
(continued 1
122 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Typical
Specification Analysis
Purity, wt % 99.5 minimum 99.97
Color, APHA 20 maximum <5
Appearance clear, free of clear, free of
suspended matter suspended matter
Acidity as HCI, wt % 0.002 maximum <0.0001
Water, wt % 0.02 maximum 0.0010
Nonvolatile Residue, wt % 0.01 maximum <0.0001
Total Impurities, wt % 0.5 maximum 0.03
Distillation Range, "C 12 t o 13 12.2 t o 12.4
Specific Gravity, oOC/4"C 0.922 to 0.925 0.922
TEMPERATURE, OF
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 123
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1 ,2- Di c hl oroethane
sym-Dichloraethane
Ethylene Chloride CI CH2 -CH2CI
Dutch Oil
Eloyl Chloride
PHYSICAL PROPERTEES
(continued)
124 Industrial Solvents Handbook
m B. P. 'C of Azeotrope
Table 3.34: 2-Ethylhexyl Chloride (7) Table 3.35: Glycerol a-Monochlorohydrin (7)
CICH2CHOHCH20H
u
&
0
l4
s .V 0
rs'
E
fx
*
P
N
0
W
C
0
f
-:
W d
m
@,
-
E
.5 4, E
Y
W
P
1 u d
Y 9
a a d
I-
d
ai
v
%
Y
.r(
5
V
&
0
a
126 Industrial Solvents Handbook
"
6
' 13"
Boiling range 133-135.C
Flamh point 95T
Specific gravity @zO/ZO*C 0.871
3
tions where superior solvency is important. Vulcan's
methylene chloride is available in Technical, Aerosol,
Degreasing, Special and Decaffeination grades. The
Technical and Decaffeination grades meet the requirements
of the American Chemical Society Reagent Chemical
Specifications, 7th Edition, 1987, the Food Chemicals Codex,
3rd Edition, the National Formulary XVI and Military
Specification MIL-D4998D. 180
E,
Physical Properties i"
Formula CH,CI, 9" 150
1
Molecular Weight 84.94
Boiling Point 40.1"C; 104.2"F &
Density 10.98 Ibs./gal. @ 25°C $ ,20
Specific Gravity @ 25i25"C 1.320
Freezing Point -96.7"C; -142.1OF
-- i1I
I I
Viscosity @ 25°C
Flash Point
0.430 CP
None Ij- . ..
- 1 -4
I----
Latent Heat
of Vaporization @ b.p.
Specific Heat,
78.7 cal/g; 141.7 BTU/lb 6o I--- -. .
C H3C HCICH3
Boiling point 35.4.c
Freezing point -117.C
Refractive idu 1.3811
Solubility in water @12, 5'C 0.344'
Specific gravity @ L O / 4 T 0.8590 g/100 g
Vi8COdty @ 22. 5 'c 0.2962 centipohe
Weight per gallon 7. 5 lb
Monochloromethane CH3CI
PHYSlCA L P ROPE FIT I ES
Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.49
BollingPoint.760mm.Hg... . . . . . . . . . . . . -23.7OC.(-lO.7OF.)
S p x i f w Heat. cal.
................
Cntical Pressure
R h v e lndex
Vapor at 2 5 O C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.O00703
Solubihty. cc/lOO a.solvent at 20° C .
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4723
Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3756
....................
EthylAkohoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3740
(continued)
128 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SO1
I Fo-Hozss~s
WEE E~NERGY
1 FORMATION FROM ELEMENTS
1
I
'ACTUALLY 15 298 15" K
0 850, - 70 0007 I
/'
/'
0 040
0 825 -68 0004.
/.
0 0 0 1 4 2 0 010
TEMPERATURE. "C
10 000
6 000
6 000
61
23 6$
95 2
4000
71 4
52 Z
2 m
37
DM)
26 v,
17 9
I 800
600 11 g
400 2
7;
P
200 E
100
e
3
1 75 '
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 129
0 128
0 122
m 0 116
w
$ 0110
3 0104
0098
'
0 092
0086y 1 I 1 I I r j
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
TEMPERATURE, "C
TEMPERATURE, C
'
TEMPERATURE, OC 0 20 40 60 80 100
-100-80-60-40-20 140 180
TEMPERATURE, OC
40
36
32
28
5 24
mi 20
16
12
8
l/
4
PERCHLOR
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perchlorethylenc is a clear, water-white liquid a i ordinary irmpcraturrs. I t is coni-
pletelg misciblc w.iih most organic liquids. The stabilized product. Perchlor, can
be used \vith any or the common construction meials.
Chemical Naines Te~racliloroeth).lene: Heat of Vaporization
pcrcliloioethylene at 760 niiii Hg. cal!g '50.1
Chemical Formula. CCI 2 cc I 2 ; Brujlb 90.2
\'apor Density at 121.I"C
and 760 nini Hp. gll 5.22
c\ /c' Ib/fi 0.326
,c=c, Specific Graviiy o f Vapor
CI CI (air = 1) 5.83
Vapor Pressure at 20°C.
nini Hg 14.2
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 131
Table 3.43:(continued)
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Moleculai Weight 165.85 Evaporalion Rare dt 77°F
Boiling Point. "F 250.0 (15°C) (erher = 100) 9
"(' 121.1 gal/(ft?) (day) 0.15
Freezing Point. "F -8.2 Flammability Nonflammable
"C -22.3 Viscosily at 20°C. cps 0.88
Pounds per Galloii .it Solubility at 2S"C,
68°F (20°C) 13.57 g Perchlor/IOO g water 0.015
Kilograrns per Liter g water/100 g Perchlor 0.0 105
at 20°C I .63 Azeotrope with Water,
Refractive index. nho 1.5053 Boiling Point, "F 189.2
Dielectric Constant at "C 87.7
1000 cps and 25°C 2.365 Azeotropicwater Content. wt % 15.8
Specific Heat at 20°C
cal/(g) ("C) or Btu/(lb) ("F) 0.205 Permissible Exposure Limit
Flash Point (Tag open cup) None (8-hour TWA) ppm 100
Fire Point (Tag open cup) None
Perchloroethylene (53)
Waler %tent K Cloud pt.
ea
p
E 70
PHYSIC A L PROPERTIES
Acidity a s HCl 0 . 0 2 % by wt
Absolute viscosity @ 2 O T 4. 7 centipoises
Apparent specific gravity @20/20*C 1.1128
Boiling point @760 mm Hg 127.4'C
50 mm Hg 59-2
10 mm Hg 31.C
Coefficient of expansion @ 5 5 % 0.00097
Constant-boiling mixture e 7 6 0 mm:
Chlorhydrin approx. 46% B.P. 95.4.C
Water 54%
F l a s h point (Cleveland 0. C. ) 125.F
Molecular weight 94.54
Solubility in water Miscible i n a l l p r o p o r -
tions
Vapor p r e s s u r e @ZO'C 4 . 9 mm Hg
Weight p e r gallon @ZO'C 9.29 l b
1,2-DichIoropropane
C H3CHCICH2CI
Propylene Chloride
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Acetylene Tetrachloride
Bonoforrn
TEMPERATURE F
50 68 86 I04 122 140 158 176 194 212
164
162
160
158
156
154
152
IO 20 so 40 50 60 70 80 qo loo
TEMPERATIJHE C
TEMPERATURE, "F
0 50 68 86 104 122 140 1 5 8 176 194 212 230 248
E
c
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 1 0 120
TEMPERATURE, "C
CI
Q'
CI
CI
CI,6 I
TLV-TWA Values
SOLVENT T LV-TWA*
(ppm in air)
Solvent I l l @(1,I ,I-trichloroethane) 3 so
Trichloroethylene SO
Perchloroethylene 50
Methylene Chloride 100
Chloroform 10
1,I ,2-trichloroethane 10
Stoddard Solvent 100
Toluene 100
Xylene 100
Turpentine 100
Methyl Alcohol (Methanol) 200
Benzene 10
*1985-86values
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons I37
Aerosol Grade
COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS
Appearance Clear, free from
suspended matter
Color, APHA 15 max.
Specific Gravity @ 25125OC. 1 295 - 1.303
Distillation Range, OC.
760 mm. IBP t o DP 68 - 78
Free Halogens None
Acidity, HCI 0 0 0 1 % by w t max
Nonvolatile Matter 0001% b y w t max
Water 00100% by w t max
Purity:
1,I ,1-trichloroethane content 9 5 0 % by w t min
1.1.1-trichloroethane content 95 0% by vol min
Individual halogenated impurities 0 5% by w t max
Total halogenated impurities 1 0 % by w t max
Acid Acceptance as NaOH 0 20% by w t min
(continued)
138 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Molecular.Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.4
Freezingpoint, OC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9
SurfaceTensionat25°C,Dynes/cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5
Solubility at 25OC,
g S o l v e n t l l l " in 100 g water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
g Water in 100 g Solvent 111" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04
VaporPressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Density of Liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Binary Azeotropes:
Component % by wt Boiling Point
Water 4.3 65.OoC (149OF)
Methanol 23.0 55.5OC (132OF)
Ethanol 17.4 64.4OC (148OF)
Isopropanol 18.2 68.7OC (155.6OF)
n-Propanol 7.1 72.3OC (162OF)
Hexane 28.9 60.0°C (14OOF)
'Values for unrtabilized 1.1.1-trichloroethane
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 139
w-
0
o (m
N O
140 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Boiling Temperature
10 20 30 40 50 60
USP Mineral Oil Concentration,
o/o By Volume
Specific Gravity
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.o
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
USP Mineral Oil Concentration,
Yo By Volume
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 141
Boiling Point
(760rnrn' Hg).O F (OC) 165 (74) 188 (867) 250 (121) 104 (39.8)
liquid Specific
Gravity, 25/25OC 1.319 1.456 1.620 1.320
Specific Heat of
Liquid at 2OoC,
(cal/gl°Cl
or (Btu/lb/OF) 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.28
Heat of Vaporization,
calls 54.4 57.2 50.8 78 7
Btullb 98.0 103 91.4 141 7
Refractive Index
at 25OC 1.435 1.473 1.503 1.424
Viscosity at ZOOC.
CP 0.86 0.58 0.88 0 42
Density at 25"C.
(Ibr./gal) 10.97 12.10 13.47 1098
Vapor Specific
Gravity ( a i r = l 0) 4.55 4 54 5.73 2.93
Kaurkbutanol value
(ASTM D 1133) 124 129 90 135
Evaporation Rate,
Ether=100 35 28 9 71
Carbon Tetra-
chloride= 100 100 84 39 147
Energy required to
convert 1 Ib liquid
at 7OoF to vapor at
bp and 1 atrn, [Btu) 127 124 125 151
Energy required to
convert 1 gal. liquid
at 7OoF to vapor at
bp and 1 atm. ( M u ) 1410 1500 1690 1660
142 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Vinyl Trichloride
Ethylene Trichloride
PHYSICAL PROPERTLES
1,2,2-Trichloroethylene
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Ha PSlA
17.36
yL02
a68
19.34
1147
11.60
1.14
5m
387
1.93
1.55
1.16
0.77
as
an
I08
10 P a 0 B (0
Percent Mineral Oil bv Volume
144 Industrial Solvents Handbook
k B. P . 'C of Azeotrope
Trichloroethylene (53)
Water Content vs. Cloud Pt.
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 145
Rf
PE
ag
RIB RIB
a,
I46 Indumial Solvents Handbook
CH2CICHCICH2CI
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Analysis. % W
Trichloropropane 97.0
Epichlorohydrin 1.5
Clyce r o l dichlorohydrin 1.5
Color, P t - C o 15
Distillation range, 1BP 150'C
90% 156.1.C
95% 156.1 *C
DP 156.6%
Flaah point 165'F
Molecular weight 147.44
Refractive index 1.4832
Specific gravity @20/20'C 1.385
z B. P. ' C of Azeotrope
35 Camphene 152.9
30 2 , 7 -Dim ethyloctane 155.5
15 a-Pinene 150.0
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Vapor Pressure
liquid density
Tomp.ro)vn (OC)
-20
0
+20
Pounds/ gallon
T o ~ r o t u r o(OC)
-20
0
20
Index of Refraction
Tomporotun ("C)
Absolute Viscosity
lomporotum (OC)
-200
+20
COMPARATIVE DATA
80 10 5
__
85
I 1 I TRICHLOROETHANE
. _
ETHYLENE DICHLOF(1DE 159 98
.
METHYLENE CHLORIDE TECH NONE NON€
MONOCHLOROBENZENE 300'1 0 19 I07
___ I3J ___
ORTHODICHLOROBENZENE---- 0348 --?E!-
~ __
0 03 0.15 240 .
,
---
-22 160 -________
22 92
NONF
100
93
PERCHLORETHYLENE IJ0 zn 0 34 22 I NONE NONE
TRICIILORETHYLENE Ezlracl II 59 D 1 1 011 4 4b R64 NONE no 10 5 C) 3
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 151
SOLVENTS
METHYLENE INHIBITED 1.1.1- TRICHLORO- PERCHLORO-
PROPERTIES CHLORIDE TRICHLOROETHANE ETHYLENE ETHYLENE
Chemical Formula CH,CI, , C, I?
CH C,HCI, c,c I1
(conti nued)
152 Industrial Solvents Handbook
'95% Et OH, 5% HO
,
t Evaporation rates measuredwith respect to n-butyl acetate Larger numbers reflect lastec evaporation.As measuredby ASTM 03539.76
% linear Swell
Plastics Initial After Drying
Polypropylene (General Purpose Grade) ....................................... 3.5 0
Polyethylene 3300 (High Density) ................................................ 1.o 0
Polyethylene (Linear) ................................................................. 3.0 -0.5
Polyallorner (Ethylene Propylene Copolymer) ................................ 4.0 0
Acetate (Cellulose Acetate) ......................................................... A.B 0
Butyrate (Cellulose Acetate Butyrate) ........................................... C -
Propionate (Cellulose Acetate Propionate) .................................... C -
Brand of Elastomers and Rubbers
Chardon 15093' ......................................................................... 56.0 -0.5
Chardon 15096-2' ...................................................................... 80.5 -3.0
Chardon 15120. ......................................................................... 76.5 -2.5
Hycar 1000 x 132' ...................................................................... 44.5 -3.0
(Acrylonitrile/butadienehigh acrylonitrile content)
Hycar 1014' (Buna N low acrylonitrile content) .............................. 55.0 4.5
Thiokol 3000 FAd (Polysulfide Rubber) .......................................... 52.5 -1.5
Thiokol 3600 ST-Cd .................................................................... 50.0 -0.5
Thiokol E45Sd ............................................................................ 64.0 4.5
Dow Cornin 94-002b (Fluorosilicone Rubber) ............................... 16.0 -2.0
B
Silastic LS-63 (Fluorosilicone Rubber) .......................................... 16.5 0
Silastic S-6526b (Silicone Rubber) ................................................. 34.5 -
Silastic 80b (Silicone Rubber) ...................................................... 24.0 -0.5
Silastic 67Sb .............................................................................. 38.5 -0.5
Key: (Negative sign indicates sample decreased in size. Data to nearest 0.5%.)
a. Chardon Rubber Company . A. Distorted and softened
b. Dow Coming Corporation 6 . Partially dissolved or disintegrated
c. B.F. Goodrich Chemical Company C. Totally dissolved or disintegrated
d. Thiokol Chemical Company
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 153
(continued)
154 Industrial Solvents Handbook 8
-6
r
0
%I
WW
0
W y.
->.
E
W
.c
0
v)
.-W
Y
i
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 155
-
5
W
E
I
8
156 Industrial Solvents Handbook
m
CI
0" '
.-I>: 0
-? 3 0
m
6
j ! i
0 0 - -
3
u) Z Z P P ?q
+ Z Z S S~ ~
v .. .. zL .A y .. ..
... ... * z .. ..
G
-I-
O
z .. ..
.: .. ..
m
+ .:Pas
. . . .
.. ..
0
N
. .
W
0 + . .
+ 0-U ... ... .. ..
. . . .
L $ + o
.. .. .. ... .. ..
.
LL
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 157
w
-0
al
a
.-C
Y
C
0
0
..
v
F
2
-
al
n
m
c
158 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Alcohol Ethanol 60 54 48 NF
n-Butanol 106 94 NF
Temperature, O C C
$
v
4'
Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature for
Methylene Chloride
Temperature, O F
,m
1
700
500
M 300
3:200
E
E 100
70
!E so
30
8
l-
2o
10
E ;
9 3
2
I . -I
-70 -60 -so 4 0 -30 -20 -10 o + I O +2(1 +30 +40 3 so -60 -so -40 -30 -20 -10 0 + I O i 2 ( 1 +'r) $40 is0
Temperature, OC Temperature, O C
Halogenated Hydrocarbons IS9
3 I
I
I
I
1 I X = Freezing Point
I
Temperature, O C
Table 3.62:(continued)
Vertrel KCD-9548 and KCD-9550 Wipe Solvents
Introduction
Vertrel KCD-9548 and Vertrel KCD-9550 are two proprietary blends formulated as wipe solvents. Vertrel KCD-
9548 is an azeotrope-like blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon with cyclohexane and acetone, whereas Vertrel
KCD-9550 is an azeotrope-like blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon and acetone. Both solvents are ideally
suited for use as a gross wipe solvent: however, Vertrel KCD-9548 has a slight VOC compared with zero VOC
for Vertrel KCD-9550.
Physical Properties Vertret" KCD-9548 Specifications
Vertrets Vertret' Vertrel'XF. % 85.0 f 1.0
KCD- KCD- Acetone, % 10.0 f 1.0
Property* Units 9548 9550 5.0 It 1.0
Cyclohexane, %
Boiling Point "C 52.0 60.6 Appearance Clear, Colorless
OF 125.6 141.1 Nonvolatile Residue, ppm 10.0 max.
Liquid Density g/cc 1.37 1.37 Moisture, ppm c200
lb/gal 11.5 11.5
E m o s u r e Limits
Vapor Pressure mmHg 186 191
psi 3.6 3.7 Component Limit, ppm Type
Surface Tension dyn/cm 15.6 15.6 Vertre1"XF AEL 200 8- and 12-hr TWA
400 Ceiling*
Freezing Point "C C-50 C-50 Acetone TLV 750 8-hr TWA
OF c-80 <-8O
Cyclohexane TLV 300 8-hr TWA
Heat of Vaporization cal/g 43 46
at boiling point Btu/lb 77 83 TLV -Threshold limit value established by the American
Conference of Government & Industrial Hygienists
Heat Capacity cal/g "C 0.30 0.30 (ACGIH).
at 20°C (68°F) Btu/lb OF 0.30 0.30 TWA-Time weighted average.
*A ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be
Viscosity CPS 0.64 0.62 exceeded during any part of the working day.
*At 25°C (77OF) except where indicated.
Vertret@KCD-9548 Vertrel" KCD-9550
Density and Vapor Pressure Change Density and Vapor Pressure Change
with Temperature with Temperature
Vapor Vapor
Temperature, Density, Pressure, Temperature, Density, Pressure,
"C ("9 glcc (Iblgall mmHg (psi) "C ("Fl glcc (Iblgal) mmHg [psi)
Table 3.62:(continued)
Vertrel MCA Cleaning Agent
Introduction
Vertrel MCA is a proprietary azeotrope of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon with trans-l,2-dichloroethylene. It is
ideally suited for use in vapor degreasing equipment. Its enhanced solvency power, compared to Vertrel XF alone,
makes it particularly effective for precision and specialty cleaning applications in difficult soil situations. Vertrel
MCA is nonflammable, has "zero" ozone depletion, and has low global warming potential. It can replace CFC-113,
i,1,1 -trichloroethane (i,1,1 -TCA), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) in many
applications.
Vertrel'
Property* Unit MCA CFC-113 Temperature, Density, Vapor Pressure,
Boiling Point 39 (102) 47.6 (117.6)
"C ( O F ) "C ( O F ) glee (Ib/g) mmHg (psia)
Liquid Density g/cc 1.41 1.56 0 (32) 1.47 (12.3) 162 (3.1)
Ibigal 11.8 13.1 10 (50) 1.44 (12.0) 258 (5.0)
Vapor Pressure mmHg 464 33 4 20 (68) 1.42 (11.8) 375 (7.3)
psia 9.0 6.5 25 (77) 1.41 (11.8) 446 (9.0)
30 (86) 1.39 (11.6) 552 (10.7)
Surface Tension dyn/cm 15.2 17.3 40 (104) 1.37 (11.4) 795 (15.4)
Freezing Point "C ( O F ) C-50 (c-58) -35 (-31) 50 (122) 1.35 (11.3) 1 1 1 1 (21.5)
Solubility of Water wt% 0.065 0.01 1 60 (140) 1.33(11.1) 1509 (29.2)
Heat of Vaporization cal/g 43.3 35.1
at Boiling Point Btu/lb 77.9 63.1 Soils Cleaned with VertreP MCA
Heat Capacity
at 20°C (68°F) cal/g-"C 0.27 0.2 1 Mineral Oils Cutting Oils
Btu/lb-"F 0.27 0.2 1 Vacuum Oils Stamping Oils
Waxes Hydraulic Oils
Viscositv CPS 0.49 0.68 Heavy Greases Gear Oils
*At 25°C (77"F),except where indicated
Compatible Compatible
~ ~~~~
VertreP
Property' XF CFC-113 Vapor
Molecular Weight 252 187 Temperature, Density, Pressure,
"C (OF) glee (Iblg) mmHg (psia)
Boiling Point, "C (OF) 55 (130) 47.6 (117.6)
-20 (-4) 1.70 (14.2) 16 (0.3)
Surface Tension, dyn/cm 14.1 17.3 -10 (14) 1.68 (14.0) 36 (0.7)
Liquid Density, g/cc (Ib/gal) 1.58 (13.2) 1.56 (13.1) 0 (32) 1.66 (13.8) 62 (1.2)
Freezing Point, "C (OF) -80 (-1 12) -35 (-31) 10 (50) 1.62 (13.5) 109 (2.1)
Solubility in Water, ppm 140 170 20 (68) 1.60 (13.3) 176 (3.4)
of Water, ppm 490 110 30 (86) 1.57 (13.1) 284 (5.5)
Critical Temperature, 40 (104) 1.55 (12.9) 434 (8.4)
"C (OF) 181 (357) 214 (417) 50 (122) 1.51 (12.6) 641 (12.4)
Critical Pressure, 60 (140) 1.49 (12.4) 921 (17.8)
psia (atm) 331.9 (22.6) 495 (33.7) 70 (158) 1.46 (12.2) 1288 (24.9)
Critical Volume, cclmol 433 325 80 (176) 1.43 (11.9) 1753 (33.9)
90 (194) 1.40 (11.7) 2343 (45.3)
*At 25'C (77OF). except where indicated.
100 (212) 1.38 (11.5) 3072 (59.4)
110 (230) 1.34 (11.2) 3961 (76.6)
120 (248) 1.32 (11.0) 5032 (97.3)
Environmental Properties 130 (266) 1.30 (10.8) 6309 (122.0)
Class: HFC CFC
Vertrde
Property XF CFC-113
VertreP XF Azeotropes
Formula C,H,F, C,CI,F, Boiling
Flash Point None None VertreP XF With Point, O C (OF)
Flammable Range in Air None None XM Methanol 46 (115)
Atmospheric Lifetime, yr 20.8 100 XE Ethanol 52 (126)
Ozone Depletion MCA trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 39 (102)
Potential (ODP) 0.0 0.8 SMT trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 37 (99)
Global Warming and Methanol
Potential (HGWP) 0.25 1.35
(continued )
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 167
Table 3.62:(continued)
(continued)
168 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Es
Heat of
Vaporization cal/g 38 35 53 Solubility of Silicone Fluid (DC-360)
at boiling point Btu/lb 69 63 94 In a Blend of VertreP XF +
Heat Capacity cal/g OC N/A 0.22 0.25 Hexamethyldisiloxene
at20"C (68°F) Btu/lb OF N/A 0.22 0.25 I
Viscosity
Flash Point
CP 0.60
None
0.67
None
0.43
None
7
- -1
-
--- J6%1%'A
_----
WC11017)
At Room Temperature
Vertrel.
XSi
Freon"
TF Hexane I 40% 42%
Hexamethyldisiloxane.Wto/.
4b% 50%
% Change in Width 15 16 23
Elastomer Compatibility
% Change in Weight 60 133 83 Immersion: 15 min in Vertrel' XSi at
A t Boiling Point* Boilina Point 56.6"C 1133.9OF)
% Change in Width 20 20 24 Comaatible
% Change in Weight 64 144 63
Polysulfide (e.g., Thiokol's FA) EPDM (Nordele)
'47°C (117°F) for Freon. TF; 54°C (129°F) for Vertrel. Chlorosulfonated PE Butyl Rubber'
KCD-XSi; 68°C (154OF) for Hexane Buna-S* Natural Rubber*
Plastic Compatibility Polyurethane Neoprene
Immersion: 15 min in VertreP XSi at Viton@A Viton@B
Boiling Point 5 6 . 6 O C (133.9"F)
*Swelling, but with low extractable
Compatible
c
N
8 0 -
?-
N
0
E"
0
v -
?5
f
L
0
c
-1
0
Ln
LT. rrc
-
-
C
lrl
Q) "
n 2 h
J:
e
p.
x
0
x
4
h
2 72 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Sales Specification
OXSOL" 10
Monochlorotoluenes
Specifications
Formula C7H7a
Molecular weight 126.59
Specific gravity @ 25"C/25"C 1.07
Density, Wgal (gA) 9 (1070)
Freeze point, "C (OF) -25 (-13)
Boiling point, "C (OF) 159 (318)
Flash point CTCC), "C (OF) 50.6 (123)
Vapor pressure @ 2OoC, mm Hg 2.6
Kauri-butanolvalue 110
Water, ppm <100
11
-
z
3 105
>
ln.
c
C
a"
e2 1
CT
3
0 95
I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
09
-20 10 40 70 100 130 160
Temperature (C)
(cont inued )
Halogenated Hydrocarbons I73
0.45
0.4
B
-
:
0.25
-20 10 40 70 100 130 160
Temperature (C)
(continued)
174 Industrial Solvents Handbook
I I
-. I I I 1 r I
I I
I I I I I I I I
I I
U
.-
2 0.8
.-
0-
A
0.6
0.4
0.2 - I
I
0, I
-20 10 40 70 100 130 160
Temperature (C)
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 175
160
I I I I I I I I i I I
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20 10 40 70 100 130 160
Temperature (C)
(continued)
176 Industrial Solvents Handbook
1000
100
-
CJ,
I
E
E
v
?
a
v)
10
2
a
b
0.
5
1
01
-20 10 40 70 100 130 160
Temperature (C)
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 177
OXSOL 100
OXSOL 100 is a purified grade of p-chlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) with the characteristic odor of chlorinated
aromatic solvents. OXSOL 100 is a clear water-white liquid with solvency characteristics similar to the classical
chlorinated and fluorinated solvents. PCBTF has been commercially produced for over thirty years as a chemical
intermediate. OXSOL 100 has been used as a solvent since 1992 as a replacement for solvents with Ozone
Depletion Potential (ODP), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP).
OXSOL 100 is not regulated as an ozone depleter. OXSOL 100 is not regulated as a Hazardous Air Pollutant. And
on October 5, 1994, the EPA published in the Federal Register, a revised definition of VOC which specifically
exempted OXSOL 100 from VOC regulations. The exemption was based on the very favorable atmospheric profile
of the molecule.
The use of OXSOL 100 or other PCBTF based OXSOLs will allow many solvent users to eliminate or reduce their
use and emissions of VOCs without giving up the many benefits received from organic solvents. OXSOL can be
used to extend or replace many organic solvents, including toluene, xylene, mineral spirits, acetone, methyl ethyl
ketone (MEK), trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1, I ,I -trichloroethane and n-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)>
Sales Specifications
Appearance CFOSM
Color, APHA 20 Max
Acidity, ppm (by specific ion probe) 3 Max
Alkalinity, ppm a s NaOH 10 Max
Water content, ppm 150 Max
Specific Gravity @ 25"C/25"C 1.33-1.35
Non Volatile Residue, Wt. % 0.0020 Max
(continued)
178 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-
0
P
0.
2
8
OD
0
9
In
0
5
c
?!
a,
a
d
0 E
I-
0
(u
0
0
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'si
r 8 8
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9
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a o
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Q
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- 0
P
0
0
"
N
0
..
m
:
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 179
Vapor Pressure, rnm of i ig
-8
0
-z
180 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Vapor Pressure, mm of Hg
0
s!
L
3
c
F?
Q)
Q
v
f
E
l-
lJi
>
1
c
f
Halogenated Zyydrocarbons 181
182 Industrial Solvents Handbook
P3
.-
C
+-
c
u
0
I
-1
E:X
0
u)
>
c
m(1)
I
c
c
Q)
c
m
-I
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 183
184 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Vapor Viscosity, centipoise
8
0
0
OD
N
3
N
0
e
N
0
N
:
0
m
r
0
W
7
0
s
0
2
-8
aD
0
W
0
t
0
N
0
0
0
N
0
'f
..
m
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 185
Liquid Thermal Conductivity, Btu/hr.ft."F
h v) (D v) Ln
v
v)
9
0
(0
8 8 v)
2
-8 c
186 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Vapor Thermal Conductivity, Btu/hr,ft,"F
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 187
Chemically, OXSOL 2000 is alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluorotoluene, an HFC. OXSOL 2000 has a number of desirable
properties for precision cleaning, electronics cleaning, aerosol applications, and wipe cleaning. It is a pure
compound, with a relatively fast evaporation rate and toluene-like odor. In its pure form, OXSOL 2000 is a good
replacement for hexane, toluene, and VM&P naphtha where a rapid evaporation rate is desirable and a flammable
solvent can be used safely. In addition, OXSOL 2000 can be blended with classical solvents like trichloroethylene
yielding non-flammable, very fast evaporating compositions.
1.26
1.24
1.22
1.20
0
\
0 1.18
v
cn
2, 1.16
.-
v)
1.14
n
1.12
1.10
1.08
1.06
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (C)
(continued)
188 Industrial Solvents Handbook
CI
0.35
n=
3
I- 0.33
9
.-
P
0
0.31
0"
c)
L 0.29
I
Ea
.g
J
0.27
0.25
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (C)
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 189
Table 3.63: (continued)
!F
f 0.005
s
2 0.004
0.002
40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (C)
(continued1
190 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 3.63: (continued)
0.030
0 025
g- 0.020
----
.-
0
v)
$ 0.015
5
L
0
>"P 0.010
0 005
.___- t - +,I
0.000 7 : : : : 1 : : : : 1 . . : . 1 . . ~ . i , , ' ' I . . , , I , " '
c 108 -- -
.-
c
0
(continued1
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 191
Table 3.63: (continued)
100
10
' +---
I
__ ___
/
/'
-
_- -+-
____ 2.- ~___
I I
1
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (C)
29
E
0
3 27
E
h
s
c 25
.-0
v)
c
E 23
0)
0
21
;
u)
19
.-
-I
17
15
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (C)
(conti nued)
192 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Phvsical ProDerties
Sales Specification
OXSOL"73
Test SDeciflcations
Phvsical Prooerties
OXSOL@253
Test Soeclf icatlons
Phvsical ProDerties
Sales Specification
OXSOL"325
Test SDeclfications
Phvsical Prooerties
Table 3.63:(continued)
OXSOL SA
OXSOL SAs are based on parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF or OXSOL loo), an "environmentally friendly"
solvent alternative. PCBTF has a unique atmospheric profile, making it one of the few volatile organic solvents
not suspected of causing stratospheric ozone depletion or tropospheric ozone and smog. PCBTF is not an ozone
depleting product (ODP). It is exempt from USEPA Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) regulations. It is not a
hazardous air pollutant (HAP). It is not on the SARA Title 111, Section 313 list of toxic chemicals. It is not a
carcinogen and is considered only "mildly toxic" (from Federal Register 50 FR 4221 6-4221 10/18/85.
As a result of its favorable regulatory status and excellent properties, PCBTF is an ideal candidate for formulating
environmentally friendly solutions without giving up the excellent physical and chemical properties of organic
solvents.
OXSOL@
Dielectric Breakdown*
Sales Specification
OXSOL@1000
Test Soecificatlons
Phvslcal PrQDertieS
3Mm HFE-7100, methoxy-nonafluorobutane (C,F,OCH,), is a clear, colorless and low-odor fluid intended to
replace ozone-depleting materials. This proprietary fluid has zero ozone depletion potential and other favorable
environmental properties. It has one of the lowest toxicological profiles of the new CFC replace materials, with
a time-weighted average exposure guideline of 600 ppm (eight hour average).
The high boiling point, increased solvency and low surface tension of 3M HFE-7100 make it suitable for use in
vapor degreasing applications as a neat (pure), azeotropic or co-solvent parts cleaner. In addition, its chemical
and thermal stability, non-flammability and low toxicity make it useful for other industrial applications such as
specialty solvent and heat transfer applications.
(continued)
196 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 197
The increased solvency and low surface tension, nonflammability and constant composition during boiling of 3M
HFE-71 DE make it suitable for immersion and vapor degreasing applications. These properties also may make
the azeotrope suitable for certain coating and lubricant deposition applications where increased solvency is
required.
3M HFE-71DE Typical Applications
(continued1
198 Industrial Solvents Handbook
General Properties
Physical Properties
' 3M HE-7100 (C,F,OCH,) consists of two inseparable isomers wlth essentially identical properties.
These are (CF3),CFCF2OCH3 (CAS No. 163702-08-7) and CF3CF,CF2CF10CH,
(CAS NO. 163702-07-6).
(continued )
Halogenated Hydrocarbons I99
Table 3.64: (continued)
Regulatory Status
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has completed its Pre-Manufacturing Notification (PMN) review
and has permitted 3M to commercialize 3M" HFEs immediately. Both components of 3M HFE-71 DE are TSCA
listed. 3M is pursuing an "Acceptable" listing for Methyl Nonafluorobutyl Ethers under the EPA's Significant New
Alternative Policy (SNAP) program. Trans-l,2-dichloroethylene is approved under SNAP for use as a cleaning
solvent.
As a result of its lower toxicity, trans-l,2-dichloroethylene is far less regulated in its use compared to "chlorinated
solvents." The only regulations affecting 3M HFE-71DE due to the presence of trans are VOC emissions and
reporting requirements if it is emitted into water or if a spill of 2000 Ib or more occurs. Trans is not considered
a Hazardous Air Pollutant and is not subject to annual reporting requirements. The following table lists the
regulations covering trans compared to chlorinated solvents.
Reporlnhle Qty 101- 1,000 Ibs IO0 Ihs 100 Ibs 1,000Ibs
Acciclentnl lielc~tsc- ~ ~~
(2,000 Ibs in 3M HFE-7 I DE) __ _ _ ~ ~ .......
11ozarclous A i r Po II ti-
Iant
.........
No Yes Yes Yes ~ _ -
Annual Reporting (EI'CKA 3 13) No Yes Yes Yes
(SARA)
OSHA L i s t ol' roxins/c;irciiiogcns No Yes Yes Yes
No ~~
Ycs Yes Yes
@ -4O'C
(continued )
200 Industrial Solvents Handbook
P r o w of HFE L-13938
~ ~ ( 1 1in %water)
U C 0 3 (27% in water)
Methyl Alcohol
(20% in water)
Ethylene Glycol
(31% in water)
Elbyl Achohol
@%in water)
Propylene G l y c o l
(33% in water)
Dowtbcnnn J
Syllhcrm'" XLT
HFE L-13938
Tyfaxltw 1.21
Tyfoxit'" 1.15
-60 -ss -50 -4s -40 -35 -30 -zs -M -IS -io -s o 5 IO 15 m
0 Cooling Limit Temperature "C
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 201
IZM
IMO NsCL (199 In water)
11%
1100 N l 1 3 ( I l % tn water)
IO M
400 DowthermrY J
3M
Mo Syltherm'* Xlli'
250
200 L13938
150
100 Tyfooxit'" 1.21
M
0 TyfoxitT" 1.15
60 ss so 45 4 3s -30 25 20 1s 10 5 0 5 10 IS 20
0 Coottng L,nl,t
Temperature "C
W Shewood
3M EFBS
N K L (198 in water)
GC$(18% in water)
$m3(27% in waler)
Methyl Alcohol
(20%in water)
Elhylenc Glycol
(31% in water)
Elhyl Alcohol
(2.5% in water)
Propylene Glycol
(33% in water)
Dowtherm" J
Syltherm" XLT
HFE L13938
TyfoxitTM1.21
Tyloxit'" 1.15
(continued1
202 Industrial Solvents Handbook
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 203
I E
n I
3
4i
% -
eg
I I
(continued)
204 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-
7
P. N
x 2
\o
-t.
3
P N 9
x c!
a z
r-
z
-
c
v
f
;
i
U
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 205
.-c
c
.'
c
-
0
V
0
r.
r( 8
v1
0
0
0
r(
0
0
N
r(
0
vi
0
N
- -<
m
w
u.
E
!"
! cn
i
206 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-~
Solvency of MFEs
HFE Cleaning Spectrum
Compound Kauri-Butanol Value* aeming System :
q 1 4 0
C4F9OCH3 10
C4F90CH3Azeotrope 27
Solvating Agent 24 >150
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 207
Table 3.64: (continued)
I
Cleaning Performance as a HFE Azeotrope Cleaning Performance
Co-Solvent Rinsing Agent a - Site Testing Results
Examples of Components Successfully Cleaned using an
Soil Removal (Percent by Weight) HFE Azeotrope:
Customer P ~ r t Soil Removed Resuits
GFeOMi CFC-I13 CFC-lI3/ ~
EtOH
Optical Medium llydrocarbon Oils' Meets Customer
1 avy Oil 99.9 100.0 ----- Coniponcnl Requirements
Medical High MW Silicone Oil Meets Customer
RMAFlux 100.0 80.8 100.0 Component Requirenients
Metal Component Hydraulic O i l Meets Curtonier
Requ~rrioonts
* Clennecl m Vapor Ph-
Use of HFE employed a 1minute m e r s i o n in P e l d m Solvating Agent 24
w i h soniuh followed by 30 seconds immersion tinsing at the biling point
CFC-113 used a 1 minute immersion with sonication at the boiling point.
&--
(continued)
208 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Summary:
Performance of Hydrofluoroethers
in Cleaning Applications
+ Physical Properties Which Closely Match OD!%
t Very Good Environmental Profile
Not Precursors to Photochemical Smog (VOCs )
Zero Ozone Depletion Potential
Short Atmospheric Lifetimes
Low Global Warming Potentials
t Solvency for a Number of Soils
+ Effective Cleaning Agents in a Variety of Processes
IO 20 30 40 SO 60 70 Rfl 90
SA-24 Cancentratian in HFE 7100 (Val. %)
0.02 1 I I 1 1 I
60 RO 100 120 I40 I60
Percent Freeboard
(continued)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons 209
Table 3.64: (continued)
7.00 - A . C4F9OCH3
0 HFC43-10
i HCFC-225
e
f 5 0 0 5
0
-> 0 CFC-113
-ma 4 0 0 T
A
A HCFC-141b
..
~
i
A
;300 - :Perchloroethylene
2
. .
- A
-
I
200 G
r
A
100
ow
-
--- . 0
I
I*
I
I
4 -+-
-
A
c
I
A
(continued)
210 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Test conditions: one minute immersion 111 boiling wlvenl with sonication followed by
one inhute vapor rinse.
Halognatecl Oil: Krytox 157FSM (Uul’unl)
SiliconcOil. AK 350 (Wackrr Chemle)
tlyrlraarbon Oil: Mobilmct Omicron
Hydrofluoroethers
A Family of New Fluorinated Solvents
+ Cover a Range of Boiling Points
+ Effective Cleaning Agents
+ Good Materials Compatibility and High Stability
+ Are Not Precursors to Photochemical Smog (VOCs )
+ Have Zero Ozone Depletion Potential
+ Short Atmospheric Lifetimes
+ Low Global Warming Potentials
+ With Favorable Toxicity Results
+ Additional New Materials Under Development
Nitroparaffins
Specifications
Nitromethane Nitroethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane
Purity, % by wl (min.)*. ............................... 98.0 98.0 98.5 96.0
Total nitroparaffins,96 by wl (m1n.p.. ................. 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0
Speclfic gravlty at 25/26"C .......................... 1.124-1.135 - - -
Acidity a8 acetic acid, % by wl (man) ................ 0.1 - 0.2 0.1
Water, % by wt ( m a ) ................................ 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
Color, APHA ( m a ) .................................. 20 20 20 20
*Delemlned by gar chrornat~raphy
(continued)
211
212 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 4.1 : (continued)
(NMP") (NMPD')
FH3 CH,
I I
CH,--C--CHzOH HOCH,--C-CHzOH
I I
Noz NO2
2-Nitro-2-methyl-1-propanol 2-Nitre2-methyl-1.3-propanediol
[CAS Reg. No. 76-39-11 [CAS Reg. No. 77-49-61
(NB")
H
I
CHSCHZ-C-CHZOH
I
NO2
2-Nit ro-1- butanol
[CAS Reg. NO.609-31-41
(conti nued )
Nitroparaffins 213
Product Specifications*
______ - ---__
___-_ MeRlng Water %
-~ Free Formaldehyde - - l%bywt.
Pt., "C By wt. %bywt. _. Aq. Solutlon
&11d Form (Mln.) (Max.) (Max.) p~ Color (max.)
NMP (pellets)t 86-90 05 006 - -
TRlS NITRO (solid) - - - ___ 20-5.0 5 Gardner
t 23.60% (mln) by wl. of bound formaldehyde. 1.6%(max.)by w t of stearic acid.
AB@ AMPD"
2-Amino-1-butanol 2-Amino-2-meth yl-l ,3-propanediol
CAS Registry No. 96-20-8 CAS Registry No. 115-69-5
CH,CH,CHCH,OH CH,
I I
NHZ HOCH2-C-CH20H
I
NHZ
(continued)
214 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Typical Properties
(continued)
Nitroparaffins 215
Table 4.5: Industrial Amines Ranked in Order of Decreasing Base Strength (34)
Bolllng Flash
Polnt ' C Point
Amlne llatmJu3QU
Cyclohexylamine 10.79 99 95 135 90
Triethylamine 10.74 101 57 90 20
Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) 9.87 117 1.o 163 140
+ AMINOMETHYLPROPANOL (AMP-95m) 9.82 89 0.7 165 172
+ AMINOBUTANOL (AB"') 9.52 89 1 .o 178 1932
Monoethanolamine(MEA) 9.44 61 0.36 171 195
Monoisopropanolamine(MIPA) 9.40 75 0.6 160 165
Dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) 9.31 89 4.0 134 105
Ammonia (29.4%) 9.24 17 357 NIA -
Diethanolamine (DEA) 8.88 105 ao.01 269 300
+ AMINOEMYLPROPANEDIOL (AEPDB) 8.80 119 <0.01 153' >200
+ AUINOUETHYLPROPANEDIOL(AMPDm) 8.76 105 <0.01 152' NIA
Diiiopropanolamine (DIPA) 8.70 133 0.02 250 250
Morpholine 8.43 87 10.08 129 100
+ TRIS(HYDR0XYMETHYL)AMIND
METHANE (TRIS AMINO.) 8.03 121 <0.01 2203 NIA
Triisopopanolamine (TIPA) 7.86 191 0.0008 305 320
Triethanolamine (TEA) 7.77 149 <0.01 335 365
It is desirable that the optimum quantity of NIPAR640 be used for each particular system. This optimum will vary
from system to system, but normally it will fall in the range of 8% to 25% of the solvent blend.
21 -
0 I 1
3% 6% 2% 4% 6%
%MIUOIbyweightl
-
% lllrl(140 [by weight1
Isocyanate Coating
3% PM Acetate with Xylene
This significant improvement in cure time and film II 3% Eutylacetatewith Xylene
performance is best achieved when 3-6% (by weight) u o m u 3% MEK with Xylene
of the total solvent blend is replaced with NIPAR640.
R will provide the benefits of superior wetting,
N I ~ 640
improved film integrity and improved cure time while
enhancing electrostatic spray performance through its
contribution to optimum resistivity of the coating.
0.02 -
a
01
50 60 70 80 90
Temperature, OF
218 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0
2% 4 Oh 6%
COMSOL (by weight)
Isocyanate Coating
Lower Resistivity
01 I
3%
COMSOL (by weight)
- Isocyanate Coatlng
3 % PM Acetate wlth Xylene
= = 3 % Butylacetate with Xylene
~ W U 3 % MEK wlth Xylene (continued)
Nitroparaffins 219
Table 4.8: (continued)
-
60
60 J
50
h
40pb&4
so
30
50 60 70 80
l01
15 g of Bakelite VYHH (D) in 100 rnl solvent
A = methyl ethyl ketone C = NiPar S-20" 30 40 50 60 70 80
B = COMSOL 101-X D = methyl isobutyl ketone 8 g of BakeliteVYNS-3 (D) in 100 ml solvent
550 550 1
500
A = methyl ethyl ketone
B = COMSOL 101-x
C = NiPar S-30"
450 D = methyl isobutyl ketone
E = n-butyl acetate
400
350 350 4
300
250
I
200
150 150
2oo
c I a
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 a0
SPECIFICATIONS
Azeoptrope Azeotrope
with Nitroethane with l-Nitropropane
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
TOXICITY DATA
skin irritation, Eitest : non-irritating
Eye irritation, E k e test : non-irritating
Mutagenicity : due to the composition of the product no
mutagenic effects must be expected.
Sensitization,
LANDSTEMER& JACOBS (guinea pig): non-sensitizing
Acetone..................................................... -19
Ethyl acetate.............................................. - 4
Methyl ethyl ketone................................... -14
Toluene..................................................... 6
Methyl isobutyl ketone.............................. 14
Isobutyl acetate.............................. . .......... 18
Xylene.......................................... ............ 25
COMSOL 820.......................................... 30.5
Cyclohexanone......................................... 44
Organic Sulfur Compounds
222
Organic Sulfur Compounds 223
-
s
c
E
Y
3
9
m
F
6
g
w
U
W
Y
C
.-
.e
.-ol
'I
224 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 5.3: Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature for DMSO (36)
1000
100
10
0.1 __-- -
TEMPERATURE, "C
15.6 1.1047
21 1.0993
25 10955
_ _ _____
30 1 0904
________
40 10803
__ - _ ~ _ _ _
50 10702
- -
75 10454
-~ _~
100 10200
~
125 0 9946
______
150 0 974
____ _
I I
Temperature ("8 Viscosity (cP)
25 1991
__
30 1 808
--
40 1511
__
50 1286
~- _._____,
75 0 916
100 0 691
___
125 0 546
__ -- _
Organic Sulfur Compounds 225
Table 5.6: Comparative Hygroscopicities of DMSO at Various Relative Humidities at 22°C (36)
92%
40 80 120 160
WEIGHT INCREASE, grams H,0/100 grams DMSO
Table 5.7: Initial Sorption Rates of DMSO at Various Relative Humidities at 22°C (36)
20 40 60 80
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, %
100 80 60 40 20 0
DMSO, weight %
226 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 5.9: Freezing Point for DMSO-Water Solutions (36)
TEMPERATURE, "C 20
18.55 +
18
16
14
12
10
-2
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WEIGHT % WATER
25
0
0
E
3
I-' -25
E
a
L1
f -50
0 25 50 75 (00 02 04 04 0.8
wt % DMSO w t % Water
z
0
3
4
z
3
U
0
zz
3
9
2000
F 1600
1200
0 50
WEIGHT % DMSO
I M
Organic Sulfur Compounds 227
1.10
25°C
1.09
1.OB
rn 40°C
E 1.07
5 1.06 60°C
$ 1.05
g 1.04
1.03
uY 1.02
x 1.01
1.oo
0.99
n 98
0 20 40 60 80 100
WEIGHT % DMSO
0 25 50 75 100
WEIGHT % DMSO
Table 5.14: Results of Reflux of DMSO for 24 Hours with Various Compounds (35)
1
7 - -t- -
0.1
0.01 / I .
I
.. . -. .. .
.
1
. ... . -. . .
. .. .
- .
J -~~ __
. - __ ~-~~ .
__ _.
.. -
0 001
100 120 140 160 180 200
TEMPERATURE, "C
Table 5.16: Refluxing of DMSO and Mixtures for Shorter Periods (36)
~~
60 DMSO:
SH,O:l NaOH 155 5 99.8 0.1 0.1 0
8 99.3 0.6 0.1 0
60 DMSO12 H,O
1 NaHCO, 131 6 99.9 0.1 0 0
12 99.8 0.2 0 0
Solubility Solubility
Grams/100 cc DMSO GramsllOO cc DMSO
Material 20-30°C 90-100°C Material 20-30°C 90-100°C
Aminoplasts
Melamine Formol Soluble
Urea formol Soluble
Polyacrylics
Orlon (DuPont) 20 Viscous soh.
Acrilan (Monsanto) >25
Verel (Eastman) > 5 25 a t 130°C
with some decomposition
Creslan (Am. Cyanamid) 5 25 at 130°C
Polyamides
Nylon 6 Insol. 40 at 130°C
Nylon 6/6 Insol. 25 at 150°C
Nylon 6/10 Insol. 40 at 150°C
Nylon 11 Rilsan(Elf Ato) Insol.
Nylon 12 Oryasol(Elf Ato) Insol. Soluble @ 140°C
Polyimides
Bismaleimide copolymers
Kermid 353 (Rhone-Poulenc) Swells
Kermid 711 (Rhone-Poulenc) Soluble
Polyamino bis maleimide
Kermid 601(Rhone poulenc) I Insol.
Polyamideimide
Torlon 4203L (Amoco) Insol.
Polyetherimide
Ultem 100 (G.E.) Swells
Cellulose
Cellulose triacetate 10 20
Viscose rayon <1
Cellophane Insol.
Carboxymethyl cellulose Insol.
Nitrocellulose 10
(continued)
Organic Sulfur Compounds 231
Table 5.21: Solubility of Gases in DMSO at Atmospheric Pressure and 20°C (36)
(FROM PURE GASES IN EACH CASE)
Solvent 6, 5 4 6,
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO) 9.0 8.0 5.0 13.0
Butyrolactone 9.3 8.1 3.6 12.8
Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) 8.2 5.6 5.0 11.1
Dimethylformamide (DMF) 8.5 6.7 5.5 12.1
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) 8.8 6.0 3.5 11.2
Propylene Carbonate 9.8 8.8 2.0 13.3
Sulfolane 9.0 7.4 5.3 12.8
(continued)
234 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Polymer 8, 6P 6, Radius
DMSO, % 100 80 60 50 40 20 0
Tetralin, % 0 20 40 50 60 80 100
~
Polymethylmethacrylate 42 87 99 93 80 38 ns
Rohm & Haas
Polystyrene ns 35 70 - 87 91 84
BASF
Nitrocellulose 1R sec. H 23 67 65 65 4 ns ns
A. Hagedorn
~~
DMSO, % 100 80 60 40 20 0
MIBK, % 0 20 40 60 80 100
Polymethylrnethacrylate 42 77 84 67 38 0
Rohm & Haas
Polystyrene ns 15 27 30 21 12
BASF
NitrocelluloseIR sec. H 23
A. Hagedorn
Solvency
i'J = f O O l l - ( A S / R H See appendix. equation 5 for explanaoon
//Solvency < 0, rating is "ns" indicating notsoluble.
SULFOLANE
- water mixtures
Freezing polnl curve lor Sulfolsne
METHANOL
238
Monohydric Alcohols 239
-
WT 5% THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
VAPOR PRlSSURl (mm Ha) MITIIAMOL (CAL / S l C I C Y V C I C Y 1 SPfClflC M A T
WT A T VARIOUS TlMPlRATURlS I N VAPOR A T VARIOUS TfYPlRATURfS AT VARIOUS TlYPtRATURlS
To 20.C MO'C LOOT IU'C AT 1.50 mm 10% W C 10% 30%. IO'C 80% Imc
0 17.5 149 760 2700 0 0.990 0.W4 1.m 1.004
10 28.0 206 1030 3640 43.4 1.015 1.022 1.032 1.039
20 35.5 258 1260 4300 61.2 I .Ooo 1.014 1.035 I .04Y
30 41 5 307 1450 47W 70.5 0.974 0.W7 1.031 1.054
40 46.5 350 1600 5200 76.5 0.947 0.979 1.026 I .OS7
50 52.0 3W 17W 5620 81.0 0.w 0.Y28 0.988 1.028
60 590 427 1880 6040 84.8 0.82 I 0.1169 0.WI o.wo
70 66.5 462 2020 6470 W.5 0.764 0.820 0.w5 0.%1
80 75.5 503 21'40 6970 92.2 0.726 0.790 0.886 0.951
90 87.0 557 2380 7550 Y6.0 0.665 0.737 0.m 0.918
100 99.0 620 2600 8150 100.0 0.626 0.706 0.826 0.887
-n
-ca
0 -60
-m
- Im
10 n 1 (0 Io Io m m m
Concentration of Methanol. %
240 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 6.4: Density and Specific Gravity of Methanol-Water Solutions at 15°C (34)
Table 6.6: Resultant Volume When Methanol and Water are Mixed (37)
METHANOL. P E R CENT
Monohydric Alcohols 243
Temperature, "F
0.8
06
$
0,
2 0.6
0.2
0.2
0 0
-160 -120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320
Temperature, "C
Temperature, "F
1.2 1.2
Oa
Y
-.
(J) 1.0 1.o
5
i
.-s-0 0.8 0.8 1
--.
P
a 2
8 L
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
Temperature. "C
244 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Temperature, O F
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1.800
0.9 0.9
08 0.8
c
-
Y
13r
Z 0.7 0.7
m
V
0.6
3
-m t-
m
0.5 05
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
- 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Temperature, "C
Temperature, "F
- 200 - 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
350
600
300
500
-.
01 250
m
0
400
200
-
K-
O
.-
.-2
150
I
200
100
50
0 0
-160 -120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320
Temperature, "C
Monohydric Alcohols 245
Temperature, "F
- 200 - 100 0 100 200 300 400 500
6 x 10.'
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
-
F
g
0.04
ixio-'
0.02
3
0 0
-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Temperature, "C
246 Industrial Solvents Handbook
3x10 ' 0 07
-
E- 0 06
-- 2 5 x 1 0
--..
In
m0 0 05
(j 2 x 1 0
Y
*-
1
5. 004
.- L
>
.-
5 15x10'
.
f.
2
U
C 003
-00
g
a
1x10
f 0 02
E
>" 05x10'
0 01
0 0
- 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Temperature, "C
Temperature, "F
- 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 -200 -100 0
- 1
I
lff - lo-'
I" 16 2
I"
E E
E
E
2 c
g 102 10-3 g
w a
u)
E
B 10 - 10.'
5
3
1 a
10-5
10-'
-100 0 100 200 300 -150 -100 -50 0
Temperature, "C
Monohydric Alcohols 247
Temperature, "F
300 20x10
.-3
8 250
e
.-
0
E 15x
-
2 200
5x
50
- 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Temperature, "C
Temperature, "F
60 3.0
50 2.5
Q)
v) $
'R
.- 2
.-
E 40 2.0 E
8 s
1
10 0.5
0 0
-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320
Temperature. "C
248 Industrial Solvents Handbook
9 0
ln ln
m d
W
3
.
u c
u
c
s u
U
3,
G 2 -h uC
O b
e r 5 ;
;s
r
4
W E 2;
m m -N0 l 1n
m m
Y
c
w :
5 5
x
w
c
u
x
0 a
0
- 3
u u u
m v
2 . 2u.
c
a 2 %
? 5 5
2 2
m
. n. , .c .
~ c a r - r n
9 m * s
L.
0
c Q
k Q
h
Monohydric Alcohols 249
ETHYL ALCOHOL
Table 6.22: Conversion Table-Weight and Volume Percent of Ethyl Alcohol in Ethyl Alcohol-Water
Mixtures (30)
70 % % %
Alcohol Alcohol
Oh % llcohol Oh llcohol %
BY '10 Alcohol By Yo Alcohol BY % Alcohol BY Oh Alcohol
Volume to be By Volume to be ilolume to be BY ilolume to be By
By at 60°F Converted Waght
at 60°F Converted Weight at 60F Converted Weight at 60°F Converted Weight
1257 1 0795 31 555 26 21 285 58.844 51 43.428 82.121 76 68.982
2 510 2 1593 32719 27 22 127 59.852 52 44.374 82.967 77 70.102
3 758 3 2392 33879 28 22 973 60.854 53 45.326 83.805 78 71.234
5 002 4 3 194 35033 29 23820 61 ,850 54 46.283 84.636 79 72.375
6 243 3998 36181 30 24 670 62.837 55 47.245 85.459 80 73.526
7.479
8.712
6
7
5
4804
5.612
I 37323
38.459
31
32
25.524
26.382
63.820 56 48.214
49.187
86.275
87 083
81
82
74.686
75.858
9.943 8 6.422 39.590 33 27.242 50.167 87.885 a3 77039
11.169 9 7.234 40.716 34 28.104 .. .~ .~ 51.154 88 678 84 7a.233
12.393 10 8.047 41.832 35 28.971 67.690 60 52.147 89.464 85 79.441
13.613 11 8.862 42.944 36 29.842 68.641 61 53.146 90.240 86 80.662
14.832 12 9.679 44.050 37 30.717 69.586 62 54.152 91.008 87 8 i . a ~
16.047 13 10.497 45.149 38
.. 31.596 70.523 63 __
55 165
.- 91.766 88 83.144
17.259 14 11.317 46.242 39 32.478 71.455 64 56.184 92.517 89 84.408
18.469 15 12.138 47.328 40 33.364 72.380 65 57.208 93.254 90 85.689
19.676 16 12.961 48.407 41 34.254 73.299 66 58.241 93.982 91 86.989
20.880 17 13.786 49.480 42 35.150 74.211 67 59.279 94.700 92 88.310
22.081 18 14.612 50.545 43 36.050 75.117 68 60.325 95.407 93 89.652
23.278 19 15.440 51.605 44 36.955 76.016 69 61.379 96.103 94 91.025
24.472 20 16.269 52.658 45 37.865 76.909 70 62.44 1 96.787 95 92.423
25.662 21 17.100 53.705 46 38.778 77.794 71 63.51 1 97.459 96 93.851
26.849 22 17.933 54.746 47 39.697 78.672 72 64.588 98.117 97 95.315
28.032 23 18.768 55.780 48 40.622 79.544 73 65.674 98.759 98 96.820
29.210
-_ - . 24 19.604 56.808 49 41.551 80.410 74 __
fifi 7fiR _ _ ...
99.386 99 98.381
30.388 25 20443 II 57830 50 42487 81.269 75 67.870 00.000 100 100.000
values from TaMes 5 and 6. Bureau of Standards Circular No 19 .
0
10
20
30 2
<
I
40
6
50 ?!
p
60 5
<
70 3
C
80
m
90
100
1332 1335 1340 1345 1350 1355 1360 1365
INDEX OF REFRACTION ND
110
100
80
? 70
f-
111 60
I
w
$52
0
7
.
5 40
L
30
20
10
20
- 20
- 40
2;D'
1
-50 Ethyl Ethyl -60
Alcohol
EE!? Alcohol
I
2
2
? 6o %bywt.
25 -1
Yeby wt.
33 8
-80 5
m
5 -70 48 - 2
3
39 0
46 3
-100 $i
68
-80 11 3 5 56 1
13 8 61 68 - 120
- 87 75
- 94 80 -140
-106 83 5
12 2 89 5
14 93 5 - 160
110 16 96
29 9 18 9 100 -180
-120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ethyl Alcohol, % by Weigh1
lberl Mellan 'Industrial Sokenis Handbook' 2nd Ed Noyes Data Corporation (1977)
Monohydric Alcohols 253
254 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-
0
-2
0
C
m
5
W
r
0
(ID
C
0
-a
I
U
0
cn
(ID
a
0
al
a
z
r
0
U
m
al
I
-
0
r
0
al
n
..
v)
r
r?
(0
-
al
n
z
Monohydric Alcohols 255
The following table will be helpful in the preparation of reports showing dispo-
sition of 190 proof and anhydrous (200 proof) tax-free and specially denatured
alcohol.
Fluid
Ounces Milliliters
I Wine
Gallons
Tl Proof Gallons
190 proof 200 proof
1 30. 0.008 1 0.015 1 0.016
1 2 I 59. I ,016 I ,030 I ,031 I
1 3 I 89. I .023 I ,045 1 ,047 I
4 118. ,031 ,059 ,062
5 148. .039 ,074 ,078
1 6 I 177. I ,047 I ,088 I .094 I
1 7 1 207. 1 ~ ,055 1 ,103 1 ,109 I
8 237. ,063 .119
9 266. ,070 ,134
10 296. ,078 ,149 I ,156
11 325. ,086 ,164 .172
12 355. .094 ,179 ,187
13 385. ,102 ,194 ,203
14 414. .lo9 .209 ,218
I 15 1 444. 1 ,117 I ,224 I ,234 I
I 16 (1 Dint) I 473. 1 ,125 1 ,238 I .250 I
I 32(1 quart) I 946. I 250 I .475 I ,500 I
I ~(2auarts) I 1892 I ,500 I ,950 I 1.000 I
96 2839 ,750 1.425 1.500
128 (1 U.S. gallon) 3785 1.000 1.900 2.000
5.000 9.500 10.000
30.000 57.000 60.000
54.000 102.600 108.000
55.000 104.500 110.000
Corresponding values for proof, parts by vo ume of water and alcohol, weight Q alcohol and specific gravity in air.
US. PROOF PARTS BY VOLUME ' OF WEIGHT % SPECIFIC GRAVITY
degrees ETHYL at 60°/600F-- fIt68"/WF at 7 P I T F
at 60°F WATER ETHYL ALCOHOL ALCOHOL (15.56"/15.560~) (20"/20"C) (25725°C)
I 0 I 100.00 I 0.0 I 0.00 I 1.0000 I 1.0000 I 1.0000 I
,9978 ,9978
,9970 .9970
5 97 65 2.5 1.99 .9963 ,9963
'The Parts by volume of water and the parts by volume of ethyl alcohol do not add to unity (100) at any one proof reading, because of the shrinkage in volume whch
occurs When ethyl alcohol and water are mixed The parts by vdume of ethyl alcohol are the same aspercent by vdume of ethyl alcohol used to determineproof fortax
purposes Ethyl alcohol proof, by legal definition. IS twice the percent by volume
(continued)
Monohydric Alcohols 257
I
I 6
1
I 97.18
96.71
96.24
1
1 3.0
X: I
1 2.39
2.79
3.19
1 ,9956
,9949
,9942
I ,9956
.9949
,9942
1 ,9956
,9948
,9941
I
3.60
4.00
4.40
4.80
5.21
5.61
6.02
6.42
6.83
7.23
7 64
'The parts by volume of water and the parts by volume of ethyl alcohol do not add to unity (100) at any one proof reading. because of the shnnkage in volume which
occurs when ethyl alcohol and water are mixed. The paas by volume of ethyl alcohol are the same as percent by volume of ethyl alcohol used lo determine proof for tax
purposes. Ethyl alcohol proof, by legal definition. is twice the percent by volume.
(continued)
258 Industrial Solvents Handbook
77 69 20 02 9713 9692
_ _ - ---
77 24 25 0 20 44 9708 9697 9686
76 79 25 5 20 86 9703 9691 9679
I 52 I 76.34 I 26.0 I 21.28 1 ,9697 1 ,9686 I ,9673 I
I 53 I 75.89 I 26.5 I 21.71 I ,9692 I ,9680 I ,9667 I
I 54 I 75.44 I 27.0 I 22.13 1 ,9687 I ,9674 I ,9661 I
27.5 22.55 ,9681 ,9668 ,9654
28.0 22.97 ,9676 .9662 .9648
74.08 28.5 23.40 ,9670 ,9656 ,9642
73.62 29.0 23.82 ,9664 ,9650 I ,9635
I 64 I
71.81
713 5
70.89 I
31 .O
31.5
32.0
25.52
-.___--.
25.95
,9641
,9635
,9629 I
.9626
,9619
,9613 I
,9609
,9602
,9595
-4I
I 67 1 69.51 1 33.5 I 27.67 I ,9610 I .9593 I ,9574 I
I 68 I 69.05
68.59
68.12
I 34.0
34.5
35.0
1
I 28.10
28.54
___-
28.97
I
9
%
,9604
:;
I
1
,9586
.9572
,9579
I ,9567
,9559
,9552
I
13-
p
,9517 ,9496 9473
,9509 ,9488 9464
62.47 34.25 ,9501 ,9479 ,9456
83 61.99 41.5 34.70 ,9493 ,9471 9447
Monohydric Alcohols 259
Table 6.36:(continued)
1 !: 1 1 1
3741 9443
58 63
5911
58 14 :t:
45 5
37 86
38 32
9434
9426
941 0
9402
117
118
t ::::: ___
45.23
44.72
- -.
.-
58.5
59.0
..
49.19
49.68
50.17
50.66
51.15
,9199
,9188
,9177
.9166
,9156
.9171
,9161
,9150
.9139
,9128
,9142
,9098
-
119 44.22 59.5 51.65 ,9144 ,9116 ,9087
120 43.71 60.0 52.15 ,9133 ,9105 ,9076
121 43.20 60.5 52.65 ,9122 ,9094 ,9064
122 42.69 61 .O 53.15 ,9111 ,9083 ,9053
260 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 6.36:(continued)
,8971
.~ __-. ~
l*Gd
37.57 66.0
66 5
670
---I 1 58.24
5876
59 28
,8996
8984
8972
I ,8966
8954
8942
I ,8936
8924
8912
I
-__ __
139 33 95 69 5 61 91 8911 8882 8850
72.0 .a848
72.5 .a836
146 30 29 73 0 65 67 8823
- __ - - __ -___8793
__-
147 29 76 73 5 8810
____ - __
____ .- _ - - _ _ - -_- -__
148 29 24 74 0 66 77 8797
_ - _-__
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ ~. _.. - __ - _ ____ --_
149 28 71 74 5 67 32 8784 8754
- ___ _ -~
150 28 19 75 0 67 87 8771 874 1 8709
__ -~ - ___
151 27 66 75 5 68 43 8758 8728
152 27 13 76 0 68 98 8745 8715
153 26 60 76 5 69 54 8732 8702 8669
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ ____
154 26 07 77 0 70 10 8718 8688 8655
_______ _______._________________
Table 6.36:(continued)
-
U.S. PROOF PARTS BY VOLUME* OF WEIGHT % SPECIFIC GRAVITY
degrees ETHYL at 6O0/6O"F at W / W F at TI"/TI"F
at 604 WATER ETHYL ALCOHOL ALCOHOL (15.56115.5WC) (2Oo/20"C) (25"/25"C)
162 21.80 81 .o 74.69 ,8608 .E577 8544
163 21.26 81.5 75.27 ,8563
178 13.05 1
I
._____
89.0 84.41 .E369 .a337 ,8303
~
183
_
179
180
181
182
_
12.49
____
11.93
11.37
___
10.80
--_-
10.24
_
~
I ____
_
89.5
_____
90.0
~.______-.-~--
90.5
91 .o
91.5
-___
85.05
85.69
86.34
86.99
87.65
-
,8353
,8336
,8320
,8303
,8286
,8321
,8305
.E288
.E271
,8254
__-
,8287
.E271
,8254
,8237
3220
184 9.67 92.0 88 31 ,8268 ,8237 ,8203
_ ____.
185 9.09 92.5 88.98 ,8251 ,8219 ,8185
186 8.52 93 0 89.65 8233 ,8201 ,8167
.
U S Departmentof Commerce STANDARD DENSITY AN@VOLUMETRIC TABLES CIRCULAR OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS NO 19 (Washington U S Governmenl Printing O(flce 1924)
pp 8 9 8 I 8
U S Treasury Department GAUGING MANUAL EMBRACING INSTRUCTIONS AND TABLES FOR DETERMINING THE OUANTITY OF DISTILLED SPIRITS BY PROOF AND WEIGHT
(Washington U S Governmenl Printing Office 1970)
Spenftc Gravity at 2 0 20 C arid 25 25°C from Table 52 003 OFFICIAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS Twelnh Edltlon 1975
'The Parts by VOlUme 01 waler and the parts by volume of ethyl alcohol do not add to unity ~1001jl any one proof reddlng because 01 Ihe shrinkage In volume which occurs when ethyl alcohol and
water are mixed The pans by volume of ethyl alcohol are the same as percent by volume of elhyl alcohol used IO determine proof for tax purposs Ethyl alcohol proof by legal dellnilon IS twice
the percent by volume
262 Industrial Solvents Handbook
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Monohydric Alcohols 277
The properties of SDA 38B are a s diverse as are the denaturants used in this
formula and the products formulated with it.
The authorized composition of SDA 38B requires that 10 pounds of any one, or
a total of 10 pounds of two or more, of the oils and substances listed below are
t o be added to 100 gallons of alcohol. The authorized denaturants include:
Anethole, U.S.P.
Anise oil, U.S.P.
Bay oil (myrcia oil), N.F.
Benzaldehyde, N.F.
Bergamot oil, N.F.
Bitter Almond oil, N.F.
Camphor, U.S.P.
Cedar leaf oil, U.S.P. XI11
Chlorothymol, N.F.
Cinnamic Aldehyde, N.F. IX
Cinnamon oil (Cassia oil), U.S.P.
Citronella oil, Natural
Clove oil, U.S.P.
Coal tar, U.S.P.
Eucalyptol, U. S.P.
Eucalyptus oil, N.F.
Eugenol, U.S.P.
Guaiacol, N.F.
Lavender oil, N.F.
Menthol, U.S.P.
Mustard oil, volatile (allyl isothiocyanate) U.S.P.
Peppermint oil, U.S.P.
Phenol, U.S.P.
Phenyl salicylate (Salol), N. F.
Pine oil, N. F.
Pine needle oil, dwarf, N.F.
Rosemary oil, N. F.
Spearmint oil, N.F.
Spearmint oil, terpeneless
Spike lavender oil, natural
Storax, U.S.P.
Thyme oil, N.F.
Thymol, N.F.
Tolu balsam, U.S.P.
Turpentine oil, N.F.
Wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate) U.S.P.
Because of the virtually infinite number of authorized denaturants and de-
naturant combinations, only a typical set of properties for SDA 38B have been
listed
278 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 6.39: Denaturants Authorized for Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) and Specially Denatured
Alcohol (SDA) (30)
DENATURANT USED IN DENATURANT USED IN
Bay oil (myrcia oil) N F S.D.A. 23-F; 38-8, 39-D Peppermint oil U S P S D A 38-0
Benzaldehyde N F S.D.A. 38-8 Phenol U S P S D A 38-8.46
Benzene S.D.A. 2-8; 2-C. 12-A Phenyl mercuric benzoate S D A 42
Bergamot oil N F S D A. 23-F; 38-8 Phenyl mercunc chlonde N F IX S D A 42
Bone oil (apples oil) S.DA 17 Phenyl mercuric nitrate N F S D A 42
Bonc acid U S P S.D.A. 38-F Phenyl salicylate (salol) N F S D A 38-8
Brucine alkaloid S.D.A. 40 Pine needle oil dwarf N F S D A 38-8
Brucine sulfale N F IX S D.A. 40 Pine oil N F S D A 38-8
n-Butyl alcohol S D A 44 Pine tar N F S D.A. 3-8
ten-Butyl alcohol S D A 39. 39-A 39-8. 40,40-A. 40-8 40-C Polysorbate 80 U S P S D A. 38-F
Potassium iodide U S P S D A 25.25-A, 42
Camphor U.S.P. S D.A 27, 27-A. 38-8 Pyridine bases S D A. 6-B
Caustic soda, liquid S.D A. 36 Pyronate C D A 18
Cedar leaf oil U.S.P. Xlll S.D.A. 38-8
Chloroform S.D.A. 20 Quassia, fluid extract of N F VI1 S.D.A. 39
Chlorothymol N.F. S.D.A. 38-8; 38-F Quassin S.D.A. 40
Cinchonidine S.D.A. 39-A Quinine N F S.D.A. 39-A
Cinchonidine sulfate N.F. IX S.D.A. 39-A Quinine bisulfate N F S.D.A. 39-A: 39-D
Cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamaldehyde) N.F. IX S.D.A. 38-8 Quinine hydrochloride U S P S.D.A. 39-A
Cinnamon oil (cassia oil) U.S.P. S.D.A. 38-8 Ouinine sulfate U S P S.D.A. 39-D
Citronella oil, natural S.D.A. 38-8
Clove oil U.S.P. S.D.A. 27-A; 38-0 Resorcin U.S.P. S.D.A. 23-F
Coal tar U.S.P. S.D.A. 38-8 Rosemary oil N.F. S.D.A. 27; 38-8
Rubber hydrocarbon solvent S.D.A. 2-8; 2-C
Denatonium benzoate N F. (Bitrex) S.D.A. 1.40-8
Diethyl phthalate S.D.A. 39-8; 39-C Salicylic acid U S P S.D.A. 23-F; 39
Shellac (refined) S.D.A. 45
Ethvl acetate S.D A. 29: 35. 35-A Soap, hard N F S.D.A. 31-A
Ethyl ether S D A 13-A. 19 32 Soap, medicinal soft U S P S D A 27-8
Eucalyptol U.S.P. S D A 37,38-8 Sodium iodide U S P S D A 25,25-A
Eucalvotus oil N.F S D A 38-8 Sodium, metallic S D A 2-C
Eugeibl U S.P. S.D.A 38-8 Sodium salicylate U S P S D A 39 39-D
Spearmint oil N F S D A 38-8
Formaldehyde solution U.S.P. S.D.A. 22; 38-C; 38-D Spearmint oil terpeneless S D A 38-8
Spike lavender oil, natural S D A 38-8
Gasoline C D A 18. 19. 20, S D A 28-A Storax U S P S D A 38-B
Glycerol U S P S D A 31-A Sucrose octa-acetate S D A 40-A
Guaiacol N F S D A 38-8
Thimerosal N F S.D.A. 42
Iodine U S P S D A 25 25-A Thyme oil N F S.D.A. 38-8
Thymol N F S.D.A. 37; 38-8; 38-F
Kerosene C.D.A. 18; 19: 20 Tolu balsam U S P S.D.A. 38-8
Toluene S.D.A. 2-0: 2-C: 12-A
Lavender oil U.S.P. S.D A. 27-8; 38-8 Turpentine oil N F S.D.A: 38-B
Menthol U.S.P. S.D.A 37; 38-8; 38-C; 38-D; 38-F Vinegar S.D.A. 18
Mercuric iodide, red N.F. S.D.A. 42
Methyl alcohol S.D.A. 3-A; 30 Wintergreen (Methyl salicylate) U S P S.D.A. 38-8: 46
Methylene blue N.F. S.D.A. 4
Primary Denaturants Authorized for Denatured Spirits-Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations 2 1 2 110
Monohydric Alcohols 279
Acetaldehyde 55 1
Acetic acid 512
Adhesives and binders 036
Aldehydes miscellaneous 552
Alkaloids (processing) 344 13-A, 17, 23-A, 35-A
Animal feed supplement 910
Antibiotics (processing) 343 1, 2-8. 3-A. 12-A, 13-A, 23-A, 30, 32, 35-A
Antifreeze. propnetary 760 1
Antiseptic, bathing solution (restricted) 220 46
Antiseptic solutions, U S P or N F 244 23-A, 37. 38-8.38-F
Bath preparations 142 1 , 3-A. 3-8, 23-A, 30, 36, 38-8,39-8, 39-C, 40,40-A, 40-8, 40-C
Bay rum 112 23-A, 37, 38-8. 39, 39-8,39-D, 40,40-A. 40-8, 40-C
Biocrdes miscellaneous 410 1, 3-A, 3-8, 23-A, 23-H, 27-A, 27-8, 30, 37, 38-8. 398, 40, 40-A, 40-8, 40-C
Blood and blood products (processing) 345 1, 3-A. 12-A. 13-A, 23-A, 30
Brake fluids 720 1, 3-A
Glandular products (processing) 342 1 , 2-8, 3-A. 12-A, 13-A, 23-A, 30, 32, 35-A
Hair and scalp preparations 111 3-8, 23-A. 23-F, 23-H, 37, 38-8, 39, 39-A, 39-8, 39-C, 39-D, 40, 40-A. 40-8,
40-C
Hormones (processing) 342 1. 2-8, 3-A, 12-A, 13-A, 23-A, 30, 32, 35-A
'Other products or processes may be authorized by the Director of the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms, Department of the Treasury, Washington. D C
Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohol-27 CFR 212 105
(contin u ed )
280 Industrial Solvents Handbook
'Other products or processes may be authorized by the Director of the b r e a u of Alcohol. Tobacco and Firearms Department of the Treasury. Washington
Uses of Speually Denatured Alcohol-27 CFR 212.105
. . D.C
Monohydric Alcohols 281
CDA _ _ Formulation
Roof Applications
To every 100 gallons of efhyl
alcohol, add:
CDA 19-1 ....190 ....4.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone ....... Cleaning fluids,
1.Ogal. kerosene, odorless antifreeze, thinners,
detergents. brake
fluids
CDA 19-3 .. ,190 ....4.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone .......Cleaning fluids,
1.O gal. rubber hydrocarbon antifreeze, thinner,
solvent detergents, brake
fluids
CDA 19-3.... 200 ....4.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone .......Cleaning fluids,
1.O gal. rubber hydrocarbon detergents, antifreeze,
solvent thinners, brake fluids
Propsolv 1-2 ........... 100 gal. SDA 1-2 (190" or 200") ...... Shellac,
1.0 gal. rubber hydrocarbon chemical specialties,
solvent latex coagulants
4.25 gal. ethyl acetate
Propsolv 111-1 .........100 gal. SDA 1-1 (190" or 200") ......Shellac,
1.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone chemical specialties,
1.0 gal. rubber hydrocarbon latex coagulants
solvent
0.87 gal. ethyl acetate
Table 6.45: Composition and Typical End Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohols (30)
.
284 ~ n d ~ ~Solvents
i a l Handhook
I
I
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1
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0
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13
f
Monohydric Alcohols 285
Relative ASTM
Evaporation Flasli Point, Distillation
Rate Closed Cup. at 760 nim Hg.
Product (BrV\c=100) Ib 50-86°F at 20°C at 5S"C "1: oc' "C
INKSOLP
Solvents
Phl-6118 380 6 62 0.00399 0.00109 0 001 1 3 57 14 -
I'M-61 27 390 6.77 0.00401 0.00107 0 00 1 1 1 62 17 -
I'M-6129 400 6 62 0.00403 0.00110 0 00 1 14 59 15
_
-
-_._.
ANtIYDROL@Solvr nts
I'M- 1473 210 6 77 0.00402 0.00107 0 001 1 2 61 16 755-805
I'M-1474 210 6 62 0 00402 0.00110 0 001 14 55 13 75.5-80
-
5
I'M-4081 320 6 70 0.00402 0 00108 0 001 12 1
(I 16 770-805
I'M -4082 200 6 60 0.00398 0 00109 0 001 13 57 14 77.0-80 5
I'M-4079 360 6 77 0.00402 0 0OlOT 0 00 1 1 1 60 16 75.0-800
I'M-4083 380 6 62 0.00402 0 00110 0 001 14 .8i 14 74.0-80 0
_-
SYNASOL@Solvents
PM-0041 350 6 80 0.00413 0.001 10 0 001 14 53 12 74.5-79.5
Phl-0100 410 6.66 0.00410 0.0011 1 0 001 16 47 8 74.5-79.5
._.- _ ~ _ _ -
I'M-3224 360 6.78 0.00406 0.00108 0 001 18 57 14 74.5-79.5
PM-0509 360 6.62 0.00406 0.00111 0 00120 51 11 74.5-79.5
Ethanol SD:\-3A
190 Proof 320 6.78 0 00403 0 00107 000112 62 17 76 0-80.0
200 Proof 360 6.62 0.00398 0 00110
- -_
0.00111
- __
56 13-. _76
- 0-80 0
Ethanol S D - 4
190 Proof 290 6.82 00403
0- 0 00107 0.00111 63 17 -
____ __ - .._ - _._ ..._
Ethanol SD-23A
190 Proof 370 6 78 0 OM12 0.0011 I 0.00115 44 7 -
-
200 Proof- 410
-
6 63 0 -00416
-
0.00~-
- _ _ _ _._ 37
1 13 0.00121 ~~
3
Ethanol SD-23H
000115 -
190 Proof _390 _ 6.78
~ 0.004
_
16 000111 ___---55 _13
_
Ethanol SD-29H
190 Proof 290 6.80 0.00401 000107 0.00111 63 17 -
200 Proof 310 6.62 0 00396 000108 0.00112 57 14 -
-- -
Ethanol SD-291:
190-Proof 290 6_79~ _ - 0 00107 000107 000111 60 16 76.0-7') 0
- _ - .
Ethanol SI)-30
190 Prool' 330 6 78 0 00403 000107 000112 60 16 76.0-60.0
200 Proof
- ..
370
_ __ -6 __
62 0 00395 000109 000113 59 15 76 0-XO.O
Ethanol SI)-33,\
I90 Proof 3IO 6.83 000410 0.00109 0.00113 57 14 76.0-79 0
__ZOO Proof
.__
340
- -
6~-
66 0 00407 000111 000115 52 11 76.0-79.0
(continued )
286 Industrial Solvents Handbook
AS'l'h.1
I:lasli Point,
Closcd Cup,
at 20°C a1 55°C 01: "C
:io() 3,000
200 2.000
-E
bc <
U
1
E
c' 2
L VI
F 100 1 , o VI
=L
90
80
900 5
800 3
4 70 700
60 600 ffi
50 500
40 400
30 300
20 200
10 100
.O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160
(321 (50) (68) (861 1104) (122) (140) (158)1176)(394i12121 12481 (2x4) (320)
Temperature, "C W)
COMPONENTS
in Azeotrope, or Layers
1.197
Ethanol 0.7905 5.0 Homogeneous
Carbon Disulfide 1.2657 46.5 93.4
Water 1.oooo 100.0 1.6
I--- - -" -
_I--_.-
- 1-11 i - ~ --
Ethanol 0.7905 783 15 8 1.377
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.5875 76 5 84 2
Ethanol 0.7905 10.3 U 0.935
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.5875 86.3 L 1.519
Water 1.oooo 100.0 3.4
Ethanol
Chloroform
0.7905
1.4756 78.3
61.2 I 59.4
7.0
93.0
1.403
-- .
Specific Boiling Boiling
Gravity point ;it Point at
at 700 nitn i 6 0 rnm
(:ompound(') 30/20"(: I&.
-(: llg. "C
.
... .-. -.
tithitnol 0.7905 78.3 62 h
Cyrlohexane 0.7 797 80.7
CVatrr 1 .oooo 100.0
.- ~ ~ ._ -~~ ~- . .
0.7905 7s 71 X
I:thiinol
I:thyl r\cotatc 0.00 I8
-- :i
I i .?
~ .-
0.7905 iX.3 70 E
I:thenol
I:ttlyl r\retate 0.00 I X
--, .'
1
Proof: The ethanol content of a liquid at 60°F (15.56%) stated as twice the percent of ethanol by volume.
Proof = 2 x volume percent ethanol in a liquid (at 60°F)
Apparent Proof: The equivalent of proof for ethanol solutions containing ingredients other than water (Le., de-
natured alcohol). Apparent proof is determined by specific gravity readings for ethanol-water mixtures at 60/60"F.
Proof Gallon: Amount of ethanol in one wine gallon of 100 proof alcohol at 60°F.
Proof gallons = wine gallons at 60°F x 100/proof
Wine Gallon: A United States gallon of liquid measure equivalent to the volume of 231.2 cubic inches.
1 Wine gallon = 231.2 cubic inches
Tax Gallon: The unit measure of spirits for the imposition of tax under section 5001, IRC. For spirits that are 100
degrees of proof or more when withdrawn from bond, the tax is determined on a proof gallon basis. When less
than 100 degrees of proof, the tax is determined on a wine gallon basis. Table 6.53 covers ethanol-water com-
positions from 0 to 200 proof. Keep in mind that, because of the contraction that occurs when ethanol and water
are mixed, 100 volumes of ethanol of the designated proof result from mixing the volumes of ethanol and water
given in columns 2 and 4.
__
JJ 27.5 22.50 74.08 0.968 1
16 80 6.42 92.55 0.9890 56 28.0 3 9 ')7 74..3i 0.0676
17 85 6.83 0 2 00 0.9884 57 28.5 23.40 74.08 0.0670
18 90 7.23 0 I .63 0.0878 58 29.0 23-82 73.62 0.9664
I9 93 7.64 01.18 0.9572 39 29.5 24.24 73.17 0.9659
-
20 IO 0 3.05 90.72 0.0566 60 30.0 24.67 72.72 0.9653
21 10 5 8.45 O( 1.2 i 0.0800 61 30.5 25. IO 72.26 0.9647
__
Y7 II 0 8.86 s0.s I 0.08X 62 31.0 3.- - 7
-2.3- 71.81 0.964 1
-.
Y '3 II 5 9.27 so 30 0.9849 63 31.5 25.05 7 1 .3 3 0.9635
24 12 0 3.68 ss.0 0 0.9843 64 32.0
.-~
26.38
. .
70.89 0.9629
25 12 5 10.09 xs.43 0.9537 65 32.5 26.8 I 70.43 0.0623
26 13 0 10.50 88.00 0.9832 66 33.0 27.24 09.97 0.9617
27 13 5 10.91 87.55 0.9820 67 33.5 27.67 60.5 I 0.9619
28 14 0 11.32 87. IO 0.082 I 68 34.0 28 IO 00.05 0.9604
29 14 5 11.73 S6.03 0.08 IO 00 34.5 'X 53 OX. 50 0.0507
__
30 15 0 12.14 80.20 0.08 10 70 35.0 2s 07 os I 2 0.9300
3I 15 5 12.55 85.75 0.9805 71 355 2 0 41 07 66 0.0584
32 I6 0 32.96 85.30 0.9800 72 36.0 2O.X-l 07. IO 0.9-577
33 16 5 13.37 S4.85 0.0794 7'3 36.5 30 28 00.72 0.9570
34 17 0 13.79 X4.40 0 .(J780 74 37.0 30 72 00 25 0.9652
35 17 5 14.20 8 3 .0 5 0.0784 75 37.5 3 I IO ( .-
).)
-is 0.9555
36 18 0 14.hl x:3.50 0.0779 76 38.0 3 1 .fJO (13 :I I 0.9543
37 18 5 15.03 X3.Oh 0.9774 77 38.5 :3 2.04 h4.84 0.9540
38 19 0 15.44 X2.fI I 0.0760 78 39.0 32 48 (14 37 0.9533
3') I9 5 15.35 X2.IO 0.0704 70 39.5 32.w fI?.OO 0.952 5
(continued)
290 Industrial alwents Handbook
--
Pure-200..Proof
.. . -
Pare 200 Proof
- - - - ..__
Ethanol. Ethanol. Water. specin( Ethanol, Ethanol. IVater. Specific
Proof Parts by % b) Parts by Gravity Proof Parts b\ % b\ Parts by Lra\ity
at Volume Weight Volume at at Volume' I V e cgh t Volume at
60°F at 60'F at 60'F at 60'F 60/60"F b0'F at 60'F a1 6O'F at 60'F 60/60"F
- ..-~ ~
100 50.0 42.49 53.73 0.9342 I60 80.0 73.53 22.87 0.8636
101 50.5 42.96 53.24 0.9332 161 80.5 74.1 1 22.33 0.8623
102 51.0 43.43 52.74 0.9322 I62 81.0 74.69 21.80 0.8608
103 51.5 43.90 52.25 0.9312 I63 81.5 75.27 21.26 0.8594
104 52.0 44.37 51.75 0.9302 I64 82.0 75.86 20.72 0.8580
. __ -~
105 52.5 44.85 51.25 0.9292 I65 82.5 76.45 20.18 0.8566
106 53.0 45.33 50.75 0 9282 I66 83.0 77.04 19.64 0.8552
107 53.5 45.80 50.26 0.9272 I67 83.5 77.64 19.10 0.8537
108 54.0 46.28 49.76 0.9262 168 84.0 78.23 18.55 0.8522
109 54.5 46.76 49.26 0.9252 69 84.5 78.X4 18.01 0.8508
~- ~
. ~~
4
-
O
-
0
c
tu
5
w
c
0
u u
9 :
x x
11
2 2
u r
r u
N A - N - N v u
292 Industrial Solvents Handbook
n-PROPYL ALCOHOL
n-Propanol CH~CHZCH~OH
Acidity a s a c e t i c acid 0 . 0 0 3 % by w t , m a x .
Alkalinity a s ammonia 0.003% by wt. m a x .
Autoignition t e m p e r a t u r e 540'C
Boiling point a t 760 mm 97.15.C
Coefficient of cubical
expansion, 0 94'C - 0.000956 x lo-'
C o l o r , APHA 5 rnax.
C r i t i c a l density 0.2734
Critical pressure 49.9 atm
Critical temperature 263.7.C
Distillation range a t 760 m m Z'C including 97.15.C
E l e c t r i c a l conductivity, mhos
p e r c m a t 25'C 2 x lo-'
Explosive l i m i t s , Lower 2 . 6 % by vol. in a i r
Wper 13.5% by vol. i n a i r
F i r e hazard Dangerous when exposed t o
heat o r flame.
F l a s h point (open c u p ) 90'F
(closed cup) 59.F
F r e e z i n g point -127'C (-196'F)
Heat of combustion 8020 cal/g
Heat of vaporization a t 97. I5'C 162.6 cal/g
L i m i t s of flammability ( i n air
by volume ) 2.5% ( L o w e r )
Melting point -127.0.C
Molecular weight 60.09
Non-volatile m a t e r i a l 0.OGl gm/100 m l s a m p l e ,
max.
Odor Alcohol -like
Refractive index at 2O'C 1.3845
Reid vapor p r e s s u r e a t 100'F 0.1 psi
Relative evaporation r a t e
(butyl a c e t a t e = 1 ) !.3
Specific gravity a t 20/4'C 0.8036
a t LO/ZO'C 0.8050
Specific heat at L5.C 0.586 cal/g/.C
Tab le 6.57: n -Pr opano I-Wate r-Benzene (7 9) Table 6.58: n-Propanol-Water-n-Butanol (79)
A T i e line intersections by AP A N U
'
PROPANOL. PK
D
Refractive i n d e x T i e line intersection
* o as by refractive i n d e x
Lever r u i e
L1 P R O P ~ ~ O ~ T i e l i n e intersections b y .
Refractive index
__----Lever r u l e
Chemical ana t ysis
0 B Y TITRATION
Monohydric Alcohols 295
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
Acidity. a s a c e t i c a c i d 0 . 0 0 2 4 % by w t . m a x
Color, P t - C o s c a l e 15 max.
D i s t i l l a t i o n a t 760 m m D i s t i l l s e n t i r e l y within a
1 . O'C r a n g e which i n -
c l u d e s 80.4.C
F i r e hazard D a n g e r o u s when e x p o s e d to
h e a t o r open f l a m e
F l a s h point ( o p e n c u p ) 75'F
Non-volatile m a t t e r 0 . 0 0 5 g/100 m l . rnax.
Odor Non-residual
Permanganate time 30 m i n u t e s , m i n i m u m , at
15'C when using the
B a r b e t e n d point
Purity 91 09% by v o l u m e , m i n -
~
i m u m , a t 15.56.C.
S p e c i f i c Zravity a t Z J / ~ O ' ~ 0.8175 - 0.8185
T o x i c it y M o d e r a t e by ingestion;
otherwise slight
W a t e r content 9% by v o l u m e , max.
Weight p e r gallon a t 2O'C 6.81 I b
60'F 6.84 lb
296 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 6.64: Vapor-Liquid Compositions of Table 6.65: Refractive Index VI Composition of Iso-
Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures propyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures at 25°C (79)
and Their Boiling Points (8)
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY A Z E O T R O P E S WITH: ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL FORMS TERNARY A Z E O T R O P E S WITH:
% B . P . of A z e o t r o p e ' C 70 B . P . of A z e o t r o p e ' C
Table 6.68: The Effect of Isopropyl Alcohol on Table 6.69: Viscosity of RS % Sec. Nitrocellulose
the Dilution Ratio of Solvents (74) In Mixtures of Toluene, Isopropyl
Alcohol and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (74)
1 I I I I I 1 H O P P L E R VISCOMETER A T 2O.C
4
110 I P
SOLIDS C O N C E N T R A T I O N
8% by weight R S yz s e c
120 - Nitrocelluiose
C O M P O S I T I O N OF SOLVENT %' W
L DILUENT TOLUENE
I- I I I
3 r n . ~ ~ r\ yC L~ I + ~ b5v0b
E
1 ISOPROPYL \ C E T + T E 15%-
I 5T I I
7,
M E T H Y L ISOUUTYL KETONE
P E R C E N T BY W E I G H T OF T O L U E N E
Y E T H A N O L . MOL P f R CENl
0 IO 20 30 a 5a 60 70 10 SO 100
300 Industrial Solvents Handbook
cn
>
..
m
2
Monohydric Alcohols 301
n-BUTYL ALCOHOL
n-butyl a c e t a t e = I 0.45
Solubility in w a t e r a t ZO'C 7.8% by wt
Solubility of w a t e r in
n-Butanol at ZO'C 2 0 . 1% by wt
ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL
Table 6.79: Physical Properties of Table 6.80: Azeotropes of Isobutyl Alcohol (31)
Isobutyl Alcohol (31)
30.4 Water
86.8
46.5 Isobutyl acetate
33.6 Water
90.2
13.3 Isobutyl chloroacetate
17.3 Water
80.2
76 Isobutyl formate
Monohydric Alcohols 305
Table 6.81: Relative Evaporation Rates of Various Butyl Alcohols and Acetates (47)
:w -
.
0
< I-
>
Y
/h
-f
10-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 io a io 0 io io m io r6 loo r;orio
IVAPORAIION RATE IN YlNUItS
sec-BUTYL ALCOHOL
Table 6.82: Physical Properties of sec- Table 6.83: Azeotropes of sec-Butyl Alcohol (37)
Butyl Alcohol (31)
Acidity a a acetic acid 0.003% by w t . max. #ec -BUTYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:
Boiling point at 760 m m 99.5-c
% B.P. of Azeotrope 'C
Coefficient of cubical
expanaion at 20'C 0 * 00101 'C 61 tert-Amyl ethyl ether 94.5
Color, Pt-Co (Hazen) IO max. 93 tert-Amyl methyl ether 86.0
Critical p r e a i u r e 46.9 atm 84.6 Benzene 78.6
Critical temperature 265.19.C 13.7 mc-Butyl acetate 99.6
Diatilhtion range 98.0-101 .O*C 32 Butyl formate 98.0
Fire h i z a r d Dangeroua when expoaed 71 1-Chloro-3 -methylbutane 91.5
t o heat or name 79 Cyclohexene 78.1
Flaah Point, Tag open cup 8O'F 46 2,s -Dimethylhexane 93.0
Tag cloaed cup 75.F
53 Ethyl propionate 95.7
Freezing point -114.7.C
68 Ethyl aulfide 89.0
Heat of vaporization at I atm. 134.4 g cal/g
62 Heptane 89.0
Molecular weight 74.12
92 Heune 67.2
Non-volatile m a t t e r 0 . 0 0 2 ml. m u .
60 Iiobutyl formate 91.7
Purity 99.0% min.
41 Methyl butyrate 97.7
Refractive index at ZO'C n o 1.39719
59 Methylc ycloheune 89.9
Relative evaporation r a t e ,
n-Butyl acetate = 100 I20 88.5 Methylc yclopentane 69.7
Solubility in water at 2O.C 22.5% by w t 77 Methyl iaobutyrate 92.0
Solubility of water in, at LO'C 60.0% by wt 42 3 -Pentanone 98.0
Specific gravity at 20/20'c 0.8079 16 Pinacolone 99.1
Specific heat at 8.5.C 0.596 48 Propyl acetate 96.5
Surface tenaion at 20.C 23.0 dynea/cm 78 Propyl ether 81.0
Tdcity Moderate 45 Toluene 95.3
Vapor preaaure at 2O.C 12.1 m m
Viacoaity at 20'C 3.78 cpa.
Water, preaence of Miacible without t u r -
bidity with 19 vol
of n-heptane at 20'C
.
Weight per gallon at ZO'C 6.73 l b
306 Industrial Solvents Handbook
tert-BUTYL ALCOHOL
Acidity a s acetic acid 0.003% by w t . max. t e r t -BUTY L ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:
Boiling point at 760 m m 82.36.C 70 B.P. of Azeotrope 'C
Coefficient of cubical expansion
a t 26'C 0.30132.C 63.4 Benzene 74.0
Color, Pt-Co ( H a z e n ) max. 10 m a x . 94 Carbon disulfide 45.7
Compressibility at 2O.C. 76 Carbon tetrachloride 29.5
between 100-500 megabara 79.6 x IO-( megadynea/cm
41 I -Chloro-3 -methylbutane 81.2
Critical p r e s s u r e 46 atm
61.5 1 , 3 -Cyclohexadiene 73.4
Critical temperature 234.9.c
63 Cyclohexane 71.3
Dielectric conatant a t 19'C (audio) I I . 4 cgs unita
60 Cyclohexene 73.2
Distillation range 81.5-83.0.C
93 Cyclopentane 48.2
Dipole moment 1.65 x 10"
65 Dibromodichloromethane 79.0
F i r e hazard Dangerous when exposed
94 1 , I -Dichloroethane 57.1
t o heat o r flame
F l a s h point, Tag open cup 33 Diisobutyl alcohol 81.5
60'F (approx. )
Tag closed cup 48'F (approx. ) 87 2.3-Dimethylbutane 55.3
F r i e z i n g point 25.57.C 10 lI3-Dimethy1cycIohexane 82.2
Heat of combustion 23 2.5-Dimethylhexane 81.5
Liquid at constant volume 6290 cal/g
constant p r e s s u r e 75 Ethyl acetate 76.0
6302 cal/g
Vapor at constant p r e s a u r e 6426 cal/g 38 Ethyl n i t r a t e 78.0
Heat of fuaion at 25.5.C 2 1 . 8 8 cal/g
30 Ethyl aulfide 79.8
Heat of aolution at I 5 * C , 69 Fluorobenzene 76.0
of the aolid alcohol in water 3.23 k g c a l 38 Heptane 78.0
Heat of vaporization a t 1 atm. 130.6 g cal/g 78 Hexane 63.7
Melting point 25.57.C 83 Isobutyl chloride 65.5
Molecular weight 74.12 34 Methylc yclohexane 78.8
Molecular volume, 20/VM 94.3 c c 74 Methylc yclopentane 66.6
Non -volatile m a t t e r 0.002 g / l o o m l . max. 70 Methylc yclopentene 69.5
Purity 99.0% by w t . min.
Refractive index a t 20*C, nD 1.3841
Solubility a t 20.C. in water Complete
water in Complete
Specific heat a t 26'C 0.726 g cal/g
Specific gravity at 2 6 / 4 * ~ 0.7793
Surface tension at LO'C LO. 7 dynes
34.5.c 19.45 dynes
80'C 14.6 dynes
Toxic it y Mode r a t e
Vapor p r e a a u r e at 3O.C 57.3 m m
Viscosity at 30'C 3.316 cpa.
Water Miacible without turbid-
ity with 19 vol. of
n-heptane at 20.C
Weight p e r gallon a t 26'C 6.50 l b
Monohydric Alcohols 307
Primary amyl alcohol, a mixture of isomers all of which are primary alcohols,
i s composed of approximately 60% pentanol-1 (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH20H);
35% 2-methyl butanol-1 (CH3CH2CH (CH3)CH20H); and 5% 3-methyl butanol -1
(CH3CH (CH3)CH2CH20H).
\
M - x
0
2-u 2
v)
. . . . . . ?m3
m m m m m o 7
rUr-.uuum EJ
0
V?
0 0 e c c m
r-
I
0
..
00
m
-
0 nI-wm.39
-.ucImm 2 0 4 u
m
00m
P 9
0 d
al
QD
r
0
F
Monohydric Alcohols 309
sec-n-AMYL ALCOHOL
97 Cyclohexane 80.0
80 Heptane 96.0
77 Methylcyclohexane 97.4
65 4-Methyl-2 -pentanone 115.0
65 Toluene 106.0
310 Industrial Solvents Handbook
z B . P . of Aaeotrope 'C
85 Bcnsene 80.0
85 1.3-Cycloheudiene 79.1
84 Cyclohexane 18.5
83 Cyclohexens 80.8
32 1.3 -Dimethylcyclohe xane 101.1
50 2,5-Dimethylhexane 97.0
73.5 Heptane 92.2
96 Heune 68.3
60 Methylcyclohe- 92.0
95 Methylcyclopentane 71.5
25 &tMO 101.1
80 Propyl ether 88.8
44 Toluene 100.5
Monohydric Alcohols 31 1
ISOAMYL ALCOHOL
Table 6.94: Physical Properties of Isoamyl Table 6.95: Azeotropes of Isoamyl Alcohol (37)
Alcohol (31)
Acidity a s acetic acid 0.01% max. ISOAMYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:
Boiling point a t 760 m m 131.4.C
% B . P . of Azeotrope 'C
Coefficient of expansion
per *C 0.00090 15 Bromobenzene 131.7
per O F 0.00050
82.5 Butyl acetate 125.9
Color, APHA No. 1 0 m a x .
35 Butyl e t h e r 129.8
Critical t e m p e r a t u r e 307'C
76 Camphene 130.9
Distillation range, below 128.C None
None 66 Chlorobenzene 124.4
above 132.C
Dryneaa A 5 m l . sample is c l e a r l y 6 Cumene 131.6
miscible with a t l e a s t 73 1.3-Dimethylcyclohexane 116.6
19 p a r t s of 60 Be'gaa-
oline a t 60.F 85 2 . 5 -Dimethylhexane 107.6
32.4 Water
48 89.8
Isoamyl formate
312 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Refined fusel oil is a volatile, poisonous, oily mixture consisting largely of amyl alcohols.
METHYLAMYL ALCOHOL
2-ETHYLBUTYL ALCOHOL
n-HEXYL ALCOHOL
Table 6.101: Solubility of Water In Table 6.102: Azeotropes of Hexyl Alcohol (37)
n-Hexyl Alcohol (37)
HEXYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:
% B . P . of Azeotrope ' C
63.5 Anisole 151.0
27 Benzyl methyl e t h e r 156.7
52 Camphene 150.8
56 o -Chlorotoluene 153.5
46 p -Chlorotoluene 154.0
65 Cumeme 149.5
53 2,7-Dimethyloctane 152.5
11 Isoamyl e t h e r 157.0
40 Iaoamyl propionate 156.7
60 Isobutyl butyrate 155.0
45 Me8itylene 153.5
19 Phenetole 157.7
60 ,?-Pinene 150.8
55 Propylbenrene 152.5
32 P a e udoc m e ne 156.3
77 Styrene 144.0
a5 m -Xylene 138.3
82 o-Xylene 143.6
87 p-Xylene 137.0
Monohydric Alcohols 315
CYCLOHEXYL ALCOHOL
% B. P. of A z e o t r o p e 'C
70 Anisole 152.5
38 Benzyl m e t h y l e t h e r 159.0
59 Camphene 151.9
85 Chloroacetal 155.6
62 o-Chlorotoluene 155.5
45 p-Chlorotoluene 156.5
8 Cineole 160.55
72 Cumene 150.0
28 Cymene 159.5
25 Indene 160.0
22 Isoamyl ether 158.8
37 I s o a m y l propionate 157.7
80 Isobutyl b u t y r a t e 156.0
35 0-P h e l l a n d r e n e 158.0
60 Propylbenzene 153.8
83 Propyl isovalerate 155.1
40 Pseudocumene 158.0
35 @-Terpene 158.3
22 Thymene 159.8
95 -
rn Xylene 138.9
86 o-Xylene 143.0
316 Industrial Solvents Handbook
HEPTYL ALCOHOL
2-HEPTYL ALCOHOL
3-HEPTYL ALCOHOL
2-ETHYLHEXYL ALCOHOL
n-OCTYL ALCOHOL
n-Octanol, Octanol-1
% B . P . of Azeotrope 'C
80 N, N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine 184.8
88 Indene 182.4
85 Iaoamyl isovalerate 192.6
70 Iaobornyl methyl e t h e r 191.9
80 Iaobutyl carbonate 189.5
92 d -Limonene 177.5
20 Phorone 193.5
90 7-Terpinene 182.5
93 Thyme ne 179.6
sec-OCTYL ALCOHOL
85% G r a d e 95% G r a d e
Boiling range
f i r r t 5%
174 - 181.5'C 173
178
-- 178'C
18L.S.C
90%
Denaity, I b i p e r gallon 6.8 6.8
F i r e hazard Mode r a t e Slight
F l a a h point 164'F 185'F
Hydroxyl n u m b e r 376 - 388 408 - 414
Melting point -38'C
Methyl hexyl ketone
content 10 - 15% L e r i than 5%
Mole,cular weight 130.23 130.23
Refractive index a t ZO'C I .4244 - 1,4252 1,4258 - 1.4262
Specific gravity a t 2O'C 0.814 - 0.820 0.818 a t 25.C
Water content 1.0 - 1.2% 0.3 - 0.5%
% B . P . of Azeotrope 'C
I4 Amyl e t h e r 179.8
50 Butylbenzene 178.2
89 Butyl irovaleratc 177.4
73.5 Cineole 175.9
56 Cymene 174.0
40 Indene 176.0
28 Iaoamyl butyrate 180.3
83 h o a m y l ether 172.7
55 d -Limonene 174.5
73 a-Terpinene 171.8
43 T e rpinolene 179.0
48 Thymene 176.0
Monohydric Alcohols 319
ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL
NONYL ALCOHOL
3,5,5-TRIMETHYLHEXYL ALCOHOL
DECYL ALCOHOL
Oxo Process Fatty acid Process Oxo Process Fatty Acid Process
Acidity 0.0015% by wt. Solubility in water at 20'C Less than 0 . 0 1 2
Acid number 0.2 max. by wt.
Aldehydes. am decanal 0.20%. max. Solubility of water in at
20% 2.3% by wt.
Boiling point at 760 mm 217.3.C 231'C (448.F)
Specific gravity at ~ o / ~ o * c0.837-0.840 0.829 at 20/4)'C
Boiling range a t 7 6 0 m m 21 9-22 1.5% 90% between
229-233.C Sulfur 4 ppm. max.
Coefficient of expansion Suspended m a t t e r Substantially f r e e
a t 55.C 0.00086 Vapor p r e s s u r e . "C *F mrn
Color. Hazen P t - C o 5 0.003 m u . , 75 167 2.1
Dichromate 100 212 8.4
Ester. a s decyl f o r m a t e Lese than 0.1% I25 257 28.2
150 302 82
E a t e r number 1.3 max. 175 347 225
F i r e hazard Slight Slight 200 392 500
Viacoslty, 'C 'F Centiatokes
F l a a h point (Open cup) 225.F 22 0 9 ~
99 210 1.76
Freezing point Sets to a g l a a s 6 . P C (44.F) 20 68 21 13.83 centipoimes
below -6o'C - 9.4 I5 115
Heat of combumtion 9963 cal/a -17.8 0 209
-31.7 -25 701
Hydroxyl number 345-365 -40.0 -40 1649
Iodine number 0.5 max. -53.9 -65 8826
Molecular weight 158.28 158J8 Water content 0.03-0.07%bywt. 0.25%
P o u r point -95'F Weight per gallon a t ZOC
' 7.03 Iba.
Purity 60'F 6.96 Iba. approx.
99.7%-99.9% by wt.
Refractive index at
20%. nD 1.1388-1.4390 1.43682
Monohydric Alcohols 321
ISODECYL ALCOHOL
TRIDECYL ALCOHOL
2-Butyloctanol mln. 95
Average Molecule weight I02 130 158 138 145 186 appmx.
Color, ALPHA 0 0 0 0 0 20 max
Water, W h 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.1 max
Iodine Number 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.02 1.0 max
Hydroxyl Number 545 430 351 407 387 286-305
Carbonyl, as C=O ppm 28 12 7 30 30 150
Specific gravity 0.8232 0.8293 0.8335 0.829 0.831
at FPF 60WO 60/60 6OWO 6OWO 60180
Flash point, (PM)' F I30 I80 235 167 188 248 (IS0 2592)
Melting Range, F ' -49 Wan 43-45 1-5 3-7 <22
Boiling Range, 'F 313-316 381-385 448453 350-460 401-460 291-300
SaponificationNumber <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 0.19 0.4 1.O max.
Viscosity, Cst at 70' F 5.5 10.5 14.5 11 13.4
at IOO'F 3.5 6 9 7.7 7.4
Coefficient of thermal
expansion IblgalPF 0.00376 0.00351 0.00334 0.00334 0.00325
Monohydric Alcohols 325
COMPARATIVE DATA
re, R U l Y l ALCOIiOl 78 92 7
_-I-- __
CYCLOHEXANOL
ETHANOL ANIiYDROUS PROPRIEIARY
- _ _
lOll43:l
64 17 5
ETHANOL 95% PROPRIETARY 64 17 5 46 07 OR12
FURFURAL ALCOHOL 41)000
METHYL ALCOHOL IMalhmoIJ 67 56 I
-_METHYL AMYL ALCOHOL (MIBC)
s o PROPYl ALCOHOL ANHYDROUS
-__
lW.11-2
67 63 n
11" PROPYL ALCOHOL 91% 67 63-0
-
PROPYL ALCOHOL 7 1 2313
TEIRAHVDROFVRFURAL KcotioL
TEXANOL'
I
25zb6.774 --
IRIDECYL A!ACIFL - 112709
II BUTYL A I LOHO1
%(IC BUlYl AL(.OlIOl
'Trade Mark Earlmsn Chemlul Products Inc. @ 1S.B'C .Op.nb '43 1W.C
326 Industrial Solvents Handbook
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Monohydric Alcohols 327
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328 Industrial Solvents Handbook
I
Union Carbide Quantum Grain Processing
recsoi A, 95% Anhydrol PM 4081 Filmex A-1 GPC 190 Gov t Form A (3A)
Tecsol A, Anhydrous Anhydrol PM 4082 Filmex A-1, Anhydrous Anhydrous GPC Gov't Form A (3A)
Tecsol A-2,95% Anhydroi PM 4079 Filmex A-2 GPC 190 Gov t Form A2 (3A)
Tecsol A-2, Anhydrous Anhydrol PM 4083 filmex A-2, Anhydrous Anhydrous GPC Gov t Form A2 (3A)
Tecsol B, 95% Anhydrol PM 4157 Filmex B GPC 190 Gov I Form B 13Al
Tecsol 8 , Anhydrous Anhydrol PM 4135 Filmex 8, Anhydrous Anhydrous GPC Gov t Form B (3A)
Tecsol C, 95% Anhydrol PM 4085 Filmex C GPC 190 Gov't Form C (3A)
Tecsol C, Anhydrous Anhydrol PM 4084 Filmex C, Anhydrous Anhydrous GPC Gov't Form C (3A)
T ~ C SD,
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Tecsol D, Anhydrous Anhydrol PM 4176 Filmex D-1, Anhydrous Anhydrous GPC Gov't Form D (3A)
J ~ C S D-2,95%
O~ Anhydrol PM 4078 Filmex D-2 GPC 190 Gov't Form 02 (3A)
Tecsol D-2, Anhydrous Anhydrol PM 4217 Filmex 0-2. Anhydrous Anhydrous GPC tiov'l Form D2 (3A)
Tecsol H -
Monohydric Alcohols 329
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Monohydric Alcohols 331
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Monohydric Alcohols 333
ALLYL ALCOHOL
Ignition t e m p e r a t u r e in a i r 443'C
in oxygen 348'C
Latent heat of vaporization
a t 760 m m 9550 c a l / m o l e (295 BTU/lb)
MAC 5 ppm in a i r
Melting point - 129'c
Molecular weight 58.078
purity 98.0% by wt., min.
R e f r a c t i v e index a t ZO'C, nD 1.4134
Specific g r a v i t y a t 25/25'C 0.8501
% B . P . of A z e o t r o p e 'C
70 Allyl e t h e r 89.8
82.6 Benzene 76.8
70 1 -Bromobutane 89.5
91 -
1 B romopropane 69.4
17.5 Chlorobenzene 96.5
85 1-Chlorobutane 74.5
71 1-Chloro- 3 -methylbutane 88.3
93 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 67.0
80 Cyclohexane 74.0
78.3 Cyclohexene 76.3
89 Diethoxymethane 87.0
46 E t h y l propionate 93.2
55 E t h y l aulfide 85.1
63 Heptane 84.5
95.5 Hexane 65.5
48 Iaobutyl f o r m a t e 93.0
64 3 -Methyl-Z-butanone 93.5
49 Methyl b u t y r a t e 94.7
77 Methyl c a r b o n a t e 86.4
58 Methylcyclohexane 85.0
72 Methyl i a o b u t y r a t e 89.8
32 Octane 93.4
30 2-Pentanone 96.0
28 -
3 Pentanone 96.0
48 Propyl acetate 94.6
26 P r o p y l alcohol 96.7
70 Propyl ether 85.7
50 Toluene 91.5
334 Industrial Solvents Handbook
CROTYL ALCOHOL
Crotyl alcohol is a clear, s t a b l e liquid with a straight-chain, bifunctional molecular structure, CH3-CH=CH-CH20H.
A highly reactive compound, crotyl alcohol should find use in the manufacture of agricultural chemicals, plastics and
polymer additives, varnish ingredients, and pharmaceuticals.
-
The bifunctionolity or two reactive points -hydroxy group and point of unsaturation a c c o u n t for the high d e g r e e of
chemical reactivity of crotyl a l c o h o l . The hydroxy group undergoes such reactions as esterification and etherification;
whereas t h e double bond enters into polymerization and addition reactions.
METHYLBUTYNYL ALCOHOL
METHYLPENTYNYL ALCOHOL
DIACETONE ALCOHOL
2-MERCAPTOETHYL ALCOHOL
2-ETHYLSULFONYLETHYL ALCOHOL
1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHYL ALCOHOL
Gases
The simple gases have solubilities in trifluoroethanol which are similar to their solubilities in water.
SOLUBILITY OF GASES
IN TRIFLUOROETHANOL AT 27OC
(ml o f qasiml of Iiqiiid)
Mol % TrMluoroithanol
.IO
20
30
40
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BENZYL ALCOHOL
Acidity a# benzoic .acid 0.15% mu. Latent heat of evaporation a t 204.25'C 11 1.5 8 gm ral/gm
Aldehyde as benzaldehyde 0.50% mu. Mulecular weight 108.13
Boiling point 20 5.3% Refractive index a t 2O.C. n 1.5334-1.5397
D
Chlorine as benzyl chloride 0.15% m a . Solubility in water 1 part in 30 parts
of water
Dielectric conatant 1.66
Specific gravity at 25/25*c 1.044-1.058
Distillation range, lbp 195.C min.
Specific heat at 15-2O.C 0.5402 cal/gm
5% ZOCC
90 % 207.C Surface tension (c. g. a. unit.) 39.71
95% LlO*C mu.
Toxicity Slight
Electrical conductivity at ZS'C 18 x lo-' recip. 0.100 mm
chmr.
Vapor presaure a t 30%
F i r e hazard Viacoaity at 20.C 0.05582 cp..
Slight
Weight per gallon at L O T 9.78 lbs.
Flash point (Open cup) 213.F
Freezing point -15.3.C
Heat of combuation 893 kg cal/mole
SPECIFICATIONS
Assay, (G.C.), % minimum 99.0
Solubility, in 25 ml water at 25T, g 1
Benzaldehyde content (U.V. determination), 7% maximum 0.03
Halogen (Beilstein Test) Negative
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Boiling Point,
5 mm Hg, ,'F/<'C 177.8"/81"
760 mm Hg, "F/"C - 401"f 205"
Vapor Prtssure, mm Hg
at 86"Ff 30°C 0.1
at 212"F/IOO'C 13.3
Melting Point, "FPC -5"f-15"
Specific Gravity, 25"/25"C 1.042- 1.047
Refractive Index, 25°C 1.5390 - 1.5410
Vapor Density (air=l) -___--- __ 3.72
340 Industrial Solvents Handbook
FURFURYL ALCOHOL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Table 6.153: Vapor Pressure of Table 6.154: Pounds per Gallon of Furfuryl Alcohol
Furfuryl Alcohol (46) at Various Temperatures (46)
Table 6.157: Solubility of Liquid Organic Com- Table 6.158: Solubility of Solid Organlc Com-
pounds in Furfuryl Alcohol pounds in Furfuryl Alcohol
(at 25”C, 77°F) (46) (at 25”C, 77°F) (46)
5 CCl5 cc 5 cc/lO cc 1 915 CC 1 g;10 cc
Furfuryl Furfuryl Furfuryl Furfuryl
Comoound Alcohol Alcohol Compound Alcohol Alcohol
Acid, dichloroacetic. C.P. R Acid, acetylsalicyllc, U S.P S
Acid, lactic, U.S.P. S Acid, anthranilic S
Acid. valeric S Acid, benzoic, U S.P. S
Alcohol, amyl S Acid, citric, U.S.P. ss S
Alcohol, benzyl, tech. S Acid, monochloroacetic S
Alcohol, ethyl S Acid, naphthionic, tech. I I (Rat 115°C)
Alcohol, isoamyl, tech, S Acid, oxalic, tech. I R
Alcohol, isobutyl, C.P. S Acid, stearic ss SS (S at 95°C)
Alcohol, isopropyl, tech. S Acid, sulfanilic I I (Rat 115°C)
Alcohol, propyl S Acid, tannic ss SS (SS at 125°C
Aniline S Acid, tartaric, U.S.P. I I (SS at 125°C)
1,2-Butanediol S Acid, trichloroacetic R
Chloroform, U.S. P. S Anthracene, tech. I SS (Sat 110°C)
Crotonaldehyde, tech. S Anthraquinone I I (S at 130°C)
o-Dichlorobenzene S Benzidine ss S-R
Dichloroethyl ether, tech. S 3-Bromo-d-camphor S
Diethylaniline, tech. S’ Carbazole I I (Sat 120°C)
Diethyl carbonate S Casein I I (I at 125°C)
Diethylene glycol S Chloral hydrate. U S.P. S
Diethylene glycol dioleate S oChloronitrobenzene, tech. S
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tech. S Dextrose I I (SS at 125’C)
Oiethyl phthalate, C.P. S Dianisidine, tech. S
Diethyl sulfate, tech. R p-Dichlorobenzene S
N,N-Dimethylaniline, tech. S Dip,/col stearate ss I (S at 100°C)
Dimethyl sulfate R N,N-Dimethyl-para-nitrosoantl~~e S
Ether, ethyl S Oinitrochlorobenzene, tech. S
Ether, isopropyl S Dinitronaphthalene I I (Sat 120°C)
Ethyl acetate, tech. S Dinitrophenol S
Ethyl acetoacetate S Diphenyl S
N-Ethyl-N-benzylaniline ss S Diphenylamine S
Ethyl bromide S Diphenylguanidine S
Ethylchlorocarbonate R Hexamethylenetetramine, U.S.P. S
Ethylene chlorohydrin ss ss Iodoform, U.S.P. I I (S at 92°C)
Ethylene dichloride S Naphthalene I I (S at 92°C)
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tech. S alpha-Naphthol, tech. S
Glycerol, U.S .P. S beta-Naphthol, tech. S
Methyl acetate, tech. S beta-Naphthylamine, tech. I I (S at 92°C)
Methyl ethyl ketone S alpha-Naphthylamine hydrochloride R (violent reaction)
Nitrobenzene S m-Nitroanilind S
o-Nitrotoluene, tech. S p-Nitroaniline S
Oil, lard I I (S at 125°C) p-Nitrophenol, tech. S
Oil, linseed ss SS (Sat 120°C) p-Nitrotoluene S
Oil, neatsfoot I I (S at 120°C) m-Phenylenediamine S
Oil, peanut I I (Sat 125°C) Resorcinol, white, U.S.P. S
Oil, rapeseed I I (Sat 120°C) Saccharin, U.S.P. I I (SS at 125°C)
Oil, Turkey red S Sodium acetate I I (Sat115”C)
Oil, whale I I (Sat 125°C) Sodium benzoate. U.S.P. I I (I at 125°C)
Paraldehyde, U.S.P. S Sodium naphthionate, tech. I I (Rat 112°C)
Pyridine, tech. S Sodium picramate, tech. I
1,1,2.2-TetrachIoroethane, tech. S Thiocarbanilide I I (S at 92°C)
o-Toluidine, tech. S 2.4,6-Tribromophenol, tech. S
Xylene S Triphenylguanidine, tech. S
S = Soluble SS = Slightly soluble I = Insoluble R = Reacts’
‘Reactions of furfuryl alcohol in the presence of acid or acid generators may be violent; use caution.
344 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 6.159: Solubility of Thermoplastic Resins Table 6.160: Effect of Time at Elevated Temper-
in Furfuryl Alcohol (at Room ature on Certain Characteristics of
Temperature) (46) Furfuryl Alcohol (Under Neutral
Conditions) (46)
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Hours 01 Heating
Legand:
x -At 100°C
0- At 150'C
A - At 200°C
A.P. Dunlop and F.N Peters, Jr., Ind. & Eng. Chem.,
34, 814 (1942).
Monohydric Alcohols 345
Table 6.161: Stabilization of Furfuryl Alcohol With an Amine (at 150°C In Glass) (46)
Sta bilizer
~~
Time,
Hours
Refractive
Index, n 20/D
Densit
d 25/2g
Cloud
Point, "C
I Water,
Yo I
None 0.0 1 .a870 1.1322 5.5 0.03
1.5 1.4875 1.1333 13.5 0.18
5.5 1.4890 1.1356 36.0 0.67
10.5 1.4944 1.1428 insol. @ 100°C 3.05
A.P. Dunlop and F . N . Peters, Jr., Ind. Eng. Chern., 34, 814 (1942).
Time, Furfur I Alcohol plus Furfur I.Alcohol plus 0.5% Furfur I Alcohol plus
Hours Furfuryl Alcohol I ~ HIOo k i propy lamine O.l#!iydroquinone
42 0.075 0.139 - -
74 0.250 0.377 - -
121 0.636 0.672 - -
162 0.840 0.852 - -
215 0.972 - - -
264 1.084 - - 0.074
330 1.229 - 0.019 0.117
Amyl acetate
Anthranlllc Butyl acetate
Benzolc Cellulose acetate
Butyric Diethyl acetate
cnrfc Diethyl phlhelale
Cresyllc Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acetoacetate
Naphthionic Methyl acetate
Oxalic
Stearlc Ethers:
Sulfanilic Dichloroethyl
Tannic
Diethliene dycol monoethg
Elhvl
Ethiiene glycol monobutyl
Ethylene glycol monc-alhyl
Alcohols:
Halkies:
Benzyl alcohol Benzyl chloride S
Chloral hydrate Bromobenzene S
Dlnltrophenol Bromoform S
Ethanol S
Chloroform
Ethyleneglycol eDlchlorobcnzene S
Glycerol pDlchlorobenzene ss s-
lsobutanol Dinltrochlorobsnzane ss -s
Isopropanol S
Ethyl bromlde
a-Naphthol Ethylene chlorlde S
PNaphthol S Iodoform S
Pentanol S eNltrochlorobenzene ss -.-.--s
Propanol S Tetrachloroethane S
Aldehydes: %stones:
Benzaldehyde S Acetone S
Crotonaldehyde S Anthraquinone I ~ l , U * W l
Paraldehyde S Molhyl ethyl ketone S
Amlnes: 011s:
Anlllne S Anillne
Benzidlne S Castor
Dlanlsldlne SS-s Chlnawwd
Diethyl aniline S Coconut
Dlmethyl anillne Cononseed
Dlphenylamlne brd
Hexamethylenetetramine Llnsood
p-Naphthylamine Menhaden
mPhenvlenedlamlne Nest's-foot
Peanut
Rapaswd
1 Trlphenylguanldlne
Xylldlne
Sperm
Turkey Red
Whale
,
Aromatics:
Anthracene Ulrcellanwum Compounds:
Benzene Caffelne I
Dinltronaphthalene I
1
Diphenyl
, Naphthalene
Camphor, monobromo
Casein
Chloremlne
I
I IlrsUlso,
I pNitropheno1 Dexlrore I- ~ 1 l s * i w
eNltrotoluene Sodium acetate ss -s
pNltrotoluene Sodium benzoale I~ S S w d l r W ;
xylol Kay; S=Solubl* SSSllghtly Soluble
klnsoluble t e m p Fahrenhelt
Monohydric Alcohols 347
348 Industrial Solvents Handbook
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Monohydric Alcohols 349
HERCO@PINEOIL
A Eigh-Quality,
-~ General-Purpose-Grade Pine Oil
HERCO@pine oil"'is a clear, p i e yellow to near-water-white, oily liquid with a distinct pinelike
odor. Derived from terpene oils of pinewood origin, it is a blend of related compounds, largely
terpene alcohols. Herco pine oil meets requirements of Federal Specification LLL-P-400a for Type 1
pine oil. It is especially indicated for manufacture of high-performance cleaners and disinfectants, and
for all other uses where a pine oil of uniform, high-terpene-alcohol content is required.
(a) Hsreo pine oil is registered with the Oflice of Rdicide h g n m of the US. Environmental RMcction Agency under
EPA Regiantion Number 891-175.
Outstanding Characteristics
Clear, pale color; high terpene alcohol content; piney odor; high solvent activity; excellent wetting,
penetrating, and dispersing properties, high bactericidal activity when properly formulated; uniform (continued)
350 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Yarmor F produces a strong froth of good volume, satisfactory texture, and excellent cell life
stability. Although normally used as a frother, it is also an effective collector for certain minerals.
Typical Properties
Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 -C 0.938
Total alcohols, % 75
Moisture, % 1.1
Refractive index at 20 *C 1.484
Color, Gardner 3
Distillation range, *C
5% 205
95 46 227
Flashpoint, COC, 'F('C) 169(76)
Weightlgal, Ibs (kg/l), 60 T (15.6 T) 7.8(.94)
Viscosity, Ubbelohde, at 77 'F (25 T),cps 10
Freezing point,"' 'F ('C) 3 m
(a)Yannor P will ~ p e c o o and
l can be handled saliilaclody a1 lower lcmpenlurer
Outstanding Characteristics
Strong froth; excellent cell life stability; excellent wetting properties; low freezing point; low volatility
Typical Properties
Total terpene alcohols, % 62.7
Moisture, % 0.3
Distillation range, 'C
5% 196.6
95 % 224.9
Color, Hazen 20
Color, (Hercules terpene) 0.2
Kauri-butanol value 500
Flashpoint, TOC, 'C ('F) 60(140)
Weight, lbslgal (kg/l), 60 'F, (15.6 'C) 7.75(.91)
Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 .C 0.91
Outstanding Characteristics
Clear, pale color; high terpene alcohol content; piney odor; high solvent activity; excellent wetting,
penetrating, and dispersing properties (continued)
Monohydric Alcohols 351
Outstanding Characteristics
Clear, pale color; high terpene alcohol content; piney odor; high solvent activity; excellent wetting,
penetrating, and dispersing properties; high bactericidal activity when properly formulated.
Outstanding Characteristics
Clear, pale color; piney odor; high solvent activity; excellent wetting, penetrating, and dispersing
properties; high bactericidal activity when properly formulated; uniform. (continued)
352 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Typical Properties
Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6"C 0.9410
Tertiary alcohols, % 96
Moisture, % 0.2
Distillation range, "C(7)
5% 219 (426)
95% 220 (428)
Color, Hazen (APHA) 20
Flashpoint, COC,'C ('F) 90 (194)
Freezing point, "C("F) <25 (<77)
Weight/gal, Ibs (kgll) 7.85(0.94)
Outstanding Characteristics
High purity; natural origin; light ~0101,pleasant floral odor; strong masking agent; excellent soIveiit;
promotes surface activity; antibacterial activity when properly formulated.
TERPINEOL^" 200
Synthetic Tertiary Terpene Alcohol
TERPINEOL" 200 is a high-purity grade of the tertiary terpene alcohol alpha-terpineol. Derived
synthetically by hydrating alpha-pinene, it is a water-white, oily liquid at normal temperatures. Its
chemical nature, pleasant floral odor, and surface-active properties account for its usefulness to the
essential-oil industry and to manufacturers of disinfectants, household and industrial soaps, detergents,
cleaners, and other chemical specialties.
Typical Properties
Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6"C 0.941
Tertiary alcohols, % 97
Moisture, % 0.2
alphdgamma-Terpineol, % 96.2
Distillation range, "C(F)
5% 217 (422)
95% 220 (428)
Color, Hazen (APHA) 20
Flashpoint. COC,'C (F) 88 (190)
Freezing point, "C ('F) 4 5 (<77)
Weight/gal, Ibs (kg/l) 7.85 (0.94)
Outstanding Characteristics
High purity; light color; pleasant floral odor; strong masking agent; excellent solvent; promotes surface (writi nued )
activity; antibacterial activity when properly formulated.
Monohydric Alcohols 353
Table 6.173: (continued)
Typical Properties
Color,Hazen (APHA) 30
Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6'C 0.938
Moisture, % 0.2
Freezing point, 'C ('F) <-IO (+14)
Flashpoint, COC,'C ('F) 88 (190)
Weighdgal, Ibs (kg/l) 7.8 (0.94)
Outstanding Characteristics
High purity; light color; pleasant floral odor; excellent solvent; promotes surface activity; resistant to
alkalies.
354 Industrial Solvents Handbook
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c .
.-2 .
>A
* c
.-
.z
s a.
Y
m .
m .
d
OLn
rn %E
0-v)-
-
m
01
Y
C 0
-> Y
-sE
m
cn
0
c)
.-CIn
E
m
u?
P
U
I-
d
Monohydric Alcohols 355
120
74.0
Ti IO
3
M
*
.d
0)
u
g 20
al
-;
W
M
5 -30
3
0
B -80
-130
22
CHAIN LENGTH IN CARBONS
Table 6.176: Rate of Evaporatlon of Various Table 6.177: Comparative Evaporation, Rates
Solvents at Room Temperature (19) of Alcohols (79)
(Relative Values on 5 cc Samples a t 21 "C. and
734.4 mm. Hg)
0
w I00
I-
<
a
2 80
<
E
c 60
z
w
U
40
E
a
20
'
0 50 100 150 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 350 400 450
TIME, MIN.
356 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Monohydric Alcohols 357
10,000
9,oQ)
1,000
o to 20 Y) 40 rn 60 ro m so 100
ALCOHOL CONTENT OF SOLVENT (PLR (XNT BY VOLUME)
358 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Rate of Evaporation
Active Solvents (Normal Butyl Acetate-I .OO)
Acetone 7.7
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 4.6
Ethyl Acetate (85-90%) 4.6
Isopropyl Acetate 95% 3.9
Secondary Butyl Acetate 1.8
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 1.6
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (82.5% w)-
Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (17.5% w) 1.o
Normal Butyl Acetate 1.o
Mesityl Oxide 0.9
Secondary Amyl Acetate 0.8
Amyl Acetate (mixed isomers) 0.6
Methyl Amyl Acetate 0.5
CELLOS0 LVE Acetate 0.2
Diacetone Alcohol 0.2
Butyl CELLOSOLVE 0.1
Latent Solvents
Ethyl Alcohol (anhydrous) 1.9
Isopropyl Alcohol (anhydrous) 1.7
Ethyl' Alcohol (190 proof) 1.7
Normal Butyl Alcohol (50%VI-
Anhydrous Ethyl* Alcohol (50%v) 0.1
Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (30%VI-
Anhydrous Ethyl' Alcohol (70%v) 0.7
Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (30%VI-
Anhydrous lsopropyl Alcohol (70% V) 0.7
Normal Propyl Alcohol 1.1
Secondary Butyl Alcohol 1.o
Normal Butyl Alcohol 0.5
Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (60%VI-
Anhydrous Isopropyl Alcohol (40%v) 0.5
Secondary Amyl Alcohol 0.5
Amyl Alcohol (mixed isomers) 0.3
Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol 0.3
*Proprietary grade.
Diluents
Toluene 2.1
Xylene 0.8
Polyhydric Alcohols
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Glycol
I , 2-Ethanediol HOCH2CH20H
Acidity a s acetic acid 0.01% by wt.. max. Fire point, Cleveland, tag 250' F
ASTM, open cup 245' F
Ash 0.005 g./lOO ml., max.
Flash point (open cup) 245' F
Boiling point a t 760 mm. Hg 197.2-197.6' C ASTM, open cup 240' F
Coefficient of expansion a t 20. C O.O0062/'C Free energy of formation a t 25. C -80.2 kcal./mole
0.00063?5/ T
Heat of combustion (const.
Color, APHA 10-15 a x . pressure) at 20' C -283.3 kcal./mole
Density (true) at 20' C 1.1134 g./ml. Heat of dilution [C,H, (OH), x 2 H,OJ 0.06 cal./g.
Specific heat at 20" C 0.561 Glycol % % by Flash Point 'F Fire Point 'F
at 0. C 0.544 by Wt. VOl. Cleveland, Tag Cleveland
359
360 Industrial Solvents Handbook
~~~~~~~~ ~
By Wt. 0 10 20 30 4C 50 60 70 80 90 100
By Vol. 0 9.1 18.4 28.0 37.8 41.8 58.0 68.4 78.9 89.4 100
200 0.963 0.914 0.984 0.995 1.006 1.016 1.026 1.035 1.044 1.052 1.060
210 0.959 0.970 0.980 0.991 1.001 1.011 1.021 1.031 1.040 1.048 1.056
220 0.995 0.965 0.976 0.987 0.997 1.007 1.017 1.026 1.035 1.044 1.051
230 0.951 0.961 0.972 0.982 0.942 1.003 1.012 1.022 1.031 1.039 1.041
240 0.947 0.957 0.967 0.978 0.988 0.998 1.008 1.017 1.026 1.034 1.042
250 0.942 0.952 0.963 0.973 0.983 0.993 1.003 1.012 1.021 1.030 1.038
260 0.938 0.948 0.958 0.968 0.918 0.988 0.998 1.008 1.017 1.025 1.033
210 0.933 0.943 0.953 0.963 0.913 0.983 0.993 1.003 1.012 1.020 1.029
280 0.928 0.438 0.948 0.958 0.968 0.978 0.988 0.998 1.007 1.016 1.024
290 0.923 0.933 0.943 0.953 0.963 0.973 0.983 0.993 1.002 1.011 1.019
300 0.918 0.928 0.938 0.948 0.958 0.96L) 0.978 0.988 0.977 1.006 1.014
310 0.913 0.923 0.933 0.943 0.953 0.963 0.973 e. 983 0.992 1.001 1.010
320 0.907 0.917 0.928 0.938 0.948 0.958 0.968 0.917 0.981 0.996 1.005
330 0.902 0.912 0.922 0.932 0.942 0.952 0.962 0.912 0.982 0.991 1.000
340 0,896 0.906 0.917 0.927 0.937 0.941 0.951 0.981 0.978 0.985 0.994
350 0.890 0.900 0.911 0.921 0.931 0.941 0.951 0.961 0.971 0.980 0.989
Polyhydric Alcohols 361
..
Y
b
..
R
362 Industrial Solvents Handbook
am010 -m*ow ~ m m - t - - r o w ~ m u3-t-00 (~~rnur(t-
oacc- m m m o o - - N O - uv,v,w(o t-mmmo O--NL?W
v,v,v,v) LOLDLoww o o w w w o w a w a wwwwl- t-t-l-t-r-c-
dodo ddddd ddddd ddddd ddddd dddddd
~ o m mN O ~ - * O t-mowm m o o a m m10w.x m v o w N m
* n m w t-mmmo O - N N ~ m u t ~ o w a t - m m m m o r ( r ( N ~
w w w a a w w w t - t-t-t-t-~ t-t-t-t-t- t-t-t-t-c- t-mmmmm
dddd idddd ddddd ddddd ddddd dddddd
m - t - ~ m m m ~ t - -wo-rm a w o m m o m m m m m
.-o
N V ) ~ O F
m*em mwwc-t- m mmmm ooo-- N N O D O ddv)v)wu)
&
2 m m m m
Odd0
mmmmm
ddddd
mmmmm
ddddd
mmmmm
ddddd
m m m m m
ddddd
mmmmmm
dddddd
NPN-
mmmm
m m m m
O V h O U
ooor(r(
mmFmm
t-rlUP-*
mmmmm
3 % 5 3 %mZaXgZg
mmmmm mmmm
Z?Z9%5
mmmmmm
dddd ddddd ddddd 00666 ddddd dddddd
m m m o - ~ m w m t-rnor(m m c - m ~ ut - o m w o v m m m m m
wwwc- t-c-c-~-c- t - t - m m m mmmmm m o o o r ( ~ ( ~ ( N N O O
mmmm mmmmm mmmmm mmmmm m o o o o oooooo
dddd ddddd ddddd ddddd &<;A; A;;;;;
F
0000 gsg.gs 00000
mwc-mm
0 0 0 0
o r ( N m S
0 0 0 0 0
mwc-mm
000000
o - N m u m
r(r(*r(r( r ( r ( r ( r ( r ( NNNNN NNNNN 11110000
c
Polyhydric Alcohols 363
..
2
c
364 Industrial Solvents Handbook
90
8')
70
r:
60
4t: 50
B
u
.? 40
e
d
2 30
20
LO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Table 7.11: Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions (23)
Polyhydric Alcohols 365
Table 7.12: Key Hygroscopicity Curve for Table 7.13: Moisture Absorption of Ethylene
Ethylene Glycol (55) Glycol at Various Relative
Humidities (55)
Table 7.14: Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Absolute Humidities (55)
3
grains H2O/ft atm (abs h u m )
Table 7.15: Kinematic Viscosity of Anhydrous Table 7.16: Freezing Points of Anhydrous
Ethylene Glycol and Trlmethylene Ethylene Glycol and Trlmethylene
Glycol Solutions (32) Glycol Solutions (32)
% E t h y l e n e Glycol
T e m p e r a t u r e , "C
Components Azeotrope
Boiling Composition, % b y wt.
Specific Boiling Relative Sp. Gr.
Gravity Point, Point, In Volume 20/20s C
Compound
at
20/20" C
'C a t
760 mm.
'C a t
760 mm. : In
& Upper
Layer
Lb:
er
Layer
of L a y e r s
a t 20' C
of Azeotrope
o r Layers
(continued1
Polyhydric Alcohols 367
I Azeotrope
Components I
Specific Boiling Boiling I b ywt' Relative Sp. C r .
Gravity Poict. Point, Voltime 20/2G' C
Compound at
20/20" C
"C at
760 mm.
*C a t
1 6 0 mm.
In
t:iii
In
Up,,er
Layer
Lb$er
Layer
of Layers
at 20' C
of ,izeotrupc
or Ldyers
Ethylene Glycol
Methyl Carbitol
1.1155
1.0211
197.5
193.6 I 30
70
1.051
tAt 50 mm. Hg
$At 10 mm. Hg
Heterogeneous at 20' C
#At 30/20' C
*At 30' C
.At 200 mm. Hg
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
Standard Grade
". s. p, Grade Air-Treatment
Special Grade
Grade
Specific gravity at Z O / Z o ' C 1.0370 to 1.0390 1.0375 to 1.0400 1.0375 to 1.0400 1.0380 to 1.0390
Distillation a t 760 mm. Hg Lbp, 1 8 5 ' C , max. t t f
85 ml. 109" C, max.
Dp. 1 9 4 ° C . max.
Propylene glycol. min. - 97.5% by wt. 97.5% by wt. 99.0% by wt.
Acidity, max. 0.005% bq wt.3 0.005% by wt.5 0.005% by wt.5 0.005% by wt. tr
Refractive Index a t 20' C. no - - 1.4316 to 1.4335 -
Solubi I i ty - a A -
Chlorides, max. ( a s CI) 0.001% by wt. 0.001% by wt. 0.001% by wt. 0.001% by wt.
Oxidizing substances - - - none
Carbonyl groups - shall pxss test
Sulfates none -
Heavy metals, max. (a$ Pb) -
Lead, max. ( a s Pb)
-
-
5 ppm
-
0.0003% by wt. **
Arsenic, max. ( A s 2 0 , ) 1ppm 0.001% by wt. t t
Water, rnax. 0.5% by wt. 0.2% by wt. 0.5% by wt. -
Ash, max. 0.005% by wt. 0.005% by wt. 0.007% by wt. -
Color, max. (PI-Co Scale) 10 10 15 15
Odor - mild - mild
Suspended matter substantially f r e e substantially f r e e substantially f r e e substantially f r e e
tShall entirely distill within B 5" C range which shall include 187.3' C.
ishall entirely distill within a 5' C range, and 90 ml. shall distill within a 2.2' C range.
§Calculated a s acetic acid. This i s equivalent to 0.047 mg. KOH per g. sample.
#Calculated a s hydrochloric acid. This is equivalent to 0.077 mg. KOH p e r g. sample.
*Miscible in all proportions with water, acetone, and chlorform a t 25' C.
ACompletely miscible in all proportions with water at 20' C.
**This Is equivalent to 3 ppm.
t t T h i s i s equivalent to 10 ppm.
Table 7.21: Conversion Chart for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (23)
90
80
70
2la
SW
W
W
s 40
30
20
IO
0
0 IO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 I00
WEIGHT PERCENT GLYCOL
Table 7.22: Density of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (Percent by Weight) (23)
1.m
E
n
Y
f
u
E
>-
k
M
z
0
W
Table 7.23: Effect of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions on Dew Points at Various
Contact Temperatures (79)
(I) Observed;
(11) Theoretical, without hydration;
( I l l ) Theoretical, with complete hydration.
Table 7.26: Refractive lndlces of Aqueous Propanediol Solutions at 20", 30", and 40°C (32)
Table 7.28: Specific Gravity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures (79)
Polyhydric Alcohols 373
Table 7.29: Specific Heat of Aqueous Propylene Table 7.30: Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous
Glycol Solutions (19) Propylene Glycol Solutions at
Various Temperatures (79)
0018
0016
I O
? 0014
Y
: 09 6w
2Y
u
Y-
08
07
.-z
"- 0012
U
Y
Y) 0010
06 c
?
"
0 5 2 0008
0004
0 IO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 I20
TEMPERATURE, * C
Table 7.31: Total Pressure over Aqueous Table 7.32: Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for
Propylene Glycol Solutions Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (23)
Versus Temperatures (23)
Table 7.33: Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Propylene Table 7.34: Viscosities of Aqueous
Glycol Solutions (79) Propylene Glycol
Solutions (23)
Components Azeotrope
Specific Boiling Boiling Relatlve specific
Gravity Point, 'C Point, 'C Volume Gravity
Compound at at at of Layers at
20/20' C 160 mm. Hg 760 mm. Hg. at 20' C 20/2w c
Propylene glycol 1.0381 181.4 136 Upper layer 93
dibutyl ether 0.7694 142.1 Lower layer I
1,3-PROPANEDlOL
Trimethylene Glycol
1,3-Dihydroxypropane
Beta- Propylene Glycol
F r e e z i n g P o i n t s of P r o p y l e n e
Glycol ( 1 , 3 ) - W a t e r M i x t u r e s . ( 1 ) O b s e r v e d ;
(11) T h e o r e t i c a l , without hydration; (111)
T h e o r e t i c a l , with c o m p l e t e hydration.
376 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 7.38: Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of 1,3-Propanediol at 20" and 40°C (32)
LOIS
1.001
o.s.1
0 10 *O eo eo mo
5 1.1 - PIOCAIICDIOL
1,P-BUTANEDIOL
Table 7.40: Specific Gravity of Aqueous Table 7.41 : Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous
1,2-butanedioi Solutions 1,2-Butanediol Solutions
at 20" and 40°C (32) at 20" and 40°C (32)
1.011
1.m0
1.018
t
E
.
)
1.000
0
f
i
0.9.1
f 0.100
t
0.ws 0.100
0 IO .O eo wo 100
% 1.I - DUIIUI~IOL
Table 7.43: Freezing Point of Aqueous Table 7.44: Refractive Index and Freezing Point
Solutions of 1,3-ButanedIol (32) of Aqueous Solutions of 1,3-
Butanediol (32)
- .
*/. I.J-DUTANLDIOL BY W C l G H l
Table 7.45: Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1,3- Table 7.46: Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions
Butanedioi solutions at 20" and of 1,3-Butanedlol (32)
40°C (32)
1.01s
. 1.01s
Content of
1,3-Butanediol,
% by Weight
Viscosity, centipoises
* 1' c
; 25.0' C -171' * C -37
19.4 2.1
1.00s 39.4 4.7
t 49.3 6.1 95
.
I
58.5 10.2 172
69.0 16.7 304
O..SS
79.5 21 .I 620 7,000
89.0 50.8 1,360 18,500
0 10 40 ao so m 100.0 98.3 3.150 35,000
U -
1.1 w T m a o m L
Table 7.47: Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1,3-butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)
*.a00
1.W
rf 1.*00
c
a
f I.000
-:
i
e 0.-
..IO0
Polyhydric Alcohols 379
L e s s than 0.8%
Freezing point 20.9 c
Acetals (as CH, 0 )
Acidity (as HCO, H) L e s s than 1% Refractive index, n; 1.4446
Ash 0%
Boiling range 221-231' C Solubility a t 25' C (g./lOO ml. solvent)
1-Butanol L e s s than 0.5% in water Infinite
More than 250' F in methanol Infinite
Flash point (ASTM open cup)
in ethanol Infinite
F r e e aldehyde a s CH? 0 L e s s than 0.1%
in acetone Infinite
Freezing point range 18-19.S0 c benzene 0.3
Purity Over 96% carbon tetrachloride 0.4
Refractive index, n z r 1.4435-1.4445 chlorobenzene 0.4
Specific gravity, d< 1.012-1.016 ethyl acetate 14.1
Unsaturation (as butendiol) L e s s than 1% ethyl ether 3.1
65-10 Cp. petroleum ether (35-60' C) 0.9
Viscosity, 25' C
Water content L e s s than 0.8% IS
1.0154
Specific gravity, d,
P u r e 1,4-Butanediol
% Water In Freezing Point Viscosity
Boiling point a t 10 mm. Hg 118' c 1,I-Butanediol ('C) (cp. a t 25' C)
20 mm. Hg 133' C
100 mm. Hg 170' C 0.0 20.0 11.5
200 mm. Hg 187' C 0.1 19.8 71.3
160 mrn. Hg 228' c 0.5 19.0 10.2
1.o 18.1 68.9
Table 7.49: Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous Table 7.50: Specific Gravity of Aqueous
1,4-Butanediol Solutions at 1,4-ButanedioI Solutions at
20" and 40°C (32) 20" and 40°C (32)
1.010
.o 1.010
r
E
v)
0.IWI
*.m , e* 4. a* Y I n
% 1,4-Butanediol
%, 1.4-Butanediol
380 Industrial Solvents Handbook
2,3-BUTANEDIOL
2,3-Butylene Glycol
2,3- Dihydroxybutane
Table 7.52: Boiling Points of Aqueous ievo-2,3-Butanediol Solutions at Atmospheric Pressure (32)
Polyhydric Alcohols 381
Table 7.53: Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2,3- Table 7.54: Boiling Points of Aqueous
Butanedlol-Ethanol Solutions (32) ievo-2,3-Butanedioi-
Methanol Solutions (32)
X ETHANOL BY WEIGHT
-~ ~~ ~
Table 7.58: Freezing Points of Aqueous Table 7.59: Freezing Points of Aqueous
levo-2,3-Butanedlol-Ethanol ievo-2,3-Butanedloi-Ethyiene
Solutions (32) Glycol Solutions (32)
Table 7.60: Freezing Points of Aqueous Table 7.61 : Freezing Points of Aqueous
ievo-2,3-Butanedioi- ievo-2,3-Butanedioi-
Methanol Solutions (32) Tetrahydrofurfuryi Alcohol
Solutions (32)
384 Industrial Solvents Handbook
%LEVO-O,I-WTANEMOL
Table 7.64: Kinematic Viscosity of 60% levo-2,3- Table 7.65: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous
Butanediol, Glycerol and Ethylene levo-2,3-Butanediol-Ethanol
Glycol Solutions at Low Temperatures (32) Solutions at 20°C, Expressed
in Centistokes (32)
Temp., 'C.
Polyhydric Alcohols 385
Table 7.66: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo- Table 7.67: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-
2,3-Butanediol-Methanol Solutions at 2,3-Butanediol-Ethylene Glycol
20"C, Expressed in Centistokes (32) Solutions in 20"C, Expressed in
Centistokes (32)
Table 7.68: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo- Table 7.69: Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous
2,3-Butanediol-Tetrahydrofurfuryi Solutions of Ethylene Glycol,
Alcohol Solutions at 20"C, Expressed levo-2,3-Butanediol, meso-dextro-
in Centistokes (32) 2,3-Butanediol and Glycerol at
20°C (32)
386 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 7.70: Optical Rotatory Power of Aqueous Table 7.71: Effects of Concentratlon and
ievo-2,3-Butanedlol Solutions Temperature on the Specific
at 20°C (32) Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo-
2,3-Butanedlol Solutions (32)
Table 7.72: Refractive indices of Aqueous levo- Table 7.73: Refractive Indices of Aqueous
2,3-Butanediol Solutions at Solutions of meso- and levo-
Different Temperatures (32) 2,3-Butanediol at 25°C (32)
Temperature, 'C
Diol, %
20 25 30 35
% Butanedid
Polyhydric Alcohols 387
Table 7.74: Specific Gravity of Aqueous levo- Table 7.75: Specific Gravity of Aqueous meso-
2,3-Butanediol Solutions at 2,3-Butanediol Solutions at
20°, 30", and 40°C (32) 20°, 30",and 40°C (32)
% meso 2.3-BUTANEDIOL
Table 7.76: Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of ievo-2,3-Butanediol and Ethylene Glycol (32)
388 Industrial Solvents Handbook
BUTANEDIOLS
Table 7.78: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C, in Centistokes 132)
2-BUTENE-l,4-DIOL
HOCH2CH=CHCH20H
Purified 2-Butyne-1,l-Diol
Crystal structure
system Orthorhombic
principal forms Basal pinacoids and p r i s m s with
crystals flattened parallel to
the basal pinacoids
1$-PENTANEDIOL
Pentomethylene Glycol HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH20H
Table 7.82: Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 13- Table 7.83: Specific Gravity of Aqueous 13-
Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and
40°C (32) 40°C (32)
1.100
1.800 1.010
L.04 1.000
8
1.000 E o.ss0
s "
Y
:
0.W
O to 40 SO 80 m
O.tW &
. I.*- P C l 1 A l l C O I O L
i.wo
2,4-PENTANEDIOL
Amylene G l y c o l
NEOPENTYLGLYCOL CHI
I
"NPG" G l y c o l HO-CH2-C-CH2-OH
2,2-Dirnethyl-l,3-Propanediol I
CHI
Table 7.85: Physical Properties of Neopentyi Glycol (41)
Solubility, g.1100 g of
Solvent, at
PENTANEDIOLS
Table 7.86: Klnemal.; Viscosity o Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40"C, in Centistokes (32)
1,2-Pentanediol I 1.5-Pentanediol
Viscosity Viscosity
Glycol, % Glycol, %
20" C 40' C 20' C 40' C
Table 7.87: Refractive Indices of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)
1,2-Pentanediol 1.5-Pentanediol
116-HEXANEDIOL
CH20HCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
2$-HEXANEDIOL
CH3CHOHCH2CH2CHOHCH3
HEXYLENE GLYCOL
2-Methyl-2,4- Pcntomdiol
Methyl Amylene Glycol
Diacetont Glycol
Color, Pt-Co (Haze@ standard 15. m u . Flarh point,, Cleveland open cup 210. P
ais' F
Critical propertier, P. 499 psia
T. 1221. R Freezing point Becomer damirolld at -40. C
V. 6.78 W m o l e without cryrtdline fornutlon
(continued)
Polyhydric Alcohols 393
Table 7.91: Freezing Points of Hexylene Table 7.92: Specific Gravity and Freezing
Glycol-Water Mixtures (32) Point of Hexylene Glycoi-
Water Mixtures (74)
PINACOL
Pinacone
2,3- Dimethy 1-2,3- Butanediol
Tetramethylethylene Glycol HOC(CH3)2 * C(CH3)20H
The Hexahydrate
HO C H ~ C ( C ~ H Z ~ ) ~ C H ~ O H
CH3 CH
H' ~ H , O HHOH& \H
cis-isomer trans-isomer
(continued)
396 Industrial Solvents Handbook
50 0.505 0.648
100 0.553 0.716
150 0.609 0.794
200 0.669 0.877
c i s ieomer 457
t r a m isomer 451
75 1421.6 6568
100 478.1 2209
125 183.4 847
Polyhydric Alcohols 397
p-XYLYLENE GLYCOL
w ,w'-Dihydroxy-p-Xylene
2-ETHYL-2-BUTYL-l,3-PROPANEDIOL
HOCHzC(C2 Hg)(CqHg)CH20 H
3,6-DIMETHY L-4-OCTYNE-3,6-DIOL
CH3 CH 3
I I
Dimethyl Octynediol CH, - CH, - C - C= C - C - CH, - CH,
I I
OH OH
THIODIGLYCOL
Acidity 1.0 mg. KOH/g. sample, IWL. Heat of vaporization at 1 atm. 235 Btu/lb.
Boiling point at 160 mm. Hg 283. C Molecular weight 122.19
50 mm. Hg 194' C
Refractive index at 20' C n, 1.5217
A Boiling point/A p 0.055. C/mm. Hg
Specific gravity 1.1841
Color (PI-Co) 200 max.
A Sp. Gr./A t 0.00012
Coefficient of expansion at 55. C 0.00061/* c
Vapor pressure at 20. C Less than 0.01 mm. Hg
Flash point (open cup) 320. F
Viscosity at 20. C 65.2 cp.
Freezing point -10. c
Weight per gallin a t 20' C 9.85 lb.
a t 15.56' c 9.88 lb.
1000
BOO
000
700
000
SO0
00
aoo
100
100
90
00
70
00
SO
40
SO
to
IO
too 2- so0
Polyhydric Alcohols 399
MISCELLANEOUS GLYCOLS
Glycol Hydrate
Number Skeletal
of c Name Structural M.p.
Atoms Formula (' C )
noI on
I
6 Pinacol c-c-c-c 41.4 41.25 1
I 1
c c
no on
I 1
6 Pinacol c-c-c-c 41.4 46.5
I 1
c c
noI yi
8 2,5-DImethyl-2,5- 92 41 -2
hexanediol c-c-c-c-c-c
I
c c
no on
9 2,6-Dimethyl-2,6- I I 76-71 60-61 1
heptanediol
c-c-c-c-c-c-c
I I
C C
no on
10 2,7-Dimethyl-2,7- I I 92 59 2
octanediol
c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c
I I
C C
no on
13 2,10-Dimethyl- I I 61
c-c-ccccccc-
2,lO-undecanediol
:: F-C c
no on
14 2,ll-Dimethyl- I I 61.5
C-~-CCCCCCCC~-C
2,ll-dodecanediol
t5HZ 0 (50% H1 0)has been assigned. The maximum of the very flat freezing point curve has been found a t 55% Hi 0, no
formula being assigned. This composition agrees excellently with 6Ht 0 which requires 54.5% Ha 0.
400 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Glycol Hydrate
Number Skeletal
M.p. n in
of c Name Structural
Atoms Formula c C) R(OH)a x nHIO
10
trans-Octa-
hydroindan-8.9-
diol
trans-hcahydro-
naphthalene-9,lO-
cb on
73-4
96
---
80-5
0.5 to 1.0
1.0?
diol
cis-Decahydro-
10 naphthalene-9,lO- 89.5 --_ Unknown
ciol
10 trans-p-Menth-
8 (9) -ene-l,Z-diol 73 60 3
-
c i s -p Menth-
10 8 (9) -ene- 71-2 __- 0
1.2-diol J
HO
cis( 7)-p-Menth-
10 53-4 21 37
l ( 2 ) -ene-3.6-diol
cQ-( on
10 cis-Terpin1 105 121 1
cw
10 trans-Terpin$ 156-8 ___ 0
p-Menthane-2.5-
10 88-9 58-9 3
diol
HO
10
p-Menthane-I,Z-
diol cm
no
no'
89 52 3 0 1
p- Menthane -2,8 -
diol (neoiso-
10 93-4 65-15 Unknown
dihydrocarveol
hydrate) / HO
- . no
(continued )
Polyhydric Alcohols 401
Glycol Hydrate
(+)-Carene-p-
glycol or 3,4-
Carane-diol
(--2,3- 90 -9 1 15 1
10
dihydroxy -3,7,7-
trimethyl- HO
bicyclo-0,1,4- HO
heptane)
HO HO
14
-
is0 (*)-Hydro-
PhCHOHCHOHPh 12 1 96 Unknown
benzoin
3,3'-Dihydroxy-
3,3'-diphenyl- 164 125-30 1813
29
2,2' - s o -
biindan
3,3'-Dihydroxy-
3.3' -dibenzyl-
31 169 134 3
2.2 ' -spire-
biindan
cr-9-2.2'-
38 Diphenylbenzo- 175 ___ 1
pinacol
p -5-2.2'-
38 Diphenyl- 152-8 __- 1
benzopinacol
Table 7.105: Freezing Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Solutions (42)
Table 7.106: Freezing Points of Various Aqueous Glycol Solutions, "C (32)
Glycol,
1.2-
Pro-
1.3-
Pro-
1,2-
Bu-
1.3-
Bu-
I.:! 1,4-
Bu-
1.2-
Pen-
1,5-
Pen-
% pane- pane- tane- tane- tane-
Bu- tane- tane- tane-
diol diol diol diol diol diol diol diol
Table 7.107: Freezing Points of Various Aqueous Alcohols, Glycols and Glycerol (32)
10 -6.3 -6.46 -4.5 -4.49 -3.6 -3.33 -2.0 -2.25 -3.1 -2.30
20 -15.3 -14.5 -10.5 -10.1 -8.3 -8.27 -5.2 -5.05 -7.1 -5.11
30 -26.3 -24.9 -20.0 -17.3 -14.7 -12.9 -9.9 -8.67 -12.4 -8.85
40 -39.7 -38.8 -29.4 -27.0 -23.5 -20.0 -15.9 -12.0 -19.4 -14.3
50 -55.2 -58.1 -31.0 -40.4 -35.0 -30.0 -24.6 -20.2 -29.6 -20.7
I I 1 I I I
- 170
-150
-139
-110
-90
- 70
-TO
-10
-10
Table 7.1 10: Surface Tension of Glycol-Water Table 7.111: Vapor Pressure of Glycols (74)
Systems (14)
Table 7.112: Viscosity of Glycols (32) Table 7.1 13: Water Absorption by Glycols as a
Function of Time (14)
700
I L I\ 1 I I I I I I I
m 1 l \ I \ I I I I I I I I
\ i \ l i I I I ! ! 1
! l \ l \ l I ! I I i I I
1.100
1010
0 5 IO I5 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO
TIME IN HOURS
Table 7.114: Water Absorption by Glycols as a Table 7.1 15: Refractive Index, Specific Gravity,
Function of Relative and Boiling Point Measurements
Humidity (14) of Various Glycols (32)
'Authors' observations.
$As cited in the fifth and earlier editions of Getman and Daniels' h t l i n e s
of Physical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1931.
Polyhydric Alcohols 405
<
>
--
I = Insoluble
Less Than
Greater Than
Ethylene
Glycol
Diethyl
ene
Gl~ml
ethyl-
ene
Glvml
Tetra
ethylene
Glycd
Propyl.
ene
Glycol
Propyl.
ene
Glycd
Propyl.
ene
Glycol
Benzene ......................... 5.7 31.3 S S 19.2 S S
Carbon Tetrachloride’ . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 26.2 33.6 62 23.4 S S
Dibutyl Phthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 10.6 16.5 S 8.1 S S
Dichloroethyl Ether’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6 S S S 37.1 S S
Diethanolaymne’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S S S S S S
DOWANOL‘ PM GI col Ether’ .... S S S S S S S
DOWANOL’ DPM lilycol Ether’ . . . S S S S S S S
Ethyl Alcohol.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S S S S S S
Ethyl Ether.. ..................... 8.2 16.3 16.9 20 S S S
Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S S S S S S
Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol . . . . . . . . . . S S S S S S S
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone . . . . . . . . . . . 12 S S S S S S
Monochlorobenzene’ . . . . . . . . . .. . . 57 S S S 22.5 S S
Monoelhanolamine’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S S S S S S S
ortho-Dichlorobenzene’ ........ ... 4.5 48.4 S S 19.4 S S
Perchloroethylene’ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 07 10 7 15.0 19.0 14.5 S S
Phenol’ ....................... . . . S S S S S S S
Styrene’ ...................... ... 3.4 36 S S 15 S S
Toluene, ...................... ... 2.9 17.2 24.8 89 12.3 S S
Urea .......................... ... 48 30 37 28 29 12 10
Castor Oil ........................ 1 <0.5 <0.5 <1 0.8 S S
Coconut Oil ...................... 1 1 1 <l 1 1 3
Cottonseed Oil ................... 1 1 1 <1 1 1 <1
Hydrous Wool Fat ................ <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1 1 10.5 <0.5 <I
Lard Oil .......................... 1 1 1 <1 1 1 <1
Linseed Oil . . ............ 1 1 1 <1 1 1.4 2.5
Oiticica Oil . . . <1 <1 <1 <1 <l <l <1
Olive Oil ..... 1 1 1 <1 1 0.7 1.5
Pine Oil .......................... S S S S S S S
Soya Bean Oil.. .................. 1 1 1 (1 1 1 <1
Sperm O i l . . ...................... 1 1 1 <1 1 1 <1
Tall Oil .......................... <1 <1 <1 <1 <l S S
Tung Oil ......................... 1 1 1 <1 1 1 <1
Turkey Red Oil ................... <1 <12 12 12 <lZ 32 4‘
Paraffin Oil ...................... 1 1 1 <1 1 1 <1
SA€ No. 10 Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 <1 1 1 <1
VMP Naphtha .................... <1 <1 <l 1 1 10 14
Anlmal Glue (Dry) ................ <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1 C0.5 <OS c1
Dextrin ......................... <l <1 <l <1 <1 <l <1
Gum Damar.. .................... C0.5 <0.5 <OS <1 <0.5 <OS <1
Kauri Gum ....................... <OS <OS <0.5 > 16’ <5 (5 116’
Sudan 111 ........................ C0.5 C0.5 C0.5 <1 (0.5 <0.5 <1
Shellac .......................... <0.5 <0.5 C0.5 <1 C0.5 <0.5 <1
‘Product 01 The Dow Chemical Company
‘Forms Slable @mulrionlrom lhis concenlrelu ,” IO tM)%
’Becomes loo VISCOUS lo slli beyond 16%
‘Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company
Table 7.1 17: Effect of Various Glycols on Synthetic Rubber Samples-Results Reported
as % Volume and % Weight Increase (23)
Glycd
x x x x x x x x
Vd Wt Vol wt Vol wt VOl wt
3 Days lmmrrrlon
Ethylene ............. -.2 - .2 -.l -.5 .5 .2 .2 .2
Diethylene ........... -.12 - .2 - .1 - .5 .3 .O .1 .o
Triethylene ........... .1 - - .1 -.l -.5 .5 .1 .3 .l
Propylene ............ -.2 - .2 .l -3 .3 .O .2 .o
Dipropylene .......... .1 - - .2 .o -.5 .3 -.l .1 ,l
10 Day8 Immrrrlon
Ethylene ............. -.2 -2 -.3 -.7 .3 .2 .3 .5
Diethylene ........... -.3 - .3 - .2 - .8 .3 .O -.2 .o
Triethylene ........... .O - .1 -.l -.6 .6 .3 .a .l
Propylene ............ .l - - .2
.1 - .3 - .7 .o -.l -.l .o
Dipropylene . . . . . . . . . . .l -.l -.6 .l -.2 .o .1
406 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Rel8tiv8 Humiditia
Ternp.r8turr Glvd
of Air'F 10% 20% 30% 40% m8ox 70% e
m 90%
Ethylene 97.5 93.4 89.3 85.7 82 78 72 63 48
Diethylene 97.8 95.1 92.0 89.0 86 83 78 68 52
20 Triethylene 98.5 96.8 94.0 91.1 89 83 78 66 51
(-6.7'C) Propylene 96.8 91.4 90.0 84.6 77 73 68 55 40
Dipropylene 98.5 97.0 95.1 92.6 89 85 79 67 51
Ethylene 97.3 93.2 89.1 65.4 82 76 69 80 42
Diethylene 97.7 95.0 92.0 89.0 86 82 77 67 50
40 Triethylene 98.4 96.5 93.8 91.0 88 83 77 65 51
(4.4'C) Propylene 97.0 92.3 90.2 85.2 78 74 68 55 40
Dipropylene 98.4 96.9 95.0 92.5 89 85 79 67 51
Ethylene 97.1 93.0 88.9 85.0 81 75 86 57 37
Diethylene 97.7 95.0 92.0 89.0 86 82 78 68 48
60 Triethylene 98.2 96.2 93.6 90.8 86 82 77 65 50
(15.6' C) Propylene 97.1 92.9 90.4 85.8 80 74 88 55 40
Dipropylene 98.4 96.8 94.8 92.4 89 85 79 67 51
Ethylene 96.8 92.8 88.8 84.7 80 73 84 55 36
Diethylene 97.6 94.9 92.0 89.0 85 81 75 85 47
80 Triethylene 98.1 96.0 93.4 90.7 85 82 76 64 50
(26.7'C) Propylene 97.1 93.5 90.5 86.3 81 75 88 55 40
Dipropylene 98.3 96.7 94.7 92.3 89 85 79 67 51
EthyIene 96.6 92.7 88.4 84.3 79 72 83 53 35
Diethylene 97.6 94.8 92.0 89.0 85 81 74 64 46
100 Triethylene 98.0 95.7 93.2 90.6 84 82 76 64 49
(37.8'C) Propylene 97.2 93.9 90.6 86.8 82 75 88 55 40
Dipropylene 98.3 96.6 94.8 92.1 89 85 79 67 51
Ethylene 96.4 92.5 88.2 84.0 78 71 62 51 34
Diethylene 97.6 94.8 92.0 89.0 85 80 73 63 45
120 Triethylene 97.8 95.4 93.0 90.5 83 82 75 63 49
(48.9' C) Propylene 97.2 94.3 90.7 86.7 83 78 88 55 40
Dipropylene 98.2 96.5 94.5 92.0 89 85 79 67 51
Polyhydric Alcohols 407
apBJ6!lUe3see~6ea
._
m
c
e
JZ
LL
ul
em
0"
..
(u
el
c
9)
C
L
al
Ba
Y
E
ai3
n s
408 Industrial Solvents Handbook
w
0
(RS
-
..
(D
(u
T:
yc
c ..
OD
(u
T:
yc
-al
n
z
(R
¶
0
al
zi3
as
..
..
yc
v) (u
(u c
T:
yc
Polyhydric Alcohols 409
-
0
*
0
is
c
8
is
.. s
a
..
T
r- s
U
c
-
0
*
0
is
.. 8
..
m
(Y
T:
r-
410 Industrial Solvents Handbook
ol
d
a
n
0
..
..
m
m
T:
IC
0
..
(v
m
T:
IC
Polyhydric Alcohols 41 1
412 Industrial Solvents Handbook
r
0
"
Polyhydric Alcohols 413
414 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 7.141 : Viscosities of Aqueous Trlethylene Glycol 'able 7.142: Viscosltles of Aqueous Tetra-
Solutions (23) ethylene Glycol Solutions (23)
Degrees Centigrade
10 50 10 90
Imo -I?
c m ' I I
6M
02 I 1
Table 7.143: Viscosities of Aqueous Propylene Table 7.144: Viscosities of Aqueous Dlpropyiene
Glycol Solutlons (23) Glycol Solutions (23)
Degrees Centigrade Degrees Centiarade
Jrm 3om
m Zm,
lm Im,
Do Do
UD UD
400 4m
100 300
200 200
tm
M
m
40
30
20 r:
.- 20
r:
.- 0
0 10 ,o 10
Y)
8 5 8
5 6 6
4 4
3 3
2 2
I 1
08 08
01 06
04 04
03 03
Table 7.165: Conversion Chart for Aqueous Tripropylene Glycol Solutions (23)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 06
Weight Percent Glycol
Table 7.166: Freeze Points and Burst Points of Aqueous Solutions (23)
- DEG
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Weight % Glycol
Note: It should be remembered that the freezing points are the temperatures at which the first crystals form,
and that even below these temperatures, a slushy solution exists which will still flow.
Polyhydric Alcohols 423
Registered Trademarks I
Teflon@,KalrezO. Nylonm Registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Neumois
Neoprene. TefzeP, Viton Am Registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Neumols
Chemraz9 Registered trademark of Green, Tweed & Co.. Inc.
Buna-Ne Registered trademark of Mobay Corporation
Hastelloy Be. Hastelloy C@ Registered trademark of Cabot Corporation
Inconel". MoneP Reglstered trademark of Inco Alloys International
Fluorel*, Kel-P Reglstered trademark of 3-MCorporation
Nolylm Registered trademark of General Electric Co.
Rflonm Registered trademark of Phillips Petroleum Corp.
KYn@ Registered trademark of Pennwalt Corporation
426 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Polyhydric Alcohols 427
I-
428 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Polyhydric Alcohols 429
430 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Glycol
Ethylene............................... ... .... ...................6.1
Diethylene......................................................16.6
Triethylene .................................. . ........ ...........22.0
Tetraethylene..................................................32.8
Propylene....................... ................................33.7
Dipropylene............................... ......... ............14.8
Tripropylene....................................................,......3.0t
tLargest dose survived by all rats tested: 10.0 gmkg resuiled in Me death of all
the rats tested.
Biodegradation
Glycol ThOD2 BOD3- 20 Day
I Ethylene Glycol 1.29p/p* 1.15plp 1
I DiethyleneGlycol 1.51 0.88 I
I Triethylene Glycol ' 1.60 0.27 I
I Tetraethylene Glycol 1.65 0.71 I
I PropyleneGIVCOI 1.68 1.45 I
I Dipropvlene Glvcol 1.91 0.71 1
Tripropylene Glycol 1.38 -
Polyhydric Alcohols 431
Speclflcatlons are subject to change. This section is intended for comparison use only. Please contact
your sales representative or Technical Service for the current sales specification.
Physical Properties
AutoignitionTemperature, OC 393.9
Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg, OC 207.5
Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg, OF 405.5
Critical Pressure, atmaspheres 49.4
Critical Temperature, OC 370.0
Evaporation Rate (BuAc = 1) Nil
Flash Point, Tag Open Cup, OF 250
Tag Closed Cup, OF 228
Freezing Point, OC -50
Heat of Combustion, kcaVmole at
constant volume 594.7
Heat of Vaporization, btwb at
nom1boiling point 279
Hygroscopicity, water absorbed in
144 hours, 25-2WC
at 81 percent relative
humdjty,wt% 38.5
at 47 percent relative
humidi,wt% 12.5
at 20 percent relative
humidty,wt% 4.3
Molecular Weight 90.12
Refractive Index n g 1.4412
Solubility at 20°C,wt %
in alcohd, ether, water Complete
Specific Gravity, 20/2OOC 1.005
Specific Heat of Liquid, b t m F
at 6WF 0.505
Sutface Tension in Air at 25%.
dynes/cm 37.80
Vapor Density (air = 1) 3.20
Vapor Pressure, 20%. mm Hg 0.06
Viscosity at 25OC, centipoise 103.9
Weight, pounds per gallon
at 20% ( 6 8 O F ) 8.37
Triethylene Glycol
(TEG)
Synonyms for trieihylene gly-
col include: 1.2-bis (hydrox-
yethoxy) ethane, 3.6-dioxaoc-
tane- 1,8-diol, iriglycol, and
2,2-ethylenedioxydiethanol.
434 Industrial Solvents Handbook
GLYCEROL (GLYCERINE)
Table 7.190: Boiling Points and Specific Gravities of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions (23)
J
E
maoy
mg
2608
2 s
k:
9JfJ c
m:
180
"b
IO
120 P
md
0 l 0 m 3 0 4 0 5 0 s u M 8 0 W ~
SLICEO*E.w3ll ERENl
Table 7.19 Converslon Chart for Aqueous Glycerol Solutions (25°C) (23)
Polyhydric Alcohols 435
Table 7.192: Density of Glycerol-Water (23)
-- -- -- - -- -- -
51 1.13I50 1.13125 1.12905 1.12650 1.12380 1
0
1.00155 1.00145
0.99913 0.99905
1.ooobcl
0.99823
0.99945
0.99708
0.99800
0.99568
436 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 7.193: Freezing Points of Glycerol-Water Solutions 123)
"C. "F
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 a0 'N, 100
Glyccrtrl - Te ierature
- -
% WI. 0 10 20 30 -
40 - 50 6n 70 I xo 90
0’ I .79 I .3nx 1.005 0.XOOi 0.65(Xl 0.5494 0 . 4 ~ 0.4061 0.3565 0.3 105 0.2x3x
10 2.44 I .74 1.31 1.03 0.826 0.w 0.575 0.500 - - -
20 3.44 2.4 I 1.76 1.35 I .07 0.879 0.731 0.635 - - -
30 5.14 3.49 2.50 I.X7 I .46 1.16 0.956 O.XI6 0.690 - -
40 8.25 5.37 3.72 2.72 2.07 I .62 1.30 1119 0.91~ 0.763 0.668
50 14.6 9.01 6.00 4.21 3.10 2.37 I .86 1.53 1.25 I .05 0.910
60 29.9 17.4 10.8 7.19 5.08 3.76 2.85 2.29 1.84 1.52 I .28
65 45.7 25.3 15.2 9.85 6.80 4.89 3.66 2.91 2.28 I .86 1.55
67 55.5 29.9 17.7 11.3 7.73 5.50 4.09 3.23 2.50 2.03 I .a
70 76 38.8 22.5 14.1 9.40 6.61 4.86 3.78 2.911 2.34 1.93
75 132 65.2 35.5 21.2 13.6 9.25 6.61 5.01 3.80 3.00 2.43
80 255 116 60.1 33.9 20.8 13.6 9.42 6.94 5.13 4.03 3.18
85 540 223 109 58 33.5 21.2 14.2 10.0 7.28 5.52 4.24
90 1310 498 219 109 60.0 35.5 22.5 15.5 11.0 7.93 6.00
91 1590 592 259 127 68.1 39.8 25.1 17.1 11.9 8.62 6.40
92 1950 729 310 147 78.3 44.8 28.0 19.0 13.1 9.46 6.82
93 2400 860 367 172 89 51.5 31.6 21.2 14.4 10.3 7.54
94 2930 1040 437 202 05 58.4 35.4 23.6 15.8 11.2 8.19
95 3690 1270 523 237 21 67.0 39.9 26.4 17.5 12.4 9.08
96 4600 I 580 624 281 42 77.8 45.4 29.7 .19.6 13.6 10.1
97 5770 1950 765 340 66 88.9 51.9 33.6 21.9 15.1 10.9
98 7370 2460 939 409 96 104 59.8 38.5 24.8 17.0 12.2
-- -
Inn
9 9420
2070
3090
3900
ti511
1410
500
612
---
r35
!84
122
142
69.1
81.3
43.6
50.6
*Viscosityof wter taken from “Properties of Ordinary Water-Substance:’N.E. Dorsey, p. 184. New York (1940)
27.8
31.9
--
19.o
21.3
13.3
14.8
438 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 7.196: Hygroscopicity Curves for Glycerol Table 7.1 97: Hygroscopicity Curves for Glycerol
and 1,3-Butylene Glycol (42) and 2,3-Butylene Glycol (42)
jl
40
15
IS
T
CP GLYCERINE
2,34UTYLENE GLYCOL
nwRs
50 100 I50 200 250 3M) 350 400 450
HOURS
Table 7.198: Relatlve Humidities Over Aqueous Glycerol Solutions, 20" to 100°C (23)
Polyhydric Alcohols 439
Table 7.199: Solubility of Sucrose and Dextrose in Aqueous Glycerol at 15", 24", and 35°C (32)
Solubility in
Glycerol
Substance Concentration Temperature P a r t s per
% Weight 'C 100 Parts
of Solvent
Alum t 15 40
Ammonium carbonate t 15 20
Ammonium chloride t 15 20.06
Atropine t 15 3
Benzoic acid 98.5 -- 2
Boric acid 98.5 20 24.80
Calcium hydroxide 35 25 1.3
Calcium hypophosphite 99.04 20 2.5
Calcium sulfate t 15 5.11
Codeine hydrochloride 99.04 20 11.1
Ethyl ether 99.04 20 0.65
Ferrous sulfate t 15 25
Guaiacol 99.04 20 13.1
Iodine t 15 2
Iodoform 95 15 0.12
Iron and potassium tartrate t 15 8
Iron lactate t 15 16
Morphine acetate t 15 20
Novocaine 99.04 20 11.2
Phenacetin 99.04 20 0.41
Phenol 99.04 20 216.4
Potassium iodide t 15 39.12
Quinine sulfate 98.5 -- 1.32
Sallcin t 15 12.5
Sodium bicarbonate t 15 8.08
Sodium carbonate (crystals) t 15 98.3
Sodium tetraborate (borax) t 15 60
Tannic acid t 15 48.8
Tartar emetic t 15 5.5
Urea t 15 50
Zinc chloride t 15 49.81
zinc iodide t 15 39.18
Apparent
.. Specific Gravitv Apparent Specific Gravity
Glycerol Glycerol
15/15' C 15.5/15.5* C 20/20' C 25/25. C 15/15' C 15.5/15.5' C 20/20' C 25/25' C
Per Cent Per Cent
100 1.26557 1.26532 1.26362 1.26201 50 1.12985 1.12910 1.12845 1.12120
99 1.26300 1.26215 1.26105 1.25945 49 1.12710 1.12695 1.12510 1.12450
98 1.26045 1.26020 1.25845 1.25685 48 1.12440 1.12425 1.12300 1.12185
97 1.25785 1.25760 1.25585 1.25425 41 1.12165 1.12 150 1.12030 1.11915
96 1.25525 1.25500 1.25330 1.25165 46 1.11890 1.11880 1.11160 1.1 1650
95 1.25210 1.25245 1.25075 1.24910 45 1.11620 1.11605 1.11490 1.11380
94 1.25005 1.24980 1.24810 1.24645 44 1.11345 1.11335 1.11220 1.11115
93 1.24740 1.24115 1.24545 1.2 4380 43 1.11015 1.11060 1.10950 1.10845
92 1.24415 1.24450 1.24280 1.24115 42 1.10800 1.10790 1.10680 1.10515
91 1.24210 1.24185 1.24020 1.23850 41 1.10525 1.10515 1.10410 1.10310
90 1.23950 1.23920 1.23755 1.23585 40 1.10255 1.10245 1.10135 1.10040
89 1.23680 1.23655 1.23490 1.23320 39 1.09965 1.09975 1.09870 1.09775
88 1.23415 1.23390 1.23220 1.23055 38 1.09715 1.09705 1.09605 1.09510
87 1.23150 1.23120 1.22955 1.22190 37 1.09445 1.09435 1.09335 1.09245
86 1.22885 1.22855 1.22690 1.22520 36 1.09175 1.09165 1.09070 1.08980
85 1.22620 1.22590 1.22420 1.22255 35 1.08905 1.08895 1.08805 1.08115
84 1.22355 1.22325 1.22155 1.21990 34 1.08635 1.08625 1.08535 1.08455
83 1.22090 1.22055 1.21890 1.21120 33 1.08365 1.08355 1.08210 1.08190
82 1.21820 1.21190 1.21620 1.21 455 32 1.08100 1.08085 1.08005 1.07925
81 1.21555 1.21525 1.21355 1.21 190 31 1.07830 1.01815 1.01135 1.07660
80 1.21290 1.21260 1.21090 1.20925 30 1.07560 1.01545 1.07 410 1.01395
I9 1.21015 1.20985 1.20815 1.20655 29 1.07295 1.01285 1.07210 1.01135
18 1.20140 1.20110 1.20540 1.20380 28 1.01035 1.01025 1.06350 1.06880
77 1.20465 1.20440 1.20210 1.20110 21 1.06170 1.06160 1.06690 1.06625
16 1.20 190 1.20165 1.19995 1.19840 26 1.06510 1.06500 1.06435 1.06310
15 1.19915 1.19890 1.19120 1.19565 25 1.06250 1.06240 1.06115 1.061 15
14 1.19640 1.19615 1.19450 1.19295 24 1.05985 1.05980 1,05915 1.05860
13 1.19365 1.19340 1.19:15 1.19025 23 1.05125 1.05715 1.05655 1.05605
72 1.19090 1.19070 1.18900 1.18155 22 1.05460 1.05455 1.05400 1.05350
I1 1.18815 1.18195 1.18630 1.18480 21 1.05200 1.05195 1.05140 1.05095
Table 7.202: Speclflc Gravities of Glycerol and Table 7.203: Speciflc Heat of Glycerol (23)
Glycol Mixtures (23)
COMPARATIVE DATA
SPECIFICATIONS
specific Residue Heavy Chlonnated Fatty
Gravity Color on Chloride Sulfate Arsenic Metals Compounds Acids Readily
Giycerol 25/25"C APHA Ignition PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM and C&CX+
___ _ %. min
_______min max PPM,m% rnax
__ -max mar max max Esters2 izable
EMERY@912 96% CP/USP 96 251 2ot
100 10 20 15 5 30 10 3
Glycerine - _I___
Glycerine
(Ivorydale Production)
SlrperoP starm
Glycerine-U.S.P. Glycerine-U.S.P.
Food Grade Food Grade
Arsenic (as Asd 0.00015%or 1.5 om max 0.00015% or 1.5 ppm mox
Heavy Metals (as Pb) 0.0005% or 5 ppm max 0.0005% or 5 ppm mox
Fatty Adds and Esters Not more h n 03 ml. Not more h n 0.3 ml.
H/2 NaOH is absorbed N/2 NoOH is absorbed
by 50 g of glycerine, by 50 g of glycerine,
witid is equivalent to whim is equivalent IO
0.009% 01 Nolo, 0.009% os Na20,
I
~- ~- SPECIFICATIONS**
RESIDUE HEAVY CHLORINATED
PLYCERINE DESCRIPTION SPECIFIC ON IGNITION CHLORIDE SULFATE ARSENIC METALS COMPOUNDS X SAP F A T N ACIDS
ICTFA AWPTEDNAMEI GRAVITY COLOR ppm l 0 P V 2
O m 1.5Qpn SPW 3Owm EQUIVALENT AND
PRODUCT" CASNUMBER 25/25'C,MIN MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX ESTERS'..
I
Kemstrene 99.7%USP 1.2612 IOAPHA 70 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass
99.7% USP (Glycerinel
56-81-5
Kemstrene 96.0% USP I 25 I65 70 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass pass
96.0% USP (Glycerinel
56- 6 1-5
0.05 Pass
1,2,6-HEXANETRIOL
HOC H2CHO H(CH2)3CH20 H
(I) Observed
(11) Theoretical, without hydration
(Ill) Theoretical, with complete hydration
10 0.977 -2.5
20 - 1.37 _ _ -4.5
30 - 2.01 -7.0
50 5.06 -15.5
Polyhydric Alcohols 447
TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE
2,2-Dihydroxymethyl-l -Butanol
E thy1 Tri methylot methane
TMP
PENTAERYTHRITOL
Tetramethy lo1methane
PE
SORBITOL
d-Sorbi to1
Sorbi t
C H20H(C HO H)4CH20H
Sorbol
d-Glucitol
x SOLIDS
Polyhydric Alcohols 449
Table 7.221: Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol and Glycerol at a Hydrogen Pressure of 2,000 psi (32)
0 50 700 I50 200 250 300 350 4 0 0 450 500 550 SOC'
MlNU TES
Table 7.222: Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol at 215°C and a Hydrogen Pressure of 2,000 psi (32)
Table 7.223: Phase Diagram of Sorbitol Solubility Table 7.224: Solubility of Sorbitol in Hydro-
in Hydroalcoholic Liquids alcoholic Liquids at 25°C (38)
at 25°C (38)
'001
Table 7.225: Viscosity Curve for Pure d-Sorbitol Solutions of Various Concentrations (38)
Polyhydric Alcohols 451
SUGAR ALCOHOLS
Heat of
optical combustion,
Melting activity constant
point, in H,O, Solubility, volume,
Sugar alcohol "C IaIY g/lOO g HIOI kcal/mole
tetritols
erythritol 120 mesO 61 5 499.9(941
o-threitol 88 5-90 +4.3 very soluble
rAhreito1 88 5-90 -4.3
D,bthreitol 69-70
pentitola
ribitol 1 02 meso very soluble
xylitol 61-61 5 meso 179
(meta-
stable)
99-94 5
(stablej
D-arabitol 103 + 131. very soluble
icarabitol 102-103 - 130" 611 7(124)
hexitoh
allitol 155 meso very soluble
dulcitol 189 mea0 3.2(15"C) 720.3(94)
sorbitol (0-glucitol) 90.4-91.8
(me&
stable)
!% 7-97 7 -1.98 235 723.5(6)
(stable)
L-glucitol 89-91 f1.7
D,lrglucitol 135-137
D-mannitol 166 -0.2 21.3 722.1(6)
L-mannitol 162-163
D,L-mannitol 168
D-talitol 88-89 +3.2 very soluble
L-talitol 87-83 -2.9
D.L-tAlitol 95-96
o-iditol 73.5 +3.5
Liditol 75.7-76.7 -3.5
heptitols
glycero-pulo-heptitol 129 rneso very soluble
D-glyCero-D-ldo-heptitOl 129 +0.7 very soluble
perseitol 187 -1.1 7.4(18"C) 835.8(124)
volemitol 153 +2.15 ??.2(14"c)
octitol
D-erylhro-D-ga/ado-
octibl 169-l i 0 -11'
a In aqueous molybdic acid (46).
* In 5% aqueous ammonium molybdate (27).
' A t 25°C unless otherwise indicated.
452 Industrial Solvents Handbook
~~
Alcohol Hvdrate
Number Skeletal M. p. M. p. n in
of c Name Structural
('C) ( 'C) H(0H). nHaO
Atoms Formuli
A. Trihydric Alcohols
OH
6
- (or G ) - P h l o r o -
(Y
185 115 2
glucitol
4( 1,2-Dihydroxy-
9 n-propyl)-e- 63 31
hexanol
10
p-Menthane-
i,4.8-triol HO c>(=sr( OH OH
110-112 96
Z(2.3 -Dihydroxy-
13 -
n-propyl) -2- ---
hydroxy camphane
B. Tetrahydric Alcohols
6
cycloHexane-l,2, --- 195 1
4.5-tetrol
+
z
J
HO !OH
6
-
M o H e x a n e 1.2, 242
4.5-tetrol "
o b
; OH ?
A dimethylether
8 230
of a n inositol
10
-
trans( ?)-p-
Menthane-l,2,6.8- 156
tetrol
(continued)
Polyhydric Alcohols 453
Table 7.227: (continued)
Alcohol Hydrate
iiuniher Slwletdl
M.p.
of c S:inie Structural
.Atoms Formula ("C)
10
p-Menthdne-1,2,
-
4.b-tetrol HO cmH
ti0
149 100 1
10
-p-&lenthane- 1,2,
J,J-tetrol cQd
HO
HO OH 1JO ___ 1
2,2'-Dihydroq -
ti.G'-his ( g - I 4 1 - I 45 2
38 308
hydroxybenz-
hydry1)-diphenyl
I 1
OH OH
C . Pentahydric Alcohols
OH
Viburnitol
G (cyclohexane- 181 1
2,3,5/4,G-pentol)
Inositol hromo-
6 170-5
hydrin
Inositol chloro-
6 180-5
hydrin
1-Metnylene-
7 cyclohexane-2.4, 205 2
6/3,5 -pent01
D. Hexahydric Alcohols
._
mesa-Inositol
6 (1,2,3,5/4,6-
cyclohexane-
225 ___ 2
hexol)
OH
-
d- andl-Inositols
(active). .(1.3.4/2.
- . . 248 2
V &H
;
5,s-cyclohexane-
hexol) i '
6H bH
Phenols
PHYSICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F PHENOL
454
Aldehydes
FURFURAL
CH-CH
Furfuraldehyde II II
Furol
Pyromuc ic Aldehyde cy O/C-CH=o
Table 9.1: Properties of Pure Furfural (46)
Furfural(2-furaldehyde),C,H,OCHO, is a liquid aldehyde with a pungent almond-like odor Colorless when freshly
distilled, it darkens on contact with air Industrial furfural is light yellow to brown in color
General
Molecular weight 96.08
Boiling point (at 760 mm),"C ("F) 161.7 (323.06)
Freezing point, "C ("F) -36.5 (-33.7)
Refractive index (n 1.0)
at 20" C (68" F) 1.5261
at 25" C ( 7 7 F) 1.5235
Density (d t/4)
at 20" C (68" F) 1.1598
at 25" C (7P F) 1.1545
Vapor pressure See Table 9.7
Vapor density (air= 1) 3.3
Thermodynamic properties
Heat of vaporization, AHVg cal/g mole 11,614.6
Specific heat (liquid), cal/g/deg
14 to 8 6 C (57.2to 176" F) 0.401
20 to 100"C (68to212" F) 0.416
Thermal conductivity,
Btu/(hr)(ft2) ("Flft) at 100"F 0.1525
cal/(sec) (cmz) ("Ckm) at 38" C 6.3 x 10-4
Heat of combustion (liquid), A Hm.2 kcal/mole -560.3
Fluid properties
Viscosity, cps, at 0" C (32"F) 2.48
at 25" C (77 F) 1.49
at 38" C (100.4" F) 1.35
at 54" C (129.2"F) 1.09
at 9 9 C (210.2"F) 0.68
Surface tension, dynes/cm
at 0" C (32" F) 43.5
at 29.9' C (85.9 F) 40.7
at 30.0"C,(86" F) 41.1
Vapor diffusion coefficient, cm*/sec
at 1P C (62.6"F) 0.076
at 25" C (7P F) 0.087
at 50" C (122" F) 0.107 (co ntinued)
455
456 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Acetone S Isobutyl S
Acids: n-Octyl S
Abietic (technical) 9.4 Amyl acetate M
Acetc S Benzene S
Benzoic 14.8 Butyl acetate M
Butyric (technical) S Carbon tetrachloride S
Cinnamic 4.1 Castor oil M
Citric 3.6 Chinawood oil M
Formic S Chloroform S
Lactic S Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether M
Maleic R Diethylene glycol monoethylether M
Naphthenic acids (practical) S Diethyl phthalate M
Oieic (U S P ) S Ethyl acetate S
Oxalic 4.8 Ethylene glycol S
Oxalic (anhydrous) 3.6 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether M
Palmitic (technical) 1.6 Ethylene glycol monoethylether M
Phthalic 17.6 Ferric chloride 0.55
Promonic (technical) S Ferric chloride hexahydrate 20.0
Sali'cylic . 11.0 Hydrogen cyanide M
Sebacic (mp 132-133°C Linseed oil M
[269.6-271.4"R) 0.8 Nitrobenzene M
Stearic (U.S.P.) 2.1 Nitrotoluene M
Succinic 3.0 Paraldehyde M
Tartaric 10.9 Pyridine S
Alcohols: Quinoline S
Amyl M Toluene S
n-Butyl S Xylol M
Ethylene glycol S Zinc chloride 20.6
Glycerol 2 .l-2.e
S-infinitely soluble
M=miscible in equal volume at room
temperature
R- reaction
SOLVENT SOLVENT
RESIN TYPE MANUFACTURER ACTION RESIN TYPE YANUFACTURER ACTION
Table 9.5: Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon of Furfural (46)
to to
DENSITV- DENSITV-
4 FURFURAL 4
FURFURAL
fi BY WEIGHTI 2c c 2sc (%BY WEIGHTI 20-c 2sc
0 0.9982 0.9971 4.6 1.0068 1 .0054
0.2 0.9986 0.9974 4.8 1.0072 1.0058
0.4 0.9990 0 9978 5.0 1.0075 1.0062
0.6 0.9993 0.9982 5.2 1.0079 1.0065
0.8 0.9997 0.9985 5.4 1.0083 1.0069
1 .o 1.0001 0.9989 5.6 1.0086 1 .w73
1.2 1.0005 0.9993 5.8 1 .ow0 1.0076
1.4 1.0008 0.9996 6.0 1 .OW4 1 .0080
1.6 1.0012 1 .oooo 6.2 1 .OW8 1.0084
1.8 1.0016 1.0003 6.4 1.0101 1 BO87
2.0 1.0020 1.0007 6.6 1.0105 1 .m1
2.2 1.0023 1.0011 6.8 1.0109 1.0094
2.4 1.0027 1.0014 7.0 1.0113 1 .0098
2.6 1.0031 1.0018 7.2 1.0116 1.0102
2.8 1.0034 1.0022 7.4 1.0120 1.0105
3.0 1.0038 1.0025 7.6 1.0124 1.0109
3.2 1.0042 1 .0029 7.8 1.0127 1.0113
3.4 1.0046 1.0033 8.0 1.0131 1.0116
3.6 1.0049 1 .OC36 8.2 1.0135 1.0120
3.8 1.0053 1.0040 8.32 1.0137 1.0122
4.0 1.0057 1.0044 8.4 - 1.0124
4.2 1.0060 1.0047 8.65 - 1.0127
4.4 1 .om 1.0051
'Mains, G.H., Chem. & Met. Eng., 26,779 (1922).
$Saturated solutjon of furfural in water at 20°C (68°F).
Saturated solution of furfural in water at 250C (77OF).
Aldehydes 459
c
0
..
2
460 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-e
I
a
r
L
a
U
0)
5
E
I
E
a
I
L
-n
I
gs
W P
-E
IU2!
JP
Lo
O L
aal
p i
.. 3
0
c
I
(3
..
2
Aldehydes 461
I I I I
02 Oh 06 0.8 1.o
MOLE FRACTION FURFURAL IN LlOUlD
OTHER ALDEHYDES
B C
I
C METHACROLEIN
-10
*IO -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 O-10 0 IO 20 30 40 60 80
X
TEMPERATURE, *C.
462 Industrial Solvents Handbook
v-
0
P
0
0
I '
0
v
Y
Ethers
Physical Properities
-- 3400 0.392
0.741
-
-
-
-
-
-
116.13
113.17
77.58
83.08
193.71
196.26 0.9342 1.3996
-20 1.35 0.7174 0.0027 - 110.12 88.64 198.76 0.9568 1.3918
- 10 1.97 .7040 .0039 -
-
106.95 94.23 201.23 0.9787 1.3851
0 2.80 .6905 .0055 103.64 100.00 203.64 1.0000 1.3791
10 3.86 .6759 .0076 - 100.17 105.79 205.96 1.0206 1.3744
20 5.24 .6610 .0104 5.15 96.44 111.75 208.19 1.0410 1.3700
30 7.00 .6455 ,0142 4.90 92.64 117.60 210.24 1.0604 1.3660
40 9.06 .6292 .0188 4.67 88.48 123.63 212.11 1.0795 1.3620
50 11.6 .6116 .0241 4.41 - - - - -
60 14.7 .5932 .0306 4.18 - - - -
- - - - -
I
463
464 Industrial Solvents Handbook
p,"""
112.4
hlcthyl
cthcr.
Mole 7;
0.ooo
1 p.nini
23.2
Methyl
clhcr.
Mole X
0.0
p.mn
I Methyl
ether,
Mok 7:
Methyl
ether.
Mole '
0.0
!:
C H3-O-CH2CI
Physical Properties
CICH2-0-CH2-C H3
Physical Properties
Ether
Ethyl oxide
Sulfuric ether
100
90
80
70
I-
$ 60
0
(r
w
n
50
i
(3
50 40
30
20,
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ETHYL ETHER, PERCENT
2,2'-Dichlorethyl Ether
B,fi'-Dichlorodiethyl Ether CI-CH2-CH2-0-C H2-CH2-C I
lSOPROPYL ETHER
Molecular Formula CsH,,O Specific Heat (Liquid). cal/g"C (at 20°C) 0.506
Molecular Weight 102.172 Thermal Conductivity (Vapor at 100°C)
Boiling Point. " C 68.5 cal/(sec) (cm2) ("C/cm) 0.0000483
Boiling Point Change. "C/mm at 760 mm 0 042 Viscosity, cps at -20'C 0.545
Freezing Point. " C -85.5 0" c 0.419
Density at 20°C.g/ml (in vacuo) 0.7235 20" c 0.333
at 60°F. Ib/US gal (in air) 6.07 50"C 0.255
Specific Gravity, 2O/2O0C (in air) 0.7244 Surface Tension (6). 25°C. dynes/cm 17.28
Coefficient of Expansion (1) at 20°C per 'c 0.00143 Dielectric Constant (7), 85 8 kHz, 25°C 4 449
Refractive Index. nO/D 1.3784
Other Propertlea of Commerclai IPE
n20/D 1.36820
n30/D 1.36301 Autoignition Temp, OF 830
Critical Temperature, " C 288 Flash Point (E), Tag Open Cup, " F (approx )+15
Critical Pressure, atm 27.5 Tag Closed Cup, OF (approx ) -18
Critical Volume, cc/g 3.80 Flammable Limits of Vapor with Air
Heat of Vaporization (2,3), 760rnm, cal/g 68.16 VO vol of Compound, Upper 21
Heat of Fusion at Melting Point (4). cal/g 25.79 Lower 14
Heat of Formation (5) (vapor at 25OC) Relative Evaporation Rate at 25°C and OO/O
k-cal/mole -77 R H I Shell Thin Film Evaporometer
Free Energy of Formation (4) (vapor at (n-BuOAc = 1 0 ) 8 04
25" C) k-cal/mole -31
RdHmCW
-
'Log VP mm Hg = 23.16817 2382.7fT 5.2545L0g T -
T = 273.15 + t"C
%wt "owt
toc IPE in HIO HtO in IPE 1" c IPE In HtO HIO in IPE
Table 10.10: Mutual Solubility for the System: Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25%, % wt (14)
Table 10.11: Conjugate Solutions in the System: Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25"C, % wt (74)
i PE
I PA
470 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Binary Azeotropes
Ternary Azeotropes
Table 10.14: Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Ether Table 10.15: Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Ether vs
at Various Temperatures (8) Temperature (8)
0.75
O.L
'
0.73
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.0
-20 -
Temperature. T: Temperature. 'c
Table 10.16: Mutual Solubility and Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Ether, Water and Isopropyl Alcohol
at 25°C (2)
Isopropyl
Isopropyl Ether -
Water Alcohol
(continued 1
472 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Isopropyl 25°C.
SG d
Isopropyl Ether Water
- Alcohol
C4H90C4H9
n-Butyl ether i s a colorless, stable liquid, soluble i n water. Having two butyl groups, this ether i s an excellent solvent
for many natural and synthetic resins, gums, oils, fats, organic acids, esters, and alkaloids. Beeswax and carnauba wax
have limited solubility in butyl ether at roam temperature, but become quite soluble at higher temperatures. n-Butyl ether
w i l l not dissolve cellulose acetate, benzyl cellulose, or cellulose nitrate, but when i t i s mixed with ethyl or butyl alcohol
i t becomes a solvent for ethylcellulose. Butxl ether i s used as a reaction medium in organic synthesis and i n the extraction
and purification of essential ails, organic acids, waxes and resins.
C5H1 1OCgH11
Commercial diamyl ether consists principally of di-n-amyl ether and di-isoamyl ether, with small percentages o f isomeric
amyl ethers and diamylene. I t i s a colorless to light yellow liquid which i s quite stable. I t i s insoluble i n water but solu-
ble i n methanol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aliphatic ond aromatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, oleic and hot
stearic acids, hot paraffin and carnauba waxes, the latter two solidifying when cooled. Unlike the lower aliphatic ethers,
i t w i l l not dissolve nitrocellulose when admixed with ethanol. However, a mixture o f diamyl ether and 20% ethanol w i l l
dissolve ethylcel lulose.
n-Hexyl ether i s a colorless, stable liquid with a mild odor. It i s less volatile than the lower members of the aliphatic
ether group and its solubility i n water i s very slight. It i s miscible with mast organic solvents and can replace butyl ether
for many similar applications. I t i s used as a solvent medium in chemical reactions and i s a foam breaker for certain pro-
cesses.
1.30-
A
1.25
B
C
1.20
D
1.15
B TRIGLYCOL DICHLORIDE
1.10 C EPlCHLORHYDRlN
D DICHLORISOPRWYI. ETHER
E DIOXANE
F DIETHYL'CIRBITOL.
G ETHYLENE OXIDE
1.05 H DIBUTYL'CARBITOL'
ci I PROPYLENE OXlOE
J. DIBUTYL 'CELLOSOLVE'
0
(u I( HEXYL ETHER
3 L B U M ETHER
M VINYL ETHYL ETHER
>- 1.00 N ISOPROPYL ETHER
t 0 ETHYL ETHER
2K
W
0.95
0
5 G
u
5 0.90
I.
1
d
0.85
I
L
Q80 h
b
C
0.75
0.70
0.65L
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 IO I5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
TEMPERATURE.*C.
476 Industrial Solvents Handbook
loo(
-
80( G
70C B VINYL 2-ETHYLHEXYL ETHER
C DICHLORETHYL ETHER
i
6 O( 0 OICHLORISOPROPYL ETHER -H
E DIETHYL 'CARBITOL"
50C -
F OIBUTYL'CE LLOSOLVE'
G HEXYL ETHER
40C H TRIGLYGOL DICHLORIDE I
I DIBU~YL%ARBITOL.
30C I I
m
I
.c
0
E
20c
4
I
E
W
Ej IOC
v)
v)
E 8C
a
a 7c
0
0 6C
P
sa
40
3c
2a
IC 111 1 1 1 I I 1 ,
B C D E F G
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 130 I50 170 190 210 230
TEMPERATURE ,*C.
(continued)
Ethers 477
IO00
800
roo
600
500
400
300
200
I"
+
E
E
W
p:
I=
n too
v)
W
g 80
a 70
0
a
p 60
50
40
30
20,
IO
C
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 IO 20 30 40 60 80 IO0 I I
TEMPERATURE, *C.
478 Industrial Solvents Handbook
.,CRITICAL POINT
400
300
200
154
100
14.7
10
8
6
1,2--Epoxypropone C H -CH-CH
\ / 2
0
Propylene oxide i s soluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents. I t i s found to be an excellent law-boiling
solvent for cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, adhesive compositions and vinyl chloride-acetate resins. I t i s also a solvent
for hydrocarbons, gums and shellac. Some o f its uses are as a solvent and stabilizer i n DDT aerosol-type insecticides, and
as a fumigant and food preservative. Since i t i s an acid acceptor, i t i s a150 used as a stabilizer for vinyl chloride resins
and other chlorinated systems.
Table 10.27: Freezing Points of Solutions of Ethylene Oxlde and Propylene Oxide (79)
1 , ?-Epoxybutane C H3CH2C\H/C H2
0
1,2-Butylene o x i d e is o colorless mobile liquid. This low b o i l i n g liquid has but limited w a t e r solubility, y e t is miscible
w i t h most common o r g a n i c solvents. It undergoes t h e usual r e a c t i o n s of epoxides w i t h compounds having labile hydrogen
a t o m s . Some o f these a r e a c i d s , amines, ammonia, alcohols, phenols, polyols, thiols, e t c . Butylene oxide can be poly-
m e r i z e d o r c o p o l y m e r i z e d w i t h o t h e r alkylene oxides to yield p o l y e t h e r s . The resulting polymers a r e less w a t e r soluble
t h a n the polymers made from e t h y l e n e and propylene oxide, of e q u i v a l e n t chain l e n g t h .
DESCRIPTION Cardolite' NC-513 is a unique reactive epoxy flexibilizer and diluent. This low viscosity
fluid has predominantly one nactive epoxy group per molecule which combines chemically
into the epoxy system.
APPLICATIONS:
Flexibilizationof solvent free and high solids surface tolerant marine and industrial coatings
Industrial flooring requiring excellent chemical-. water- and abrasion resistance.
Preparation of amine adducts.
Coatings in contact with potable water (NSF approval)
ADVANTAGES:
1 ,rl-Dioxan
1 ,GDiethylene Oxide
Dioxyethylene Ether "7 /O\ y 2
H2cvc
Diethylene Ether
Diethy lene Dioxide
H2
1,dDioxane i s a colorless, stable liquid with a faint, pleasant odor. Although i t has been known as far back as 1863,
i t was not until 1929 that i s became commercially available. I t is chemically a di-ether obtained by the loss of water
from two molecules of ethylene glycol. I t i s completely soluble in water, as well as most organic solvents. I t i s freely
soluble in mineral, vegetable, blown and heot-bodied oils, and o i l soluble dyes. Most waxes are more readily soluble
in dioxane when heated and examples o f these are beeswax, carnauba, montan, paraffin, gilsonite, and Japan wax.
Trioxone i s a most unusual chemical. I t i s an excellent solvent for many classes of materials. Concentrated aqueous
solutions of trioxane have solvent properties which are not possessed by trioxane itself. Molten trioxane dissolves numer-
ous organic compounds, such as naphthalene, urea, camphor, dichlorobenzene, etc. I t i s stable in alkaline or neutral
solutions, yet i t i s depolymerized to formaldehyde by srnoll amounts of strong acid or acid-forming materiols, and the rate
o f depolymerization can be readily controlled.
Properties
Colorless, crystalline compound Solubility:
Molecular weight 90.05 Water Readily soluble
Odor Mild, pleasant Alcohols Readily soluble
Melting point 61'C Ketones Readily soluble
Boiling point 115*C Ethers Readily soluble
Vapor Pressure: Esters Readily soluble
25OC 13 mm Chlorinated hydrocarbons Readily sotuble
86OC 283 mm Aromatic hydrocarbons Readily soluble
114.5'C 759 mm Vegetable oils Readily soluble
129°C 1212 mm Naphthalene Readily soluble
Flash point 45OC Phenol Readily soluble
Density (molten) a t 65OC 1.170 Petroleum ether Slightly soluble
482 Industrial Solvents Handbook
CH2=CHOCH3
Vinyl methyl ether i s a gas a t ordinary temperature and pressure. When condensed i t i s a colorless, mobile liquid having
a vapor pressure at 760 mm. at 5.5"C. I t i s miscible with most organic solvents, but only slightly soluble in water or
polyhydroxy organic compounds such as glycols. In v o l a t i l i t y and flammability i t resembles liquefied petroleum gases.
Boiling point, 760 mm. 5.5"C. Solubility of water in ether at 25°C. 0.51% by w t .
Flash point (Cleveland open cup) -69°F. (-56°C .) Specific gravity a t 5.7/4"C. 0 .7694
Freezing point - 122°C. Specific gravity at 20/4"C. 0.7511
Molecular weight 58.08 Vapor pressure at 25°C. 1550 mm Hg .
Odor Sweet, pleasant Vapor pressure at 70°F. 28 psi abs.
Refractive Index 1 .3947 Weight per gallon a t 25°C. 6.17 Ibs.
Solubility in water a t 25°C. 0 .E?% by w t .
CH2=C HOCH2CH2CI
Typical
Pounds Vinyl
Refractive Specific per Gallon Ether
V i n y l Ether Index Gravity- f325OC Content
2 -Ethy1he xy 1 1.4273 20
D
0.810 6.74 95%
Ani sole
Anisole i s a high-boiling, mobile, straw-colored liquid with excellent thermal stability. It i s immiscible i n water and
glycols but completely miscible with most common solvents. I t i s useful os a solvent for many organic compounds and i t
has unusual solvency for asphalts and pitches.
H2C-0-CH2
I I
Dibenzyl ether i s a cleor, almost colorless liquid. I t i s miscible with alcohols and ethers, but insoluble in water. Di-
benzyl ether i s used as special solvent and delustering agent for textiles.
Diphenyl Ether
Diphenyl oxide i s a practically colorless crystolline solid with a strong geranium-like odor. I t i s almost completely in-
soluble i n water, but dissolves i n most o f the common organic solvents. Its high thermal stability a t temperatures as high
as 350' to 400°C. together with i t s noncorrosiveness and general chemical inertness make i t eminently suitable as a com-
ponent of high-boiling heat transfer media.
TYPICAL PROPERTlES
These ethers are generally high-boiling, water insoluble liquids of pleasant odor, miscible w i t h a variety of organic sol-
vents and commercial oils, fats, waxes and resins.
Physical Properlies
Formul.
2gyc G;Kty yyp
~~.
mim~~
HS-5H
HC C H
'd
Furan i s a cyclic dienic ether stabilized by benzene-like resonance. Because of its conjugated unsaturation and hetero-
c y c l i c atom, furan w i l l undergo many types o f reactions. I t is, therefore, o f interest as a chemical intermediate for
pharmaceuticals, insecticides and fine chemicals. The heterocyclic oxygen atom i n a ring w i t h conjugated unsaturation
gives furan a combination of ether, aromatic and olefinic characteristics. This polyfunctionality permits i t to undergo a
variety of reactions. Compared to benzene, the furan ring has greater reactivity, and i s more susceptible to cleavage,
thus resembling the vinyl ethers. Like the vinyl ethers, the furan ring i s cleaved by aqueous acids. This reaction i s ac-
companied by resin i f ica tion .
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Sylvan
2-Methylfuran i s a c y c l i c diene possessing ether-like properties. It i s highly reactive w i t h many inorganic and organic
compounds yielding a variety o f new derivatives which await exploration for the development of commercial applications.
(continued)
Ethers 487
Product information
Tetrahydrofuran (THF, tetramethylene oxide, diethylene oxide, 1,4-epoxybutane, tetrahydrofurane, oxolane) is
an industrial solvent widely recognized for its unique combination of useful properties. DuPont THF is better than
99.9% pure with a small (0.025-0.040 wt % ) amount of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-
butyl phenol) added as an antioxidant. Tetrahydrofuran is a cycloaliphatic ether and is not "photochemically
reactive" as defined in Section k of Los Angeles County's Rule 66 (equivalent to Rule 442 of the Southern
California Air Pollution Control District). THF has an ethereal odor.
(continued)
488 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Temperature, "F
8
51
H
H
0
v
0
H
8 h
C
e s
0
J
r m
2
P
r g
c 5:
c
e 8
c"
r 0 .t
0
t
J
rn
In ::
t
n N
B s: 0
N s! 0
z 0
N
Ethers 489
Combustible
Flammable
%THF 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 io 0
Rei.: Culver, L. J.. "Modern Paint and C0atings:Vol. 71 (1981). No. 10. pp. 145-149. (C. A. 96(10) 70460F)
(continued)
490 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.o
Mole Fraction THF in Liquid
.
THF IS the solvent-of-choice for
PVC pipe welding and bonding of other
molded items
copolymers dissolve readily in THF at room
temperature Solutions wdh high solids con-
tent and workable viscosities can be prepared
Many other resins, elastomers, and uncured
Vinyl lopcoating formulations, e g lor auto-
..
mobile roofs and upholstery
Magnetic tape binder systems
polyurethanesand epoxies are soluble The
list includes
...
Thermoplastic polyurethane coatings
Printing inks for plastics
Polyurethane adhesives for shoes
Polyester laminating adhesives
Polymer reactor cleaning
Extradon W e n t
THF is an excellent extraction solvent for
many natural products, including alkaloids.
fats, waxes, rubbers, and resins The follow-
ing natural resins are soluble in THF
Congo ester
coumarone-indene
ester gum
dammar
manila copal
pentaerythritol ester gum
rosin
shellac
A 66" boiling point allows refluxing in normal
water-cooled systems without loss of THF, it
also simplifies separation and recovery of the
desired product
Mixtures of THF and water are especially
effective solvents for alkaloids, such as
caffeine
__ - -
'"Exon" 654 (Firestone) 'Hi-Temp "Geon" (Goodrich)
"Geon" 121, 101, 103EP (Goodrich)
PVC-71 Dispersion (Diamond Shamrock) a"Vinylde" WNS, VMCH.
WC Pearls 2200. 2250 (Escambia) WHH. VAGH (Union Carbide)
"Marvinol" 10 (Uniroyal)
"Vinylite" QYNV (Union Carbide) '"Estane" 5701 F-1 (Goodrich)
"Vygen" 1 10, 120 (General Tire) 5"Saran" F-242 (Dow)
492 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Rapid Evaporation
and Diffusion Rates
When used in topcoating, printing. or other con-
tinuous operations, THF has a distinct advantage
over many other solvents due to its rapid evapora-
tion and diffusion through plastic films This can
substantially reduce costs by permitting increased
machine speeds
~
Comparative
Solvent Evaporation Rate
THF 800
DMF 30
1,4-Dioxane 310
Ethyl Ether 3300
MEK 570
Toluene 240
Butyl Acetate 100
typical
Resin-Sovent Applications Advantagem of THF
(continued
Ethers 493
Phyrical Properties
Colorless liquid
with characteristic odor
Molecular weight 84.11
Boiling point 8546°C
20'C
SP g. 4'c
I 0.923
Pentamethylene Oxide
Tetrahydropyran reacts with chlorine to form mono-, di-, tri- and tetrachlorotetrohydropyrans. Reaction with acid chlorides
yields omega-haloamyl esters. Conversion to dihalides such as 1,5-dibromopentane and 1,5-dichIoropentane can be effected.
Ammonia and aliphatic and aromatic amines yield piperidine ond substituted piperidines. I t i s used as a solvent for resins,
plastics and rubbers. Lacquers can be made by dissolving certain organic film-forming substances i n tetrahydropyran. Solu-
tions of high solids content a t a working viscosity can be obtained. A solution of nitrocellulose i n tetrahydropyran gives
clear, nonblushing films. Tetrahydropyran i s miscible with water, drying oils and most common organic solvents. The
ether-like structure and ability of tetrahydropyran to dissolve a wide range of nonresinous materials suggest its use as a
reaction medium for chemical processes such as Grignard reactions.
Terposol No. 3
This terpine ether known as terpinyl methyl ether i s a light, colored liquid with a pleasant odor, which contains some
impurities. I t i s a strong solvent for resins and i s used in alkyd enamels to the extent of 2 per cent to which i t imparts
flow.
(continued)
Ethers 495
Aniline point
Color (hvibond 51)o Amber Series OIMIW~)
Dislillalion ranue (A8TM)
5% 216.o~~
W% 2ie.60~
80% 217.6"C
95% 218.T
Flwh point (Cleveland open cup) 178°F
Freezing point Below -1O'C
Kauri-Butanol aolvency value Approx. Mx)
Moirture 0.10%
Ilelractive index at 20°C 1.4712
Specific gravity at 15.5/16.5'C 0.9192
Viscority at 26'C (Ubbelohde) 31.8 cp
Glycol Ethers
Physical Properties
ioluna
-
OWCIFIC eiworunoi
ARC0 CHLMlUl MOL. PT. r GRIVlTY LOW# &ETA RAE
-
WIOENAME
PM
NAME
90.1
lomm
120
mo
0.923
-20%
7.65
FUSH'F
89 TCC2
-.
BUltdml
88
PNP Pmpylane Giycd n-PropylEther 1569-01-3 118.2 150 0.887 7.38 119 TCC 2 21
PNB Pmwlene Glycol n-Butyl Ether 513165-8 1322 170 0.880 7.30 136 7
DPM Osxopylene Glycol Methyl Elher 34590-94-8 148.2 188 0.951 7.90 167 2
DPNP olpmpylene Glycol n-Propyl Ether 29911-27-1 176.3 212 0.922 7.70 19OCC3 1.3
DPTE BpmpybneGlycol t-Butyl Ether 132739-31-2 190.3 212 0.907 7.54 188 1.5
DPNB w e n e Ghpol n-Butyl Ether 29911-28-2 190.3 229 0.912 7.58 214 0.4
TPM Tlipnopyene Glycol Methyl Ether 25496-49-1 206.3 242 0.962 8.03 232 02
TPNB
EM
Tr~mp)&ne GI@ n-BulylEther
109-86-4
248.4
76.10
- 276
124
0.934
0.966
-
7.80
8.04
255 PMCC'
105 TCC2
- <.l
53
EE Ethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether 11080-5 90.12 134 0.931 7.75 110 TCC2 35
EB Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 111-76-2 118.17 169 0.902 7.51 143TCCz 6
EH Ethylene Glycd Hexyl Ether 112-25-4 146.23 208 0.889 7.40 179TCC2 1
EEH EthyieneGI@ Ethyl Hexyl Ether 155435-9 174.29 224 0.692 7.42 208 0.3
DM kthylene Glycol Methyl Ether 111-77-3 120.15 191 1.023 8.51 191 TCC2 2
DP Dethylene Glycol Propyl Ether 6881-94-3 148.20 202 0.963 8.04 200 TCC2 1
(continued)
496
Glycol Ethers 497
- -- - - - - -
ARC0 WILN HMIB MIEN Tom1
-
MOElULIE
7.5
P
3.2
H
7.5
IMEN
11.1 107
-
0.58
I
83
PE 100 1.405 29.7 4.4 1.8 7.4 2.7 6.9 10.5 98.5 0 55 7.8
PNP 100 1.410 27.0 1 .8 2.3 7.6 2.4 65 10.3 93 0.55 7.4
PTB 17 1.410 24.4 1.9 3.4 7.3 2.1 6.0 8.7 61 .O 0.55 6.9
PNB 6 1.416 26.3 0.62 31 7.5 2.1 6.0 9.8 785 0.63 6.9
DPM 100 1.420 29.0 0.17 34 7.4 3.0 6.3 10.2 73.4 0.53 8.2
DPNP 18 1.42 25.8 0.05 4.4 7.4 2.4 5.7 9.6 74.9 0.51 7.2
m 12 1.421 26.0 0.04 4.9 7.3 22 5.4 8.3 67.7 0.59 6.8
DPNB 5 1.425 288 0.02 4.4 7.4 2.2 5.5 9.5 61.1 0.49 6.8
TPM 1W 1.428 29.0 0.03 5.6 7.4 3.0 5.7 9.8 74.0 0.51 8.1
TPNB
- - -- - - - - - - --
3 1.433 29.9 4.01 8.0 7.4 2A 5.1 ga 59.7 0.48 6.6
EM 1w 1.4021 30.8 6.2 1.5 7.9 4.5 8.0 12.1 123.9 0.53 8.8
EE 1w 1.4076 29.3 3.8 2.1 7.9 4.5 7.0 11.5 107.5 0.56 8.3
EB 1w 1.4193 26.6 0.6 6.4 7.8 2.5 8.0 102 88.4 0.56 7.4
EEH 0.2 1.4361 27.6 0.08 7.0 7.8 2.0 2.5 8.4 54
DM 100 1.4268 348 0.2 3.9 7.9 3.8 6.2 10.7 92.7 0.54 9.2
DE 1Mf 1.4260 322 0.12 45 7.9 3.8 6.2 10.7 e45 0.55 8.6
Regulatory Information
O
o
B
x
a
1
3
3
0
0
rw
rw
o x 1 2 0 W
O B 1 2 0 Ty)
o x 1 7 0 W
O B 0 2 0 rm
o x 0 ? 11 W
o x 0 2 0 (w
o x 0 1 0 rw
O B 0 1 0 rw
o x 0 1 L ' W
-
2 2 0
2 2 0
2 2 0
2 2 0 yes
1 1 0
1 1 0
-
498 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Glycol Ethers 499
v ) N - O O O O ~ O Q
' / I
I I ,
500 Industrial Solvents Handbook
E-Series
EB Ethylene Glycol Ethanol, 2-butoxy- 111-76-2
n-Butyl Ether
(continued J
Glycol Ethers 501
TPM I I I
-~ ~
I 236-251 I 0.962-0.965 I 15 I I 0.01
BC-100 22036 98 .O 15 0 15 0 01
BC-200 22037 98 .O 15 0 15 0 01
BC-300 I 09987A I ~~
98.0
~-
I 0.5 I I I 15 I 0.05 I 0.02
EB 169-173 0.898-0.901 10 0 10 0 01
OB 227-235 0.950-0.954 10 0 10 0 01
DM 191-198 1 017-1.021 10 0 10 0 01
Daw Method Di-Adduct Tri-Adduct Tetra-Adduct Penta-Adduct Hexa-Adduct Total Glycol Water, Wt.%,
(for GC) Wt.%, max. Wt.%, min. Wt. YO,max. Wt.%, max. Wt.%, max. Wt.%, max. max.
TMH 22560A 5.0 65.0 24 0 6.0 1.o 60 02
TBH 22523A 10 53 32 8 1.5 5 0.2
(continued)
4
Glycol Ethers 503
Evaporation Lbl Color specific Acidity, as Boiling Freezing Flash Point ASMY
Rate Gal Ga Pt-Co Gravltv @ Acetic Acid Range Point TCC Mln Wt
n-BuOAcrl 2Ooc Max 2Q012i0C Max Wt 96 OC - 'C (OF) )c
EE Solvent' 0.30 7.75 10 0.931 0.005 134-136 -94 43 (110) 99.9
(Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)
C~HIOC~HIOH
EKTASOLVP EP Solvent 0.20 7.59 10 0:913 0.01 149-154 <-90 49 (120) 99.6
(Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
C,HX)CJ~AOH
EKTASOLVE EB Solvent 0.06 7.51 10 0.902 0.01 169-173 -75 62 (143) 99.6
(Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether)
CIHOOCIHIOH
EKTASOLVE DM Solvent 0.02 8.51 10 1.023 0.01 191-198 -85 88 (191) -
(Diethylene Glycol Monomethyi Ether)
CHJ(OCZH~ZOH
EKTASOLVE DE Solvent 0.02 8.25 10 0.990 0.01 198-204 -90 91 (195) 99.3
(Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)
CzHdOCzH4)zOH
EKTASOLVE DE-HG Solventb <0.01 8.56 10 1.027 0.01 190-205 -70 96 (205) -
(Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl EtherEthylene Glycol)
ICzHs(OCzH320HJ[HOCHzCH~OH]
EKTASOLVE DP Solvent 0.01 8.04 10 0.963 0.01 202-216 <-90 93 (200) 99.4
(Diethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)
CJHAOCZ~)ZOH
EKTASOLVE DB Solvent 0.003 7.94 10 0.955 0.01 230-235 -76 111 (232) 99.6
(Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether) COC
C~HO(~ZH&OH
EKTASOLVE EEH Solvent 0.003 7.42 50 0.892 0.01 224-275 <-6O 98 (208) -
(EthylenelDiethyleneGlycol 2-Ethylhexyl Ether)
C~H~CH(CZHS)CH~OCZH~OH
uniar carbids
Ocndental
504 Industrial Solvents Handbook
B.P.
00
POLYGLYME ___t-
CH3-O-(CH~CHZ-O)~-CH~
Poly(ethy1eneglycol) dimethyl ether
[24991-55-71 B.P.
275°C
TETRAGLYME
CH~-O-(CHZCHZ-O)~-CH~
Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Bis[Z-(Z-methoxyethoxy) ethyl] ether
B.P.
256°C Dimethoxytetraethyleneglycol
BUTYL DIGLYME - 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane
i2C.H2CHzCH3
CH~CH~CHZCHZ-O-(CHZCHZ-O)Z-C~ (143-24-81
Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether
Bis(2-butoxyethyl)ether
Dibutoxydiethyleneglycol
Dibutyl Carbitol'
5,8,11 -trioxapentadecane
[112-73-21
B.P.
216°C
TRIGLYME
CHB-O-(CHZCH~-O)~-CH~
Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether
1,2-Bis(2-rnethoxyethoxy)ethane
Dirnethoxytriethyleneglycol
B.P. 2,5,8,11 -tetraoxadodecane
189°C [112-43-21
ETHYL DIGLYME'
CH3CH2-O-(CHZCHZ-O)Z-CHZCI
i 3
Table 11.7: Occidental Ethylene Glycol Ethers and Glycol Ether Acetates (27)
SPECIFICATION. EM DM DMJ TM I EE
Purity. weight % niiri
IO
0.01
15 10
0.01
10 50
98
0.01
I IO
0.005
w1% I l l a x
Distillation range, IBP. min 123.5 123.5 191.0 191.0 235.0 134
DP. "C max 125 125.5 198.0 198.0 255.0 136
pH. 25% solution at 25°C 5.0 - 7.0 5.0 - 8.5 5.0 - 9.0
Refractive index at 20°C 4015-1.4025
SPECIFICATION' DE EB DB
Purity. weight % min
I SPECIFICATXON* HM HHM HE HB
Triethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether and higher 55.0 55.0
molecular wt. Monomethyl Ethers. wt % min
-
rwIcAL PROPERTIES I EM DM-J TM EE
Vapor pressure at 20°C. 0.1 <1 < 0.1 2.0 0.25 0.04
mm Hg
(continued
508 Industrial Solvents Handbook
9)
5
.c
0
(ID
>
->s
Y
E
Q
..
rc
Glycol Ethers 509
.-B
.
s
c
I
f
-E
OD
0
0
OD
5
510 Industrial Solvents Handbook
8
rn
5
Y
.$
f
F
s:
m
4l
5
w
0
m
>
c
Glycol Ethers 511
r
0
E
E
0
10
r-
@,
I
8
c-
512 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Olin produces five ethylene glycol ethers: Poly-Soh DE, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Poly-Solv@‘ EM, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (CH3C%OC4C%OC~C&OI-l)
(CH,OCH,2CH,2OH) PolySolv TM, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether
Poly-Soh DM, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether CH3(OCH&q)3 OH
(CH3OC$C%OC$C%OH) Poly-Soh TE, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether
cH3c%coc%c%)3oH
Typical Physical Properties
EM. DM DE TM TE
Boiling Point (“C)
Q 760 mm Hg 124 194 202 249 256
@50mmHg 55 115 121 152 158
@ 1OmmHg 27 82 87 126 130
Coefficient of Expansion
@ 20°C 0.00095 - -
@ 55°C
I 0.00099 0.00088 0.00084 -
Density @ 25°C (Ib/gal) 8.05 8.51 8.24 8.50
Flash Point, TCC (“C) 41 87 85 -
(OF) 106 188 185
Flash Point, COC (“C) 118 124
(“F) - - - 245 255
Freezing Point (“C) -85 -85 -76 -55 -2 1
(OF) -121 -121 -105 -67 -5.8
Heat of Vaporization @ 760 mm Hg
(jouledg) 555.9 379.1 402.4 327.6 299.8
Molecular Weight 76.09 120.15 134.17 164.20 178.23
Refractive Index @ 20°C 1.4021 1.4263 1.4273 1.4381 1.4376
Solubility @ 20°C
Poly-Soh in water Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
water in Poly-Solv Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
Specific Gravity, apparent @ 2O/2O0C 0.966 1.021 0.989 1.048 1.022
Specific Heat @ 2OoC (jouledg-”C) 2.233 2.149 2.308
Vapor Pressure @ 20°C (mm Hg) 6.2 0.2 0.1 <0.01 <0.01
Viscosity, absolute @ 20°C (cp) 1.7 3.9 4.5 7.5 7.8
Specifications
EM DM DE DE TM TE
(regular) oow
gravity)
Water, max
(%by weight) 0.01 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Acidity, as acetic acid
(%by weight) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Specific Gravity @ 20/20°C 0.964- 1.019- 1.024- 0.989- 1.037- 1.020
0.967 1.025 1.030 0.993 1.055 1.035
Color, max (APHA) 10 15 10 10 50 50
Odor M M M M C C
Suspended Matter F F F F F F
Boiling Range (“C)
Initial boiling point, min 123.5 191 190 198 220 225
5%, min - - - - 230 235
950/, max - - 200 - - -
Dry point, max - -
-
M Mld N = Substmtlallynone C = Chamamsuc
125.5 198
F = SubrtmtldiyF m
205 205
(continued1
Glycol Ethers 513
Olin offers three propylene glycol monomethyl ethers: Poly-SohDPM, dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether
Poly-Solv"' MPM, propylene glycol monomethyl ether cH3 (OGH&OH
CH3 (OC3H6)OH Poly-Solv TPM, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether
cH3 (°C3Hfj)30H
Alcohol
- ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ .
Ethylene
Oxide, moles Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol Hexanol
(Ethylene Glycol (Ethylene Glycol (Ethylene Glycol (Ethylene Glycol (Ethylene Glycol
Monornethyl Ether) Monoethyl Ether) Monopropyl Ether) Monobutyl Ether) Monohexyl Ether)
CAS" 109-86-4 CAS 1 10-80-5 CAS 2807-30-9 CAS 1 1 1-76-2 CAS 1 12-25-4
METHYLAL
Di methoxymethane
CH30CH20CH3
Methylene Dimethyl Ether
Methylal i s a low-boiling solvent, stable i n the presence of alkalis and mild acids, and to high temperatures and pressures.
I t differs from other ethers i n that i t forms only minute omounts of peroxides. I t w i l l dissolve such synthetic resins as nitro-
cellulose, cellulose acetate and propionate, ethyl cellulose, vinyl, "Epons" and polystyrene, and also many of the natural
gums and waxes. Methylal as a latent solvent i s activated by the addition of esters, ketones or alcohols. Its evaporation
rate, twice that of acetone, places this ether in a class with such solvents as acetone, methyl acetate and ethyl acetate
i n resin formulations.
ETHYLENE GLYCOLS
Table 11.11: Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (2)
.
Acidity (as acetic acid) % by w t (max .) 0.01
Boiling Foint at 760 mm. Hg, "C. 124.2
Calor (APHA, max .) 15
Coefficient of expansion at:
20°C. 0.00095
55°C. 0.00099
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), " F . 115
Freezing range, "C. -85.1
Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb.) 239
Refractive index (ng at 25°C.) 1.4021
Molecular weight 76.09
Specific gravity, 20/20°C. 0.9663
Specific heat (average) cat ./"C. 0.534
Surface tension a t ZOC., dynes/cm. 30.8
Solubility:
in water at 2OOC. complete
water i n at 20°C. complete
Vapor pressure a t 2O"C., mm. Hg 9.7
Viscosity:
at 25"F., centipoises 1.53
at 60°F ., centipoises 0.85
Weight per gal. a t 2OoC., Ib. 8.01
Acidity (as acetic acid), % by wt. (max.) 0.01 Specific gravity, 25/25"C. 0.9311
Appearance wa ter-whi te Specific heat (average) col ./"C. 0.53
Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. 134.7 Surface tension at 25"C., dynes/cm. 28.2
Fire point (open cup), O F . 115 Vapor pressure at 25"C., mm. Hg 5.3
Flash point (Cleveland open cut), "F. 115 Viscosity:
Freezing range, "C. -59 a t 25"C., centipoises 1.84
Refractive index (nD a t 20°C.) 1.4076 a t 60"C., centipoises 0.94
Molecular weight 90.1 Weight per gal. a t 20"C., Ib. 7.72
Boiling paint a t 760 mrn. Hg, "C. 121.4 Specific gravity, 20/20°C. 0.8417
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), OF. 80 Vapor pressure at 20°C., mm. Hg 9.4
Freezing range, "C. -74 Viscosity at 20"C., centipoises 0.65
Rsfmctive index (ng at 25°C .) 1.3922 Weight per gal. at 20°C., Ib. 7.01
Molecular weight 118.2
Formula
Molecular Boliing Freezing Flash Pnssum.
Solvent Weight Point, O C Polnt, O C Polnt, OF(a1 mm Hg
~~ ~ ~~~ ~
Butyl CELLOSOLVE
DOWANOL E6
EKTASOLVE E HOCH2CH20C4H9
ARClSlKV E B
Glycol Ether E B
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether i s colorless liquid, miscible in al I proportions with many ketones, ethers, alcohols, aromatic
paraffin and halogenated hydrocarbons. More specifically, i t mixes in a l l proportions with acetone, benzene, carbon
tetrachloride, ethyl ether, n-heptane and water. Because of i t s excellent solvency, low evaporation rate and high dilu-
tion ratios, i t i s used as a solvent i n the manufacture and formulation of lacquers, enamels, inks and varnishes, employing
such resins as alkyd, phenolic, nitrocellulose, maleic modified, styrene and epoxy. In lacquers butyl "Cellosolve" i m -
parts a slow evaporation rate, strengthens blush resistance, heightens gloss, improves flow-out and helps prevent orange
peel. Hot spray lacquers usually contain about 10% of "Dowanol" EB based on the solvent-diluent weight.
0 IO 20 30 40 60
PERCENT e y w E i e w DOWANOL
I
CH,-CH-CH2-O-CH2-CH@H
CH3
Ethylene glycol monoisobutyl ether is a high boiling ether solvent for alkyd phenolic, malic, epoxy.
alcohol-soluble butyrate, and ethyl cellulose nitrate resins.
Specifications
Typical Properties
C4H90CH2CH23C4H9
This glycol diether i s a colorless liquid. It i s completely miscible with acetone, ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl
ether, heptane, ethylene dichloride and castor o i l . Because of its being a good solvent for metallic reagents, i t i s par-
ticularly suitable for the Grignard type of reaction. It i s also a solvent for inorganic halides and chlorosilanes, and i s
therefore used i n silicone rubber formulations and i n the extraction of aliphatic acids from dilute aqueous solutions.
DOWANOL EPh
HOCH2CH20CH2C6H5
Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether is awater-white liquid which will dissolve a large number of organic substances
among which are oils, fats, greases, some vinyl resins, dewaxed damar, rosin, ester gum, etc. It is used principally
as a high boiling solvent in lacquers, inks, and textile dyeing.
CHg
Terpinyl ethylene glycol ether is a light-colored liquid used in enamels, inks, paints, and varnish.
-
I -
II
Boiling point, O F . 313 to 322/10 31 1 to 350/10
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), OF. 300 315
Freezing range, O F . below -4 54
Fire point, O F . 320 325
MolecuI ar weight 194.3 194.3
Specific gravity, 7 7 / 7 7 O F . 1.008 1.016
Solubility (g./lOO grams woter) 0.1 0.1
Viscosity at 77"F., centistokes 64.6 120.7
140OF. 8.8 11.6
SOLV EEH
ARCOSOLV EEH
EKTASOLVE EEH
'Seta Closed-Cup
522 Industrial Solvents Handbook
This hygroscopic glycol i s a clear colorless, odorless and stable liquid. I t i s also slightly viscous, noncorrosive and non-
volatile. Because of i t s ether and alcohol group, diethylene glycol exhibits chemical properties characteristic of both
primary alcohols and ethers. I t s boiling point i s considerably higher than that of ethylene glycol, and i t s solvent i s
greater. Diethylene glycol i s miscible with water, ethers, lower aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes and ketones and i s par-
tially soluble i n benzene, carbon tetrachloride, monobenzene, orthodichlorobenzene and toluene. It dissolves many dyes,
resins, oils, nitrocellulose and many organic substances. Because of i t s solvent power, low volatility and hygroscopicity,
i t i s used in textile lubricants, cutting oils, dry cleaning soap, printing inks, steam-set inks, and nongrain wood stains.
In the textile industry diethylene glycol i s used as a conditioning agent for wool, rayon, and cotton. As a solvent for
dyes i t makes a valuable assistant i n dyeing and printing. The high hygroscopicity of diethylene glycol makes i t an effi-
cient softening agent for tobacco, paper, synthetic sponges, glues and casein. Diethylene glycol i s especially useful in
the dehydration of natural gas. A mixture of diethylene glycol and monoethanolamine w i l l remove moisture, hydrogen
sulfide and carbon dioxide from natural gas.
DOWANOL DM
EKTASOLVE DM
Methyl CARBITOL
POLY-SOLV DM HOCH2CH20CH2CH20CH3
SOLV DM
ARCOSOLV DM
Glycol Ether DM
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether i s a colorless, stable hygroscopic liquid with an agreeable odor. I t i s completely
miscible with water, ketones, alcohol, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons. More specifically,
i t i s miscible with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanol and water. I t i s a solvent for dyes,
oils, fats, waxes, many natural and synthetic resins, nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. I t i s used as a high-boiling
solvent i n such formulations as printing inks ond pastes, stamp pad inks, textile dye pastes, lacquers, and synthetic resin
coatings. Its presence i n lacquers eases brushability and flow-out, and minimizes lifting of undercoats.
Acidity (as acetic acid), OO/ by wt. (max .) 0.02 Specific gravity, 25/25"C. 1.018
Appearance water -wh ite Specific heat (average), cal ./"C. 0.54
Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. 194.1 Surface tension at 25"C., dynes/cm. 34.8
Fire point (open cup), OF. 200 Vapor pressure a t 75"C., mm. Hg 0.18
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), O F . 200 Viscosity at 20°C., centistokes 3.87
Freezing range, OC. -5 0 25°C. 3.47
Heat of vaporization, Btu/lb. 163 60°C. 1.64
Refractive index (nD at 20°C .) 1.424 Weight per gal. a t 20"C., Ib. 8.47
Molecular weight 120.2
CARBITOL Solvent
EKTASOLVE DE HOCH2CH20CH2CH20C2H5
POLY-SOLV DE Low Gravity
SOLV DE
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether i s a colorless, stable, hygroscopic liquid of a mild, pleasant odor. I t i s completely
miscible with water, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons.
Owing to the fact that i t contains an ether-alcohol-hydrocarbon group i n the molecule, i t has the power to dissolve a
wide variety of substances such as oils, fats, waxes, dyes, camphor and natural resins like copal, kauri, mastic, rosin,
sandarac, shellac, as well as several types of synthetic resins. I t i s used as a solvent i n synthetic resin coating
compositions, and i n lacquers, where high-boiling solvents are desired.
Acidity (as acetic acid), O/O by wt. (max.) 0.02 Molecu lar we ight 134.2
Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. 202.0 Specific gravity, 25/25 "C. 0.986
Fire point (open cup), OF. 210 Specific heat (average), cal ./"C. 0.54
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), O F . 205 Surface tension at 25OC., dynes/cm. 31.8
Freezing range, "C. -55 Vapor pressure at 75"C., mm. Hg 0.13
Heat of vaporization, Btu/lb. 84.5 Viscosity at 20°C ., centistokes 3.78
Refractive index (nD at 25°C .) 1.425 Weight per gal. at 20°C., Ib. 8.20
EKTASOLVE DE-HG
Evaporation Lb/ Color Specific Acidlty, as Boiling Freezing Fiarh Point Amy
Rate Gal @ Pt-Co Gravity @ Acetic Acld Range Point TCC Min Wt
n-BuOAcrl 2Q.C Max 2O0120*C Max W t % *C *C *C (*F) %
~KTASOLVEDE-HG Solvent'' <o.oi 8.56 IO 1.027 0.01 190-205 -70 es(205) -
(Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl EtherlEthylene Glycol)
[CzHdoCzH*),OH][HoCH,CHPHI
524 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether i s a colorless, high-boiling liquid. I t i s miscible i n proportions with water, alcohol
(methanol), ketones (acetone), ethers (ethyl ether), aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene), paraffinic hydrocarbons (n-heptane),
and halogenated hydrocarbons (carbon tetrachloride). As i t i s an ether-alcohol type compound i t possesses solvent action
for many substances such as oils, dyes, gums, and natural and synthetic resins. I t i s used as a high-boiling solvent i n
nitrocellulose lacquers and other synthetic coatings, baking lacquers, flash-dry printing inks, and dye bath,.
Acidity (as acetic acid), % by wt. (max.) 0.01 Molecular weight 162.2
A ppearance water-white Specific gravity, 25/25"C. 0.952
Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. 230 Specific heat (average), cai ./"C. 0.54
Fire point (open cup), O F . 240 .
Surface tension at 25 "C , dynes/cm. 30.0
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), OF. 230 Vapor pressure at Z " C . , mm. Hg 0.023
Freezing range, "C. -40 Viscosity at 25"C., centistokes 4.92
Heat of vaporization, Btu/lb. 74.3 Weight per gal. at 2OoC., Ib. 7.92
Refractive index (no at 25°C .) 1.430
EKTASOLV DP
SOLV DP
ARCOSOLV DP
Glycol Ether DP
Formula #pa
Molecular Bolllng Freezing Flash Pnrwm,
Solvan1 UklaM Point, "C Point, O C Point, OF@) mm Ha
-
0.969 8.06 0.m9 Complete Complete 0.49 29.6 37.8
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether i s a clear, water-white neutral liquid of faint, pleasant odor. This ether may be used
as a solvent for alkali metal hydrides for use i n such reactions as reduction, alkylation and condensation. It may also be
used as a lacquer solvent.
Acidity (as acetic acid), YO by wt. (max.) 0.015 Specific gravi ty, 20/20°C. 0.9451
Appearance water-white Surface tension at 25°C .,
dynes/cm. 27.0
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), "F. 168 Vapor pressure a t lOO"C., mm. Hg 3.0
Freezing range, "C. -68 Viscosity at 2OoC., centistokes 2.0
Refractive index (nD at 20°C .) 1.40778 Weight per gal. at 2O"C., Ib. 7.87
Molecular weight 134.2
Glycol Ethers 525
Formula Hpa
Molecular Bolllnp FWng Flash Prossun.
POlnt. 'c
--
Solvent
-- -
Might Polnt, Point. OFID) mm Hp
This vinyl ether i s monomeric in character and i s used as 9 chemical intermediate or as o crosslinking ogent. Addition of
isocyanic acid produces secondary diisocyanates. Divinyl ethers hydrolyze to the glycol and acetaldehyde. Chlorine or
bromine add to the double bonds. Reaction with an alcohol i n the presence of water produces a diacetal. Polymerization
of divinyl ether o f diethylene glycol with acidic catalysts produce crosslinked gels. Unsaturated polyesters, crosslinked
with styrene, have been made noncorrosive to metals through use of divinyl ethers to reduce hydroxyl ond acid numbeis.
Specifications
CH20C H2 .C H20H
Triglycol I
CH20CH2-CH20H
Triethylene glycol i s a clear, colorless, viscous, stable liquid with a slightly sweetish odor. Because i t has two ether
and two hydroxyl groups i t s chemical properties are closety related to ethers and primary alcohols. It i s a good solvent
for gums, resins, nitrocellulose, steam-set printing inks and wood stains. With a low vapor pressure and a high boiling
point, i t s uses and properties are similar to those of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. Because i t is an efficient
hygroscopic agent i t serves as a liquid desiccant for removing water from natural gas. It i s also used i n a i r conditioning
systems designed to dehumidify a i r .
Tetraethylene glycol i s o high-boiling, cleor liquid of low volatility. It i s ranpletely miscible with water and o wide
variety of organic solvents. For certain aliphatic hydrocarbons, i t hos a very slight affinity. Tetraethylene glycol
i s used as a coupling agent for blending water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds i n such formulations as lubricants,
glues, cork and textile products, etc.
TRIGLYME C8H1804
PROPYLENE GLYCOLS
ARCOSOLV PM
DOWANOL PM CH,CHOCH,OCH,
POLY-SOLV MPM
Glycol Ether PM
ARCOSOLV PNP
Formula WPW
Molecular Bolllng . Fnulng Flash Preuun,
Solvent WIlghl Polnt, OC Polnl, OC Polnt, OF@) mmHg
ARCOSOLV PNB
Formula vrpa
Molscular Bdllna Fmulng FI#b Promum.
Wlght Polnt, O C Polnt, O C Polnt, OFW mm Ha
I I I
__-
Solv PTB 1 57018-52-7 0.25 0.870 7.27 145-155 3.8 2.3 1.2 113
Formula Vapor
Molecular Boiling Freezing Flash Pressure,
Wight Point. OC Poinl, OC Point. OF(* mm Hg
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ ~
(a) Tag Closed Cup (d) An accurate determinationof the solubility of ButoxyethyiPROPASOL
(b) All solutions are percent by volume Solvent in water and water in ButoxyethylPROPASOL Solvent is
(e) Sets to glass below this tc#nperature difficult because of the similarity of their densities and the sensitivity
of the solubility to slight changes in temperature. Thus, the solubility
data reported here are approximate.
Table 11.51: Propylene Glycol Isobutyl Ether and Higher Homologs (23)
Solut~WRiameters are usa(ul a t a guide in determining the ability 01 a solnnt or sobent midun to dissolvc nuns 4 dtscurwon 01 soolublllfl
par- and the basis lor these Wun an contained in an artubby H S Burnll in the Soma 1955 issue of 1ntamhsmrc.lRCVICU
Acidity (as acetic acid), % by wt. (max.) 0.02 Specific gravity, 2O/2O0C. 0.951
Appearance water-white Specific heat (average), cat ./"C. 0.54
Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, O C . 188.3 Surface tension at 25 "C dynes/cm . . 28.8
Fire point (open cup), O F . 185 Vapor pressure at 20°C., mm. Hg 0.4
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), O F . 185 Viscosity i n centistokes: 25°C. 3.33
Freezing range, "C. -1 17 75OC. 1.07
Refractive index (nD at 2OOC.) 1.419 Weight per gal. at 20°C., Ib. 7.91
Molecular weight 148.2
534 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Formula Vapor
Molecular Boiling Freezlnp Flash Pressure,
Wight Point, OC Point, O C Point, oF@) mm Hp
ARCOSOLV DPNB
Formula Vapor
Molecular Boiling Freezing Flash Pressure,
Wight Point, O C Point, O C Point, oF@) mm Hg
ARCOSOLV DPTB is a colorless liquid with a mild odor and low volatility. It is partially water soluble and
demonstrates good coupling. It also shows good solvency for coating resins. The properties of DPTB support its
use in agricultural, coating, cleaning, ink, textile and adhesive products
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
Chemical Name ...Tertiary Butoxy Propoxy Propanol
..................Dipropylene Glycol Tertiary Butyl Ether
Chemical Family ................... Propylene Glycol Ether
Chemical Formula ...................................... C,oHzz03
(continued
Glycol Ethers 535
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Density (pounds per gallon at 25°C) ..................7.6
Specific Gravity
@ 25°C I 0.890 - 0.910 ASTM D-891
Evaporation Rate (BuAc = 100) ......................... 1.5
Flash Point (SETA) "C (OF) ........................ 87 (188) Distillation0
Solubility by weight in water at 20°C ...............12% 760mm Hg
Solubility Parameter (Total Hansen) ..................9.3 IBP, min. 200°C ASTM D-1078;
Surface Tension (Dyneslcm) 63 25°C (77°F) ......26 DP,max. 220°C E-202
Refractive Index @I 25°C (77°F) ...................... 1.42 Acidity, wt. % as ASTM E-202;
.Viscosity (centistokes) @ 25°C (77°F) ...............4.9 acetic acid, m a . 0.015 USP XXI
,Vapor Pressure @I 25°C (77°F) (mm Hg) .......0.08
Water, ASTM E-202;
wt. Yo,max. 0.25 E-203
Tripropylene glycol is a water-white liquid. One of its unique features is its combination of water-solubility and
good solubility for many organic compounds. Because of high boiling point and low volatility it is used in the
formulation of textile soaps, lubricants, cutting oils, and similar applications.
Boiling point:
760 rnrn. Hg, O F . 513.0
760 rnrn. Hg, "C. 267.2
Fire point (Cleveland open cup), O F . 310
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), O F . 285
Freezing range supercools
Molecular weight 192.3
Refractive index (nD at 25°C.) 1.442
Acidity (as acetic acid), % by wt. (max.) 0.02 Specific gravity, 25/25"C. 0.967
Appearance wa ter-wh ite Specific heat (average), cal ./"C. 0.51
Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. 242.4 Surface tension at 25"C., dynes/cm. 30.0
Fire point (open cup), O F . 270 .
Vapor pressure at 75 "C , mrn Hg . 0.022
Flash point (Cleveland open cup), O F . 260 Viscosity i n centistokes:
Freezing range, "C. -42 25°C. 6.16
Refractive index (nD at 25°C.) 1.428 75°C. 1.67
Mo lecu Ior weight 206.3 Weight per gal. a t 2OoC., Ib. 8.05
DALPAD A
TRIGLYCOLS
Table 11.64: ARCOSOLV Evaporation Characteristics, Resin Compatibility and Other Data (70)
Acetone 559
Ethvl Acetate 391
I Methvl Ethvl Ketone 379 I
Methanol 207
ISoDroDvl Alcohol 144
I Butvl Acetate 100 I
L
EM 47
E€ 32
-EB 6
DPM 2
t
1
PMA 34 1
1
(continued)
538 Industrial Solvents Handbook
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E.. ,9!; I i1%:
g
c ,ID 'Gi ~
-
-
~ Q)
0) 'Q) u
., 0. tO a) ~ ~ OC ;;:; <
~ 0. I Ln~..'
~ (\I
00
>. ~Q ~ cn:r:r
E Oa) ~ 1 °~
~r-- c: ~N
... ~ , .., ,
Q) ''''''to o~ , Q) :9 z~:r
... (/) >. 00 > zo !01 II 5 >-<>-
,<~6
>
~~(')
c 00 i ~I
r--c
N- I Q)1
:E »>
01
-Xa)
I!
Q) o "
Q) c -oQ)-o In OQ)I() ~ c: I,§ (j 11.
NE
10 u 0)0)0)
-1 o
Q) Q)",
I~ ~-a.;: I
=~ .r: I >.>.>. ~"'."'
:0 '0 >. :§G:§
~'"O) 1 "0
:::
~ ~i~,<0<0,
>.
1 -Q)
goo
'"
Q)(.) >
IG >-<0> -g.
8. .c: .. c
~
»'>
(.)~~ ccc
nI ~ Q)Q)
u ~>~ ~
Q)~," ""Q;,
..-
a: < <w<
u-u
< IIJOU < u, :.II « w ~~ II :> aJaJ ;:) >
542 Industrial Solvents Handbook
U
-
0
m
E
h a
Q-
f
ln
?
W
ln
r
0
I I I
0 0 0
8 W P
0 N
0
Glycol Ethers 543
E
0
u
v)
m
L
U
m
E
.c
e
c
544 Industrial Solvents Handbook
1
IN m
cnm
tu
.-t
- I N
N W
mim
i cy
Glycol Ethers 545
.-Io
L
.-+
Q
3
2
2
0
a
X
w
z
Q
c
n
0
Q
B
>
J
za
U
546 Industrial Solvents Handbook
.-
Blfth Thymic
Defects Atrophy
I
NOAEL LOAE NOAE LOAEL NOAE LOAEL NOAEL
DPM Derinal (nig/kg/d) N/D N/D N/D N/D -5,000 NLF -5,000
Oral ( i i i & / d ) hVI> N/D N/I) N/D 1,000 NLF 1,000
(continued )
Glycol Ethers 547
DPNP Dennal (mg/kg/d) N/I) N/D N/D N/I> N/I) N/II N/D N/D N/I) N/I)
I
Oral (nig/kg/iI) N/I) N/D N/I) N/D N/I) N/I) N/II N/I) N/I) N/I)
Inllalation (ppin) N/I> N/D N/I> N/D N/l> N/I) N/D N/I) N/I) N/I)
Dennal (ing/kg/d) 910 NLF 910 NLI; 010 NLF 910 NLF 910 NI,I‘
DPNB
oK1i
(mg/:/kg//d) N/I> N/D N/D N/I) 1,000 Ni,r; i,ooo NLF 1,000 NIJ
Inhalation (ppin) N/1) N/I> N/D N/I> N/I> N/1> N/D N/1> N/I) N/lI
D~TB I)ernlal (nig/kg/:/d) N/I) N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/II
Oral (tllg//kg/<1: N/I> N/D N/1) N/I) SA) N/Il N/D N/D N/l) N/I)
Inhalati~in(I,pin) 11‘1 NLF I19 NISI: 11(J N1.F I20 NLF 120 NFI,
TPM Dernul (mg/kg//d) N/II N/D N/D N/D 10,000* N1.F -10,000’ NLF -10,000‘ N1.F
Oral (nig/kg/d) N/1> N/I) N/D N/l> 5/11 N/D N/D N/D N/I> N/I)
Inhalation (ppm) N/D N/D N/I) S/l) N/D WI) N/D N/I) N/I) N/I)
TPE Dermal (mg/kp/d) N/D N/D N/D N/D N/I) N/D N/D N/D N/D h’/D
Oral (mg/kg/d) N/D N/D N/D S/I> S/I) N/D N/D N/D N/I) S/II
Inhalation (ppm) N/D N/D N/D N/Il WD N/D N/D N/D N/II N/Il
Dermal(mg;kg/d) N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
TPNB
Oral (nig/kg/d) N/D N/D N/D N/D 1,000 N U 1,000 NLF 1,000 NIJ
NID = No Data NNF = No NOAEL Found (Lowest dose tested caused the effect) NLF = No LOAEL Found (Highest dose tested did not cause the effect)
Industrial Solvents Handbook
Glycol Ethers 549
Monoethanolamine laurate ( 1 9 1 4 3 7 37 21 15 3
Monoethanolamine oleate >loo >loo >loo >loo >io0 >loo >loo >loo
Diethanolamine oleate >loo, >loo >loo >loo I >loo >1M) I >loo I >loo
Triethanolamine laurate >1W 22 18 68 90 58 67 80
Triethanolamine oleate >loo >loo >1w >loo >io0 >loo >1w >1w
Triethanolamine stearate 15 6 5 21 13 5 .<1 27
Monoisopropanolamine oleate >loo >loo >io0 >1w >loo >loo >loo >loo
Monoisopropanolamine stearate 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 4 1 < 1 1 < 1
Triethanolaminetall oil I >loo I >loo I >io0 I >loo I >loo I >loo I >loo I >loo
Mixed lsopropanolamine tall oil >1w >loo >loo >loo >loo >1w >loo >1w
Potassium oleate >1w >loo >loo - >loo >loo >loo -
Sodium oleate <l <1 <1 - 1 1 1 -
Resin Solubility+
COMPOUND I PM 1 DPM I TPM I PMA I DPMA I PPh I EB I DB I OM I EPh
Acrylic Acryloidl 6-66
D E R 657
CellUlOtlc CAP-482-0.5
CAB-381-2
.. .* .. .. .. .. . . . . 0 0 . .
I I I 7 5 1 I I 2 5 I 11 34.2
50 50 41 .O
25 75 42.1
100 42.5
I 1 1 2 5 1 I I 7 5 I 11 48.8
1 5 0 1 I I I I I 50 11 58.3
1 1 I I I 1 1 0 0 1 11 60.9
I 2 5 1 I I I I I 75 11 61.8
75 25 82 1
100 95.8
I I I I I I I 100 11 104.6
100 230.0
1 Milliliters 01 product required to titrale IO ml 01 mineral spirits and 10 ml 01 water Io a clear homogeneous solution at 25°C
PM 0.71 EC-300 0 21
DPM 0.02 E6 0 08
TPM <o 01 DE 0 003
PMA 0.34 TEH c40 01
DPMA <0.01 DM 0 02
PPh <0.01 TMH <.io 01
BC-100 0.60 EPh c o 01
BC-200 0.25 DALPAO -.o 01
'Chemists use the evaporation rate 01 butyl acetate as the Standard lor determining evaporation rates 01 solvents Butyl acetale has an arbilrary value 01 1 00
All solvents evaporating laster than butyl acetate have a number higher than 1 00 Those evaporating more slowly have evaporation rales lower than 1 00 All glycol
ethers evaporate more s~owlythan butyl acetate
(continued)
Glycol Ethers 551
I
1
Hours
-A- DOWANOLPM + DOWANOLBC-3M
-m- OOWANOLBC-100 -e-- OOWANOLEB
-v- 0 0 w A N 0 L B c - m + WWANOLOPM
--c WWANOLPMA
80
60
P
.E
B
w
8-
40
20
0
25 !
-++ DOWANOLOPM -e- OOWANOL OB
Hours
-t- DOWANOLOM t OOWANOLTPM
x WWANOLOPMA --bL DOWANOLPR
t OOWANOLER
(continued)
552 Industrial Solvents Handbook
103
8
6
4
102
8
6
4
2
I" 10'
E
E 8
6
E! 4
a
c
v)
a. 2
b 100
p" 8
6
4
lo-'
8
6
4
10-2
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 130 160 190 220 260
Temperature (Cox Scale), "C
A= DOWANOL EB B = DOWANOL DM C = DOWANOL DB D =DOWANOL PPh E = DOWANDL EPh
1.1
I .O
“E
Y
c.
s
d
0.9
0.8
-20 0 25 50 75 100 120 -20 0 i 50 75 100 120
Temperature, 4: Temperature, 4:
OOWANOLPM --t-OOWANOL EB
DOWANOLOPM -e-OOWANOLDB
-9- DOWANOL PMA + OOWANOL TBH
--t DOWANOL DPMA -s- OOWANOLTMH
1.1
1.o
0.9
0.8 ,
-
-4- DOWANOL TPM
--8-OOWANOL DM
ODWANOLPPh
+ DOWANOL EPh
Temperature, 4: + OOWANOL BC-100
BC-m
--t OOWANOL
+ DOWANOL BC-240
Temperature, 4:
(continued)
554 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-4-
---C
WWANDLTPM
DOWANOL DM
DDWANOLPPh
--t ODWANOLER
Temperature. 4:
-
--8-
-e-
DOWANOL BC-100
WWANOL BC-m
DOWANOL BC-300
Temperature, 4:
(continued)
Glycol Ethers 555
OB 0 00081 0 00045
OM 0.00091 0 00051
ox 1
070
1060-
I010 1
1030
1 020
lW 1010
1040- 990 loo0
p030- "980
L
g1om-
N
5 970
1 K
E.lao - EW
1
=lW- = 950
1990- 1 940
f 950
\
DOWANOL PM ___*
930 940
920 930
910 920
900 l l i l l l l l l 910 I I I I I I I I I
0 20 40 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100
Percent Eyi Weight Glycol Ether Percent By Weight Glycol Ether Percent By Weight Glycol Ether
(continued)
556 Industrial Solvents Handbook
70
60
E
Y
In
;50
K
1
.-s
40
E 30
e
a
c 20
0
v) v) DOWANOL O h ?
lo0 L
0 20 40 60 EO
Volume % Glycol Ether in Water
1W
10 -
0
0
I
20 40
I I
60 EO
Volume % Glycol Ether in Water
I
1
-
lo
0
1
0 20 40 60 80
Volume % Glycol Ether in Water
1 I
I
I I
1.44 1.44 - 1.43 -
6i 1.41 1.41-
1.4-
15 1.40
1.37
;-
[:::-
1.40
1.37-
-
5 1.39 -
[:I
1.36 -
(continued)
Glycol Ethers 557
t
Y
8
m
B
P
E
-0
8
558 Industrial Solvents Handbook
lW I
10
0
i 1'0 2b io 4b io io 76 io go I
DOWANOLPM 120.1
Water 100 98 3 51 5 48 5
Toluene 110 7 106.5 30 70
Neoprene
Change in rnicbren,
Buna (GR-S)
Neoprene
Amnw K V o l m ekrnpr
Buna (GR-S) 22 69 30
Butyl 14 28 22 79 47 n
Neoprene 72 73
125
75
50
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Wt. % Coalescent Relative to Latex Solids
~~
50 50 41 0
I 25 I I 75 I 11 42 1
100 71 0
75 25 78 8
100 800
75 25 82 1
100 95.8
- .-__
lo0 104 6
1W 230.0
' Milliliters01 product ~quiradlo litrata 10 mi01 mineral spirits and IO mi01 water 10 a deaf homOpeneOu5solutlonat 25% (continued
560 Industrial Solvents Handbook
nitrocellulose
solutions in Blush CI 4itian.d
...._.._
OOWANOL DOWANOL
glycol ethers,
ditions No Blush Conditions I
I Kauri,
at TPF
remperature
"F Humiditv I
YORelative Temperature
'F ITolueni Yaphtha
Butanol
Number
74.18 82
I
158.76 82
407.1 6 82 0.7 1
160.92 82
I
DB 229.32 No blush at 95% ret. hum. and 84°F after one hour 6.5
1 Blush resistancetests wem carried out by spraying a Solution of 92% DOWANOL glycol ether and 8% nitrocellulose on a 6'x 24" glass plate from a distance01 eight
inches. 30-40 pounds air pressurewas used and 30 minutes drying time allowed
2 Dilution ratios were determined by dissolving 2 g of dried nitrocellulose in 20 ml 01 OOWANDL glycol ether and adding toluene or naphtha until the nitrocellutose
precipitated The volume 01 toluene or naphtha required divided by 20 was taken as the dilution ratio
3 Kauri Butanol numbers am determined by adding the material being checked to 20 ml 01 Kauri Butanol reagent until 10 point type can no longer be read through the
solution The number 01 mlo1 material requiredto reachthe endpoint is recordedas the Kauri Butanol number With at1 DOWANOLglycol ether products tested 500 ml
were added to the reagent without the endpoint being reached
4 DOWANOL DM glycol ether seemed to be quite deliquescent
Acryloid 8-82
D E R 657
Nitrocellulose R S VZ sec ..
0'
.
e7
. . .. ..
07
..
07
..
07
...
0 7
...
.'
R S X sec
..
) .
.. .. .. .. .. . .
ChempoP11-2339
Cellulosic CAP-482-0 5
CAB-381-2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Vinyl UCAR VYHH 3 c , . m ~ 0 0 m
(continued)
Glycol Ethers 561
Aluminum Brighteners
0
0
.
.
.. .. .. .
0 .
Metal Cleaners 0 .
___
Carbon and Grease Removers 0 .
PaintlVarnishI
Silicone Removers
Ink Removers
.
.
e
.
.
0
.
.
Oven Cleaners 0 .
-
Penetrating Oils
DisintectantsrGermicides
..
DOWANOL Glycol Ethers Acceptable as Inert Ingredients in Pesticide Furmutations40CFR 180.1Mn, (d) & (e)
DOWANOL PM Solvent
DOWANOL OB
Deactivator tor formulations used before crop emerges from soil stabilizer
DOWANOL OM
I
(e) Pesticide formulations applied to animals:
DOWANOL PM Deactivator, emollient.
20
0
0 20 40 60 8 0 1 0 0
96 Evap~~ated 90
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 ~ 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
c?onwmmol SdVMt A (wr. 70)
(continued1
562 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-
DATA SUMMARY INITIAL AND AIR TEMP = 25.00%, R U HUMlDrrY = 60.00%
~~
REL RATE
~~~~ ~
I
-~ ~ ~~
0.00
~~
I 0.30 I 0.25 I 0.22 I 0.20 I 0.18 1 0.12
2 4 6 10
Tlme in Hours
Surface Tension
DLB
20 , I I I 1 I 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Wt.% DOWANOL Glycol Ether
Surface Tension of Blends
(continued)
Wt.% DOWANOL Glycol Ether
Glycol Ethers 565
I
O D
E
93
-c
E
Y
0
s
..
v)
's
566 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-
c
Q)
-h
0
-
2
-E
al L-1
ai
P
I
Glycol Ethers 567
6
2ml
I 5000
1 8 2ml
I so00
0 I I I I. 1 I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wedc Week
*
n
0
.-
*
8
*
10000 .z
i. 10000-
5 DPM/s:BuOH ::
5
0 I I I I I I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Week Week
El
Aged @ Room Temp.
I
No Aging+
1 2 3 1 5 6 7
Inhalation 9-day subacute study Rats 3000 ppm Mild, high-dose liver effects
Mice 1000 ppm similar to those seen with
300 pprn DOWANOL PM; evidence
of upper respiratory tract
irritation in all exposures in
mice and high exposure in rats
.~
Inhalation teratology study Rats 4000 pprn Embryo/felotoxity
and teratogenicity
400 ppm NOEL=4000 ppm slight
maternal toxicity
13-week subchronic dermal study Rabbits 2 ml/kg/day Skin effects at all levels;
Of 57% S o h no systemic effects at
5.7% soln. any level
0.57% Soh.
(continued1
570 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Type of Study
Propylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether (PnB)
1 Species
Exposure
I Effects
13-week subchronic dermal study Rats 1 ml/kg/day Minor skin effects at all
(880 mg/kg/day) levels: no systemic effects
0.3 ml/kg/day at any level
0.1 ml/kg/day
13-week subchronic oral study Rats 1000 mg/kg Increased liver and kidney
350 mg/kg weights at 1000 mg/kg
100 mg/kg NOEL-350 mg/kg
Dermal teratology study
I Rats
Rabbits
II
1
1 ml/kg/day
0.3 ml/ko/dav
" ,
100 mglkglday
I
I
I
No embryo/fetotoxicity or
teratooenicitv
" ,at anv,level
No embryoMetotoxicity or
40 mg/kg/day teratogenicity at any level
10 mg/kg/day
13-week subchronic diet study Rats 1000 mg/kg/day Slight effects to body weights,
clinical chemistries, and liver
weights
450 mglkglday Capacity changes;
not considered toxic effects
200 mg/kg/day NOEL
13-week subchronic dermal study Rats 1 ml/kg/day Skin effects; effects to body
weights, food consumption,
and liver weiohts
28-day subchronic dermal study Rats 1000 mgfkg No evidence of systemic toxicity
300 mg/kg (NOEL=1000 mg/kg); mild, tran-
100 mg/kg sient dermal irritation at all doses
( c o n t i n u e d)
Glycol Ethers 571
Exposure
Type of Study Species Level Effects
90-day oral subchronic study Rats 4000 mg/kg NOEL for neurotoxicity
1200 mglkg 4000 mg/kg; NOEL for
400 mg/kg systemic toxicity 400 mglkg
90-day dermal subchronic study Rats 4000 mg/kg NOEL 4000 mg/kg
1200 mg/kg
400 mg/kg
Oral teratology study Rats 5000 mg/kg Slight variations in fetal
2500 mg/kg skeletons at 1250 mg/kg;
1250 mg/kg fetal NOAEL 1250 mg/kg
625 mg/kg
Oral teratology study Rabbits 1500 mglkg Fetal NOAEL 1500 mg/kg
1000 mg/kg
500 mgkg
250 mgikg
Oral developmental neurotoxicity study Rats 3000 mglkg Neurotoxicity NOEL
1650 mg/kg 1650 mg/kQ, developmental
300 mg/kg NOEL 300 mg/kg
90-day subchronic dermal study Rabbits 500 mg/kg Minor skin effects, no evidence
150 mg/kg of systemic toxicity at any level
50 mg/kg
Dermal teratology study Rabbits 1000 mg/kg Maternal death at high dose,
600 mglkg maternal toxicity at 600 mg/kg,
300 mg/kg no embryo/fetotoxicity or
teratogenicity at any level
- __
Oral 5-week reproductiori study Mice 2000 mg/kg No reproductive effects
1000 mg/kg at any level
500 niglkg
(continued )
572 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Dow Internal
DOWANOL CHEMICAL NAME OSHA2 ACGIH, Industrial
Standard TLV4 Hvsiene Guide
~~
P-Series
PM Propylene glycol methyl ether 100 ppms 100 ppm NE
DPM 1 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether I 100 ppm5 ( s k W I 100 pprn 1 NE
E-Series 1 I I I
~~
EB
~~~
P-Series I I I I I
PM I 1.95 I 1.84 1 0 I 22 I 58
DPM I 2.06 I 2.02 I 0 1 0 I 31
DM 1.73 1.66 0 21 66
TMH 1.76 1.75 0 14 23
3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOO) expressed as a percentage of Theoretical Oxygen Oemand A BOD 20 of >50% indicates the product will be largely removed in
a biological wastewater treatment plant A BOD 20 of 10-50% indicates it will be partially removed
+
Glycol Ethers 573
176.300
176.210
Slimicides (for use in the manufactureof papei
and paperboard). Adjuvant substances
permittedto be used in the preparation of
slimicides.
Defoamingagents used in the manufacture
T
of paper and paperboard.
175.105 IAdhesives.
178.1010 Sanitizing solutions. Paragraph (a)(4): an
aqueous solution containing iodine, butoxy
monoether of mixed (ethylene-propylene)
potyalkylene glycol having a cloud point of
WC-10o"Cin 0.5% aqueous solution and an
average molecular weight of 3300,ethylene
glycol monobutylether, and diethylene glycol
monoethylether, together with components
generally recognized as safe.
~~
28
Horizontal Horizontal
-
20-
-
- 16-
-! 12-
f4 81
8 -
4-
0-
0 10 20 30 40 50
OJ- 0
2
0
to 5
0
OOWANOL PPh, EPh Standard Store below 110°F. Develops yellow color.
glycol ether products Aluminum containers should be avoided.
18 months - Drums
6 months - Bulk
574 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 11.66: GLYME Azeotropic Vapor Pressure and Solubility Data (27)
700 700
600 800
v) v)
ln ln
W
w
5 300 E 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
u 4 b 12 225 230 ZS', 240 24 5 15U 25:
PERCENT WATER PERCENT WATER
700 700
600 800
2 500 2 500
E E
E E
I I
E 400 2 400
3 2)
v)
ln
w w
E 300 9300
200 200
100 100
0 0
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 76 78 84 88 82 86 1W
PERCENT WATER PERCENT WATER
'Butyl Diglyme, Triglyme, and Tetraglyme do not form azeotropes with wateer.
Glycol Ethers 575
m m m n
3 3
a a
I
I m a m u 3 3 4 m o m m
r n m m m
m
0
-m
a,
-3a
L
0
576 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Vapor
Formula Pressure,
Molecular Boiling Freezing Flash m m Hg
Solvent Weight Point, "C Point, "C Point, "FI'I at 20°C
Butoxytriglycol 0.989 8.19 0.00085 100 100 < 0.1 30.0 32.2
1-- ~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~
(a) Tag ClosedCup tinlessotherwise noted (d) Pensky-MartensClosed Cup if) at z"C
Ib) All solutions are permit by volume (e) Decoiiipo5e5,+I7 N miii t l q , h01/11 (1 icl) 1% d u t i o n
(0 Sets toglass below tlm temperdture (continued)
Glycol Ethers 577
Methyl CELLOSOLVESolvent 1s
Water 99 9 85
..
Methyl CARBITOL Solvent 70
Ethylene Glycol 192 30
. -
CELLOSOLVE Solvent 3s 7
Butyl Acetate 1258 643
CELLOSOLVESolvent 100
Toluene 1100 900
CELLOSOLVE Solvent 28 8
Water 994 71 2
--
CARBITOL Solvent 54 5
Ethylene Glycol 192 4s 5
__ -
Propyl CELLOSOLVESolvent 30
Water 98 8 70
Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of Glycol Ethers Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of Glycol Ethers
60
50
1
40
30 30
20 20
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
80
70
30
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
90
EO E (78%)
s
.-
70
E
m
60
2
L
50
40
v
2 30
20
F (15%)
G(13%)
IO H (8.2%)
I(2.4%)
0 J (0.3%)
0 IO 20 30 40 SO 60 70 EO 90 100
RelativeTime, hours
Chart Key
A Butyl Acetate
B Methyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent
C CELLOSOLVE Solvent
D Propyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent
E Butyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent
F Methyl CARBITOL Solvent
G CARBITOL Solvent
H
I
J
Hexyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent
Butyl CARBITOL Solvent
Hexyl CARBITOL Solvent
.
!j
v)
2
20
'E 60
n.
'I 50
6
5
4 40
3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1
-10 0 20 40 60 EO 120 160 240
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS
Soluble in water with resultant solutions being ASHLAND" polypropylene glycols have average
transparent, ASHLAND" polyethylene glycols molecular weights ranging from 400 to 4,000, and
are designated b y numbers which approximate encompass a wide range of physical and chemical
their average molecular weight. Intermediate properties. They are used in cosmetic formulations,
combinations may be obtained b y blending brake fluids, lubricating oils and greases, and rubber
various grades. processing.
Polyeth lene Glycols 200, Polyethylene Glycols
300,40g and 600 1000,1450,3350,4600
Water-soluble viscous liquids and 8000
at normal temperatures, From semi-solid to the higher
polyethylene glycols are molecular weight hard waxy
also soluble in ketones, white solids, this group of
alcohols, glycol ethers, polyethylene glycols finds
esters and aromatic use as mold lubricants and
hydrocarbons. Their mold release agents in the
viscosities and freezing rubber industry Used in
points increase as the preparation of ointments.
molecuiar weight increases. cosmetic creams and
Used as paper softeners, in lotions, metal polishes, shoe
tire air bag lubricants and polishes, abrasives and
lotions. Fatty acid esters adhesives
prove useful as emulsifiers,
dispersants and lubricants.
Typical Physical Properties of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycols and Methoxypolye iylene Glyc 01s
iolubility Average
Welting or in Water Viscosity Number of
g/cc Freezing a t 20°C. a t 210°F. Repeating
80% Range, “C % bywt cSt Oxyethylene
Units
~~
1.0763 iEl 43
1.0766 -15 I l l h 58
400
- 380 t o 420 I 1255 I0931 1.0769 -1 to h 73
540 Blend (a) 468 to 534 ih) 10930 1.0765 38 to 41 15 1
600 570 to 630 11258 10931 1.0767 20 to 2 3 10 8
900 855 to 945 (hl 10926 1.0763 32 tu 36 15 3
I
1000 950 to 1050 lh) 1.0927 1.0765 37 to 40 xo 17 2
1450 1305 t~ I595 ill1 j I.0‘119 1.0761 26 5
3350 3015 t u 3685 ill1 I 1.0926 1.0769 90 8
4000 3600 to 44oi I .(I769 1-10 4
4600 4140 t(> 5060 I .I1764 IS3 9
Surface Liquid
Tension lefractive Specific Heat Heat of
Product at 25°C. Index, at 25°C. Fusion,
dvnes/cm
(conti nued)
Glycol Ethers 583
0 0 0 0
N
0
m N
..
0
584 Industrial Solvents Handbook
r
0
0
N
v)
Glycol Ethers 585
H
r
0
w
N
w
0
0
::
w
a
wI
586 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0
vi
..
0
rc
F
F
Glycol Ethers 587
8
5:
0
H
5:
N
PD
J
0
al
J
m
aO
0 s
r
o w
5:
c
0
J
..
0
rc
r
r
588 Industrial Solvents Handbook
w
a
0
-
0
0
7
F:
8
U
= $
<
E O
E
P
8
F:
0
F:
I
Glycol Ethers 589
?i
5:
rcI
w
0
ro
N
B Y
8 2
<
- 2
E
P
8
5:
0
N
Y)
590 Industrial Solvents Handbook
B3
C
8
P
51
0
0
0
0
0
N
d
0
N
0
o f
- 2
c
E
0
E,
I-
Glycol Ethers 591
x
s
a
a
o
-I-
O
Q - q l
0
..
2
w
5
5
8
c
0
-I-
0 2 4
5 w,
V
t's
a
pi
P
H
w
0
w 0
N
Y)
592 Industrial Solvents Handbook
r
0
(1D
-
E
0
-a
Y
t
0
cn
Glycol Ethers
r
0
594 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0
0 0
z 0 0
Glycol Ethers 595
..
F
F
596 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Glycol Ethers 597
w 8 N
0
c
e
w
H
P
8
5:
8
4
o
N .=Cm
3
c
9
P
6
00
9
v)
w
m
N
N
v) v) 0
-
598 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Solubllltles of Commonly Used Substances In CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycols 400,540 Blend and 3350
- Methyl Cellulose
Shellac
Partly soluble
Partly soluble
Insoluble
Partly soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Carnauba Wax (No. 3) Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
Paraffin Wax Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
Solubllltles of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycols 400, 540 Blend and 3350 in Common Solvents
- - __ - .. __
CARBOWAX CARBOWAX CAREOWAX
Polyethylene Polyethylme Polyethylene
Glycol Glycol Glycol
400 510 Blend 3350
Approximate % Approximate 5% Approximate 4.
by weight by weight by wclght
-- Water
at20T
S
at50"C
S
at20'C
73
at50'C
97
at20OC
62
at50-C
84
Methanol S S 48 96 35 S
Ethanol (200-proof) S s <1 S <1 S
Acetone S S 20 S <1 99
Dichloroethyl Ether S S 44 S 25 85
Trichloroethylene S S 50 90 30 80
Methylene Chloride S S 70 ,.I
Toluene S S 13 S <1 S
Heptane Insoluble Insoluble 0.50 0.01 <0.01 <0.01
-
FOOTNOTES:
S Greaterthan100gper100ccofsolvent.
( a )Solvent boils at or below 50°C
Glycol Ethers 599
E300 700 IO 341 69 '36 ')(I b400 1463 1125 936 118 0508 PEG 6
E400 400 + h 90 IO 1'4 2.450 1465 1125 9'36 1'1 0498 PEG 8
EGOO 000 +1? 131 // 11 >450 1466 1126 917 1'14 0490 PEG 12
E900 Y(X) 14 1(x) 10 >450 a 1204 d 182 a -
Solubility of Polyethylem,alycdr
In Vatlous 3dv.nt,
EZOO E3W €400 E(W0 ElOOO E1450 E m E4600 E80W
Acetone m m m m ,100 60 <01 co1 <01
__
Benzene
- _
Ether
- m
110
- m
70
m z
4
>loo
4
84
<01
32
<01
38
<01
_-12
<Ole
5
-
n-Heptane
-- -- <1 <l <l <1 -1 <01 <01 <01 cot
-
Methanol
Water
E
5
-
JE
r
m
m
rn
p
>loo
,100
>loo
>loo
28
>loo
38
->loo >loo_
10 -
1 e p r rW g r m a wlveni ai 25'CI
1 . ~ ~ 0 ~ l f n 8grmr
YOPolyglycol by Welght
VOpdyglycol by Weight
(continued)
Glycol Ethers 609
% Polyglycol by Welght
(continued)
610 Industrial Solvents Handbook
FX
b
i
Glycol Ethers 611
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOLS
* Pensky-Martens
(a]Density I ( ( 80 C
612 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Averaae
viscosiy. Flash Spafk
Polypropylene
Average Average CenHstokeo Point Refradlve Spafc Denuly Heal
Glycols Molecular Freezing PMCC. Index Gnnty LbdGal Viscouly CaIIgI'C CTFA'
PSerks Weight Point, C 32 F 77'F 1OO'F 21OF F at25C W25C d25C Index 125C NanwMun
CASU
29434-03-5 P425 425 - 45' 500 70 33 46 330 1447 1007 839 0477 PPG-9
P12OO 1200 - 40' 1130 175 91 135 345 1448 1007 838 161 0459 PPG-20
P2000 2000 - 30' 1400 300 160 23 390 1449 1002 834 183 0452 PPG-26
P4000 4000 - 26' 4000 800 455 53 365 1450 1005 836 191 - PPG-30
~~ ~
CASU PPG-14
9003-13-8 1910 910 - 43' 356 83 43 8 345 1444 09833 823 181 - Butyl Ether
PPG-18
L1150 1150 - 40' 590 115 57 11 >400 1446 09888 828 177 - Butyl Ether
Polyglycol
copdm
CASU PPG-24
51258-15-2 15-200 2600 - 40' 2060 420 206 32 >450 1460 io60 881 200 0470 Glycereth-24
CASU PPG-66
9082-00-2 1122 4900 - 18' 20000 lcbo 445 60 455 1455 1028 856 200 0430 Glycereth-12
CAS # Poloxamer-
53637-25-5 EP530 2000 - 32' 1450 321 168 25 >420 1452 1017 846 192 - 181
a Designates properties not applicable lor solids
b At 50'
* Pour Point
' Cosmetrc Tortetry and Fragrance Association
- ____-___ _ _ _ _ _P1200
P425 __- p?ooo
__ -P4O
-OO
Diethanolamine' Sol. <I <l C l
Diethylene
- Glycol' Sol._ - - - _ _ - _ _ _
10%~ 10%
_________ 10%
EthyleneGlycol' Sol. 8 Yo C1 c1
Glycerine' <I i l c1 c1
Oleic Acid c1 Sol. Sol. Sol.
PolyQlycolE200' Sol. Sol. 9Yo <I
Poly~lycolE400'
- Sol.
__.____
Sol. Cl __-- 3%
Poly~lycolE m ' Sol. Sol. 41 (1
Propylene Glycol' Sol. Sol. 10% 5yo
sperm Oil 20Yo- sol. ___ Sol. Sol.
Triethanolamine' Sol. <I e1 c1
Triethylene Glycol' Sol. Sol. 9Yo 9Yo
"I. =Soluble In 8l1 pmponlons
Product of The Dow Chmlcal Cwnpany
(Temp. = 77.R
(continued)
Glycol Ethers 613
190
180
80
170
160 70
150
140
130
+
!
R
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Volume - O/O 15-200
70
60
(continued)
620 Industrial Solvents Handbook
(continued)
Glycol Ethers 621
622 Industrial Solvents Handbook
POLYOLS
Table 11.74: Properties of PLURONIC and TETRONIC Block Copolymer Surfactants (47)
GLYCERINE ETHERS
Glyceryl %-monomethyl ether i s a colorless liquid, soluble i n benzene, ethyl alcohol, glycerol and water but insoluble
i n gasoline and carbon tetrachloride. I t i s a solvent for rosin, and when mixed with butyl acetate i s compatible with
nitrocellulose. I t may be used as a selective solvent and i n the manufacture o f alkyd resins.
Glycerine &,y-dimethyl ether i s a water-white liquid soluble i n benzene, gasoline, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl alcohol,
water and glycerine, but insoluble i n linseed o i l and other fixed oils. I t i s a solvent for rosin, cellulose acetate and
when mixed with butyl acetate i s compatible with nitrocellulose. I t has use as a solvent and plasticizer.
Iloiliny r m g c :it i 3 6 n m . 90% between
164-liO"C
Spceilic gravity at 25/25'C 1 .xu
Weight per @iI 8 36 11)s
a-Mono-n-butyl ether of glycerine i s a colorless liquid, soluble in benzene, gasoline, ethyl alcohol and carbon tetm-
chloride, but only slightly soluble i n water and glycerol. I t i s a solvent for rosin and ester gum and may be used i n the
preparation o f varnishes made with these substances.
a-Monoisoamyl ether o f glyceryl i s a colorless liquid which generally contains small amounts of other amyl isomers.
I t i s soluble i n benzene, ethyl alcohol, halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, linseed oil, and
other fixed oils and, i n certain amounts, soluble i n glycerol and water. I t i s a solvent for rosin and, when mixed with
butyl acetate, i s compatible w i t h nitrocellulose. I t may be used as a solvent i n the preparation o f alkyd resins and in
the synthesis of ester derivatives.
Boiling range at 745 nun 90% between
252-28o"C
Refractive index, N E
D
1 .a
Specific gravity at 25L2S.C OS7
Weight per gal 8.22 Ibs
624 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Glyceryl a,y-diisoamyl ether i s a water-white liquid which may contain small quantities o f other amyl isomers. I t i s
soluble in ethyl alcohol, benzene, gasoline, carbon tetrachloride and linseed oil, but insoluble in water and glycerol.
It i s a solvent for ester gum and rosin and has use as a solvent and plasticizer.
Glycerine ethers range widely from low-boiling liquids to high-boiling =lids. The solubility varies equally from complete
water miscibility to complete water insolubility. The following l i s t s these glyceryl ethers with their density and boiling
points.
Glyceryl- Ether
-d b.p. (or m.p.) "C.
u-Isoamyl 0.987:; 137-8.
251-In
n, 7-di-koamyl 0.908:; 147-53s
m
u-Benzyl 1.196:: lUst
a-n-Butyl 0.946;: l23-7-
Cresyl
u-Ethyl 1.063 231%
u ,7-di-Ethyl 0.92Ch 190
tri-Ethyl 0.886': 103-58
181n
Epiethylin 0.941: 128-9
Glycidol 1.1143,' 41 I
u-Methyl 1.1147:: 1loll
221n
@-Methyl
U ,7-di-Methyl 1.003;: 69.5-70.5tt
164-70,-
tri-Methyl 0.937*: laen,
Epimethylin l.oCa, 113-4no
mono--Naphthyl m.p. 91-2
mono-@-Naphthyl m.p. 109.10
u-Phenyl 185-7,s
15044
m.p. 534
U ,7-di-Phenyl 287-8
m.p. 80-1
u-o-CI-Phenyl m.p. 58
U-p-CI-Phenyl m.p. 76
mon0-2,4-di-Nitrophenyl m.p. 83
Epiphenylin 1.03s: 1156.4
ACETONE
Typical Properties
625
626 Industrial Solvents Handbook
K.iui1, pide
l u u r i , brou n
h.iuri, I,ush
I 8 90
:I8 i o
20 i o
OF WSTM GU\IS I N
SOLUBILITY \CETOYE
llosin
Ilurguiidy pitch i SOlUl,lC
Soluble
PI. czvr IOL"UI1LI A 7 BOILIN0
P O l h I 01 K I T O N E
1
St oc I, holm t .ti Solut,le Arabic gum
\lilstlC !I 50 Indian gum
Ruriilnrjc Sulul,lr Senegal gum
.\fnd.lg~lSCLlCOlJal, f U S d RI 80 Tragacanth, Allepa
-- Tragacanth, Persian
Tragacanth. Turkey
TIP* ' ~
YlXllllLtTI
SOLUBILITY OF AsPHaLTs AND BITUMENS
I N ACETONE
Chiiianood oil
Coconut oil (rehned and bleached) 5.8
Corn oil ( r a a ) 58.4
Cottonseed oil (rehiied and bleached) 62.4
Cot tonseed oil (hydrogriiated, Crisco) 70.4
Cot tonseed oil ( h j drogenated) I 62.4
Cottoosecd oil (stearin) i hl F a t t y acid pitch, medium grade
Gilsonite selex
54.3
25.0
Cottonseed 011 (summer) M
Cottonseed oil (\\inter) hi Grahamite 1.6
Fish oil (herring, titu) Mexican petroleum asphalt, steam-distilled. medium
Fish oil (h~drogeiiated) l.3 8 .\I grade 44.2
Fmh o i l (menhaden. m u ) 998 51 Mexican petroleum asphalt, steam distilled, soft grade 64.3
Grease, broun m 06 4 y~8 Petroleum *asphalt. steam distilled, Californin, rnediuin
Grease. garbage rn '99 6 YJ 7 grade 81 .0
Grease, n hite 0i J Residual oil froin Gulf Coast G1 0
Ihnseed oil, ran Rcsidual oil from steani distillrtion of mid-continental
4 hf 97.2
.\I-rniscihle 111 all proportions 5.9
rn-pnrt soluble a t 25°C is miscible in all proportions. Trinidad pitch, relined 42.0
Table 12.4: Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at Different Temperatures (79)
1MI
095
5 030
E-
>
0.85
W
u
Y-
E on
0.75
0.70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
80
70
60
Y)
(v
50
bc
r
0
=- 40
E!
E 30
v)
W
u
,4 20
a
a
cn
10
1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r r l r l t r l r r l l l l l l l l l
0 I I I I ' I i I I I l l 1I i l I l~Ai-t-iI I i I ' I i l I ' I I l l
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
ACETONE, per cent by weight
1.50
125
u
0
v)
(v
c
m
1.oo
v)-
W
E
0
c 0.75
2
W
u
g
v) 0.50
0
u
II
>
0.25
0.o
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
..".
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.32
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Table 12.8: Liquid-Vapor Equilibria for Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at Different Pressures
100
98
96
94
92
90
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
100
E 80
D
0
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 4 0 -30 -20 -10 0
TEMPERATURE, "C
Methyl ethyl ketone is a colorless, stable, mobile, flammable liquid with an odor like acetone
Azcolropic Mizlurer
% by 11. %by It. B.P. (
'0
Methyl ethyl ketone 37.5 Benzene 62.5 78.4
73 Lcrt-Butyl alcohol 27 77.5
84.7 Carbon disulfide 15.3 45.9
29 Carbon tetrachloride 71 73.8
40 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 60 73.0
40 Cyclohexane 60 72.0
12 Ethyl acetate 82 77.0
60 Ethyl alcohol 40 74.8
20 Ethyl sulfide 80 77.6
70 bopropyl alcohol 30 77.5
52 Methyl propionate 48 79.3
55 Propyl formate 45 79.5
75 Propyl mercaptan 25 55.5
45 Thiophene 55 70
Ternary Miztures
B.P. ('0
(1) Methyl ethyl ketone 22.2 Water 3.0 CCL, 74.8 05.7
(2) 17.8 8.9 C,HI 73.8 88.9
Upper layer of (2) 19.0 0.4 80.0
Lower layer of (2) 3.5 96.4 0.1
Typical Propertier and Specifiatim
Boiling point a t 760 mm 79.0'C
Coefficient of expamion 0.00076 per "F
Electrical Conductivity 1.0 x 10-' ohms a t 25%
Explosive limits 1.97%-10.2%
Flaah point (Tag Cloaed Cup) 257
Freesing point -88.40c
Heat of combustion 582 Cal./mole
Latent heat of Vaporization a t P'C 108.0 cal./g
Refractive Index, N P / D 1.3788
Solubility of water in solvent at P*C 10% by wt.
Specific gravity a t P / P 0 C 0.805-0.837
Specific heat 0.55 cal./g
Surface tension
0°C 28.9 dynes/sq cm
P 24.0
40 22.3
76 18.4
Viscosity a t 15'C 0.00123 poise
Weight per gallon a t P'C 6.72 Ibs.
Acidity (M acetic) 0.0025 by wt. (mu.)
Distillation range (ASTM) m0a.5~c
Non-volatile matter 3 mg. per 100 ml. ( m u . )
Purity W O
630 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Pentanone-2 CH~*CO*CH~*C~HS
Commercial methyl n-propyl ketone, produced synthetically by dehydrogenation of the corresponding
alcohol, consists of a mixture of methyl n-propyl and diethyl ketones i n the approximate ratio of
3 to 1, and contains at least 97% of these ketones, the balance being secondary amyl alcohol. It i s
a colorless liquid, soluble i n alcohol and ether but only very slightly soluble i n water.
Typical Propertie8
(continued)
Ketones 631
Methyl n-butyl ketone i s a colorless liquid, freely soluble i n alcohol and ether but very slightly soluble
i n water.
Several of the solvent characteristics of Methyl n-Butyl Ketone are listed in the following
table. Similar values for other solvents are incluhed for comparison.
I 1.4 I m 49 38 83
Table 12.14: Solubility of Dry Half-Second R.S. Nitrocellulose in a System of Methyl Butyl Ketone-sec-
Butanol-Toluene (2)
Although first prepared i n 1849, methyl isobutyl ketone was not made synthetically and on a large scale
until the last decades. It i s a stable, colorless liquid classified as a medium boiler. It i s miscible with
most organic solvents and with mineral and vegetable oils. When compared with butyl acetate its rate of
evaporation i s somewhat faster so that i t can either replace esters or be combined with them. Its rate of
evaporation i s somewhat faster than that o f butyl acetate. It i s used i n the vinyl type resins for coatings
where i t helps to prevent gelling and lowers viscosity, i n nitrocellulose lacquer manufacture, i n extrac-
tion processes and i n chemical synthesis. It moy be used i n dewaxing oils.
Typical Properties
(continued1
Ketones 633
Table 12.16: Solubility of Miscellaneous Materials in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone at 20" to 25°C (2)
Acid Gums
Oleic (Technical Red Oil) Elemi
Kauri (Pale Bold)
Oils Mastic
Castor, Refined Raw Pontianak
Cottonseed, Raw
China Wood Resins, Natural
Coconut, Crude Dammar (dewaxed)
Fish, Processed Batavia
Linseed, Purc Raw Singapore
Mineral, 70f80 viscosity Light Rosin
Pine Sandarac
Soybean, 2-3 viscosity
.--
-
Tmde N m r 'PYP
-
Ainterlac 80-X.. . . . . . Modified drying type phthalic alkyd
Amberol 801 Rosin modified maleic alkyd
Arochem 519 . . . .. Modified maleic
Aroclor 1260 . . . . Chlorinated diphenyl
askelite UR-254 ., Non-heat-hardening 100% para-phenylphenol resin
No. 1 Solid I3eckosol Phenolic modified drying type alkyd
Beckosol 1313. . . . . Drying type alkyd
Beetle 2274.. . . . . Unmodified urea-formaldehyde
Cellolyn 102 . . , , , . Modified rosin ester
Ester gum. ...... Rosin ester
Ethyl methacrylate . . . . . Acrylic ester
Glyptal 2477 Non-drying type alkyd
Melmac 245-8 . , . . , , Unmodified melamine-formaldehyde
Neville R-21 (soft) . Unmodified coumaroneindene
Nevillite 1 . . . . Naphthene polymers
Nitrocellulose.. . . . . . . . . Cellulose rater
Parlon X (ZO c p . ) . . . . . . Chlorinated rubber
Phenac €48.. . . . . . . Modified phenolic
Santolite K... . . . . . . . Alkyl-arybulfonamide-formaldehyde
Saran F-120 . . . . . . . . . . . . Vinylidenechloride-acrylonitrilecopolymem
Staybelite . , . . , . , . , . , . . , Hydrogenated rosin ester
Teglac 2-152. . . . . . . . . . . . Roain modified maleic alkyd
Vinylite AYAF. . . . . . . . . Polyvinyl acetate
Vinylite VMCH.. , . , . . , . . Maleic modified vinyl chloride-vinyl acetats COpOlY-
mer8
Vinvlite VYHH. . . . . . . . . . . Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetats copolymera
634 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Heptonone -2 CH3(CH2)4-C0*CH3
This ketone is o colorless, stable liquid, miscible with most lacquer solvents ond only very slightly soluble
i n water. It i s used as a high-boiling solvent for nitrocellulose and i s particularly applicable i n vinyl resin
finishes, where its slow rate o f evaporotion prevents quick drying, improves the flow and gives blush resis-
tance; also used with some effect i n insecticidal preparations.
Typical Properties
MlAK CH3-CO-CsH 1 1
M l A K i s a retarder solvent, having an evaporation rate o f 0.5, but i t olso possesses exceptional solvent power
for most film-formers. In lacquers, the low evaporation rate of MlAK promotes good flow ond leveling proper-
ties; whereas the high solvency provides low viscosities or permits a higher nonvolatile content.
Typical Properties
Molecular Weight (C, H,.,O) 114.19 Boding Range, 760 mm, "C
Color ( p t C o Scale), max 10 Initial Boiling Point, min 141
WeightNol, 20°C. Dry Point. max 148
Ib/gal (U. S.) 6.76 Freezing Point. "F e C ) -101 (-74)
kdlitre 0.8 1 Flash Point. Tag Closed Cup, "F ("C) 9 6 (36)
Iblgal (Imperial) 8.14 Tag Open Cup, "F ("C) 106(41)
Solubility. 2OoC, wt R Fue Point, OF e C ) 107 (42)
I n water 0.5 Flammable Limts in Air, R by volume
Water in 1.2 Lower, at Z W F ( W c ) 1 .os
Evaporation Rate (n-butyl a e t a t e = I ) 0.5 Upper, at ZOOOF (93°C) 8.2
Dilution Ratio. toluene 4.1 Autoignition Temperature (ASTM D-ZISS), O F ("C) 795 (425)
VM & P naphtha I .2 NFPA Classification 30 IC
Refractive Index. 20°C 1.4069 DOT Classification Flammable Liquid
Vapor Pressure. 20°C, mm Hg 4.5 DOT Labels Required Flammable L q u d
Specific Gravity, 20"/20"C 0.81 4
(continued)
Ketones 635
Methyl isobutyl
ketone 1.6 3.6 08018 , 73 114-117
Isobutyl acetate 14 2.7 0.8728 90 114-118
n-Butyl acetate 1.0 2.7 0.8109 100 116-118
Amyl acetate 0.6 2.4 0.862 93 100-150
MlAK 0.50 4.1 0.813 110 141-148
Methyl amyl acetate 0.5 1.7 0.8595 110 143-150
2-Ethoxyethanol 0.3 4.9 0.931 1 130 132-136
4-Methoxy-4-methyl-
pentanone-2 0.3 3.1 0.904 141 147-163
Ethyl amyl ketone 0.2 22 94 0.822 135 156-162
2-Ethoxyethyl
acetate 0.2 2.5 91 0.9748 150 145-165
4-Methoxy-4-methyl-
pentanol-2 0.2 4.7 93 0.890 140 164-169
Cyclohexanone 0.2 5.8 92 0.945 129 153-160
2-Butoxyet hanol 0.06 3.33 96 0.9019 165 166-173
lsophorone 0.03 6.2 97 0.9229 205 205-220
Table 12.20: Butyrate-Acrylic Wood Lacquer-Substltutlng Isoamyl Ketone for 2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate (4 7)
Part A Part e
InKredlentr wt. K wt. K
MlAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate. . . . . . . . . . .
6.aA - I 6.8
Solids.% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VISCOSlty, cp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wt./gal., Ib. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.45 7.51 7.50
Flow out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*Product of Rohm and Haas Company *Product of Vow Corning Corporatoon
*Product of Monsanto Chernocal Company ~2-Uydroxy-4-dodecylorybenzophenone
636 Industrial Solvents Handbook
A colorless liquid with a characteristic odor, methyl hexyl ketone i s used as a solvent for vinyl compounds
and dyes, and has been found particularly suitable i n dispersing dyes i n l i g h t petroleum oils for newsprint
inks.
MHK
5-Methyl-2-Octanane
M e t h y l heptyl ketone, a high-boiling, active solvent, imparts desirable drying characteristics i n rnony
high-temperature baked coatings.
Molecular Weight (C, HI,0),calcd 142.24 Color (Pt-Co Scale), ppm 5-25
Melting Point. "C -9 Acidity, as acetic acid, wt 7r 0.018
Boiling Range, "C, 760 mni 183-195 Water, wt % 0.01-0.05
Evaporation Rate (n-butyl acetate = I )' 0.08 Flash Point (Tag Closed Cup), " F ("C) 140 (60)
Weight/Vol. a t ?O°C (Tag Open Cup), "F ("C) I60 (71)
Ib/gal (U.S.) 6.87 Fire Point, "F ("C) I68 (76)
kg/liter 0.83 Flammable Limits in Air, % by volume
Ib/gal (Imperial) 8.59 Lower (at 180°F) 0.9
Solubility, 20°C. wt '2 Upper (at 3 13'F) 5.9
In water 0.5 Autoignition Temperature (ASTM D-2155), "F ("C) 680 (360)
Water in 0.95 NFPA Classification 30: Combustible Liquid,
Dilution Ratio, toluene 3.0 Class IIlA
VM & P naphtha 1 .o ICC Labels Required None
Refractive Index, 20°C 1.422 Bureau of Explosives Classification Nonhazardous Liquid
ETHYLBUTYLKETONE
Heptanone -3
Ethylbutyl ketone is a stable, high-boiling solvent of special value in lacquers and synthetic resin coatings.
Its evaporation rate i n relation to those of comparable solvents i s indicated i n the following tabulation:
Solvent -
Hours
The unusual combination of good solvent power with medium evaporation rate makes ethylbutyl ketone
generally useful for coating solutions having adequate flow without unduly long drying time. It bakes
out of films somewhat faster than other comparable ketones.
EAK, 5-Methyl-3-Heptanone
Ethyl amyl ketone, a high boiling ketone, is a and copolymers, synthetic and natural protective
colorless, stable liquid with a mild pleasant odor coating resins, coupled with its slow evaporation
It is compatible with alcohols, ethers, other rate, high blush resistance and good diluent
ketones and organic liquids. and in addition, ex- tolerance makes i t a valued surface coating raw
hiblts low water miscibility Ethyl amyl ketone's material
high solvency for cellulose esters, vinyl polymers
Apparent specific gravity 20120'C 0 8250 824 Acidity (as acetx accd) % w Max 0 01
25125'C 0 816-0 820 Water % w Max 0 15
Color PI-Co Max 25 Alcohol (as ethyl amyl carbinol) % w M a x 0 50
Dis!illation range 'C 156-162
638 Industrial Solvents Handbook
DI-n-PROPYL KETONE
Di-n-propyl ketone i s a colorless, stable liquid having o pleasant odor. It i s miscible with many orgonic
solvents, and dissolves a wide variety o f materials, some o f which are crude rubber, nitrocellulose, row
and blown oils, many natural and synthetic resins l i k e dewaxed dammar, manila, rosin, ester gum,
and waxes.
DIISOBUTYL KETONE
Valerone (C4H9)2CO
A water-white, stable liquid, miscible with most organic liquids, diisobutyl ketone has good solvency for
cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, vinyl resins, waxes, gums, natural and synthetic resins, and crude rubber.
It i s used principally as a high-boiler i n nitrocellulose lacquers and vinyl resin coatings, where i t s slow
evaporation rate i s advantageous.
Typical Propertig
(continued)
Ketones 639
I I
E"ep
I
"."^. ..--,
I Solution Vtrositv. 25°C. CP I
Solvent $R.H Q RS %-%C FPC Ehcire
Rate WF (27'C) cellulose Nitrate, 470 Resin'. 2010 Resinb.
10 Wtl% X)Wt% 2OW%
Methvl 1oamvI Ketone 0.5 89 50 34 68 J
Methyl Amyl Acetate 0.5 92 128 lnwl lnsol
lmbutyl Isobutvrate 0.4 92 128 lnsol lnwl
Diiobutvl Ketone 0.2 95 160 75 lnwl
CYCLOHEXANONE
Cyclohexanone i s a colorless to pale yellow, stable liquid with an odor suggestive of peppermint. It is made
by the dehydrogenotion of cyclohexanol. It i s miscible i n a l l proportions with most solvents, especially the
common lacquer solvents and diluents, hydrogenated and chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, pyridine, and
turpentine. It i s a good solvent for cellulose ethers, esters, basic dyes, latex, fats, blown oils, waxes,
crude rubber, and such gums and resins as ester gum, alkyds, vinyls, coumarone, 100% and modified phenol
resins, cyclohexanone resins and many natural resins. It forms constant-boiling mixtures with camphor,
tetrachloroethane, and trichloropropane. It has a very high dilution ratio os compared with the coal-tar
hydrocarbons, a fact which accounts for its excellence as o solvent, especially i n the lacquer industry.
Its low rate of evaporation and strong solvent powers impart blush resistance, good flow and working qualities
to lacquers and give films that are clear, smooth and glossy and show good adhesion. It is also used i n spray-
ing and brushing lacquers and as a medium boiler. It i s particularly effective for blending nitrocellulose with
spirit-soluble and hydrocarbon-soluble resins and oils. Its solvency for basic dyes makes i t applicable i n
wood stains. Other uses are i n the a i r d r y i n g and stoving type of synthetic resins, i n plastics and molding
powders, i n paint and varnish removers, i n spot and stain removers, i n metaldegreasing preparations, i n
polishes, printing inks, as a leveling agent i n dyeing, i n delustering cellulose acetate, insecticides and
pharmaceuticals.
Resin
Acrylic
”Acryloid” 8-82 Rohm 8 Hoos 32 2
”Elvocite” 2010 DuPont 54 7
Cel lulos i c s
Cellulose Acetote AB-141-95
(14% ocet.yl) Eostmon 9200 28 6.5
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate
€AB-171-2 (17% butyryl) Eostmon 892 34 9.5
Ce Ilu lose Acetate Butyrote
EAB-381-20 (37% butyryl) Eostmon 5060 >50 14
Ethyl Cellulose (N-22, 24 sec.) Hercules 1408 \50 23
Half Second Butyrate AB-H Eostmon 242 > 50 17
“Hercose” “C” Type A Hercules 806 38 8.5
Nitrocellulose fRS 1’2 sec.) Hercules 218 >50 10.5
Styrene
Polystyrene -- 96 M 24
Sh4A 4000A Sincloir 19 > 50 14 5
Vinyl
BAKELITE Vinyl Resin AYAF ucc 74 > 50 7
BAKELITE Vinyl Resin VYHH ucc 68 > 50 14 5
BAKELITE Vinyl Resin XYHL ucc (3) - -
“Soron” F-120 (1000 cps ) Dow 484 21 65
EPOXY
BAKELITE Epoxy Resin EKR 2002 UCC 21 > 50 95
Urethane
”Estone” 5701F1 Goodrich 282 14 45
“Estone” 5707Fl Goodrich 388 6 2
Rosin-Ester
“Amberol” 801 L T Rohm 8 Hoos 14 > 50 19
“Cellolyn“ 104 Hercules 20 >50 <1
Melamine-Formoldehyde
“Cvmel” 300 Am. Cyonomid 16 >50 >50
Alkyd
“Beckosol” li 7 Reichhold 28 >M 47
“Beckosol” $31 Reichhold 25 >50 >50
Rubber
“Porlon” S-20 (18 cps.) Hercules 46 >50 22
”Pliolite” 5-5 Goodyeor 56 >H) 30
Phenolic
BAKELITE Phenolic Resin BKR 2620 UCC 23 16 5.5
Phenoxy
BAKELITE Phenoxy Resin PKHH ucc Insoluble - -
(1) IC g r o m r r e s i n , 90 grams cyclohexanone
(2) 10 grams o f 10% r e s i n solution, tatrated w i t h dilusnt (en m l )
(3) Partially soluble
Ketones 641
METHYLCYCLOHEXANONE
Meta Para
Methyl cyclohexanone i s a woter-white to pale yellow liquid with an acetone-like odor. I t i s a mixture of
two isomeric cyclic ketones made by the dehydrogenation of methyl cyclohexanol .
It closely resembles
cyclohexanone i n its physical properties, miscibility, tolerance for non-solvents and solvent action. It
differs from cyclohexanone i n its somewhat slower evaporation rate and lower dilution ratios with aromatic
hydrocarbons. Methyl cyclohexanone i s especially suitable for phenolic and alkyd resins, crude rubber,
nitrocellulose, ester gum and kauri. It i s also an excellent agent for blending pyroxylin with resins, oils
and rubber i n lacquers. It i s used i n crystalizing lacquers, where i t s low evaporation rate retards evapora-
tion sufficiently to permit crystal growth. It i s also used i n slow-setting varnish removers and i n rubber
cements.
Boiling paint -
169.0" 170.5"C.
Evaporation rate (approximate) (toluene= 100) 20
Flash paint 53°C.
Freezing point -70°C.
Refractive index at 25°C. -
1.442 1.446
Solubility in water at 20°C. 2 -3%
Specific gravity at 25/4"C. 0.91 0- 0.914
Viscosity (SUV a t 100°F.) 33
Weight per gallon 7.6 Ibs.
Distillation range -
165.0" 172°C.
95% distills within 3.0"
Purity -
98 100%
Residue None
Water content 0.2%, max.
METHYL ACETONE
Methyl Ketone
Methyl acetone i s a clear, colorless, flammable, volatile liquid, obtained from the product of the de-
structive distillation of wood. Although i t varies i n composition i t i s generally composed of acetone 35 to
60%, methanol 20 to 40%, and m t h y l acetate 20 to 30%.
642 Industrial Solvents Handbook
DIACETONE ALCOHOL
0 OH
Diacetone
II I
4-H ydrox y -4-Me thy1pentanone-2 CK-C-CH~-C-CHI
"Pyranton A " I
CIq
Diacetonyl Alcohol
Diacetane alcohol i s a flammable liquid that i s colorless when pure, becoming yellow on aging; i t has a
mint-like odor. Made by the condensation o f acetone, the commercial product contains up to 15% of
acetone. For this reason the technical product i s superior i n its solvent power to the acetone-free grade.
It i s miscible with most organic liquids, os well as with water. It i s a good solvent for cellulose acetate,
nitrocellulose, cellulose acetobutyrate, cellulose ocetopropionate, hydrocarbons, oi Is, fats, resins, gums
and dyes. It has only limited solvency for dammar gum, polyvinyl acetate and the petroleum resins. A
high-bailing solvent, diacetone alcohol also exhibits the desirable properties of reducing the viscosities
of organic solutions o f high solids content, and of minimizing temperature effects an viscosities. In most
respects i t i s quite similar to acetone with the exception o f a very much slower rate o f evaporation
It i s used i n cellulose ester lacquers, particularly o f the brushing type, where i t produces brilliant gloss
and hard film and where its lack of odor i s desirable. It i s used i n lacquer thinners, dopes, wood stains,
wood preservatives and printing pastes; i n coating compositions for paper and textiles; i n making artificial
silk and leather; i n imitation gold leaf; i n celluloid cements; as a preservative for animal tissue; i n metal-
cleaning compounds; i n the manufacture o f photographic film; and i n hydraulic brake fluids, where i t i s
usually mixed with an equal volume of castor oil
Diacetone alcohol i s available i n two grades: technical, containing up to 15% acetone, and acetone-free.
ACETONYL ACETONE
Acetonyl acetone, a diketone, i s a water-white liquid with an agreeable odor. It i s completely soluble in
water, almost entirely soluble i n such substances as toluene, kauri gum and rosin, and only partly soluble i n
raw linseed oil, shellac, dewaxed dammar and ester gum. It has been suggested as an intermediate i n the
manufacture of rubber accelerators, dyes, inhibitors, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals and for the preparatic
of derivatives of thiophene, furan and pyrrole. It may also be employed i n tanning hides and skins.
Ketones 643
MESITYL OXIDE
4-Methyl -3-Pentenone-2
Isopropylidone Acetone (CH3)2C=CH .CO* CH3
Methyl lsobutenyl Ketone
Mesityl oxide i s an unsaturated, medium-boiling ketone made by the dehydration of diacetone alcohol.
It i s a colorless to strawyellow, oily liquid with a peppermint-like odor. It w i l l darken and form a solid
residue on exposure and aging. It is miscible with most organic liquids and i t i s a good solvent for such
substances as nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, low-viscosity cellulose acetate, polyvinyl chloride, vinyl
resins, hydrocarbons, raw linseed oil, kauri gum, rosin, ester gum and synthetic rubber. It w i l l only partly
dissolve shellac and dewaxed dammar.
Mesityl oxide i s used in lacquers and thinners where i t s presence in the solution lowers the viscosity and
gives i t both a high tolerance for hydrocarbons and resistance to humidity. Its excellent solvent power for
gums and resins i s especially applicable i n vinyl-type resins, where i t produces f i l m that are tough, glossy
and hove good flow; i t s presence permits use of larger proportions of aromatic hydrocarbon diluents.
ISOPHORONE
lsophorone i s a stable, colorless, volatile liquid with a mild odor. It i s only slightly soluble in water, but
miscible with m o s t lacquer solvents. It i s an excellent solvent for many types of cellulose esters, cellulose
ethers, oils, fats, gums and resins, both natural and synthetic. It i s the most powerful solvent for nitro-
cellulose and "Vinylite" resins. lsophorone has one of the highest aromatic hydrocarbon dilution ratios for
nitrocellulose-5.7 for toluene and 5.1 for xylene. It w i l l dissolve 30% of "Vinylite" resin without gelling.
At ordinary temperatures solutions can be made of 1/2 second RS nitrocellulose containing 45% solids.
lsophorone i s used i n the manufacture of coatings, inks, stencil pastes and as a thinner in synthetic resin
finishes.
FENCHONE
BETA-PROPIOLACTONE
BPL
' difunctionality
\
OH Y
GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE
B LO
J-[ 0
=o
Gamma-butyrolactane i s a powerful solvent and undergoes many reactions that make i t o f considerable
interest i n synthesis. I t i s a colorless hygroscopic liquid over a wide temperature range. It i s soluble
i n acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanal, manochlorobenzene and water in
a l l proportions.
Appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .clear liquid Specify gravity ( d 3 . . . . . . 1124 Heat of combustion 492 kcal/md
Color (APHA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Flash point. tag closed cup 93°C (200°F) Specific heat (25OC) 0 40 callgl°C
Purity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99.5% min. Fire point . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99OC (210°F) (60°C) 0 45 caUgl°C
Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O. 1% max. pH (10% aqueous solution) . 45 Dekxtrtc cmstani (20%) 39
Free acid. as hydroxybutyric . . .O.I% max. Refractive index (n3. . . . . . 1435 Critical pressure 500 psl
Molecular wetght . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Heat of vaporization. (35 kglcm')
Boiling point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2W0C ClausiusClapeyron Critical temperature 436%
Freezing point . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-44OC (calc) . . . . . . . . . . 133 cal/g Solublity soluble in acetone. benzene. carbon
Viscosity (25%). . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7 cp Heat of sdution . . . . . 598 calimol tetrachloride, ethyl ether. methand.
chlorobenzene. and water in all proportions
(cont I nued )
646 Industrial Solvents Handbook
200
150
100
50
10
BLO HCI
ROOm
Dilute Tompor-
rtun 6S°C
I T:r$r-
ature 65OC
I T:rgr-
rturo 6SqC
I T:gr-
atun 65OC
99 1 - - I - 0.34 I - 0.54 I - 0.56
98 2 - 0.32 I 0.24 0.97 I 0.42 1.18 I 0.97 1.21
95 5 - 0.73 I 0.49 2.35 I 0.68 2 53 I 1.94 3.1 1
90 10
________ - 1.23 I 0.59 4.43 I 0.99 4.87 I 3.14 5.95
80 20 028 _ _217
__ 102 815 __162 915
- - __ - - --
5___
52 .-
1095__
50 50 0.92 6.48 2.57 1598 4 07 17 92 12.10 1841
(continued)
Ketones 647
Hydrogen 0.12 0 0
Carbon Monoxide 0.09 0.044 0
Carbon Dioxide 3.6 2.7 1.1
Methyl Acetylene 37.8 12.5 10.8
Acetylene 11.8 8 1.45
Vinyl Acetylene 145.1 1 2 7 0 ~ 1 33.1 23.1 1730~1
Evaporation Lbl Color Specific Acidity, as Boiling Freezing Flash Point Assay
Rate Gal @ Pt-Co Gravity @ Acetic Acid Range Point TCC Min Wt
n-BuOAc=l 20% Max 2Oo12O0C Max Wt 46 OC OC "C (OF) w
Acetone 5.7 6.59 5 0.792 0.004 55-57 -95 -20 (-4) 99.5
CH3COCH3
Methyl n-Propyl Ketone 2.3 6.74 15 0.810 0.02 101-105 -86 8 (46) 90.0
(MPK)~
CHjCOCjHi
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 1.6 6.67 10 0 802 0.01 114-117 -84 16 (60) 99.0
(MIBK)~
CH3COCHzCH(CH&
Methyl Isoamyl Ketone 0.5 6.76 10 0.813 0.02 141-148 -74 36 (96) 98.0
(MIAK)'
CHjCOCzH&H(CH&
Methyl n-Amyl Ketone 0.4 6.80 10 0.818 0.02 147-154 -33 39 (102) 98.0
( M A K ~ ~
CH3COC5Hir
Diisobutyl Ketone 0.2 6.76 20 0.81I 0.02 163-176 -42 49 (120) -
(DIBK)
(CH&CHCHaCOCHzCH(CH&
EASTMAW C-11 Ketone 0.02 7.02 75 0.84 0.10 175-250 -8 84 (184) -
(seta-flash)
aUrethane grade
bKosher certified
Physical Properties
Autoignition Temperature, OC 515.5 Heat of Combustion, kg-caVg d e 582.3
Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg, OC 79.6 Heat of Fusion, caVg mole 1.78
Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg, O F 175.3 Heat of Vaporization, btullb at 20% 212.4
Coefficient of Thermal Molecular Weight 72.11
Expansion per OC at 20% 1.126~103
Refractive Index, nf' - 1.3787
Critcal Pressure, atmospheres 41.O
Solubili at 20% at wt % in water 26.8
Critical Temperature, OC 252.5 water in 12.5
Dielectric Constant, 20% 15.45 Specific Giavily, 2CV20OC 0.8062
Evaporation Rate (BuAc = 1) 5.7 Specific Heat of Liquid, at 20°C, caVg ,525
flammable Limits Surface Tension at 20%. dynedcm 24.6
(lower limit, ~01%) 2.0
(upper limit, v d %) 11.0 Vapor Density (air = 1) 2.5
4.5
4.0
3.5
.-
8
3.0
P
>
.n
c
c 2.5
8
s
2.0
u
.
'
;L
0
1.5
Y
1.o
0.5
0.o
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TEMPERATURE, C
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
ED 3.5
.-
P
CT
W
2 2.0
L
1.5
1.o
0.5
0.0
660 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0
U
0
0
c L
0
w
0
cn 2
0
CO
I
0
w L
v)
3
r
W
0
0
>
w
W
W Y
-
I
I-
0
v)
I-
w K
LL L a
I
s I-
a
i
0
W
0
p3
a
0
N
0
c
..
0)
0
-a -
0
o
0
m )
0
o o
0
r
0
- m
0
m
0
e
0
p 3
0
N
0
7
0
n 031VUOdVA3 IN33 U3d
a
c
0 w
E
a
0
r
I-
>
w
W Y
z
c
l-
a
5 a
I
W
a 0 a m o n w
N
m
a 7
.. 0
x
Q)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O Q ) o O ~ W v ) ~ F . ) N ~
7
F
-
a
P 031VHOdVA3 I N 3 3 H3d
m
c
Ketones 661
Table 12.50: Viscosity vs Concentratlon of Chlorinated Rubber (Hercules PARLON S-20) in MEK (8)
Percent Solldo
Table 13.1: Acetic Acid (2)
Vinegar A c i d
M e thone car box y Iic A c i d CH3COOH
Ethanoic A c i d
Sptciflcnliona (Qlacial A c e l i c )
Standard + Laundry
Speclnl U.S.1'. XI1
Ace toldehydr 0.&5% (minx.)
.4citlity, as ncctir ncitl W.S% (min.) %b.5ci ( i n i i l . !
Color Water-white W u t e t -\v ti iI I'
Formic ucid 0.2% (mu*.)
FreezinK point 15.6'C (min.) IK.Roc(iniii.1
Son -volatile matter 0.0265','{ (nius I
Table 13.2: Viscosity of Acetic Acid and Acetic Anhydride Mixtures at 15" and 765°C (79)
662
Acids 663
Ethylacetic Acid
Butanoic Acid CH3CH2CH2COOH
Propyl formic Acid
34
32
30
20
2
3 26
4 24
22
g 7.0
IO
g I6
14
12
10
0
E R CENT BUTYRIC ACID BY WEIGHT
IO
S P
?!
re
zB 7
G3 6
I-
cz s
g 4
3
0 IO 20 30 40 50
TEMPtRATURE T.
Octoic Acid
CH3(CH2),CH(C2H5)C0OH
2-Ethylhexanoic Acid
This acid possesses a mild odor and a high boiling point. It i s important
for i t s metallic esters, the properties of which suggest usefulness as varnish
driers. These metallic s a l t s are stable, mild-odored, light-colored com-
pounds, and are soluble i n hydrocarbons. The glycol esters of this acid
are excellent vinyl resin plasticizers.
Boiling point at 760 mm. 226.9"C. Vapor pressure at 2OoC. 0.03 mm. Hg
Flash point 260 O F . Weight per gallon at 2OoC. 7-55 Ibs.
Solubility in water at 20°C. 0.25% by wt. Distillation range at 760 mm. 220°-2300c.
Solubility of water in solvent at 2OOC. (90% distills within this range
1 .% by wt.
Specific gravity at 20/20°C. 0.9077 Purity 95% by wt. min.
TEMPERATURE Y.
Acids 665
Lactic acid, which i s among the oldest known organic acids, i s obtained from sour
milk by the reduction of hexose sugars or by the interaction of acetaldehyde and
carbon monoxide. I t i s miscible with water and many organic reagents. Since i t
has an asymmetrical carbon atom, lactic acid exists in two optical isomeric forms.
Peckham states that "the nomenclature used to designate the isomeric forms was,
until recently, very confusing. The form of the acid commonly known as sarco-
lactic, the form occurring i n blood, has (+) rotation but the I configuration. I t
i s therefore correctly designated as I(+) lactic acid and its mirror image as d(-)
lactic acid. The salts of the I(+) form are levorotatory and the salts of the d(-)
form are dextrorotatory. &cause of the low optical rotatory power of the free
acids, rotation of the pure acid or its simple salts i s not a suitable criterion for
establishing the optical form of the acids, or the percentage composition i n case
of a mixture".
+ HI0
e CH,'CHOH~COOCH~CH,~'COOH
~H,CHOH.COOH
It
CH~C&)OCOCH(CH,)OCO
The conditions which affect the production of a lactic acid solution from
lactyllactic acid are temperature, concentration and age of solution.
E
E
P
1E
-10 0 20
10 30 40 50 60 70 80
TEMPERATURE 'C
VAPOR PRESSURE OF TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID
MOL% CFmH
FREEZING POINTS WATER-TRIFLUOROACETIC
ACID SYSl'EM
(continued)
Acids 667
-z!
I
3
.-wC
-8
C
0
E
0
3
8
m
0
8
r(
0
- r
E:
(
*2 0z0
0
2
0
0
f
8
!2
8
0
N
0
8
N
Qm
0
0
0
P
0
0
8 P
P o D 8 s a o
O
6
Q)
33NVJl.l WSNVU lN3383d
-
3
C
Y
E
0
0
..
v
r
T:
2
-
Q)
n
s
668 Indusnial Solvents Handbook
MISCIBLE INSOLUBLE
Trifluoroacetic Acid 9.3 0.0 3.5 6.6 4.1 8.6 0.1 0.2 23
Water 2.1 0.02 0.8 580 423 2.5 0.02 0.03 36
- -
TEMPERATURE "C.
Acids 669
'30-U3111
3lllVA NOllV314NWVS
3nlVA 3Nl001
310N3AlOdVS03VY131
31Y330NDll
310N3AlOdVS0300
310N3AlOdVS0313
310N330313
3IYV31SO313
31NV311
31W31SAXOU0AHIO
31310N131Y
31N31ONll
31310Nll
31310
1131011WlVd
3111WlVd
310NV330VlN3d
313101SlUAW
31181YAW
c
0
P
2
670 Industrial Solvents Handbook
+
Table 13.14: Arizona Chemical ACTINOL Tail Oil Fatty Acids (5)
- -
198
199
131 < 0.1
< 0.1
< 0 01
< 0 01
2.8
0.9
2 95.2 35
37
I
7
/I
LINOLEIC
CONJUQATEO
9
-
OLEIC
-
-
%
44
47
50
+
SATURATED
OTHERS nv
DIFFER-
ENCE. %
0.902
0.898
7.50
7.47
VlSCOSlTV
A
VlSCOSlTV
CPS
25‘ c
20
20
20
FLAW
POINT
CLOSED CUP
‘F
> 200
> 200
> 200
FA-3
7
EPG
l 7- 51 0.897 7.45 A 20 > 200
I I
61 > 200
.
- 0’900 7’413
> 200
75
Acicis 671
Table 13.15: Eastman Chemicals Acids and Anhydrides (41)
SPECIFICATIONS:
Assay by titration 99.9% Min.
Trifluoroacetic Anhydride nil
water 0.05% Max.
(continued)
Acids 673
lwstearic Acids
Specllcrtlons
Color
46 Trans.
Titer, Iodine 4401550, Acid
OC, max. Value nm., min. Value
EmersolQ 871 lsostearic Acid 10 12 max. 30185 175 min.
Emersol 875 lsostearic Acid 10 3 max. 85/98 187-197
Oleic Acids
Typical Compm
Saturated Acids Unsaturated Aclds
Color
46 Trans.
Titer, Iodine 4401550 Acid
OC Value nm.. min. Value
EmersoP 210
7-12 87-95 2/30 197-204 T r 3 T r 5 1 1 4 6 7 1 8 1
Oleic Acid
Emersol213 NF
Low-titer Oleic hjd2,3 ma'' 88-95 199-204 Tr 3 Tr 5 1 Tr 3 6 7 3 8 1
Tr 3 Tr 4 1 Tr 3 7 7 3 8 1
~~
Tr 3 Tr 4 1 Tr 3 7 7 3 8 1
Emersol233 LL
6max. 86-90 78/99 200-204 Tr 3 Tr 4 1 Tr 3 11 74 4 TI
oleic Acid'
1Typical compositions determined by GLC anaiysis, AOCS Ce 1-62, These compositions are not manufacturing specifications
lConesponding food grade products available
T o r external use only, USP XXl/NYF XVI.
4LL (bw-linokk content) oleic: polyunsaturates 5% max.
(continued1
674 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Titer,
OC
Value
max.
w 550
nm.. min.
Acid
Value
35 85 “ 2
Emery@657 14-16 0.2 88/99 385-390 Tr 99 1
Caprylic Acid
Emery 658 1-6 0.3 88/99 356-366 3 56 40 1
Caprylic-Capric Acid
Emery 659 0.5 88/99 322-326 1 97 2
28-31
Capric Acid
Emery 650 33-35 0.4 85/97 268-272 71 28 1
Lauric Acid
Emery 651 41-43 0.2 w98 276-282 Tr 1 96 3
Lauric Acid
Emery 652 43 min. 0.2 90/98 277-281 Tr 0.3 99 0.7
Lauric Acid
Emery 655 52.0-53.5 0.5 90/99 243-246 1 97 2
Myristic Acid
Color
% Trans.
Titer, Iodine 4401550 Acid
OC Value nm.. min. Value I
5
EmersoP 110 Stearic Acid 52.8-53.5 E12 60/94 205-210 75 n5 50 2 35 9 1
I
~~~
[continued)
Acids 675
-
Table 13.17: (continued)
- &tunlrd Arldc
Typlerl CompoJUon1
I Unulunlrd Acids
Emend.315 5 max. 145-180 72/98 3 195-202 0.5 Tr 3.5 Tr 0.5 Tr Tr 19.5 85.5 10.5
Linokk kid
Emery.610 1525 125138 80/90 3 185205 Tr 0.5 16 Tr 4 1 25.5 48 5
Sova Fattv Acid
Fitty Acld
15.23 138-145 72/98 3 197-203 I 11 4 1 2 7 5 0 7
676 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 13.18: INDUSTRENE and HYSTRENE Fatty and Dibasic Acids (26)
Hys trene 99% Laurlc 43-45 0.2 Max 276-281 0.25 92/98 1.OY-0.1R 99 1
9912 (Lauric Acld)
143- 07-7
Hystrene 90% Mydstlc 50-54 0.5 Max 238-245 0.3 85/96 2.OY-0.2R 2 92 4 2
9014 [Myrlstlc Acld)
-
044- 63 8
I lystrerie 95% Myrlstlc 52-54 0.5 Max 24 1-247 0.3 SP/9H 1.OY-O.1R I 97 I 1
9514 (MyrlstlcAcld)
044-63-0
'bplrnl ~iiolslurelevels are below 0.3%.
-
(continued)
Acids 677
(continued)
678 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-
-
(CTFA ADOPTED NAME) TITER IODINE ACID UNSAP 440/550 BARDNER SATURATED 'HERS
PRODUCT CAS NUMBER C
. VALUE VALUE MAX m, MlN MAX :14 ClE C l 8 C20 CZOaC22 C22
(continued)
Acidr 679
I ACID DESCRIPTION
SPECIFICATIONS
X XTRANS
TYPICAL CARBON CHAIN COMPOSITION
(continued)
680 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SPECIFICATIDNS
% %TRANS COLOR
e
-
ACID DESCRIPTION SATURATED UNSATURATED
(CTfA ADOPTED NAME) TITER IODINE ACID UNSAP 440/550 QARDNER
PRODUCT CAS NUMBER .C VALUE VALUE MAX m,MlN MAX
lndustrene
226
soya
(LlnolelcAcld)
26Mm 127-138 195-203 2 70185 3 11 4 I 24 53 6 2
I
07701-08-0
VpleaI molsture levels are below 0.396. -
FattyAcids
Acid V k e
Physical Properties I
2mposition (GC)
raximate
C6 Coproic I <I 1 1 1
0 coprylic 6 7 7 7
c10 coprir 6 6 6 6
c12 Louric M 49 49 49 1 I I os
(14 Myristic I I9 II I8 1: 3 3 2 os
Cl6 Pdmiiic 8 I I : 26 2s 22 I1 I S
C16.1 Pdniroleic 2 3 3
C17 Margarit 2 2 1 a3
C18 Stewic 6 b S 4 21 19 18 4 3 2
C18.1 Oleic 4 4 s.o.I.0 5 10 42 43 24 10 Sb
C l b 2 Linoleic 2 1 4 a 31 67 23
(18.3 Unoleic 1 I 8 2Jmx. I1
03 0.3 0.1
um~o(.t urntwa urntoo urntolo urn1a.o u101.0~
(continued)
684 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Physical Properties
COl -
bv.6/r''
O Ydow/Red ?(.?i!.!Y ?#b!!r 95 min
?(jjo~p 3/04 mm 10/1 mmc
?@up" 95 min
Color-% Tronrmittance
0 460nm/SSOnm (99) (98)
Avg. Moleolor Weight (154) (157) (145) (144) (173)
liter, (0 (3) (3) (14) (14) (30)
Speciiic Grov'Q 25/25 C 0.870 (0.874)
Approximate Composition
ALKYL AMINES
686
Amines 687
Boiling point .
Approx 3.5' C.
Critical temperature 161°C.
Critical pressure 41 atm.
Decomposition temperature 800 to 1300°C.
Dielectric constant a t 4°C. 2.9
Electricol conductivity 2.2 x 10-12 reciprical ohms
at -33.5"C.
Heat of combustion 578.6 kg. t a l . per mol
Ionization constant at 25°C. 6.5 x 10-5 for solutions
0.001 N to 0.06N
Heat of evaporization at BP 95.6 cat. per g.
Melting paint -124OC.
Specific gravity at -5°C. 0.662
Surface tension at -4°C. 17.4 dynes per cm.
Solubility in water at 19°C. 1 liter of aqueous saturated solution
contains 410 g. of amine
Absolute viscosity at -33.5"C. 3.208 millipoises
Ammonia Not mare than 0.2% by wt.
of solution
Formaldehyde Not more than 0.3% by w t .
of solution
Purity Not l e u than 98 mol %
688 Industrial Solvents Handbook
20
10
-1 0
TRI-
-20
-30
4 0
DI-
MONO.
-50
0 10 20 30 40 50
WT METHYLAMINE
C2H5NH2
Monoethylamine i s a water-white liquid which i s commercially available as o 70% aqueous
solution. It i s soluble i n ethyl alcohol, methyl olcohol, the paraffin hydrocarbons, aromatic
and aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, fixed oi Is, mineral oil,
oleic and stearic acids. I t i s also soluble i n hot paraffin and carnauba waxes, which solidify
when cooled.
Typical Propertier and Speci~alimu
(Anhydrow grade)
Diitillation range lbl8'C
FI-h point (open cup) &low 20.F
Purity 9749%
Specific gravity at 15/15'C 0.689
Weight per gallon 5.70 Ib
(70% &lUlion)
Boiling point 16.6'C
Color Water-white
Critical temperature 183.2'C
Dissociation constant a t 25'C. 5.6 x lo-'
Heat of cornbuntion G M 9157 Cd./g.
Liquid 9068 cal./g.
Heat of vaporization at I5'C 14.57 cal./g.
Heat of iolution in water a t 19'C 63.30 cal. per mol of solute
at infinite dilution
n-Propylamine i s a colorless liquid soluble i n water, methyl and ethyl alcohols, ethyl
ether, ethyl acetcte, acetone, aromatic, aliphatic and paraffin hydrocarbons, fixed
oils, mineral oil, oleic and stearic acids, and hot carnauba and paraffin waxes, the
latter two solidifying when cooled.
Table 14.12: Mutual Solubility of Di-n-Propylamine and Water at Various Temperatures (2)
Table 14.13: Solubility Curve at 25" for the System Dl-n-Propylamine-Water-Ethanol (29)
Eth.nol
[ (C H3 )2C HI2 NH
1-Adnobutane CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
lsobutylamine i s a colorless liquid soluble i n water, methyl and ethyl alcohols, ethyl
ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oi Is, mineral
oil, oleic and stearic ocids, and hot paraffin and carnauba waxes, the latter two solidi-
fying when cooled.
C H3CHNH2C2Hg
C4H9N(C5H11h
This amine i s a light straw colored liquid with an amine odor. It i s soluble i n acetone,
ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral oi I,
and oleic and stearic acids. It i s insoluble i n water, methyl alcohol, and although soluble
i n hot paraffin and carnauba waxes, these solidify on cooling.
tert-Amylamine
rsc-boamylamine
2-Aminopentane
3-Aminopentane
Active amylamine
racdmylamine
n-Am ylunine
It i s miscible with water, ethyl and methyl alcohols, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone,
aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral oil, pyridine, oleic and hot stearic
acids, hot paraffin and hot carnauba waxes, the latter two solidifying when cooled. It dis-
solves a varied range of materials which are usually dissolved with difficulty by other organic
solvents. It i s used as a corrosion inhibitor and as a base for emulsifiers which are soluble i n
vegetable and mineral oils. It i s also employed i n textile lubrication, and as a raw material
i n the manufacture of dyestuffs, emulsifying agents, antioxidank, desizing agents for textiles
and pharmaceuticals.
CH3CH( NH2)C3H7
sec-Amylamine i s a colorless liquid with an amine odor. It i s soluble i n water, methyl and
ethyl alcohols, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone,
fixed oils, oleic and stearic acids. It dissolves hot paraffin and carnauba waxes which
solidify when cooled.
Roiling point (760 mm) 91-92*c
Flash point #)OF
Specific gravity a t 20°C 0.739
Refractive index at Z0"C 1.4047
Weight per gallon at 1o'C 6.15 Ibs.
Distillation range 89-92°C
Purity 9549% min
Triamylamine i s a water-white to light yellow, stable liquid which i s strongly basic i n re-
action. It i s soluble in ethyl alcohol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aromatic and
aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral oil, oleic and stearic acids, and i n hat paraffin
and carnauba waxes, the latter two solidifying when cooled. It i s insoluble i n water and
methyl alcohol. I t i s an excellent corrosion inhibitor of steel i n a 0.13% solution i n normal
sulfuric acid. It i s used i n the manufacture of emulsifying agents, dyestuffs, and insecticides.
Coefficient of expansion 0.m1
Flesh point (open cup) 215°F
Heat of vaporization 79 cal./g.
Specific gravity at lo/lo°C 0.79-0.80
Specific heat a t 60'F 0.61 cal./g.
Refractive index at 18'C 1.4374
Surfam tension a t 13°C 24.4 dynes/cm.
Viscosity a t 20°C 0.0!2421 poi-
Vapor pressure a t 28°C 7 mm
Weight pcr gallon a t 20.C 6.60 lbs.
Acid imolublu 1.0% Inax.
Distillation range
Initid boiling point Not below ZU'C
Not le= than 50% Above 2WC
Not less than 95% Balor m"c
Find boiling point Not above 260%
Rrrity 00% min.
Amines 697
CH3CHNH2CqHg
sec-Hexylamine i s a colorless liquid with an amine odor and soluble i n water, ethyl
alcohol, and paraffin hydrocarbons.
F l u h point WF
Specific gravity at P C 0.740
Weight per gallon 6.22 Ibs.
Diitillation range 107-110%
Purity 8688%
Hexylamine (CgH5)2CHCH2NH2
C7H1gNH2
n-Heptylamine i s a water-white liquid with an amine odor. It i s insoluble in water but
soluble i n ethyl and methyl alcohols, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aromatic and
aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral oil, oleic and stearic acids. I t dissolves hat
paraffin and carnauba waxes, which solidify when coaled.
Octylamine
Dioctylamine i s a colorless liquid with a faintly amine odor. It i s soluble in methyl alcohol,
ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, min-
eral oil, oleic and stearic acids. It i s insoluble i n water and while soluble in hat paraffin
and carnauba waxes, these solidify when cooled. Among the large number of substances i t
will dissolve are natural and synthetic resins.
Boiling point (760mm) 281.1-c Solubility of wakr in mivent at 20.C 0.17% by wt.
Fluh point W0.C Vapor prauum at 10.C 0.01 m m
Speoific gravity at PIP'C 0.8062 Weight per gallon at P'C 6.71 Ib.
Solubility in wakr at P C 0.07% by wt. Boiling range 289-2W-C
698 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0
Cyclohexylamine i s a colorless, caustic liquid with a fishy, amine ador. I t has been known
since 1893, but not until 1936 was i t made i n commercial quantities i n the United States.
It i s produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of aniline. I t i s a strong base, even stronger
than ammonia or the ethanol-amines. I t i s miscible with water and most of the common or-
ganic solvents, among which are the alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons, both pure and chlorinated. It i s used as a solvent and as a corrosion inhibitor.
Either alone or as a soap, i t i s employed as a wetting-out, cleansing, washing, emulsifying
or dispersing agent i n the textile industry. I t may be used to absorb acidic gases, as a pre-
servative for dyes, as an insecticide, and i n the printing and dyeing of textile products.
Dicyclohexylamine i s a clear, colorless and strongly basic liquid with a faint ador. I t
i s miscible with most organic solvents but only slightly soluble i n water. Unlike cyclo-
hexylamine, i t does not form an azeotropic mixture with water. I t i s more toxic than
cyclohexylamine when absorbed through the skin and when large amounts are absorbed,
death may result.
Dicyclohexylamine soaps are good emulsifying agents. This solvent may be used to ab-
sorb acidic gases, to preserve rubber latex, to plasticize casein, to neutralize plant and
insect poisons, and as a solvent for dyes i n the textile printing and dyeing industry.
-
Product
Kemamine 0-2802C'
Description
(CTFA edoptednemj I
Active
Min
%
Amine
Max
Amine
HCI
"lo
Max
1
I
Color
Gardner,
1963
Max
Kemamine 0-9702C
-I_" -__ _--*
Kemamine 0-97
*Sernlcornrnerclal.
I
I Typicalcarbon chain composition I
'Semlcornrnrcclal.
700 Industrial Solvents Handbook
N.aW
Cham
Hexyl 6
-1-1
i2
Octyl 8 8 8 8 - 8 E - -
Decyl 10 2 2 - 9 9 9 - 9 9 - -
Dodecyl 12 9s 95 4 47 47 47 - 47 47 - -
Tetradecyl 14 3 3 924 18 18 18 - 18 1 -
Hexadecyl 16 6(612
90 90 21 8 8 824 8 52024
Octadecyl
Octadecenyl
18
18
--/ -1 I- 1- - 5
5
5 10 75 5
5 -
5 17 28
1 5 52646
4 4 4(
-1-1-
Octadecadienyl 18
-/-I-
Mol. combining weight 213 195 221 208 450 530 321 310402 4 0 0
Percent Primary Amine 82 94 92 95 - - 40 44 40 40
Percent Secondary Amine - 85 85 - - - -
Approx. Melting Pt. "C
Calor-FAC 2;5 469 68 22 20 40 46
5 19 11 13 19
Grade:
D-Distilled
~ T-Technical
_ ~ _ _ _ _ __
D
- - ! II
T ' D D I T ' D
I
I l / / I / / /I
T D D D T D T T
- . - ~
0 c
X
c
0 U X
z z z z
n D D n
B
N-alkyl
Cham
:
2
E
4
I
4 4
f
Hexyl 6 - - - -
Octyl 8 8 8 - -
Decyl 10 9 9 - -_
Dodecyl 12 47 47 - -
Tetradecyl 14 18 18 2 2
Hexadecyl 16 8 8 24 24
Octadecyl 18 5 5 71 71
Octadecenyl 18 5 5 3 3
Octadecadienyl 18 - - - -
I
Mol. weight-theoretical 224 224 289 289 289 289
Mol. combining weight 280 244 361 314 361 314
Percent Tertiary Amine 80 92 80 92 80 92
Approx. Melting PI. "C - 10 -1s 0 -8 17 1s
Calor-Gardner- 1933 5 1 10 1 5 1
D-Distilled T D T D T D
T-Technical
- -
_.__ -
-- -_
__
Table 14.37: Solubilities of Pure Dodecyl- and Octadecyl-Trimethylammonium Chlorides in Grams per 100
Grams of Solvent (59)
Salt -Solvenl -10" 0' 10" 20" 30' 40" 45" SO" 55' 56.5'
- ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
Dodecyl
I Methanol
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Carbon
tetrachloride
' Methanol
83.1 113.8 145.8 180 226.6 -
I
-
- - - -
- - - - 2.88 9.76 - 41.7591.9 110.6
4.8 10.9 18.2 32.8 81.2 -
-
-
Acetone - - - - - - - 0.50 0.71 0.71
Acetonitrile - - - 0.7 1.8 3.2 - 5.1 - -
Ocladecyl, Carbon
tetrachloride - - - - - - - - 0.40
Chlordorm 13.6 25 40.8 56 73.5 100 - -
~ Benzene - - - - - - - - 0.5
Amines 701
Table 14.38: Solubilities of Organic Compounds in Aliphatic Amines at 25" 2 5°C (7)(2)
Abbrevia-
tion
in. Insoluble or extremely d i h t l y soluble
U Slightly soluhla
s Moderately soluble
Very soluble
"1
VS +
I?kc
w
n
x
rn
P
r
a Swell.
Numerals Numerals appearing in diethylamine column indicate number of @ramsof
solute (or of its reaction d u c t with diethylamme) per 100 ec. of
solution
1 Acenaphthene
2 Acrtaldchyde
3 Acetamide
4 Acetanilide
6 Acetic acid
6 Aectoacettc ester
7 Acetone
8 Acetophenone
9 P-Aectophe?ylcne diamine
10 9-Aectotolutdc
I 1 Acetylene
12 Aertyicnc tctrahremide
13 Acetvlralicylic acid
I4 Amar.aprr
IS Alanine
16 Aldol
17 Alizarin
18 Allyl alcohol
19 I-Aminoanthraguinonr
20 pAminobnzoie acid
21 n-Aminophenol
22 o-Aminophenol
23 Arninorulfonsc lrulfamis) acid
24 Ammonium benzoate
2s Ammonium citrate
26 Amyl alcohol l i s 4
27 r-Amy! formate
111 Anethole
29 Anhydrof~rmsldLhyduniline
30 Amline blue
31 Anthracene ins
32 Anthrsnihc acid
33 Anthraquinone ins
34 Atoryl
36 Ambenzene *
36 Azorybrnrene I
37 Berrvnx
38 Bcnmlacctophenone
39 Benzaldehyde el
40 Beniamtde "I
41 Benzene s
4 2 Benzidine
43 Bcnril
44 Benzoic acid "S+
45 Benzoic rulhnide (Lcchdin)
46 Benzoin
47 Benzophenone
48 Benzyl acetate
49 Benzyl alcohol m
SO Borneol I
66 P-Bromanitrobrnrcne
67 e-Bmmotolucnc
S8 pBmmotolume
S9 --Butyl alcohol 00
60 tsrt-Butyl alcohol
61 ,Butyl xyanide s
61 +Butyl ether
63 ,Butyl form&te
61 "-Butyl stearate
65 CnKdnc
U
66 Calcium acetate
67 %-Calciumbutyrate
68 Calcium formate
69 d-Camphor
70 Carbon disulfide
(continued )
702 Industrial Solvents Handbook
E r' CI
l
d i
P
71 Casein
72 Cellalex
73 Cellulore acetate
74 Cellulow nitrate
75 Cerulein
. . .ins. . ,..
ins
. . . . . .
.. .. .. .. . va.
iM
ins
u
s
..
ins
in8
m.
U
n
in.
K
u
. . . .
in.
;E
111.
jM
IUS
I
VI
.
in1
mu
y.
iru
"
76 Cetyl dcohol * ' wx
.. .. .. I iru
. ....
77 Chloroacelic acid (mono) s . srz UII up ssrm n
78 p-Chlorodiphmyl
79 Chloroform
I
m
.
m
..
m r
vr+
m
VI
.. .. .. ax..
Y.
V. Yt
80 Cholnterol UI E+ E+ i
81 Chromotropic -It
82 Cinchonine
. . . . . . . .
u u ... . . s . .. .. .. .. nx iru
2 &w2oto11
83 Cinnamic rcid vl
.. .. .. .. .. .. . m.
I IS
c
. . . .
a
ux
m
s
i-
m
111
m
a
.
U
. . .a . . ... ins
.
86 Cryrtd violet ins iru a
87 Cy$!ohr;rpol ... s m
I
.c
88 c- tanisdim (bmnmdine) .. L'
. . . .....
I n u I
&9 Diaroamtnobmzene y. V. . . . a
PO CDibmmobmrcnc +; W
". .
I 40 YI ax YI U
91 2.3.Dibromopropyl alcohol "I
. . . . m
. . . y.l. s
. .u . r.
92 Dxhlorarntne-T I
93 p.Dtchlorobc?rene
94 Dichlorollallcin
ea
. . .m .
m
...
..
53
w
vu
.. .. .. ..
".+X
S
95 Dichlorohydrin
. . . .
I
s
. .
.
. . . .
. . I*
inm
I.
sx
'.. .. . .
.. *s..
I
s m .. m . .
I S .. m m .. a
U
"1
"I
s,
IS
UI
Y.
"I
..
..
..... . . "I.
'
I.
111
"I
SSI
..
9.3
ux u
ssx
. . . .
. . . .
(I
ux
..I
UI
.
"I
s
106 3 5-Dinigobcnroieacid
107 4:4*.Di?itrodiphcnyl
"I
(I "* .. u .. 'I
IS
SI
'
s
a
n1
SI*
"I
rrx
108 2.cDinitro-I-n.phthd-7-rulfonic Iwid . . . . . . SI
"* .. ..
109 2.CDinitrophcnol
110 2,CDmitrotolucnc
u
u .. "I
I
I,*
Ll"
IIX
"S "I
U
U
"
Y.
.. .. .. .. .. ....
111 Diphenyl I, s I SI
sx
112 Diphenylamine ,
113 Diphcnylbcnramide
VI "I cs
u
"S
. . . .
"S
*. . . .$X.
114 Diphenyl uanidinc ins
116 Diphcnyl%ctorimc . . . . YS
. . . ,.
m m _. a ..
I21 Ethyl akohoi
. . . .
...
a ssr I1
I22 Ethyl carbonate
123 Ethyl cyanoacetate a m m . . . .
I24 Ethylene dibromidr
126 Ethy!encxlycol
*m a
u ..(PI w
m m . . . ...
0
.. * ..
126 Ethyl iodide
121 Ethyl malonate
s
m
I
m .. a m _.._
(0
m
a
. . . . .. .. ..
128 Ethyl OX PI^^ s w m
I29 Ethyl sulfate I n .. iru
I30 Fluorene sa "I .. I3 ssx SI s ss* s
131 Fluorescein ", u .. s* ins ins ins I *
132 Galactose L' .. y. .. .. .. .. ..
133 Gallein . . . . I,
. , . . . . ...
134 Gallie acid I (I i'S' in." /nu jnin s I
135 Grhtin L"S mr IN mi ins
136 Glucac
I37 8.Glueose pentaaetatt
u
z &.a
ins
;;
v. IS
::
ins U"
..
iw
... ... ...
iru VI
..
138 Glycerol
139 Guaiacol .D .. 0
. . .
110 Guanidine nitrak . . . . . . u n
. . .u . . . . . . intn. ins ins
.. .. ins
... ...
141 Gumarabic
142 H acid .I
._ . _ .. ins "
I 4 3 Hnnwlobin
.. ..
t C ... . a. n . . UI
I 4 4 Hcxacthylbmrmr
.
141 Htxsmcthylenetetramine
146 Hip rieseid
147 H y d k i n e suUak .. .. .. u..
s
VI
.U
"I
inu
'
I.
148 Hydwuinone
149 Hydroxy1ar-e hydrochlwide
I
. . . s.
u ins U U
110 Indigotin
(cont i nued)
Amines 703
111 Indole
112 lvtin,
113 I-umoline
IS4 Lactose
151 Lanolin
116 L i n e d oil. raw
I51 L *d
I18 h h c acid
159 Malic acid
160 Malonic acid
161 Mannite u ..... aa ins ins un ins La
. . . ... . ... n U CI ts
162 d-Mcnthol
163 Mercuric awtatc
V. Yt P'
tils s Y E. Y Xa s
n
164 Mcreunc cyanide
I61 Mercury diphenyl . . . . . . V.
u Y Y ins
166 Mercury di-9-tolyl
167 Methanol
168 mn+Methyl acridine
169 Methrlrnc ami?qacctonitrile
170 Methylene d t a n l m t
".
. . . . . .
O D O
.. .. ..n .. .. ....
D O D
P
'"l"
... ins
u
U
Y
u
ins
Y
" z.
111 Methyl oranze
I12 Mucic acid
;;: N$&hh0c
I73 Naphthalene
acid
u
Y
vs
ins
. . . .
m.
..
T.
..
n
sa
:I21 in.
IN"
ins
I N
i n .
Y
"I 8a
Y
s
U
.
VI
. . . ...
VI
.,
inrn U
. . .. . .. . .
I 8 6 g-Nitrobenroic acid u u VIX
:t #-p;go;brnzme u
Y. n n
LI
189 p-Nitrophcnol v. n
190 p Ni trophenylhydradnc n
191 +Nitrotoluene w OD vs
192
193
#-Nitrotoluene
3-Nitro-Ctoluidine
a
va . . . ...n
VSX
194
195
Nitrovru
Oldemid
n
OD ..n
OD OD OD OD
191
198
OmnpeIV
Ozmhc *dd.ZHnO s
Y
..
..Y
Y
ma
Y
inrn L P
IN i n
199 Ounilide
200 p.lmiticui6 Y .. n
201 hraffin .. .. .. .. .. .. U sOD P. im
.
202 Puu%nmil
201 I-Pmtane m .. OD
m4 2-Pentme . . . . . .
ms Pm.eetin Y Y .. iru Y
206 Phm.nth7ene
207 Phenol
208 Phcndphthaldn
209 Phenylrwtio acid
210 nc$+Phcnyl acridine
Y
OD
s
"
u
.
OD
u
n
s
"I
M
n Y .
v u
.s
"
YI
"I
*
i n
n
. . .&
r
I
I
~
..
. . T:.. . .9ED . . . . . . *. .. . .22
n
s
f. Y
m
Y
u..
Y
n f. :
Y
u
m
u m
a
s
M . .
I n
". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n
224 mtuaium ethyl adfate " ''
22s P w n i v m quiaddia. I n .c
226 Pouvivrn triphyi&hd
221 Pyridine
r
OD
. . . . . . . . .
OD ..
I . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OD
. . . . . . 0
221 P-llol n + n + n m m u . . a s u s a m 0
229 Pyrrole n
n n
n
.
.
.
. a
m
... . .. . . O . D . .. . .. .a . a. . , . . . s .
230 Quinaldine
.. .. .. .. .. . . . i .t n . i n. a . . .. n z
I
. . . i . M nm . r . ..a I
110 Rool*.eid
n
.
a
s
n
n
n
n
r
n
n
.. IM
w . .
I
ina
. . . ...
ip.
.. - " .. sn n iu n8 88
8 8
. . .n . . . . . . . . . . 88.
.. I c c i in
- - 1.
I S
I
704 Industrial Solvents Handbook
I O00
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
0
I
E
E
W
lr
13
v) I00
m
W 90
K
a 80
u 70
0
n
a 60
1
50
40
30
20
io
-. 2 0 -10 0 IO 20 30 40 50 60 7 0 80 90 110 I30 150 170
TEMPERATURE ,OC.
Amines 705
ABn313W 4 0 S1313WllllW NI 31nSS31d 1OdVh
706 Industrial Solvents Handbook
ALKYLENE DIAMINES
Table 14.42: Boiling Point Composition Curves for Aqueous Ethylenediamine Solutions (2)
Diethylenetriamine i s a colorless liquid, completely miscible with water and many organic
solvents. It i s a solvent for sulfur, acid gases, numerous natural resins and dyes. It i s also
used i n organic synthesis and as a saponification agent far acidic materials.
Table 14.44: Boiling Point Composition Curves for Aqueous Dlethylenetriamine Solutions (2)
I
PFR CENT DI€THVLENETRlAHINE 81 WEIGHT
lI2-Diarninopropane CH~CH(NH~)CHZNH~
- _.-
IIETm".
I_ -
"OInO-
-I
l...OUNI
:RKUn LowUm awl YO
*..
un En=
-- --- -
mnn DIhYIYI
:n*un un T1.INOL ITY.
Water M M hl hf M M
Alcohol M M M M M M
Clycols M M M M hf M
Glycol ethers M M hf M M hf
Acetone hl M M M M M
Methyl butyl ketone S S S M M M
Ethyl ether S S S M M hf
Butyl ether ss S ss M M M
Xaphtha S S sa S I M
Benzene M M S M M M
Turpentine I I I M M M
Pine oil M h4 M M M M
Paraffin oil I I I I I M
Castor oil M M M M hl M
Linseed oil I I I M S M
Paraffin wax SH SH SH SH SH ss
Beeswax I I SH I I ss
Shellac S 8 S S S S
Rosin S S S S ss S
Ester gum ss ss ss S S S
Dammar gum I I I PS PS S
Copal gum S S S S S S
Sulfur vs vs S ss sa ss
Vinylite A c c G S c ss
Vinylite N S S 8 S S 8
Vinylite 0200 c c G S c S
Cellulose acetate c c G S S I
Cellulose nitrate S S S S S S
Benzyl cellulose ss ss ss S S S
Watersol. dye S S ss I I I
Alcoholsol. dye S S S S S S
Oil-sol. dye S S S S S S
Satd. brine M hf hf M M S
---
-
M -- miscible in all proportiom
___ -
sol. to less t
~
n 1%
S
SS
PS
-- sol. to over 5%
sol. from 1 to 5%
sol. in part G
[
,
-
sol. hot
verv sol.
gels.
Table 14.48: Vapor Pressures of Alkylene Diamines and Other Amines (79)
Amines 709
1.020 r I I I i i i i i i 1
.980
.960 '
,920
.goo
.880
.860
.840
.820
.800 I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 20 40 60 80 100
TEMPERATURE, "C.
1.020 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1
I .uuu
.980
.960
,940
1 1 -
.880 DIETHYLENETRIAMINE-
.860 8
.840
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
J E M PEA AJU RE, "C.
710 Industrial Solvents Handbook
100
80
60
40
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TEMPERATURE. "C.
.2 I I I
al
5
-
al a
m
c
712 Industrial Solvents Handbook
1
m
a
I
zN
.
0
LT m
U
-
0
'1
-
0
N
c In
oi m
z
so
Amines 713
(ID
-Ec
a,
(P
(ID
a,
i
c ac,
I
E a,
- 5
(P
*.
0 3
n n
714 Industrial Solvents Handbook
(continued)
Amines 715
Armeen SD
Armeen DMSD
Dimethyl Stearamine
Soyamine
Dimethyl Soyamine I
Liquid
Paste
Liquid
I 95
98
95
1
Armeen TD Tallow Amine Solid 98
-I-.-
Armeen HTD Hydrogenated Tallow Solid 98
Amine
I
Dimethyl Hydrogenated Liquid 95
Armeen DMHTD
Tallow Amine
PEG - 5 Stearamine
I
I
Liquid
Solid
Solid
I
I
99
99
99
I
I
Ethomeen 18/20 PEG - I O Stearamine Liquid to Paste I 99
Ethomeen 18/25 PEG - 15 Stearamine Liquid to Paste 99
Ethomeen 18/60 PEG - 50 Stearamine Paste to Solid 99
Ethomeen 0112 PEG - 2 Olcaininc Liquid 99
4
Benzene Acetone
No. of Carbon
AtomsinAmines 1 I00 I 200 I 300 I 400 I 500
No ofcarbon
Atomsin Amines -2000 0 00 20 00 3000 4000 50 00
10 395 X X X X IO I 6.6 I54 x X X X
12 12 211 X X X 12 0.3 R .
-. 1 366 x x X
2-Butanone
100 200 300 400 500 I -20.00 I 0.00 I 20.00 I 30.00 I 40.00 I 50.00
1
12 I-5i 1230 I I I 12 3.6 18.6 290 x
14
16
18
19.9
7.4
2.8
' 68
26.6
13.2
x
268
86
42.9
f
360
144
X
940
14
16
18
0.2 2.8 48
8.3
285
0.2 486.3
5iO
85
f
1915
Tetrachloromethane Methanol
10 14.8 69 X x X r
12 4.7 18.6 21 1 = x x
14 1.7 7.8 51 233 x x
16 0.3 3.2 19.1 63 295 x
18 0.9 9.5 21.0 100 845
(continued )
Amines 717
when anhydrous
AMINES
___
DkTRI ISOPROPANOLAMINE
110974
139 5
1330 - 0 992 40/4OC 8 28
a 37
40°C
00070 00034
1 4595 C 30%
14W1
- 1.006 20/4°C
MONOETMANOLAMINE (MEA1 141 4 3 5 61 4 9 1 5 M ~ n- 1015 _8 45
_ . 00079 00058 14525--
MONOISOPROPANOLAMINE __ 78966 - 752 97 - 0 960 - 7999 00086 9 3 14456
MORPHOLINE iiosi-8 - - a7 I _99_ 0 999 8 32 00096 Ow72 1 4545 w 20°C
- - -~ ~ . _ _ _ _ _ _
TRIETHANOLAMINE I T E A I 10271 6 1192 . 85 I121 9 33 __ OW53 00036 I4836
TRIETHANOLAMINE 99% 102-714 1492 99 1124 9 35
TRIISOPPOPANOLAMINE 122 2 0 3
____ 19'0 101O4O0C 8 4 4 40 C ____-
ETHYLENEDIAMINE EOA 107 1 5 3 ~ 60) !9 0 901 ~
7 45 __ 1455
DIETHYLENETRIAFINE---- --
ETA --- 1 1 1 4 0 0 1032
- -99 0 949 -
7 89 - --________
1483
TRIET~IYLENETETRAMINE TETA 112 24 3 146 2 0 971 8 I3 __ I496
TETRAETHYLENEPENTAMINE TEPA 112-57-2 189.3 0 922 8 26 1.503
0 8851 t _7 40 t
DIETHYLAM1NOETllANOL
DIFTHYLAMINE
ETtIYLAMINOETtlANOL
-
-
100378
;+;
1172 -'9
. 994----.
__ - ~.
0 7079 t
0914t -
_
5 87 I
-
7 62 I
..
- - --
. -__-_
-
TRlE 1HYLAMINE - . . 121 4 4 8 loll . To(. -, 0 729 t __ 6081 -
Property
Eqiiivalenl WI.. . . . . . . . . . 61.4
MEA I 105.3
DEA TEA a5
1420
TEA 99
148.6
MlPA
75.2
DlPA
133.0 191 0
TlPA
Isopro-
panolamlne
Mixture
139.5
Boiling Point,
'UT),760mm Hg . . . . . . . 171 (340) 268 (514) 325 (617) 340 (644) 159 (318) 249 (480) 306 (583) 214 (417)
Freeztrrg Point. "C."F . . . . . . . 10 (50) 28 (82.4) 17 (62.6) 21 (69.8) 3' (37.4) 44' (111.2) 44' (111.2) 24' (75.2)
Specilic Gravily, 25/4'C.. . . . 1.0113 10881 1.1179 1 1205 0.960 0 992 0 988 1.003
(30/4"C) (20/4"C) (40/4"C) (7014°C)
I.bs/Gal, 25°C . . . . . . . . 8.45 9.09 9.34 9.35 7.95 8.27 8 24 8.36
(30°C) (40°C) (70°C)
Refractive Index N,. 25'C. . . 1.4525 1.4750 1. a 3 6 1.4839 1.4456 1.4595 - 1.4601
(30°C) (30°C)
Viscosity, cps. 25'C 18.9 351.9 23.0 870.0 ._ 950
590.5 600.7
60°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0
Flash Point. OF.. . . . . . . . . . . 201'
Fire Point, O F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
1 (30°C)
53.8
3253
300
65.6
3544
410
65.8
3505
420
6.0 (54°C)
1736
-
(30°C)
86 0 (54°C)
2763
275
100
3205
-
68 (54°C)
2294
245
Supercools, freezing point results show variation
L T Setaflash C C
H T Setaflash C C
Pensky-Martin C C
Cleveland 0 C , no flashpoint observed up to the boiling point using Setaflash closed cup
Tag C C
tThese properties are typical of the product, but should not be confused with or regarded as specifications (continued)
720 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Property
Mono-
ethanolamine
Diethanol-
amine
Triethanolo-
amine I Monoisopro-
Danolamine I DzZZie Triisoprw
panolamlne
2- 2.2- 2'2.2- 1.1'- 1.1',1"-
amino- Iminobis- nitrllo- l-aminopro- iminodl-2- nitrilotri-
Chemlcai Name ethanol ethanol trlsethanol pan-2-ol propanol 2-propanol
CAS Number.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141-43-5 111-42-2 102-71-6 78-96-6 1 10-97-4 122-20-3
Formula.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HOC,H,NH, (HOCzH4)YH (HOC&)sN HOC,H,NH, (HOC,H&NH (HOC3H&N
Molecular Weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.09 105 14 149.19 133 19 191 27
Boiling point. 'C 760mm H g . . . . . 171 268 340 249 306
Freezing poinl, 'C . . . . . . . . . 10 20 21 44 44
Density, gmlml. 20'C . . . . . . . . . 1.0147 - - 0 999 (30'C) -
25% . . . . . . . . 1.0108 - 1.1196 0 957 0 992 (40'C) -
40'C . . . . . . . . . . 0.9989 10828 1.1116 0977 ( W C ) 1010
vlscoslly. cps. 20'C 124 14 - - - -
25'C 1895 - 513.6 17 3 (30°C) 870 (30-C) -
40% 1006 196.4 208.1 6 0 (54'C) 86 (54'C) 100 (60'C)
Refractive index, N., 20'C 145.11 - 1.4835 (25'C) 14479 14595 (30-C) 14560 (25'C)
40°C 14474 1 4720 1.4798 14369 (5VC) 14600
Specific heal, 30'C
callgm/'C 0 644 3 593 1555 0 650 0710 (50'C) 3 635 (50'C)
Flash poinl, 'F' 20 I 325 350 320
Heal of fusion blullb' I44 35 102 75 7841 51 I O
Heal 01 vaporization.
blullb 1 aim'
Critical lemperature 'CL
Ct ilical pressure,
almospheres'
360
341 3
2873
442 I
32 3
176
514.3 1 213
339 5
55 9
1 188
399 2
143
444 9
26 6
Conslanls lor Anloine
equalion A 3 14949 1 6519 I 152112 765342
B ?33603 !987 63 I666511 I885 092 217751
C 219339 175008 !05 I I 1 15000
Relerence dala and melhorls lor Dow Commercial Alkanolamines above
Caiculaled
41 165.5'C and 132rnfri llg
These properlies are 1yl)ical of Ihe prodkicl, bul should no1 be conluscd wilt, o i r ~ ~ ~ ] a as
f ~ :ipncilicalions
l ~ ! ~ l
Solubility of Alkanolamines
Grams 01 lkanolamln per 100 grc s of aolven 11 25%
Mono- Di- Trl- Tri- Mono- Dllsopro- Isopro-
ethanol- ethanol- ethanol- elhanol- Isopropanol panol- Isopropanol- panolamlni
amlne amlne amlne 85 amine Qg amlne amine amlne Mixture
'Acelone CM CM CM CM CM 810
Benzene aboul 1 2 al~oul0 7 aboul2 7 aboul 4.9 CM 53
n Bulyl Alcohol CM cM CM CM CM 200
'Carbon
Tetrachloride ___ ____ aboul 4' aboul 35' aboul 170' CM'
Dibutyl
Phlhalale aboul 3 6 aboul 0 5 about 2.8 aboul 3.8 aboul 19' about 5' about 115' CM' (slow)
'0-Dichioro
benzene about 0 7' aboul 0 1' about 6' CM' CM' aboul29' aboul3W CM'
I
'DOWANOL.* EB
glycol ether CM CM CM CM CM 91 250
'DOWANOL TPM CM
~ l y c oelher
l CM CM CM CM CM 45 18 CM
Ethyl Alcohol
(absolule) CM CM CM CM CM 430 >m CM
Ethyl Ether about 7 7 aboul 0 7 about 1.5 about 1.8 CM (slow) 9 365 CM (slow)
'Ethylene
Dichloride CM' IM' CM' CM' CM' about 150' about375' CM'
'Elhylene Glycol CM CM CM CM CM 260 425 CM
'Glycerine CM CM CM CM CM 220 115 CM
n-Heptane about 0 06 aboul 0 01 aboul 0.02 aboul 0.03 3.4 0.1 3 45 09
Isopropanol CM CM CM CM CM 320 >m CM
Kerosene aboul 005 about 0 01 about 0.02 about 0.03 3.4 0.2 4 08
Methanol CM CM CM CM CM 670 >m CM
'1 1,l-Trichloro-
ethane about 0 6' about O W about 1.Q about 2.5' CM' aboul 15' about280' CM'
'Methylene
Chloride CM' IM' CM' CM* CM' about 180' >500' CM'
mtinued)
Amines 721
1.48
1.46 DIETHANOLAMINE
3
n
1.44
z
w 1.42
2f 1.40
IT
B
LT
1.3
1.36
1.34
1.32
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CONCENTRATION OF AMINE, WEIGHT %
1.46
3
n
1.44
z
1.42
I
&
2 1.40
lL
W
fr
1.38
1.36
1 34
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CONCENTRATION OF AMINE, WEIGHT Yo
(continued)
722 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Diethanolamine
120
100
9- 80
60
40
a
0
-20 I
.d .m
-40
I I
-40 -40 I -40
Ill=.. I
60- I
0 10 20 30 4G 50 60 70 801 90 100
CONCENTRATION OF AMINE, WEIGHT Yo I
I I
LF.G: L.F.GJ
LL
Monoisopropanolamlne Dilsopropanolamine
40
30
g3 10
+ao
pt
g -10
I
w -20
I-
-30
-40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
CONCENTRATION OF AMINE, WEIGHT % CONCENTWTION OF AMiNE. WEIGHT YO I
&.G.-w'
LF.G.- 85'
(continued)
Amines 723
Monoethanolamine Diethanolamine
12.8 11.8
11.6
12.4 11.4
12.0 11.2
11.0
s11.6 I,lO.S
10.6
11.2 10.4
10.8 10.2
10.0
10.4 9.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
CONCENTRATIONOF AMINE, WEIGHT % CONCENTRATIONOF AMINE, WEIGHT %
Triethanolamine
11.4
11.0
10.6
I
a
10.2
9.8
9.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
CONCENTRATION OF AMINE, WEIGHT %
(continued)
724 Industrial Solvents Handbook
.-M
.Y
M
v)
8
Amines 725
..
r-
Y
Industrial Solvents Handbook
1
n
c
Amines 727
a
a:
W
a
3s
E 8 3
r
8 8 0
cu z8
6H UJW '3tlflSS3tld lV101
728 Industrial Solvents Handbook
R
Amines 729
9
8
8
8
8
730 Industrial Solvents Handbook
W'
54;
d
W
a
wp
..
r-
Ln
f
Amines 731
0
cc m
0
v)
e,
jE
-2
0
Y
a
0
v)
LI
0
..
732 Industrial Solvents Handbook
g a s 8
8
L?
-s
c1
0
v1
Y
1,
8
aJ
a
-
0
In
W
c1
w
.-
(3
U 5:
S
5
s
v
Amines 733
8
734 Industrial Solvents Handbook
1
S 2 0
Amines 735
----T--
' I- I
i
736 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Low Freeze Grades these areas whose applications percent by weight of deionized
Ethanolamines have relatively are not sensitive to water, Oxy- water. They afe blended in the
high freezing points, and in win- Chem offers each ethanolamine delivery vessels prior to each
~ e respecially
, in northern cli- in a "Low Freeze" grade. Low shipment, and therefore, are
mates. they can become too vis- freeze grade ethanolamines are not stored as finished products.
cous to pump. For customers in produced by the addition of 15
(continued)
738 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Technical Data
Boiling point 63 760 mm Hg, (OC/"F) 170/330 268/514 (decomp.) 335/635 (decomp.)
i
514.3 ~ -1
Coefficient of cubical expansion, ( / T I 0.00078 Q.00065 0.00055
applicable range, ("C) 20-30 30-40 20-30
(continued)
Amines 739
I
~~ ~
Kauri-butanol value NA NA NA
0.644
1.092 (@3O"C/2O0C)
0.593
1.126
0.555
- liquid. (2OoC).,
(continued 1
740 Industrial Solvents Handbook
f
Y 1
m m
Amines 741
cw
0
OE
(Sa
f
-a
n
z
742 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Amines 743
cu
0
ox
=?a
Q
c
al
3
744 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Amines 745
.................................. ....
0
d
v)
0
d
0
0
m
v)
e
E
8:
“ bE
OF
3
0
0
c1
0
2
................
0
2
0
s: s:
BH mm ‘amssaq J O ~ B A
(1927 - 2000)
cw
0
746 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0
0 * 4
2 0
Amines 747
Apparent
Specific Vapor
Molecular Gravity Freezing Pressure at
Ethylenetmine Weight at 20/20”C Point, ‘ C 20°C. mm Hg
A Bnilinp
PainVAp. Absolule
Boiling Point. “C 150-770 mm, Vis c osiIy
Ethvleneamine 760 mm Hg 50 mm Ha 10 mm Ho “C oer mm Hg at 20°C. CP
~ ~~
(cont in Lied )
748 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Temperature, 'F
I"
E
E
Temperature, ' C
(continued I
Amines 749
f
ct
c
e
5
c
d
*
V
750 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Amines 751
0
z
8
m
0
0
IC
0
(D
0
v)
w
0
0
0
N
z
0
(0 0 m
8 8 2
0
s
0
m
0
m
0
IC
0
(D
0
v)
w
0
0
cv
0
0
r
0
752 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0
z
0
m
0
m
.0
f
rD
c)
ul
0
*
0
0
0
::
z
0
E
0
m
0
m
0
IC
0
(D
0
ul
*
0
0
0
N
0
z
0
0 0 0
2 z m 0
(D P
0
8 0 0
cu
Amines 753
(continued)
754 Industrial Solvents Handbook
600
400
200
.
0
3
0)
I 80 65
c
E 0
E 50
s2 5
30 Q
0
ae ->-
0
B m
r
2 10
6
4
20 40 60 80 120 160 200 240 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature "C leri~(~erdl~ire
'(,
NOTE
Ethanolaminesbegin 1 Monoethanolamine .I Btullb = 0 55555556 cal/g
decomposingat 2 Diethanolamine
temperatures above 3 Triethanolamine
200°C and can
undergo self sustained
decompositionat
temperatures above
26OoC
Temperature O F
40 60 80 100 120
101 ' j , I I 1
%
m
c
a
L-
W
c
4
Water, Mol Percent in the Liquid Phase
,0001 1 1 I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50
Temperature. "C
(continued)
Amines 755
01
z O.O1
eP 0.001
B
$ 0.0001
B z
h o.ooQo1 P
0 20 40 60 80 100
I" 0 01
E
$
3
0
Oool
r
m
2- 0.0001
$g 000001
a
-
-%
5
0 000001
0 20 40 60 80 100
Boiling Points and Condensation Temperatures of Boiling Points and Condensation Temperatures of
Aqueous Monoethanoiamine Solutions Aqueous Monoethanoiamine Solutions
at 50 mm Hg Absolute at 300 mm Hg Absolute
120
110
220
1 00 140 280
200
90 130
260 f
9 80 180 :: !? 'u
v 'u
120
240 2
gw 70 160 2
2 f 110
220
z
2
60 140 100
c c
P
-
I- 200
50 120 90
B Curve
c curve -
wing Point vs. M p o s i l i n 40
CondensalionTemperature 30
100
80
80
70
180
160
vs.Composition 20 B curve = 60 140
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1OC Botl~ngP~lntvs
Compostion o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Monoethanolamine Percent by Weight c Condensatton
Curve = Temperature Monoelhanolamine Percent by Wghl
vs composlrlon (continued)
756 Industrial Solvents Handbook
3 ? ?
5 130 260 ;
I
5 150
P E
cE 120 5 sE 140
B curve *
110
240
B Curve - 130
-
Baling Point vs Compostion
c curve
CondensationTemperature
100
223
200
Boiling Point vs Compostion
C Curve =
CondensationTemperalure
120
RO
180
100
7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 n inPO 30 40 50 60 70 BO 90 100
Monoelhandamine. Percent by Weigh1 Monoethandamtne.Percent by Wu- hI
Boiling Points and Condensation Temperatures of Boiling Points and Condensation Temperatures of
Aqueous Diethanolamine Solutions Aqueous Diethanolamine Solutions
at 50 mm Hg Absolute at 300 mm Hg Absolute
200 I I 250
180 2301-1-L-1 1 1
160
140
x? 120 Y
- -?m
g= 100
; E
B Curve - 80
c
c Curve -
Boiling Pant vs. Compowtic
CondensationTemoerature
60
40
B Curve -
vs. Comwsltion
Boiling Point vs Composition
20 C Curve =
CondensationTemperalure
0 vs Compostion
Otethandamtne. Percent by Weight
Boiling Points and Condensation Temperatures of Boiling Points and Condensation Temperatures of
Aqueous Diethanolamine Solutions Aqueous Diethanolamine Solutions
at 760 mm Hg Absolute at 25 psi Absolute
300
280
260
240
9 220
@
g 200
E
c
180
E Curve =
--
1 cn
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Otelhanolamine. Percent by Weight Dieftwwlarnine,Percent by Weigh1
NnTF
ilG&amines can
undergodecomposition
reacltonsa1 temperatures
above 200°C (continued)
Amines 757
Boiling Points and Condensation Temperatures of Boiling Points and Condensation Temperatures of
Aqueous Triethanolamine Soiutions Aqueous Triethanolamine Solutions
at 760 mm Hg Absolute at 25 psi Absolute
380 400 740
360 680 380
700
340 640 360
660
320 600 340
320 620
300 560
'5280
260
240
520
480
4
2 2
300
v 280
260
580
540
500 5
g 220
440 5
$
5
m
240 460 5
x
E 200 400
E" 220 420 E
180 360 c 200 380
160 320 180
340
140 280 160
B Curve =
Baling Pant vs Compovlion 120 . BCurve = 300
240 Boiling Pant vs CWpoSltlOn 140 260
C Curve = . 2w CCurve= 120
CondensationTemperature loo
CondensationTemperature oo 220
vs Compostion 80
vs Compostion
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 n io 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Triethandamine Percent by Weight Triethanolamine.Percenl by Weight
NOTE
Ethanolaminescan
undergo decomposrtion
reactionsat temperatures
above 20O0C
2 2
1 1
06 06
04 04
02 02
01 01
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 M 40 60 80 100
Diethanolamine Percent by Weight Triethanolamine. Percent by Weight
Monoethanolarnine.Percent by Weight
1 30°C(860F)
2 5OoC (122OF)
3 75°C (167OF)
4 100°C (212OF) (continued)
758 Industrial Solvents Handbook
6oRTRl
40
:i 80
60 5
L
9 109
88
I
112
111
110
108
c
40 2 107
20 e
2 106
? g 105
O W
5 104
-20
1 03
-40 1 02
-60
1 Moncethanolamine
2 Diethandmine
, o1
3 Triethandamine
"" 1 00
0 20 40 64 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ethanolamine Percent by Weight
Amine. Percent by Weight
Freezing
8 . ,
Point Curve
\
92
88 90
c
0 c
0
-
;
3 86 1 8 8
'?
am
$ 8 4 5 86
a a
a
8.2 84
80 82
I I I I I I
en
0 20 40 60 80 100
Dielhenolamtne. Percent by Weigh:
94
9.2
90
-0
-
88
h
(0
7 8.6
8
8.4
8.2
8.0
v/ I
I
I
I
I 1
.
7 ."
R
0 20 40 60 80 100
Trierhanolamine.Percenl by Weight
Amines 759
10
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ x"Fv . I I ~ K P
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
0 84 100
0 82 80
60
0 80
0 78 E 40
0 76 0
-
0 74 s 20
I
0 72
I
0 70
0 68
p 10
5 8
0 66 $ 6
0 64
-
c?
5 4
0 62 0
a
0 60
2
0 58
1 Monoelhanolamine 0 56
2 Diethanolamine
3 Triethanolamine 0 54
1 Diethanolamine
2 Triethanolamine ,
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 RPialive Hurnidlly %
Temperature *c
60
z
2 1
v
2 04
a,
$ 02
<
01
0 04
10 1 Monoelhanolamine
1 Monoelhanolamine 2 Diethanolamine o 02
2 Dielhardamm 3 Trielhandamme 85
3 Triethanolamine 4 Triethanolamine 99 0 o1
8 9 10 11 12 13
0 3 6 9 1 2 1 5
Norrnalilv of Amine Solution DH at 20%
760 Industrial Solvents Handbook
ALKANOL AMINES
The most important members of this group from a commercial standpoint are monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and
triethanolamine. Also available in commercial quantities are the aminohydroxy derivatives of nitroparaffins, which
-
are 2-amino-1 -butanol, 2-ami no-2-methyl -1 -propanol, 2-ami no-2-methyl l13-propanedi 01, 2-amino-2-ethyl 1,3- -
propanediol, and tris (hydroxymethy1)aminomethane.
These compounds are used as emulsifiers for cosmetic lotions ond creams, mineral o i l and paraffin wax emulsions, textiles,
leather dressings, cleaning compounds, polishes, and "soluble oils." They are also used i n the manufacture of pharma-
ceuticals, surface-active and wetting agents, vulcanization accelerators, photographic developers, dyestuffs, and
resins. Having the property of absorbing acidic gases, such as H2S and C 0 2 i n cold aqueous solutions and releasing
them when hot, these compounds suggest usefulness i n gas recovery and purification. They also form the basis for chemi-
cal synthesis.
Z(Hydraxyethy1 )amine
2-Ami noethano I H2 NCH2CH20H
Colamine
Table 14.64: Bolling Point Composition Curves Table 14.65: Viscosity of Monoethanolamine
for Aqueous Monoethanolamine Solutions (79) at Various Temperatures (79)
Amines 761
Diethonolomine finds wide use os on obsorbent for acidic gases; especially for the removal,
recovery, and concentration of corbon dioxide from flue and other waste gases os well os
from hydrogen gos produced by cracking methane. Many industrial processes require pure
hydrogen free of acidic goses. Diethanolomine i s used to remove troublesome hydrogen sul-
fide from sour natural gos i n transmission lines ond natural gasoline plants. I t i s olso used os
o softening, moistening, ond emulsifying ogent; and i n the synthesis of orgonic compounds by
esterification of its hydroxyl groups.
It i s on excellent ogent for neutrolizing the ocidity which i s developed by the high percentage
of clays used i n rubber compounding, and thus reduces the curing time considerably. I t i s also
used i n the production of powerful synthetic detergents and i n certain synthetic resins.
Triethanolornine i s o viscous and very hygroscopic liquid with o slight ammoniocal odor.
It boils a t 244OC. a t 50 mm. (36OOC. ot 760 mm.) ond i s entirely soluble i n water and
alcohols, but only slightly soluble i n hydrocarbons. I t i s a mild, orgonic base which like
ammonia combines with acids and acidic moterials. The alkalinity of pure triethanolamine
i s somewhat less thon that of arnmonio, its pH being 11.2 i n 25% solution.
Three commercial grades of triethanolamine are available: 98%, "regular", ond "SP."
These differ only slightly in physicol ond chemical properties from the pure compound. The
most significant variation i s i n equivalent weights. Pure triethanolamine has on equivalent
weight of 149; "regular," 140; ond "SP," about 130. This variation i s due to increasing
amourfts o f mono- and diethanolamine present i n the respective comrnerciol grades. (continued )
762 Industrial Solvents Handbook
.
Table 14.68: (continued)
I
With free fatty acids, triethanolamine forms soaps i n direct molecular proportions. Tri-
ethanolamine oleate i s a semi-liquid soap capable of forming solutions of marked detergent
properties i n woter or i n organic solvents such os gosoline. In water, triethonolamine oleote
i s soluble i n a l l proportions; i n gasoline, more than 2% soap i s necessary to effect solution.
The stearate i s a hard, white product which finds use i n cosmetic preporotions. O n l y the
98% or regular grades should be used i n cosmetic products. These soaps ore practically neu-
tral, their pH being approximately 8, and are thus free from irritating effect upon the skin
or from injurious effect on fabrics. Very stable water emulsions of olmost any oil, fat, or
wax can i n general be prepared with these soaps. The usual. requirements for emulsification
are between 2 and 4% triethanolamine ond 5 to 15% oleic or stearic acid, each based on the
weight of the o i l to be emulsified. Triethanolamine emulsions are distinguished by their smoII
particle size, non-corrosiveness, non-volatility, ease of preparation, and wide flexibility i n
formulotion with fear of separation.
A small percentage of triethanolamine assists i n the penetration of liquids into porous materials.
Because of i t s pronounced hygroscopicity, i t i s employed os on economical softening agent,
humectant, and plasticizing agent for such products as textiles, glues, leather coatings, os a
penetrating agent i n impregnating wood, paper, and cellulose products. Also, an ingredient
of adhesives, rubber mixtures, and lacquers.
Viscous, pale yellow liquid intermediate in properties between alcohol and am-
monia; slightly ammoniacal odor; excellent penetrating properties; f o r m sonps with
fatty acids; hygroscopic Commercial product contains 70-75% triethanolamine.
20-%yo diethanolamine, 0 4 % monoethanolamine. Soluble in water, alcohol and
chloroform. Sp.gr. 1.1204-1.1284; b p. 36O'C; vapor pressure < 0.01 mm (20°C);
flash point 355'F; wt./gal 9.4 Ibs. (20O'C);coefficient of expansion OooO48 (20°C);
freezing point 21.2"C; viscosity 0 10 poise (20°C).
Typical specifications: Sp. gr. 1.1240-1 1300 (20/20"C); water not more than I O%,
purity not more than 2 5% rnonoethanolamine, not more than 15% diethanolamine,
not less than 80% triethanolamine; equivalent wt 110-145; color (5W-mm. tube)
not more than 7 yellow and 2 red Lovibond; average w t /gal 9.40 Iba. (20°C).
Tri-2-Hydroxyisopropylamine (CH3CHOHCH2)3N
This compound i s a white, crystolline solid, completely soluble i n water. I t i s used as a reactant i n
pharmaceutical syntheses. I t i s important i n the oral treatment of syphilis. Combined with sodium
bismuthate and propylene glycol, i t produces a bismuth compound stable enough to withstond chemical
action of the digestive system. Triisopropanolamine can be used for the preparation of cosmetic creams,
"soluble" oils, and emulsions-where the good color stability of its soaps i s of interest. Formulas con-
taining lanolin may vary i n color stability. Triisopropanolamine i s especially suggested for "soluble"
white paraffin oils for the rayon industry, where goad color and low free fatty acid content are desirable.
This i s a water-white, syrupy, alkaline liquid, with a faint ammoniacal odor. It i s soluble
i n water and many organic solvents. It forms saaps with higher fatty acids and these are useful
as emulsifying agenis i n textile and leather materials, water-emulsion paints, and self-polishing
waxes.
Hydroxyethyl Ethylenediamine
-
AMP
Regular
-
AMP-95
-
A,EPD TRlS AMINO
Cvslalr
TRlS AMINO
40% Concenlrate
Neutral equiralenl ...... 68 5-91 93.97 121 5' 121-122 -
Waler. % by wl (ma1 ) . . . . . 08 58 38 05 -
Melimp pcml. 'C (min.) - - - 160 -
Color (mar 1 . . . . . . . . . . 20 APHA 20 APHA ZGardner - 5 Garen.,
color 01 20% aqueous
aoluhon (MI ) . . . . . . - -
Daslollal~onrange. 'C . . . . . 156-177 -
Nonvotalile mailer. %
bywltmax). . . . 0 005 0 005
Amme assay by lilralion.
talc as % TRlS AMINO
.Annrdvov. D l m (mas 1
DMAMP-80
Flash point,
Boiling point at
760 mmHg. .......................... -06%
Viscosity at 25"C,
Gardner. ............................ A-A,
pH of 0.1 N aqueous
solution.. ........ ........... 11.6
APHA color (max.). .................... 100
766 Industrial Solvents Handbook
ALKYLALKANOL AMiNES
This group of compounds, a l s o referred t o a s alkylaminoethanols, h o v e less odor than most a l k y l a m i n e s and possess both
water a n d oil s o l u b i l i t y . The solubility d e g r e e of each is determined by t h e number of alkyl or hydroxyl groups present
i n t h e m o l e c u l e . A larger number of hydroxyl groups g i v e s g r e a t e r w a t e r solubility, whereas a predominance of a l k y l
groups g i v e s g r e a t e r oil s o l u b i l i t y . The d e r i v a t i v e s of these compounds are of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t . They form soaps with
fatty a c i d s which may be employed a s emulsifying, penetrating, and wetting agents, a n d these uses can also be applied
to t h e ester a n d acid a m i d e d e r i v a t i v e s . These amines also s e r v e a s intermediates in t h e manufacture of drugs and dyes.
(continued)
Amines 767
Color.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White
Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cry.t.lline lolid
Melting point.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B.C
Solubility in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Complete
Solubility of rater in wlvent.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compkte
Vapor promure at P*C.. . 0.01 mm
M - b Dh-
Color Water-white Water-white Watar-whitn
Specific vavity at P ' W C . 0.89-0.8p 0.92 1.ol
Minimum amine content W.S% 98.- 98.5v-
Initid boiling point 15BT. 161.C US*C.
Find boiling point 163'C. 174.6'C. 2808%.
-
Amine Methoxyethyl Dimethoxyethyl Ethoxyethyl Diethoxyethy I Methoxyisopropy I
CH3
I
Formu la CH30CzH4NH2 ( C H 3 0 C e H 4 ) 2NH C ~ H S O C ~ H ~ N( H
C 2~H 5 0 C 2 H 4 ) 2NH CH30CH2CH NH2
Vapor Pressure,
mm. at 20°C. -- 1.0 -- 0.5 --
nD a t 25°C. 1.4058 I. 4190 1.4086 1.4205 1.4038
Formula
ARYL AMINES
Aminabenzene
Phenylamine C6H5NH2
C6H5 N(CH3);!
Dimethylaniline i s a pale yellow, highly refractive, toxic, oily liquid with o pungent odor.
I t i s soluble i n ethyl alcohol, ethyl ether, and carbon tetrachloride, but only very slightly
soluble i n water. It i s used i n the making of dyes and the explosive tetranitroaniline ("Tetryl").
This secondary amine i s a light straw to amber-colored liquid with an aniline odor. It i s
insoluble i n water but soluble i n ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate,
acetone, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral ail, oleic acid, and hot
stearic acid. I t i s also soluble i n hot paraffin and carnauba waxes which solidify upon cooling.
N,N-Di-n-Butyl aniline i s a light-straw colored liquid with a faintly aniline odor and i s
soluble i n ethyl alcohol, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, fixed
oils, mineral oil, oleic acid and hot stearic acid. It i s insoluble in water, methyl alcohol,
and while soluble i n hot paraffin and carnauba waxes, these solidify when cooled.
C6H5NHC5H11
n-Monoomyl aniline i s a mixture of isomers. It i s o light-straw colored liquid with a faintly
aniline odor. It i s insoluble i n water but soluble i n ethyl olcohol, methyl alcohol, ethyl
ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral oil,
oleic acid, and hot stearic acid. It i s also soluble i n hot paraffin and carnauba waxes which
solidify on cooling.
Flash point 225.F
Specific gravity at 20'C 0.92
Refractive index at 20°C 1.5285
Weight per gallon at 20'C 7.84 Ibs.
Boiling range 245280°C
Purity 95YQ, min.
p-tert-Amyl aniline, an aryl amine, i s a straw t o deep red-colored liquid with a faintly
aromatic ador. It i s soluble in methyl alcohol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aro-
matic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral oil, oleic acid and hot stearic acid.
It i s insoluble i n m t e r and while i t dissolves hot carnauba and paraffin waxes, these solidify
on cooling.
This solvent i s a dark-red liquid with a faintly amine odor. It i s a solvent for methyl alcohol,
ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral
oil, oleic and hat stearic acid. It i s insoluble i n water, and soluble i n hot paraffin and carnauba
waxes which solidify on cooling.
IMINES
2soc 0.8017
35OC. 0.7908
.@C. 0.7811
Ad/&, g.linl. per O C . at 25OC. 0.001 1
Boiling Point, OC. at 760 mm. tlg 66.0
AB.P./@p, OC. per rnm. Ilg at 760 mrn. Hg 0.038
Vapor Pressure a t E O C . , mm. tIg 130
Pentane
I
I Proportions
Amines 773
AMIDES
Formamide dissolves many metal chlorides, iodides, nitrates, phosphates, and some carbonates and i s less
soluble i n sulfates and oxides. Proteins, saccharides, and polyvinyl alcohol dissolve or soften i n formamide.
Cellulose w i l l swell i n formamide as i t does i n water. Formamide i s a nonaqueous solvent for electrolytes
due to i t s ionizing solvent action on numerous inorganic salts.
AVERAGE ANALYSIS
Formamide, % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.5
Methanol, % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Color (as shipped). APHA . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Molecular weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.04
Boiling point (760mm), "C . . . . . . . . . . . ,210
"F . . . . . . . . . . . .410
Freezing point, "C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6
"F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.7
Specific gravity, 25"/4"C (77"/39"F) . . . . 1.1339
Density, Ib/gal, 60°F (15.6"C) . . . . . . . . 9.5
Refractive index, NZ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4481
Surface tension, dynes/cm. 20°C (68°F) . . 58.35
Viscosity. cp, 20°C (68°F) . , . . . . . . . . . . . 3.76
Dielectric constant, 20°C (68°F) . . . . . . . 84
Solubility parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2
Hydrogen bonding index . . . . . . . . . . . >16.2
Specific conductance, ohm-', 25"C(77"F) 18.9 x 10-5
Specific heat of liquid, cal/g. 19OC . . . . . 0.55
Btullb. 66°F . . . . . 0.99
Latent heat of vaporization, cal/g, 210°C . ,400
Btu/lb. 410°F ,720
Flash point (TOC). "F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,310
" C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,154.4
DMF, dimethylformanide, i s a uniquely versatile and powerful solvent with the following general properties:
(cont inued )
774 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Evaporation Rate
Atmospheric conditions
% Evaporation Time. Hours
~
0 0
20 8
40 16
60 26
80 34
100 44
5 09
10 82.5
15 75
20 73.5
25 70
30 66
35 64
Polymer Solvent
The principal use of DMF is as a solvent in the spinning of acrylic and polyurethane fibres. This
is e s p e c i a l i d outlet but illustrates the solvent power of DMF for polymers of high moloculer
weight.
Various polymers which are soluble in DMF together with some which are inroluble are shown
in the following liats:
Soluble Insoluble
polyacrylonltrile polyethylene
oolvurethenes oolvuropvlene
pol;methylmet hacrylate polytetrafluoroethylene
cellulose ecetate seturated polyesters
cellulose nitrate uree-form;ldahyde resin8
cellulose scotate butyrete neturel rubber
ethylcellulou b u t y l rubber
cyanoethylated cellulose styrene-butediene rubber
polystyrene nylon 66. 6, and 610
polyvinyl chloride
polyvinyl elcohol
polyvinyl ecetate
elkyds
phenol-formsldehyde resins
coumarone-indene resins
shellec
ester g u m
kauri g u m
Not only does DMF allow many polymers of sparing solubility 11 be brought into soiution I t
economical concentrations, but when used either alone or as a booster solvent it yields solutions
with lower viscosities and higher solids content than can be obteined with other solvents. It
is therefore suggested as an enrective solvent for use in the formulation of protective coatings
end films, adhesives, and printing inks.
DMAC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.92 cp
Refractive index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4356
Dielectric constant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37.8
Dipole moment (in dioxane). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.79
Flash point (Tag Open Cup). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..70"C
Thermal conductivity (22.2"C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,416 x 10-6cal/sec/cm/oC
Specific heat (liquid, 0 to 87°C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0.485 BTU/lb"F
Heat of vaporization at 165°C (cal'd) . . . . . . . . . . . .10,360 cal/g mol
Heat of combustion (20°C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,608 k cal/g mol
Flammability limits in air at 740 mm Hg and 160°C
Lower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0'30 by VOI
Upper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5% by vol
(continued)
Amines 777
Vapor pressure:-
krnperahm, OC Pmwm, mm Hg
25 1.3
40 3.4
70 18
90 46
110 108
130 230
150 460
165.5 758
Azeotrope -
D M A C (77.2 wt %)-acetic acid (21.1 wt %)-170.8"C at 760 mm
Solubility-Completely miscible with water, ethers, esters, ketones, and aromatic
compounds. Unsaturated aliphatics are highly soluble, but saturated aliphatics
have limited solubility.
Solubility at 25OC
g A 0 0 0 DMAC
Iso-octane 33
Di-isobutylene Compl Misc
" 'L
N-hexane
N-Heptane 31
Cyclohexane Compl Migc
" <'
Cyclohexene
Kerosene 16
Acrylic Resins
1 Viscosity at 25*C,15 wt 46
slution-cps
VYHH'.'
resin in 50/50 Solvent/
lbluene, cps
52
Acryloida"' A-21Ib' I 23 VAGH"' 53
A-lMIb' I 23 VMCH"' 48
B-72Ib' I 20 Geon*'"' 121 230
Geon@(h' 101 3800
Lucitem"' 44 26
45 38
46 30
1-Formylpiperidine, an amide solvent, i s o stable, highly ordered, dipolar aprotic liquid having a high
boiling point and wide liquid range (-30.6' to 222"C), making this o favorable solvent for nonvolatile
applications i n gas absorption processes, ink and dye systems, and plastics modifiers and stabilizers.
1-Formylpiperidine i s a strong solvent for both polar and nonpolar compounds. It i s unusual for its sol-
u b i l i t y i n both water and hexane. I t i s miscible with acyclic alkanes (Cg ond below), cyclaolkanes,
alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids and hydrides, amides, alkyl halides
beyond C11, stearates, ethers, olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, heterocyclics, aromatics, organa-
phosphorus compounds, olkynes, organotin compounds, organosilicates and inorganic acids. The high
solubility of many polymers i n 1-formylpiperidine i s of particular significance. 1-Formylpiperidine i s
o reactive solvent reacting at the carbonyl center and at the amide nitrogen.
Molecular Formula CH
, II NO
Molecular Weight 113.16
Density 1.02 giml (8.51 Ib/gal)
Index of Refraction (25 O*C) 1.4823
Freezing Point -30.6"C
Boiling Point 221c
Vapor Pressure
25'C 0.1 mm Hg (0.002 Ib/in2, 0.0001 atm)
100°C 14 m m Hg (0.27 Iblin', 0.02 atml
Heat of Vaporization (AHvapl 16.5 kcal/rnol (262 Btu/lbl
Heat of Fusion (AHf) 2.2 k c a l h o l (35 Btu/lb)
Heat of Sublimation (AHsubl 16.7 kcal/mol (297 B t d l b )
Entropy of Vaporization (ASvap) 33.4 cal/'/mol
Molar Freezing Point Depression Constant 5.7"C/mo1
Corrosion of Metals at 222'C
Mild Steel 0.3 x 10' in/yr
Brass 3.2 x 10' in/yr
Copper 5.2x 10' in/yr
Hydroscoptcity (23*C, 100% RH, 0.16% weight gain/hour
exposed surface arealvolume = 1 67 cm-') (nearly linear to 100 hr)
Toxicity
(continued)
Amines 779
WATER
OD 210
200
190
40
- 180
170
-2 0
-
0
e,
-30
W
a
+
3
160
150
140
W a IX)
a -40 W
3 0. I20
I-
; -50 2
+ 110
W 100
n
-60 90
W
I- 1
-70 I I I I I I I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0
NITRILES
C H3C H2 C H2C I N
n-Butyronitrile i s a clear, colorless liquid which is slightly soluble i n water and completely
miscible with common organic solvents. The product undergoes reactions typical of the a l i -
phatic nitriles.
Physical Properties
Molecular weight 69.10
Specific gravity, 2 O / 2 O 0 C 0 79m
Boiling point, 760 mm 117.5"C
50 mm 43°C
10 mm 13°C
Vapor pressure, 20°C. 15 mm
Freezing point -111.Wac
S o l u b i l i t y , i n water, 2 0 ° C 3.5% by w t .
water in, Xf'c 2.5% by w t .
Viscosity, 0°C 0.8 CPS.
20°C 0.6 CPS.
40 "C 0.5 C P ~ .
Refractive index, &? 1.3841
D
Weight per gallon, ="C 6.60 lbe.
Flash point 79
Shipping Data
N e t Container Contents:
1-gallon t i n can 6.5 lbe.
5-gallon i r o n drum 30 l b s .
55-gallon iron drum 360 l b s .
Typical Analysis of Current Production
Specific g r a v i t y
D i s t i l l a t i o n , IBP
50 u i ~ 117.6'~
-DP 118.4"C
n-Butyronitrile 98.9% by w t .
Water o.o* by vt.
Alkalinity 0.22 meq/gm
Color 5 Pt-Co
HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
Appeaana ......... Colorless liquid, darkens on sfanding Freezing Point'. .................... -24OC. (-1 1OF.I
Odor.. ........................ Mild, nonirritating Specific Gravity, 20/4OC.'................... e 0 . 9 6 8
Molwular Weight.. ........................ 67.09 index of Refraction, n20iD'................... 1.5095
Boiling Point' ............. 129°C. (264OF.) at 760 mm. Flash Point (Tag closed cup). ........... .39%. (102°F.)
Modified Reid Vapor Pressure'. ........ .0.25 p.s.i. (kO.05)
'Dotormind an purified pyrrole
Amines 781
P f
0
9
zz?zzTzE
a
..
0
- . \ i \ \ \ \ O
cnCJl3mmcnlnm
o
.- ouoyy 0
yyyr.t.hQmmm 0ua yo
g ~ ~ ~ g g g C&8UbD gZ : q
3 0 0
.- 0 cu 0 OD h ~
Q-mQcurO
- I. r U. c u. n ! .r r . r F r . - , - , - - F r O r r -?-a
. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . s?
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. v)
t . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... 0a,
.. .. .. .. .. c
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... c-
.. .. .. .. .. . . .
a2
.. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . -HI0n
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ..
...
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . ...
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . .
m
I
k
. . .
. . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. ..
c
0
: € € E € € E € € : : : : : : : m
: E E E E E E E E : : : : : : : I-
- - - - c c
m .f.e .e c .c A
0 0 0 0 0 0
782 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Structural Formula
M-PYRO L
I
CH,
LD, Species
-Referearc
4.1 glkg Mouse (1)
7.5 glkg Mouse (2)
4.2 glkg Rat (3)
3.8 rnllkg Rat (2)
3.5 rnllkg Rat (4)
4.4 glkg Guinea Pig (5)
3.5 glkg Rabbit (5)
2.5-5.0 glkg Bobwhite Quail (6)
Intravenous injection of M-Pyrol in rats was studied, monitoring arterial blood pressure, blood glucose levels and
electrocardiograms. Doses of 50 mg/kg produced a slight and short-lived hypotension without altering the ECG;
hyperglycemia was observed at the higher dosage only. At 500 mg/kg, hypotension, hyperglycemia, and ECG
alterations were all produced.
HYDROLYSIS O r M-PYHOI a
lU% AQUEOUS SO1 \ITION
80' 5 IlOUKS
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14
loo
IO
20°C
_-__-_
50°C
...... 80°C
I
0.I
0 01 I I I I 1
I 2 3 4 \
PH
Amines 789
cr. c.1 N
m a p
3 0 0 0 0 0
3
a o -?
o o n?
oo
vi -
790 Industrial Solvents Handbook
I40
I20
40
20
0
-10
IO 20 30
Time (days)
0.5
0.I
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.00I
IO so 100 500
Equilibrium Natural Gas Pressure (psia)
Nsturnl Gas
Composition Temperature Vapor Composition
(mole 46) (F) psia (mole % Solvent)
N, 4.35 765
100 0.0050
CH, 90.04 797
100 0.0046
C,H, 3.30 560
100 0.0045
CO, 1.84 435
100 0.0048
c3 0.47 417
100 0.0058
I90
100 0.0086
I00 50 0.0 168
100 14.7 0.095*
*Calculated from 0.76 mm Hg vapor pressure.
0 Pure solutcs
X Diluted with Nitrogen
A Mixed with Other Solutrt
100
50
E IO
<
5
01 05 IO 5 IO 50 100
500
100
50
IO
..
0
4
T
4 I
r
Table 14.146: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Diolefins in Anhydrous M-Pyroi
Solvent (49)
50
IO
Temperature ( O F )
Table 14.147: Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Acetylenes in Anhydrous M-Pyroi
Solvent (49)
SO
E
- ' 100
-T
; 0.5
n
SO
r
p.
IO
0.05 5
0.0I I
Temperature ( O F )
798 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0
vl
0
vl
0 v,
K = YIX at System Pressure and Temperatun
Y = Mole Fraction in Vapor Phase
X = Mole Fraction in Liquid Phase
e
7e!
n
e!':
nvI
IIII IIII
SI
I I
0 v,
K = YIX at System Pressure and Temperature
Y = Mole Fraction in Vapor Phase
X = Mole Fraction in Liquid Phase
Amines 799
K = YIX at System Pressure and Temperature
Y = Mole Fraction in Vapor Phase
X = Mole Fraction in Liquid Phase
c SI
0
SI 0 'c1
K = YIX at System Pressure and Temperature
Y = Mole Fraction in Vapor Phase
X = Mole Fraction in Liquid Phase
800 Industrial Solvents Handbook
41 l;il I
I1
x"
-
2 - 0
c K = y/x
y = Mole Fraction Solute in Vapor Phase
x = Mole Fraction Solute in Liquid Phase
z s c 41 v) - ?
0
K = Y I X at Equilibrium Pressure and Temperature
Y = Mole Fraction in Vapor Phase
X = Mole Fraction in Liquid Phase
Amines 801
Polymer - Solubility, %*
~-
Acrylonitrilc/vinyl chloridc copolyincr >IO
Adiprene B urcthiinc rubber (duPont) 1Oa
Black TenJanwax (Exxon) >10
Cellulose triacctiltc >IO
Cheriiigurii butadicnc/acrylonitrile copolymcr ((ioodyeiir) sol
Delrin polyacetiil resin (duPont) insol
Epi Rez 510 cpoxy resin (Interchemical) sol
Epo/ene N polycthylcnc (Eastman) insol
Epon 1ooO. 1004. 1007 epoxy resin (Shell ) sol
Estane 5740x1 and 5740x2 polyurethane (Goodrich) >IO
Ethyl Ccllulosc N-100 (Hercules) 25
Fornzvar polyvinyl formal resin (Monsanto) 5
Gantrez A N mcthylvinylether/maleic anhydride copol. (GAF) > 10
Ceon 101 and 102 polyvinyl chloride (Goodrich) 10
Hycar OR butadicne/acrylonitrle copolymer (Goodrich) sol
Kynar polyvinylidene fluoride (Pennwalt) sol
Lexan polycarbonate (General Electric) I Ob
Mekon 20 wax (Petrolite) >IO
Muhathane MA-40 and MB-40 polyurethane (Mobay) insol
Mylar polyester flim (duPont) >IO
Nylon >IO
Penzalyn M pentaerythritol ester of resin (Hercules) 50
Polyacrylonitrile, specific viscosity 2.1‘ 24
3.1 18
8.7 IO
31.9 5
Poly(methy1 a-chloroacrylate) > 10
Poly(methy1 methacrylate) > 10
Polybutene sol
Polystyrene 25
Polyester-type polyurethane rubber (Mobay) (at 80°C) 10
Polyvinyl chloride > 10
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone >IO
Teflon fluorocarbon resin (duPont) insol
Vinosol Ester Gum glycol ester of pine resin (Hercules) IO
Vinac polyvinyl acetate (Air Products) IO
Vinylite VYHH, VMCH, and VMVS VCIVAc copolymers (U. C.) >IO
Vinylite W G L vinyl resin (Union Carbide) 25
Vinylite VMVW vinyl chloride resin (Union Carbide) 15
Zytel nylon molding resin (duPont) (at 200°C) 25
Diacetylem
'* I--
Table 14.157: M-Pyrol Solvent Effects at Ambient Temperature for 7 Days (49)
Polyethylene -
Crosslinked 0 09 0 07 0 003 -0.25 Note 2
Polyethylene -Low
Density 0 39 0 10 -0 26 0.00 Note 2
Polyethylene -
High Density 0 15 0 10 0 06 -0.75 Note 2
Polypropylene 0 02 -0 53 0 85 1.62 Note 2
12,200 cal/mol,
KYDS reference
glycerol alkyd, 45% soy temperature 65°C.
glycerol alkyd, 30% soy I
glycerol alkyd, 45% linseed ~~ -
The solubility
pentaetythritolalkyd, 45% soy __- ~ ~ ~
parameters for
resins are based
IlNES on figures
published by
Burrell (1957) and
cellulose acetate I Hughes and Britt
cellulose butyrate 0.5 sec. I (1961).
cellulose acetatehutyrate I
ethyl cellulose N-22 Polystyrene seems
ethyl cellulose K-200 to be a notable
ethyl cellulose T-10
exception. It is
nitrocellulose RS 25 CPS I
known to be
nitrocelluloseSS 0.5 sec. I
soluble in M-
’OXIES PYROL solvent yet
“Epon” 1001 (Shell Chemical)-
the reported
“Epon” 1004 (Shell Chemical)- -
solubility
“Epon” 1007 (Shell Chemical+
parameter range is
“Epon” 1009 (Shell Chemical)- ~ - -
only 9.0 i 0.9
“Epon” 1004 DHC ester (Shell Chemicalf-
(Burrell 1957).
IENOLICS
“Durez” 220 (Hooker Chemicab- - - I
“Durez” 550 (Hooker Chemical)- --
“Methylon” 75202 (General E l e c t n c F - - - --
S I N DERIVATIVES
“Amberol” F-7 (Rohm and Haas)
“Amberol” 801 (Rohm and Haash - ~
ester gum
“Vinsol” (Hercules Powder)- ~ -
\]YLS
“Geon” 12 (Goodnch)- -
“Vinylite” AYAA (Union Carbide)-
”Vinylite” VAGH (Union Carbide)
‘Vinylite” VMCH (Union Carbidej
“Vinylite” VYHH (Union Carbid+- ~
I I
Amines 805
Chemical Structure
0 I 0 0 0 0 1 0
CH,CH, CH,CH,OH
HEP 64.9
2-PYROL" 44.7 2 10 1.96 53 NEP 53.6
HEP 22.3 k 5 3.9 105 CHP 0
M-PYROL" 15.2 2 0.4 5.8 156
NEP 7.45 * 1.2 11.7 316
CHP 1.35 2 0.09 65 1745
0 0
0.9 1.24
2.0 6.45
4.3 13.44
5 15.32
6 17.92
8 22.80
12 31.90
16.2 40.50
20 47.4
22 50.8
806 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 14.162: CHPmater System (30:70) Minimum Critical Solution Temperature as a Function of
Acid/Base Concentration (49)
05 I 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Minimum Cmwal Sdvbon Temperature ("C)
H2S04 NaOH
Table 14,163: Phase Diagram CHP Water (49) Table 14.164: Minimum Critical Solution Temperature
of CHP Water System (30:70) as a
Function of Acid/Base Concentration (49)
loo, 1
0.93 79.5
0.6 65.5
80
0.3 57.0
0.1 52.5
20 50.5
0.09 40.0
0.185 32.0
0.275 23.5
0.37 15.5
0.46 6.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
H20 Percent CHP
CHP
Table 14.165: Comparison of NEP, HEP, CHP Solvents with Common Solvents (49)
H E P ( N-Hydroxyethyl-Pyrrolidone)
M-PYROLQ( N-Methyl-Pyrrolidone) -24
N E P ( N-Ethyl-Pyrrolidone) (-70 200 10.3
C H P ( N-Cyclohexyl-Pyrrolidone) 12 284
DMAC" (Dimethyl-Acetamide) (DuPont) -20 166 10.8
DMFm ( Dimethyl-Formamide) (DuPont) -61 153 12.1
Amines 807
n
I
R
R=CH3(CH2)7 for LP-100
R=CH3(CH2)11 for LP-300
Sodlum Sodlum
0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 6 D 10
0 E2 Water
0 1 1 3 1 5 6 7 3 0 (0
0
Dodecyl
Sulfate
Table 14.169: Solubilities of Surfadone LP 100 and LP-300 Nonionics in Various Solvents (49)
S = soluble at 10%
808 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 14.171: Low Concentrations of Surfadone LP Products Lower Surface Tension of Water (49)
c
80 ,
70 - 0 SURFADONE.
LP-io0
\
\
A SURFADONE.
~P-300
60 -
50 -
40-
30 -
20
Table 14.172: Draves Wetting Time for Surfadone LP Products with SDS (seconds) (49)
with with
0.196 Solution 0.008% SDS 0.018% SDS
Table 14.173: Low Concentrations of Surfadone LP Products Reduce Dynamic and Equilibrium Surface
Tension (49)
E 70
1 Eubbledsec
5I
Z
60
.-0
e 50
~~
I 0.120
I0 I
0.02 0.04
I
0.06
I
0.08 0.1 0.12
wl % LP-100
Water 84 95 95 113
SURFADONE" LP-100 <5 56 34 54
SURFADONE" LP-300 36 53 33 54
Amines 809
5) NYLON 31.0453 31.1811 0.1358 0.44 3.6 x 10.5 3.6 x 10.5 - 0.1 x -
(SHEET) x 0.711 x 0.714 x 0.003
6) PVC 17.3684 - - - 3.5 x 11.7 - - -
x 0.301
7) EPDM 13.5350 12.4198 -1.1152 - 8.2 3.8 x 10.2 3.6 x 9.8 0.2 x 0.4 -
x 0.331 x 0.309 x 0.022
11) BUTYL 39.1515 40.8792 1.7277 4.4 4.4 x 10.2 4.4 x 10.3 - -x 0.1
RUBBER x 0.640 x 0.665 x 0.025
12) MYLAR" 0.6565 0.7224 0.0659 10.0 3.9 x 10.1 3.8 x 10.2 - -
x 0.013 x 0.013
13) VITON' 12.2540 25.5317 13.2777 108.0 4.0 x 10.3 - - -
x 0.162
VITON' 12.2540 14.2267 1.9727 16.1 4.0 x 10.3 4.4 x 11.0 - 0.4 x 0.7
x 0.162 x 0.134 x 0.03
14) HYPALON" 9.0964 10.3928 1.2964 14.3 3.9 x 10.2 - - -
x 0.170
HYPALON' 9.0964 8.2690 - 0.8274 - 9.1 3.9 x 10.2 3.7 x 9.8 0.2 x 0.4 -
x 0.170 x 0.167 x 0.003
15) SILICONE 8.1632 8.2814 0.1 182 1.45 4.2 x 10.3 4.2 x 10.3 0.001 -
x 0.158 x 0.157
Pyridine i s a liquid miscible with water, alcohol, ether, benzene and many organic liquids.
I t i s on excellent solvent for organic materials and w i l l dissolve many metallic salts giving
comparatively stable compounds (without substitution). It i s used i n the preparation of water-
proofing chemicals, rubber acceleroton, ond pharmaceuticals. It i s also used as an extractant
and i n distilling and purifying operations. The less pure grade i s used as o denaturant for
industrial alcohol.
2-Methyl Pyridine 0
,,,/ -CH3
3-Methyl Pyridine
Beto-picoline i s similar to the alpha compound. It i s soluble i n woter with which i t farms a
constant-boiling mixture; i t i s olso soluble i n ethyl alcohol and ethyl ether. Suggested uses
for i t are i n the manufacture of alkaloids, pharmaceuticals and rubber accelerators. It i s also
a starting material for the production of nicotinic acid and nicotinic acid amide.
4-Methyl Pyridine
The solubility and uses for this solvent are similar to those of the alpha and beta compounds.
2,4-Lutidine i s a liquid, very soluble i n olcohols, ketone, ethers, hydrocarbons, and most organic
solvents, but only 15% soluble in water. It i s recommended for use i n the synthesis of drugs, dyes,
and other chemicals.
2,6-Dimethyl Pyridine
2,6-Lutidine i s a liquid, very soluble i n water, alcohols, ethers, ketones, hydrocarbons, and most
organic solvents. It i s recommended far use i n the manufacture of resins, dyes, drugs, insecticides,
rubbers, and organic chemicals.
Quinoline i s a liquid, soluble i n alcohol, ether, carbon disulfide, and i n mast of the common
organic solvents, but only partially soluble i n water. It i s a solvent for cellulose esters and ethers
when used with other solvents. It i s used in the manufacture of dyes, photographic sensitizers,
nicotinic acid, and drugs. It i s also used as an extraction agent and i n organic synthesis.
cn,-cn-c*cvcn
FORMULA I #
ncI ,c-cn3
N
PROPERTIES
Tetrahydro-p-Oxazi ne
It i s used i n permanent wave solutions for its mild alkalinity; i n soaps which are emulsifying
agents for paper caatings; i n rubless polishes, lacquers, paints, insecticides, etc. It imparts
water-resistance after drying. I t s water-soluble salts have high phenol coefficients.
Morpholine may also be used i n photographic developing.
Boiling r a n g e , OC
IBP 1 2 5 . 0 min.
DP 132.0 max.
Suspended m a t t e r Substantially f r e e
F r e e z i n g p o i n t , OC -4.9
F l a s h point, (TOC) OC 38
OF 100
D e n s i t y , g. /cc. at 2 O o C 0.9994
20
R e f r a c t i v e index, n 1.4545
V i s c o s i t y , c e n t i p o i s e s at 20°C 2.23
10
Conductivity, m h o / c m . x 10 6
PKb 9.61
Dielectric constant 7.33
Dipole m o m e n t , D e b y e s 1. 58
M o l a r p o l a r i z a t i o n , PZ i n b e n z e n e 75.3
H e a t of v a p o r i z a t i o n , c a l . / m o l . (45-129OC) 9510
814 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 14.188: Boiling Point Composition Curves for Aqueous Morpholine Solutions (79)
I4
; 10
8
$ 0
J
I: I
0
K I CENT MORPYOLINE SI WEIGHT
Amines 815
Acetone m 2 - Hexanone z
Benzene X Met h a n d 2
Benzyl c e l l u l o s e 25 Methylamine 33
Butyl e t h e r X Methylcyclohexanol
Ethanol X Sulfur (5
2 -Ethylbutan01 P Trimethylamine 34
Ethyl e t h e r 1
. P o l y v i n y l acetate >5
Polyvinyl c h l o r i d e 5'
Table 14.192: N-Ethyl Morphollne (2) Table 14.193: N-Phenyl Morpholine (2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . 138°C.
Boiling Point Boiling Point a t 760 mm. . . . . . . 268OC.
Specific Gmvity a t 2O/2O0C. . . . 0.916 Melting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . 57OC.
Esters
FORMATES
HC OOC H3
Methyl formate i s o colorless flammable liquid with a pleasant ethereol odor. I t w i l l dissolve cellulose ethers and esters
but w i l l dissolve them more readily when mixed with other solvent esters or the less volatile hologenated hydrocarbons.
Fonnosol HCOOC2H5
Ethyl formate i s a water-white, highly volatile and unstable liquid with a pleasant odor resembling peach kernels. It i s
portly soluble i n water and miscible with benzene. I t i s a powerful solvent for cellulose nitrate and acetate, yielding
solutions of unusual low viscosity which have a tendency to c h i l l . It i s an important fumigant and larvicide for the treat-
ment o f tobacco, cereals, dried fruit and similar products. I t i s used as a chemical intermediate i n the manufacture o f
such medicinals as sulfadiazine, thiamin (Vitamin B l ) , and perfumes and synthetic flavors.
816 (continued)
Esters 817
Butyl formate i s a colorless liquid, miscible with alcohols, ethers, oils, hydrocarbons and so forth. I t w i l l dissolve cellu-
lose nitrate, some types of cellulose acetate, and many cellulose ethers. Butyl formate w i l l also dissolve many natural
and synthetic resins such as copals, dammar, elemi, mastic, shellac, cumar resins, ester gum and alkyds i n the presence
of ethyl alcohol. I t i s used as an intermediate and i n perfumes.
Commercial amyl formate i s an anhydrous, colorless liquid composed of a mixture of isomeric amyl formates with the iso-
amyl formate in predominance. This mixture i s miscible with oils, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones and so forth. I t i s a
solvent For cellulose esters, "Cumar", copal, gum esters, etc. I t i s able, when mixed with an alcohol, to dissolve shellac
and alkyd resin. I t i s a less odoriferous and more energetic solvent than amyl acetate. I t also has both a lower boiling
point and a greater speed of evaporation. n-Butyl acetate and amyl formate have similar volatility and have substantially
the same solvent power which permit free interchange of these only as far as these properties allow.
ACETATES
CH3COOCH3
Methyl acetate i s a water-white flammable, readily hydrolyzable liquid, with a fragrant odor. This low-boiling solvent
was first prepared i n 1835 by reacting acetic acid and methanol. I t i s miscible with most organic solvents and w i l l com-
pletely dissolve cellulose nitrate and acetate, ethyl cellulose, resins such as ester gum, rosin, "Cumar", elemi, phenolics,
and oils such as corn, linseed, castor, neatsfoot, chinawood and cottonseed. I t w i l l only partially dissolve shellac,
manila, dammar, pontianac, Beckacites and alkyds. I n many respects, methyl acetate resembles acetone as a solvent,
particularly as to its boiling point, solvent power and miscibility, but its tendency to hydrolyze to methanol and acetic
acid, i n the presence of water, limits its wider use in the industries. Methyl acetate i s usually admixed with higher
boiling solvents. It i s used i n lacquers, paints, varnishes, enamels, perfumes, dyes, dopes, plastics, and synthetic
finishes as well as a substitute for acetone.
Ethyl acetate i s a water-white, flammable liquid with a pleasant, fruity odor. The 85 to 88 per cent grade of ethyl acetate
suitably denatured i s generally used for commercial purposes but 95 and 99 percent grades are also available. I t i s miscible
with most organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, esters, aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. I t dis-
salves such materials as nitrocellulose, camphor, oils, fats, waxes, gums and natural and synthetic resins. I t w i l l tolerate
fairly large amounts of lacquer diluents and like methyl acetate i t not only has a wide range of solubilities but i t possesses
the unique property of dissolving nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate and cellulose ethers yielding solutions of low viscosity.
Its solvent power for cellulose derivatives i s much improved, however, by adding a small quantity of alcohol.
(85 to 88%)
Acidity (as ncrtir nrid) 00170 Iiy nt, mnx Flash point -5°C (23'F)
Blusli rrsistnnrr a t W F (10% Freezing point -82.4"C
4 RFC. I1 S. iiitroccllulosr Non-volatile matter 0.003 gram per 100 cc, max
solution) Clrar 450/,Rclative humidity Refractive index a t 20°C 1.3725
I3luish 50% Solubility in water a t 25°C 9.7% by vol
Cocliicicnt of cubical r\pnnaiun Solubilityof aster in solvent a t 9.8% by vol
(ordinary trmpernturcs) O.Mo73 per ' F 25°C
0.00132 pcr "C Specific gravity a t 20/20"C 0.883 to 0.888
Color Water-a hitc Viscosity a t 20°C 4.546 millipoiscp
Critical tcmpcrnturc 250.1"C Weight per gal a t 68'F 7.36 Ibs
Critical pirssure 37 8 atmosphercs
Dilution rntio (95 to 98%)
Toluol 3.5 Acidity (as acetic) 0.0170 by rvt, max
Petroleum naphtha
Distillation range
1.1
Below 70°C Nonc
Blush resistance a t W F (10% +
sec. R.S. nitrocelluloae solu-
Below 72°C Not morc than 10% tion) Clear 50% lblative humidity
Above 8O'C None Blush 55%
Dryness Miscible without turbidity with 20 volumes Coefficient of expansion per 1'F 0.m74
60" Bd gasoline a t 20'C per 1'C 0.00133
Electrical conductivity a t 25°C Less than 1 X IO-' reciprocal ohms Color Wnter-white
Evap. rate a t OS'F (in min.) Dilution ratio
5% t Toluol 3.2
%% 1) Petroleum hy<lroearhun 1.o
% 3f Distillntion range i l to W"'
75% 6t I)ryllcas a t 20°C Miseiblc without turhidity with 20
eo% 94 vol (io" I31 gasoline
95% 1lt (continued)
Esters 819
Table 15.6: (continued)
(9.5 t o 98%)
$vnp r;rtt* a t 05"b' (iii iniiiJ Color Water-white
5% i Dilutioii rntio
25% 11 Toluol 3.0
50% 31 Petroleum iiaplitha 1.o
75% G Distillation range 75 to 80°C
!D% 7t Klcctricnl cotiductivity a t 25°C 3.2 X lo-' rccip ohms
95% 81 Evap. rate a t 95°F (in min.)
Flush point W F (approximate) 5% f
Noli-volatile inatter 0 003 gm per 100 cc, max W% 14
Solul,ility of water in solvent :it 4% by VOI 50% 3i
25'C 75% et
Specific gravity a t 20/P'C 0.805 to 0.m W% 9f
Viscosity (10% t s e c . nitwcel- 33 centipoises 95% lot
lulose solution) Explosive limits 2.28-1 1.4q0
\V:itcr So turliidity when mined with 19 vol- Flash point 0.5%
UIIICS of GO' I36 gasoline a t 20°C Freezing point -82.4'C
Weight per gal a t 2O'C 7.47 Ibs IIeut of conibustioii 538 kg. cal/mole
Heat of vaporization a t O'C 102 cal/gm
(W to 100~o)
acetic ether grade a t BO'C 102.9 cal/gm
0.01% by wt, max Non-volatile matter 0.003 gram when 100 cc, m a l
Acidity (:IS acetic)
Uluah resistance at W'F (loo/, t
see. R.S.nitrocellulose solu-
tion) Clear 55% Relative humidity
Blush GO%
Coefficient of expnnsioii per 1°F 0.00074
per 1°C 0.000133
C H3C0 OC3 H,
The properties of n-propyl ocetate are, approximately, intermediate between those of ethyl and n-butyl acetates. I t i s
miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters, oils and hydrocarbons and i s a good solvent for nitrocellulose and a wide range
of cellulose derivatives, especially when i t i s admixed with the aromatic hydrocarbons or the lower aliphatic alcohols.
I t w i l l also dissolve natural and synthetic resins like elemi, "Cumor" resins, ester gum, manila, mastic, rosin and sandarac.
I t i s used principally as a low-boiling component i n nitrocellulose lacquer formulations.
C H3COOC H(CH3)2
Isopropyl ocetote i s a water-white pleasant-odored liquid with properties intermediate between ethyl and butyl acetates.
I t i s miscible with most of the common organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, esters, oils, hydrocarbons, etc and .,
i t i s o solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate (of low viscosity) and a wide range of oils, fats, waxes, gums and
natural and synthetic resins. Like n-propyl acetate, its solvent power for cellulose esters i s increased when lower ali-
phatic alcohols ore odded. I t i s lorgely used in the lacquer industry where its slow evaporation rate and blush resistance
are of importance. I t i s also used i n the manufacture of plastics, ortificial leather, dopes, films, cements, and i n the
recovery of acetic acid from aqueous solutions.
Acidity (as acetic) 0 02% by wt, m a l Fl;ish point (T:q Closed Cup) 39'F
I3oiling point nt 760 mm 88.6'C Freezing point -73.4"C
Corfficicnt of cxpnnsion per "F 0 000727 Heat of vaporifation 19.4 cal/gm
Color Water-white Non-volatile matter 2 mg per 100 cc, max
Dilution rxtiou Refractive index, N 20/D 1.3772
Toluene 2.7 Solubility of water in solvent 3.27% by wt
Y.M. and P. naphtha 0 02 Specific gravity at 20/20'C 0.W to 0.871
I h a l illation rmgn 54 5 - W T Specific heat at 15-25'C 0.521 cal/gm
k k t r i r a l condirctivily nt 25°C 5 7 X 10-7 recip ohnis Surface tension at 25'C 24 5 dyneslcm
1Svapornlion rate at 05'F (in minutes) Vapor pressure n t 10°C 26 2 mm Hg
5% t 20.C 45.7 m m H g
25% If "C 7G.1 mm Hg
50% 4f 4O'C 121.8 mm Hg
75% 7t Viscosity at 20°C 0.00525poises
W% lot Weight per gallon at 20°C 7.23 Ibs
05% 111
CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3
This ester i s a water-white liquid with a characteristic fruity odor which i s less pronounced than the odor o f amyl acetate.
I t i s miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters and most o f the common organic solvents. I t i s a solvent for nitrocellulose
and cellulose ethers, especially when previously mixed w i t h active or latent solvents. I t w i l l dissolve oils, fats, waxes,
metallic resinates, camphor, "Cumar" resins, dammar, ester gum, elemi, kauri, manila, mastic, pontianac, rosin, sandarac,
chlorinated rubber, and such synthetic resins as the vinyls, polystyrene, and acrylates. In combination with 20 per cent
of butyl alcohol, butyl acetate w i l l dissolve the less highly polymerized alkyd resins and shellac. Owing to i t s power o f
imparting low viscosity, gum compatibility, and good working qualities, i t i s classed among the best medium bailing sal-
vents for nitrocellulose. Its volatility meets the demands of a lacquer solvent because i t i s sufficiently high to leave the
film readily and a t the same time low enough to prevent blushing. When combined with butyl alcohol i t w i l l prevent
gum-blush, cotton-blush and chilling. Its largest use i s as a solvent i n the manufacture of nitrocellulose lacquers for
protective coatings, artificial leather and coated paper, plastics, polishes, safety glass, i n perfumes, and flavoring
materials.
(cont hued )
Esters 821
ss-92yo 98-1-
.Acidity (as acetic) 0.01% by n t , max Acidity (as acetic) 0.01% by wt, max
Boiling point a t 760 mm IIg 126 5°C Boiling point 126.5OC
Coefficient of cubical expnnsion Coefficientof expansion per 1°F m
(ordinary temperatures) 0.00067 pcr"F per 1°C 0.0011
0.00121 per"C Color (A.P.H.A.) 10 max
Color Water-white Dilution ratio
Dielectric constant a t 20°C 5.0 Toluol 3.05
Dilution ratio Petroleum naphtha 1.40
Toluol 2.9 1)istillation range 123"-128"C
Petroleum naphtha 1.4 F:iectric:il conductivity at 25°C 13 X 10-9 recip ohms
Distillation range Below 115°C Sone Flash point 82°F npprox
Below 120°C Not more than 8% Fwct ionation. I.P. 114.3"
Above 130°C Not more than 5% 11G.O
10%
Above 135°C Nolle =% 116.9
Evaporation rate a t 95'F (in 50% 117.4
minutes) 75% 117.6
5% It W O 117.6
25% Gf E.P. 118.1
50% 134 lIcnt of vnporization 73.8 cal/gm
75% 222 Xon-volntile matter Ncgligible
W% 3? Ilcfractivr index nt 20°C 1.3951
95% 34f Snlul)ility i n water at 25-C 0.78y0by wt
Flash point 28'C Solu1)ility of water i n solvrnt 238% by wt
Heat of vaporisation 73.8 calories per gm 3t 25°C
Freezing point -7G.8"C Specific gravity a t 20/2o"C 0.579 to 0.883
Yon-volatile matter 0.005 gram per 100 cc, max Sprcific hcnt a t 21-27°C 0.505 cal/gm
Residue None Surfncc tension a t 27OC 27.6 dyncs/cm
Refractive index a t W C 1.3947 Vapor pressure at 20°C 9.0 mm Hg
Solubility in water a t 25'C 0.5% by vol Viscosi1.y nt 25'C 0.00693poises
Weight per gnllon 7.76 Ibs
Solubility of water in solvent l . G % by vol
a t 25°C Conslant Roiling .Ilizlurcs
Specific gravity a t zO/ZO"C 0.872 to 0.880 by IVt ?& hy Wt B.P. 'C
Vapor pressure a t 0" C 3.0 mm Hg n-llul.yl acrtatc 54.0 n-Butanol 46 0 118.0
25°C 15.0 mm Hg n-Butyl acctate 60.0 n-Proptmol M.0 94 2
50°C 45.0 mm Hg n-Butyl acrtate 48.0 Isopropanol 52.0 80.1
Viscosity a t 2S'C 0.671 centipoises n-Butyl acetate 71.3 Water 28.7 902
Weight per gnllon a t 20°C 7.28 Ibs
Tcrnar!, driziures
B.P.
n-Butyl acetate 35.3%
n-Butanol 27.4y0 89.4'C
Water 37.3%
CH3COOCH(CH3)CH2CH3
sec-Butyl acetate i s a colorless, flammable liquid with a fruity odor. I t i s miscible with castor and linseed oils and hydro-
carbons, and w i l l dissolve nitrocellulose, cumarone, elemi, ester gum, kauri, mastic, manila, pontianac, asphalt and
tar. I t has only partial solubility for dammar and shellac. Its solvency i s very similar to n-butyl acetate but i t has a lower
boiling range, less blush resistance and w i l l evaporate with greater rapidity. For this reason, to replace n-butyl acetate
i t i s necessary that this solvent should be mixed with slower evaporating solvents that can make up for i t s quicker rate of
evaporation. I t i s largely used in the manufacture of nitrocellulose lacquers and similar types of coatings used i n airplane
dopes, artificial leather, celluloid products, coated paper, patent leather, and textile sizing and printing compounds.
Evaporation r a t e at 33'F ( i n
Noii-volatilr m a t t e r 0.005 gni p e r 1M) cc, i n m
minutes)
Residuc None
5% Ilefrxctivc indcx, h' 25 3/D 1 36wj
25% Spccific gravity at 2O/B2ODC 0 b%Za.s(j(;
50%
Solubility iii wntcr 0.74% by w t
75%
Solubility of water iii solvent 2 1% b y IVL
90% at 25°C
95% Weight per gal a t 2O'C 7 I Y Ihs (approx )
Flash point
Isobutyl ocetote i s o medium-hoiling solvcnt, colorless and with o mild, fruity ester odor. The commercial grodc hos o n
ester content of 68 to 92 pcrccnt, the I)ulonce being substontiolly isobutyl olcohol. The solvent power of this e s t e r i s
s i m i l a r t o the normol und >ccondory o c c t u t c s . I t i s miscible with most organic solvents ond w i l l disrolvc o l o r g r number
o f oils, W U A C S ond notur<il onti synthetic rc'sins. With the Iimitotion set by Rule 66 on the use of branched choin Cctorics
ond oromutic solvents, i 5 o l u t y l O C C ~ U I C is on econornicol rcplocement for MlBK ond by having o similor e v o p a r o t i o r r r o t e .
cun be Iormuloted in toluene replacements.
Banana Oil
Amyl Acetic Ether CH3COOC5H,,
Isoamyl Acetate
Amyl acetate i s a colorless, flammable liquid w i t h an odor resembling bananas or pears. Its exceptional solvent power
places i t among the first solvents i n the nitrocellulose lacquer industry. The amyl acetates are made by the acetylation
o f fusel oil or synthetic amyl alcohols. Amyl acetate i s miscible with oils, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers and esters,
and w i l l dissolve such substances as camphor, elemi, ester gums,copal ester, copals, dammar, kouri, rosin, sandarac,
tannins, waxes, Zanzibar and "Cumar" resins, and when i t i s mixed with alcohol i t w i l l dissolve some alkyd resins. I t i s
a good solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, the solvency o f which i s increased when combined w i t h ethyl alcohol. Amyl
acetate i s used extensively as a solvent i n nitrocellulose lacquers, both for its solvency and its power to import blush re-
sistance, good flow, gloss and toughness. I t i s also used i n making smokeless powder, a r t i f i c i a l leather and pearls, air-
plane dopes, waterproofing compositions, varnishes, dry cleaning compounds, bronzing liquid, films, celluloid, rayon,
linoleum, oilcloth, fruit flavors, soft drinks, food preparations, confectionery, perfumes, soap solvent, and i n photo-
engraving.
This medium boiling solvent i s a water-white liquid made by acetylation from the secondary amyl alcohols (pentanal-2 and
pentanol-3). Although its solvent power i s not equal to that of amyl acetate because i t has a lower tolerance for diluents,
as well as a less desirable odor, i t has many similar properties and i t i s used as a nitrocellulose and ethyl cellulose solvent.
(continued)
824 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table 15.13: (continued)
Distillation range
neiow i z ~ c X one
Below 126'C S o t more than l o g
neiolv i w c S o t iiiore than
DOC,
nciOlv IMT Kot less t han WYc
Abovc 115°C Sone
Evaporation rnte at 85°F (io
minutes)
5% It
25% 7f
50% 1st
75% 241
W% 305
95% 33f
l~lashpoint S9' 1.'
Xorr-volntilc i11:it t c r 0 005 gm per 100 cc, rnax
Itcsiduc S'IiLe
Specific gr:ivity :it M;WC 0.~Z4.W
Solubility QI nxtcr in solvciit : ~ t 0 S% by vol
2.5-C
Viscosily (10% t a w . R S.riilio- 75 centipoiscs
ccllnlose svlutioii)
Weight per gal a t W C 7.19 Ibs
Pentacetate made from synthetic amyl alcohol i s a mixture o f five isomeric amyl acetates with some free amyl alcohol.
I t i s soluble i n methanol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, fixed oils, acetone, oleic acid, hot stearic acid, and aromatic and
aliphatic hydrocarbons. I t i s soluble in hot paraffin and carnauba waxes but these congeal on cooling. I t i s insoluble i n
water. The solvent power of this mixture being similar to that o f amyl acetate, pentacetate finds its most important use i n
the manufacture o f nitrocellulose lacquers. I t i s also used as an extractant i n the production of p e n i c i l l i n . I t also finds
use i n various types o f poison b a i t .
Methyl amyl acetate i s a colorless liquid w i t h a mild and pleasant odor. This medium boiling solvent i s used i n nitro-
cellulose lacquer fabrication producing such advantages as blush resistance, reduction of "orange peel'' in the lacquer
film, and no swelling of oilbase undercoats.
2-Ethyl butyl acetate i s a colorless liquid having a mild odor. I t i s a solvent for nitrocellulose, gums and resins, and i s
employed as a high-boiling solvent i n lacquers.
Hexalin Acetate
Hexahydrophenyl Acetate
Adronol Acetate
Cyclohexyl acetate i s a colorless, water-insoluble liquid with an odor resembling that of amyl acetate. I t i s miscible i n
a l l proportions w i t h most of the lacquer solvents and diluents, with halogenated and hydrogenated hydrocarbons, and w i l l
completely dissolve waxed dammar and unrun congo copal. I t i s a good solvent for cellulose ethers and nitrocellulose
and has powerful solvency for basic dyes, blown oils, raw rubber, metallic soaps, driers, shellac, bitumens, and a wide
range of natural and synthetic resins and gums. I t i s used in spraying and brushing lacquers imparting blush resistance
and good flow. (continued)
826 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Sextate
Methyl Hexalin Acetate
Hexahydroc resol Acetate
Hexahydromethylphenol Acetate
Methyl cyclohexanyl acetate i s a colorless high-boiling liquid having an ester-like odor. Its miscibility and solvent
action are quite similar to those of cyclohexanyl acetate but i t i s slower acting. I t i s a solvent for nitrocellulose, basic
dyes, rubber, bitumens, oils, fats and waxes, and for such resins os dammar, elemi, manila, mastic, rosin, ester gum,
phenolic and vinyl resins. I t w i l l dissolve, i n a lesser degree, shellac, kauri and cellulose acetate. I t is used as a
high-boiling solvent i n nitrocellulose lacquers for both spraying and brushing purposes. Its solvency and slow rate of
evaporation impart resistance to blushing and good working qualities and produce films that are smooth, homogeneous
and glossy. Its dilution ratio with various diluents are as follows:
Xylene 2.5
Toluene 2.5
Benzene 2 .o
White spirits 1.5
Ac i d i ty 4.04% (max .)
Ester content 80-90%
Boi I ing range 1 75'- 190°C.
Flash point 66'-69"C.
Specific gravity 0.95
CH20H
I
C H 2 0 0 C C H3
Ethylene glycol monoacetate i s a colorless, odorless liquid and i s structurally a primary alcohol and an ester. I t i s rpade
by combining a dihydric alcohol and a monocarboxylic acid. I t w i l l mix completely with water and many of the lacquer
solvents. Ethylene glycol monwcetate w i l l dissolve cellulose esters and ethers and many of the resins.
Glycol diacetate i s a colorless liquid having a faint odor resembling that of ethyl acetate. I t w i l l dissolve a wide range
o f cellulose esters, camphor, dammar, ester gum, elemi, mastic, rosin and sandarac. When i t i s mixed with active sol-
vents its range of solubility i s increased for a wide variety o f cellulose esters and ethers and for natural and synthetic resins.
(continued )
Esters 827
This i s a water-white liquid with a mild, characteristic odor. I t i s widely used as a solvent in nitrocellulose lacquers
where i t imparts gloss, flaw, and prevents blush.
(continued )
828 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Typlcal Proporiirr
This is a high boiling glycol ether ester solvent particularly useful as a coalescing aid for latex paint. With its
limited water solubility and its general solvent properties, it is found useful in multicolor lacquers and lacquer
emulsions.
Typical Properties
Molecular Weight (C, Hl6O3) 160.2 1
Color (PtCo Scale), max 15
Evaporation Rate (n-butyl acetate = 1) 0.03
WeightlVol, 2OoC.
Ib/gal (U. S.) 7.84
kg/litre 0.94
Ib/gaI (Imperial) 9.42
Solubility, X'C, wt 96
In water 1 .I
Water in 1.6
Dilution Ratio, toluene 1.8
VM & P naphtha 1.2
Refractive Index, 20'C 1.4200
Vapor Pressure. 20°C. m m Hg 0.29
Specific Gravity, 2o0/2ODC 0.942
Boiling Range, 760 mm, ' C
Initial Boiling Point. min 186
Dry Point. max 194
Freezing Point, OF ("C) -83 (-64)
Flash Point, Tag Closed Cup, OF e C ) 160(71)
Tag Open Cup, 'F CC) 177 (81)
Fire Point, OF ("C) 180(82)
Flammable Limits in Air, % ! by volume
Lower, at 200'F (93OC) 0.88
Upper, at 275'F ( I 35'C) 8.54
Autoignition Temperature (ASTM D.2155). 'F ('C) 645 (340)
NFPA Classification 30 IIIA
DOT Classification Combustible Liquid
DOT Labels Required None
Esters 829
This i s primarily used as a coalescing aid i n latex paints. Bath its solvency and slaw evaporation rote are effective i n
producing slow drying characteristic brushing lacquers.
Typical Properties
Molecular Weight (C,H,.O) 176.21
Color (PtCo Scale). n u x IS
Evaporation Rate (nlutyl a a t a t e I ) < 0.01
WeightlVol. 20°C.
Ib/gaI (U. S.) 8.41
kgflitre 1.01
Iblpl (Imperial) 10.09
Solubility. ZOOC. wt R
In water Complete
Witct in Complete
Dilution Ratio. toluene 2.2
VM & P naphtha 0.6
Refractive Index, ZO'C 1.4230
Vapor Pressure. 20°C. mm Hg 0.05
Specific Gravity. 20'120°C 1.011
Boiling Rangr. 760 mm. 'C
Initial Boiling Pomt, min 214
Dry Point, MX 22 I
FreezinE Point, OF ('C) -13 (-2s)
Flash Point, Clmland Open Cup.'F CC) 225 (107)
Fire Poin1,'F CC) 230 ( I IO)
Flammable Limits in Air, % by wlum
Lower. at 27S°F (135°C) 0.98
U p p r , at 365.F (l85.C) 19.4
Autoiyilion Temperature ( A m D.21SS).'FeC) 680 (360)
NFPA Clauifiation 30 IllB
DOT Cbrsifiition Nonlunrdour Liquid
DOT Labels R q u u d None
This very high-boiling glycol ester i s used primarily as a solvent i n printing inks and high-bake enamels, and as a co-
alescing aid in latex points. The very slow evaporation rate and the limited water solubility o f this solvent are es-
pecially applicable i n silk screen inks and as a component in polystyrene coatings for decals. Also i t i s a selective
solvent i n the separation of alcohols and ketones by distillation.
10865-6
98516-30-4
88917-22-0
-
I,
132.2
146.2
1902 209.3
;o
0.976 8.18
2 'i EEN Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Acetate 112-07-2 160.21 0 941
1.1
1.3
1.414
1.4025
28.3
34.0
- 2.1
1.1
(continued)
Esters 831
Regulatory Information
L I
ARCOSOLVa
DPM Acetate
-
DipropyleneGlycol
Methyl Ether
Acetate (DPMA)
1 I I 1 1 1 1
190.2 210
-
186 .972 <i 0.2 8.14
Boll@
OOWUOL CHEMICAL STRUClllRAL Maalocuhr
PI.%
76U
A#b
Point
%
BrAc
S ~ M C
G-
luMc FOMUU I
Wetght mmh 'F = 1.00- 25/2S%
832 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PROPIONATES
CH3C H2COOR
The propionic esters are very similar to the acetic esters i n physical and chemical properties with the difference that the
former have a higher boiling point, lower evaporation rate and a lesser power of solubility. They are miscible with many
of the lacquer solvents and diluents and possess a distinctive but not a disagreeable odor. The consumption of these esters
for solvent purposes i s relatively small compared to the highly developed acetate esters.
CH3CH2COOCH3
Methyl propionate has been advocated as a solvent for cellulose derivatives. When i t i s admixed with other propionates
(such as ethyl, propyl, butyl and amyl) the mixture w i l l dissolve cellulose ethers and esters.
Ethyl propionate i s a colorless liquid with an odor resembling that o pineapples. I t i s a solvent for cellL.Jse ethers and
esters and for a variety of natural and synthetic resins. I t i s used principally as an ingredient i n soft drinks and fruit
syrups.
hcidity (ils propionic) 0.02Y0by wt, mas Evapor:ttion rote Slower than ethyl acetate
Distillatioti range W to 100% between X I and laO'C Purity 85 to %o
Color Water-white Residue Kone
Toluene dilution ratio 2.5-3.0 Specific gravity ;it i5f'C 0.870-0.88E,
Dryness S o turbidity with 19 volumes gasoline Weight per gal i.35 Ibs
C H3CH2COOC4H9
n-Butyl propionate i s a water-white liquid with an apple-like odor. I t i s miscible with most of the lacquer solvents and
diluents and w i t h oils but not miscible with water. I t i s a solvent for nitrocellulose and many of the natural and synthetic
resins. When an active solvent i s added to it, butyl propionate w i l l dissolve many of the cellulose esters and ethers. I t
It may be used as a solvent i n lacquer fabrication where it imparts gloss, adhesion and prevents blushing. I t i s clso used
to replace butyl and amyl acetate when lower volatility and slower evaporation are desired.
Acidity (nu propionic) 0 35% Iiy wt, inns Evaporation rate a t W F (in
lllush reaistnnce ut W'F (10% 4 Clcrir 85% Rrlntive huniidity minutea)
SEC. R.S. riitrocellulose solu- Mush !wo 5% 21
12
tion) 250/,
% a€
75% 411
Distillntion rrnye 12&175'C % 581
CocfTicient of eip;rrision 95% gst
per 1'F O.W@ F I d point 63.F
per I T O.M1 Non-volatile matter 0.006 &la, cc, w
Color Water-white Purity M
Dilution ratio -due None
Toluol 2.1 Solubility of water in solvent 1.2% by vol
Petroleum naphtha 1.2 at %*C
Distillntion rniige: Specih gravity a t 1o/p'C 0.068-0.872
Relow l Z 0 T None +
V i t y (10% mc. R.S. ni- 5.9 c s n t i p o h
Delow 140-c Not more than wo tmcelluloas solution)
Rrloa. 15oT Not lesa thnn 8.5% Weight per gal at aO'C 7.24 lbr
Above 10'C Nono
Drynsll. a t 20-C Mucible without turbidity with 20
volumea 80' Bd guMline
Esters 833
CH3CH2COOC5H1
Amyl propionate i s a colorless, volatile liquid with an apple-like odor. I t w i l l dissolve cumar resins, elemi, ester gum,
mastic, copal, kauri, sandarac, and nitrocellulose and i t i s miscible with most lacquer solvents and oils. I t h a s a slow
solvent action upon cellulose ethers thus acting as a latent solvent and this latency can be overcome when acetone or
ethyl alcohol i s added to i t . I t has similar solvent properties to amyl acetate but i s not as rapid and its solutions are more
v/scous, it h a s o slower rate o f evaporation, and i t has a more agreeable odor. I t i s used as a desirable high-boiling lac-
quer solvent imparting gloss, blush resistance and a reduction i n "orange peel" effect. I t i s also used in flavoring ond
perfumery.
Coefficient of expanaion
per I T 0.moeO
per 1'C 0.00108
Color Water-white
Dilution ratio
Toluol 1.4
Petroleum naphtha 0.7
Distilfation range:
At or M o w 110°C None
At or below 150°C Not more than 40%
At 01' below 170% Not less than 90%
Above 175' C None
Non-volatile matter Not more than 0.006 gma per 100 cc
Residue None
Solubility of water in solvent 0.3% by vol
at 25°C
SpeciBc gravity at zO/zO"C 0.S94.873
Viscosity (10% # nee. R.8. ni- 106 centipoisea
trocelluloae solution)
Weight per gal at aO'C 7.25 Iba
Typical Properties
Molecular Weight 146.19
Boiling Point a t 760 mm Hg, "C 170.1
Vapor Pressure a t 2OoC, mm Hg <1
Relative Evaporation Rate (BuAc = 100) 11
Apparent Specific Gravity a t 20/20°C 0.950
Solubility Parameters
Total 9.0
Polar 4.1
Hydrogen Bonding 4.0
Solubility of Pure Material a t 2OoC, % by wt
I n water 1.6
Water In 1.9
Pounds per Gallon a t 20°C 7.91
Flash Paint, Closed Cup, "F 136
Surface Tension a t 25OC, dynes/cm 27.3
834 Industrial Solvents Handbook
BUTYRATES
Butyrates do not find extensive use i n the solvent industry because of their relatively unpleasant odor and higher price.
C H3C H2CH2COOCH3
Methyl butyrate i s a solvent for ethyl cellulose and when i t i s mixed with active solvents i t w i l l dissolve nitrocellulose.
C H3C H2CH2COOC2H5
Ethyl butyrate i s a nontoxic liquid having an odor suggestive of pineapples. Its solvent properties l i e between those of
ethyl acetate and n-butyl acetate, and when mixed with other solvents i t w i l l dissolve cellulose esters and ethers, and
many o f the natural and synthetic resins. I t i s used in flavors.
CH3C H2CH2COOC4H9
Butyl butyrate i s a water-white, neutral liquid with an apple-like odor. The commercial grade i s composed of a mixture
of the isomeric esters. I t i s a solvent for nitrocellulose, "Curnar" resins, dammar, ester gum, elemi, shellac, and metallic
resinates.
Acidity (as butyric) 0.02% by wt, max
Boiling point 156.9' c
Distillation range 951@3'% between 140-170°C
Critical temperature 338°C
Toluene dilution ratio 1.3-2.0
DryWSS No turbidity with 19 vol 60" B6 gas-
oline
Complete, standing a t least 19 vols
gasoline without turbidity
Flash point 51'C
Purity W-%%
Refractive index 1.4035
Residue None
Specific gravity a t 20/zO°C 0.8717
Specific heat a t 20°C 0.458
Surface tension a t 157OC 12.0
Vapor pressure a t zO'C 113 mm Hg
Viscosity a t 25°C 0.84 centipoiaes
Weight per gal 7.25 Ibs
Esters 835
CH OH
Ethyl Oxybutyrate
3\p.'
/"\COOC2H5
CH3
Ethyl hydroxy-isobutyrote i s o water-white, stoble liquid of o mild odor. I t i s a solvent for cellulose nitrate and ocetate
and when mixed with other solvents i t w i l l olso dissolve cellulose ethers. Its solvent oction i s somewhat comporable with
thot of ethyl lactote, differing i n the following aspects:
Its solvent action i s slower and requires the presence of on active solvent to accentuote i t .
Its solutions of nitrocellulose are more viscous.
Its tolerance for hydrocarbons i s about the same as for os i t concerns nitrocellulose and i s
lower i n the presence of acetyl cellulose.
Its volatility i s higher.
Isobutyl isobutyrate i s o slow evaporating solvent with blush resistance, good flow and leveling which are favoroble
properties i n formulating cellulose nitrate. I t s solvent activity i s equivolent to methyl omyl acetate and i s there-
fore used os a direct substitute i n many formulations.
Evaporation Lbl Color Specific Acidity, as Boiling Freezing Flash Point Fire
Rate Gal @ Pt-Co Gravity @I Acetic Acid Range Point COC Point
n-BuOAc=l 2OoC Max 2O0/2OQC Max Wt % OC 'C 'C ( O F ) OC (OF)
TEXANOL' Ester Alcohol 0 002 790 20 0950 02 244-247 -50 120 (248) 132 (270)
(2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediolMonoisobutyrate) (isobutyric)
C12H2403 ~- ..__- ___ --- .-
836 Industrial Solvents Handbook
COMPARATIVE DATA
ARCOSOLV PMA is a colorless, combustible liquid with low toxicity. It has a characteristic ester odor and is
soluble in water to the extent of 18% at 20°C. It has excellent solvency for a variety of substances including
acrylic, nitrocellulose and urethane coating resins. ARCOSOLV PMA is a substitute for ethylene glycol (E-series)
ether acetates, particularly EEA and EMA.
Product Identification
Product Specifications'
10 ASTM E-1209
Typical Properties
ARCOSOLV PEA is a colorless, liquid with a low order of toxicity. It has a mild, ether-like odor. It is slightly
soluble in water but miscible with a number of organic solvents and has good solvency for a number of
substances.
Product identification
CHEMICAL NAME
I. Ethoxy Propanol Acetate
OTHER NAMES
c Propylene Glycol Monoethyl
Ether Acetate
CHEMICALFAMILY
Propylene Glycol Ether Acetate
CHEMICAL
FORMULA
= C,H,4O3
Product Specifications
Typical Properties
8
(continued)
Esters 841
842 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Butyl CELLOSOLVE@Solvent
Butyl PROPASOL@Solvent
CELLOSOLVE Acetate
CELLOSOLVE Solvent
- Insoluble
-- --
Methyl CELLOSOLVE Acetate I I
Methyl PROPASOLSolvent I I
Propyl PROPASOLSolvent
Composltlon of Formulas
N Formula
8.0
ND Formula
8.0
NRAD Formula
8.0
*
100200300
WMD rorrnuli
8.0
Nonoxidizlng Alkyd Resln
(100% basls) - - 12.0 -
Maleic Hard Resln - - - 12.0
Results
Average
Polymerlzatlon Folymerlratlon Molecular Sollds.f~l Vlscoslty,(J~
Solvent Temperature, OC Welght %by W t CF
(I)"Luperox" 5 0 0 R (Pennwalt)
(2)Polymerlratlon solids were 4 1 % . reduced to 70% for vlscoslty studies
(S)Brookfleld model LVT
(4) hxxon
(continued)
846 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Esters 847
:
0 3
L
VI
“I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s m a v 1 e m N
Q
z
W
P
E g
E
2
P
Q
0
0
848 Industrial Solvents Handbook
r
0
.->
Q,
-m
I.’
W
K
Esters 849
14 15 16 17 18 I9 2 0 21 22 2 3 24 25 26 27 28 2 9 30
Total Solids. %by w l
FORM
PRODUCT INCl NOMENCLATURE 8 25% APPLICATIONS
KESSCO IPM ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE Liqujd IPM has a dry, velvety, non-oily feel due to its ready absorption
into skin. Generally used in premium formulations for velvety
emolliency.
KESSCO IPP ISOPROPYL PALMITATE UquM IPP is a dry, SOHnon-oily emolkent generally used In economical
formulations. Excellent solvent for mineral oil, silicone and lanolin.
KESSCO OCTYL OCTYL PALMITATE Liquid Dry, light, silky emollient. Enhances gloss In hair grooming
PALMITATE products. Can be used as a binder in pressed powder makeup.
KESSCO OCTYL OCTYL ISONONANOATE Liquid Very dry. nonoily properties that allow the skin to breathe. Has
ISONONANOATE the lowest freeze point (-30°C) of all alcohol esten. May be
used in antiperspirants. hair sprays and creamdlotions.
KESSCO ICs ISOCETYL STEARATE Liquid Premium emollient recommended for make-up formulations seeking
a dty velvety feel.
KESSCO BS BUTYL STEARATE Liquid Wetting agent for pigments and a fragrancs solubilizer
KESSCO 653 CETYL PALMITATE Flake Cetyl Palmitate is a waxy ester that imparts good skin feel properties
to cosmetics. It is used as a base in stick cosmetics and as an
emollient thickener in creams and lotions.
KESSCO 654 CETYL MYRISTATE Flake Similar to KeSScO 653 but lower melting point (47-53%).
KESSCO GMO GLYCERYLOLEATE Liquid Effective water-in-oil emulsifier. Often used in bath oils as a lubricant
and spreading agent. Imparts slip lo creams.
KESSCO GDL GLYCERYL DILAURATE Solid Semi-solid ester recommended for free flowing lotions. Imparts slight
emolliency.
KESSCO OMS PURE GLYCERYLSTEARATE Flake High purity ester containing no soaps. Acts simultaneously as an
emulsifier, opacifier and bodying agent. Used in creams, lotions.
antiperspirants, hair care products and sunscreens.
KESSCO OMS 63F GLYCERYL STEARATE Flake Emulsifier for creams and lotions
KESSCO GMS, S.E./A.S. GLYCERYL STEARATE (and) Flake Excellent emulsifier for low pH (3-5) systems. Is relatively insensitive
PEG 100 STEARATE to electrolytes in antiperspirants and cream rinses.
KESSCO GMS S.E. GLYCERYL STEARATE S.E. flake The S.E. grade allows the formulator to utilize GMS as a primary
KESSCO GMS 24 S.E. GLYCERYL STEARATE S.E. flake emulsifier for oil-in-water systems at a pH of 5-9. Anionic modified
for broader emulsification properties.
KESSCO GDS GLYCERYL DISTEARATE Flake Emulsifier with extremely low HLB compared to KESSCO GMS PURE,
but with similar functionality.
SPEClALnES
STEPAN TAB-2 FLAKE DI(HYDR0GENATED) TALLOW Flake Emulsion and suspension product for triglycerides. mineral oil,
PHTHALIC ACID AMIDE and silicones.
STEPAN SAB-2 DI-STEARYL PHTHALIC ACID AMIDE Flake
KESSCO CETYL ALCOHOL CETYLALCOHOL Flake Emollient, emulsion stabilizer, and viscosity modifier for skin and
hair conditioners.
(continued)
Esters 853
FORM
PRODUCT lNCl NOMENCLATURE 8 25°C APPLICATIONS
GLYCOL ESTERS
KESSCO EGMS GLYCOL STEARATE Flake Excellent peartizingagent for shampoos and liquid
hand soap.
KESSCO EGMS 70 GLYCOL STEARATE Flake Excellent pearlizing agent recommended for use in low
solids formulations because it tends to increase viscosity.
KESSCO EGDS GLYCOL DISTEARATE Flake Pearlizing agent lor shampoos. handsoaps and bubble
baths where no additional viscosity is required.
KESSCO €GAS GLYCOL STEARATE (and) Flake Pearlizing and bodying agent that imparis a soft, smooth
STEARAMIDE AMP skin feel to formuhtmns due to the presence of a small
amount of amide
KESSCO DGMS PEG-2 STEARATE Flake Generally used as opacifiers in shampoos and lotions
KESSCO DGDS PEG-2 DISTEARATE Flake Imparts emolliency and adds body to these types of
formulations
KESSCO DGS NEUTRAL PEG-2 STEARATE Flake Used as an emulsifier and wacifier in creams and lotions.
KESSCO DGS S.E. PEG-2 STEARATE Flake Emulsifier for hair care products, creams, lotions.
(and) STEARIC ACID antiperspirantsand sunscreens.
KESSCO PGMS PURE PROPYLENE GLYCOL STEARATE Flake Good auxiliary emulsifiers and opacifiers. Has a
melting point near body temperature and is used in
suppositories. lipsticks and sunscreens.
KESSCO PGML E PROPYLENE GLYCOL LAURATE Liquid Emollient and auxiliary emulsifier. Imparts a soft.
velvety feel to cosmetic products.
KESSCO PGMS 8615 PROPYLENE GLYCOL STEARATE S.E. Flake Emulsifier for creams and lotions.
KESSCO PGMS 534F PROPYLENE GLYCOL STEARATE Flake Food grade auxiliary emulsifier. Also used in creams,
lotions and suimositories.
DREWPOL 3-1-0 POLYGLYCERYL-3 OLEATE Liquid The DREWPOL polyglycerol esters comprise a relatively
DREWPOL6-1-0 POLYGLYCERYL-6OLEATE Liquid new class of emulsifiers for the cosmetic industly
DREWPOL 10-4-0 POLYGLYCERYL-10TETRAOLEATE Liquid These products range from hydrophilic monoesters to
DREWPOL 10-10-0 POLYGLYCERYL-10 DECAOLEATE Liquid lipophilic deca-esters. The polyglycerolesters are
effectivenonionic emulsifiers in both oil-in-water and
water-in-oil emulsions.
SPECIALTY OILS
NEOEEE M-5 COSMETIC CAPRYLICCAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE Liquid The Neobee and Wecobee oils are derived from edible
WECOBEE S YYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL Flake vegetable oils. The Neobee's are used as emollients
WECOBEE M HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL Solid in creams and lotions. The Wecobee's are used as a
replacement for cocoa buner in cosmetic products
KESSCW. DREWPOL? NEOBEE? and WECOEEE@are registered trademarks of the Stepan Company
854 Industrial Solvents Handbook
ADIPATES
H3COOC(CH2),COOCH3 X= 3-4
This mixture of dibasic esters i s used as a high boiling solvent and os an intermediate.
Table 15.54: Mixture of Dimethyl Adipate, Dimethyl Glutarate and Dimethyl Succinate (7 7)
H,COOC(CH,)xCOOCH, X= 2-4
This dibasic ester mixture i s used as a high boiling solvent i n industrial and automotive coatings.
OXALATES
Diethyl oxalate i s a water-white liquid with a mild odor. I t i s used as a slow-evaporating nitrocellulose solvent, i n
special lacquers for fixing rare salts on the cathode of radio tubes and i n organic synthesis.
Coefficient of expansion
per 1°F O.OOO56
per 1°C 0.00101
Color Water-white
Dilution ratio
Toluol 3.5
Petroleum naphtha 0.7
Distillation range
Below 18o'C None
Below 182°C Not more than 10%
Below l 8 8 T Not less than 90%
Above ISO'C None
Drynesa a t 20°C Miscible without turbidity with 10
volumes 80" B6 g w l i n e
Flash point (Open Cup) 168'F
Non-volatile matter 0.005 gm per 100 cc, max
Odor Mild, non-residual
Purity 99% min
Specific gravity a t 20/2o0C 1.075-1.079
Water solubility a t 25'C 10 cc solvent disaolves 1.5 cc water
Viscosity (10% t see. R.S.ni-
trocellulose solution) 380 centipoises
Weight per gal a t 20°C 8.96 Ibs (approx)
C4H900CCOOC4H9
Dibutyl oxalate i s a high-boiling, water-white liquid with a mild odor and having a tendency t u hydrolyze and split off
oxalic acid. I t i s miscible with mast alcohols, ketones, oils and hydrocarbons, and i s a solvent for benzyl abietate,
cellulose esters and ethers, "Cumar" resins, ester gum, copal ester, "Glyptal" resins and mastic. It i s used in nitrocellulose
lacquers as a plasticizing solvent for the purpose o f fixing rare earth salts on cathode elements, and i n organic synthesis.
Coefficient of expansion
per 1°F O.ooo53
per 1'C 0.00095
Color Water-white
Dilution ratio
Toluol 2.3
Petroleum naphtha 1.o
Distillation range:
Below 240°C Not more than 5%
Below 2 W C Not less than 90%
Above W'C None
Dryncss 3t 20'C Miscible without turbidity with 20
volumes 00" 116 gasoline
Freezing point -3o.O'C
Non-volatile matter 0.005 gm/100 cc, max
Solubility of water in solvent 0.5% by vol
a t 25°C
Specific gravity a t 20/20"C 0.9804l.993
Viscosity (10% 4 aec. nitroccllu- aX,centipoisea
lose solution)
Weight per gal a t 20°C 8.24 Ibs
858 Industrial Solvents Handbook
C5H, 00CCOOC5H1
Diamyl oxalate i s a colorless, o i l y liquid miscible with most lacquer solvents, oils and hydrocarbons. I t i s a solvent for
ester gum, copal ester, "Cumar" resins, alkyd resins, mastic, nitrocellulose and shellac. I t i s used as a plasticizer and i n
paint and varnish removers. Like other oxalates, i t has a tendency to hydrolyze.
LACTATES
C H3CH(0H)COOC Hj
Methyl lactate i s a water-white liquid, completely miscible w i t h water and most organic liquids. It i s a solvent for
nitrocellulose, cellulase acetate, cellulase acetobutyrote and cellulase acetaprapionate. It i s used in the manufacture
of lacquers and dopes where i t contributes high tolerance for diluents, good flaw and blush resistance.
CH3CH(OH)COOC2H5
Ethyl lactate i s a colorless and almost odorless liquid, which, upon evaporation, w i l l sometimes develop a disagreeable
odor. This i s owing to the lactides, or inner anhydrides, contained i n the lactic acid made by fermentation. I t i s mis-
cible with water, alcohols, keiones, esters, hydrocarbons and oils. Ethyl lactate w i l l dissolve cellulose acetate and
nitrate and many of the ethers of cellulose. I t i s olso a solvent for basic dyes, alkyd resins, kauri, manila, pontianoc,
rosin, shellac and vinyl resins. Ethyl lactate has high solvent power and equally high tolerance for nonsolvents and dil-
uents. These exceptional properties are accounted for by the existence of both an alcohol and an ester group in its
molecule.
Its rate of evaporation i s slow but this i s desirable for brushing lacquers. The presence of ethyl lactate i n a solvent mix-
ture imparts good working qualities and good flow, and eermits the applicotion of a thin coat on almost any surface. The
resulting films are smooth and uniform, although a t times the film w i l l remain soft for a longer period than i s anticipated.
Its solvent action i s slower than that o f butyl or amyl acetate and the resulting solution has a high viscosity. However,
i t w i l l tolerate two or three times as much nonsolvent or diluent. In fact, a solution of pyroxylin i n ethyl lactate w i l l
tolerate the addition of 25 percent water without precipitation. As far as water tolerance i s concerned i t has no rival
i n the field of solvents. Ethyl lactate i s useful as a lacquer solvent for cellulose nitrate, acetate and ethers. I t i s used
in the preparation of stencil sheets, incandescent mantle lacquers and i n laminated glass.
(continued)
Esters 859
CH3CH(0 H)COOC4H9
Butyl lactate i s a colorless liquid having a mild odor. The commercial grade contains condensation products and i t s physi-
cal and chemical properties w i l l vary. I t i s miscible w i t h many of the lacquer solvents, diluents and oils. i t w i l l dissolve
such substances as cellulose esters, "Cumar" resins, ester gum, copal ester, alkyd resins, mastic and shellac. It has a high
tolerance for nonsolvents and i t evaporates slowly. Its presence i n a solvent mixture w i l l impart brilliance, gloss, adhesion,
flexibility and tenacity to the film. I t i s used as a solvent i n lacquers, i n stencil manufacture and i n lithographic and
printing inks. I t i s also used as an anti-skinning agent, as an intermediate, and in'perfumes.
Amyl lactate i s a colorless to pale yellow nontoxic liquid with an odor like that of brandy. Its composition varies con-
taining lacticides among other things. I t i s miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons, oils, and so forth.
I t i s a solvent for cellulose ethers, "Cumar" resins, copal esters, mastic, nitrocellulose and shellac, and w i l l dissolve alkyd
resins when combined with alcohol. I t i s used as a plasticizer for cellulose derivatives.
Where no reference i i given, the propertien were determined by the authon. 'Monolactate.
b Propertied not given in the reference but determined by the authon. 4 Deoompwed.
Compounds not prepared by authon.
CARBONATES
Ethyl Carbonate
DIATOL (contains 90% diethyl carbonater
Acidity (as carbonic) 0.0% by wt, max Evaporation rate at 95°F (in
Blush resistance at 90°F (10% Clear 850/, Relative humidity minutes)
4 sec. R.S. nitroccllulosa so- Blush 90% 5% It
lution) 25% 7+
50% 14t
75% 24
Boiling point 180'C W O 31f
Coefficient of expansion 95% 34f
per 1.F O.CCC00 FlMh point 89°F
per 1-C 0.03119 Freezing point 4s8.2*C
Color Water-white Non-volatile matter Not more than 0.005 gm per 103 cc
Dilution ratio Purity o%loo%
Toluol 0.0 Solubility in water 69% by wt
Petroleum Naphtha 0.4 Solubility of water in solvent a t 1.4% by vol
Distillation range: 25°C
&IOW 1 2 0 4 ~ None Specific gravity a t 20/WC 0.9734.977
Below 128-c Not lssa than 90% Vapor PWMUW at 103'C 54 mm Hg
Above laO'C None Weight per gal at 20°C 8.11 Ibs (approx)
Drynelu at 2 0'C Miscible without turbidity with 20
vola BO" B4 gasoline
Esters 861
STRUCTURE
H2t-0,
,c=o
H2C-0
Mol. wt. 88.06
DESCRIPTION
A low-melting point solid, practically odorless
and colorless.
SALES SPECIFICATIONS
Appearance Melt shall be clear
and substantially free
of suspended matter
Color, Pt-Co 40 max. (supercooled
1i qu id)
Assay, wt. %' 99.5 min.
Ethylene glycol, wt. % 0.2 max.
Water, wt. %2 0.1 max.
TYPICAL PRGPERTIES
Boiling point, 760 rnm Hg, "C 248.2
Flash point, PMCC, "C 160
Melting poiitt, "C 36.4
Weight, Ib/gal, 20°C 11.0
UEL, (v/v) at 200°C 26.8%
LEL, (v/v) at 200°C 4.5%
Autoignition temp. 447-450°C
'GC Assay 011 water free basis
'Karl Fisher Assay
JEFFSOL PC Soltibllity
g Solute In g Solute In
100 g JEFFSOL PC 100 g JEFFSOL PC
Substance at 25'C Substance at 25'C
Acetone m Carbon tetrachloride 100
Benzene m Castor oil <1
n-Butanol m Cellulose acetate >1O(3o"C)
2-butox yet hanol m Cellulose acetate butyrate >1O(30"C)
Chloroform m COCI, . 6H20 3.O(4O0C)
Dibutyl sebacate
Diethylene glycol
m
m
Co(NO,), - 6H20 25.4(40"C)
Coumarone-indene >10(110"C)
Diethylene glycol DDT 17
monobutyl ether m Dioctyl sebacate 2
Diethylene glycol Epichlorohydrin-bisphenol >1O(3O"C)
monomethyl ether m Ester gum > 1O(120"C)
Diethyl ether m Ethyl cellulose >1O( 145°C)
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate m Gum shellac > f O( 175°C)
Dimethylformamide m n-Heptane 4.1
Ethanol m
HgCI, 21 .O(4O0C)
Ethyl acetate m Lignin >1O(30"C)
Ethylene dichloride m Lindane 18
Ethylene glycol m Methyl chloride 4. f(40"C)
Methanol m NiCI, .6H,O 0.4(40°C)
2-Methoxyethanol m Ni(NO,), . 6H,O 5.8(40"C)
Methyl ethyl ketone m Nitrocellulose >1O(3O"C)
Nonylphenol m Nylon >1 O( 190°C)
Ortho-nitrobiphenyl m Polyacrylonitrile lO(9O"C)
Polyoxyethylene glycols Polyoxyethylene glycols
(mol. wt. 400 and 600) m (mol. wt. 1000 and 4000) >loo
Propvleneoxide m Polyvinyl chloride >1O( 1OOOC)
JEFFSOL EC m Polyvinyl chloride-
Toluene m polyvinyl acetate lO(30"C)
Tricresyl phosphate m Polyvinylchloride-
Methyleneglycol polyvinylidenechloride 1O( 130°C)
di-2-ethyl hexoate m Polyvinylidene chloride-
Xylene m polyacrylonitrile lO(l1~C)
Rosin, dibasic acid
modified >1O(120"C)
Acetylene O.6(4O0C) Tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate 5
Alkyd resin, long oil- Urea il
nonoxidizing >1 O(60"C) Water 8.3
Camphor 80
(continued)
Esters 863
JEFFSOL EC Solublllty
g Solute In g Solute In
100 g JEFFSOL EC 100 g JEFFSOL EC
Substance at 40°C Substance at 40'C
Benzene m Coumarone-indene >1O( 1W0C)
Butyl acetate ffi Dibutyl sebacate <2
Chloroform 31 Dioctyl sebacate <1
Dichloroethyl ether m Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate <2
Ethanol P Epichlorohydrin-bisphenol >10
Ethyl acetate m Ester gum >lO(200"C)
Ethylene dichloride m Gum shellac >1O( 16OOC)
Formamide m HgCI, 49
Methanol m Lignin >10
Methylene dichloride m Naphthalene 15
Nonvlphenol m Ni(NO,), .6H,O 74
JEFFSOL PC m Nitrocellulose >10
Toluene 0) Nylon, Type 8
Tricresyl phosphate m molding powder >1O( 130°C)
Water m Polyacrylonitrile >lo
Polyoxyethylene glycols 100
Rosin, dibasic acid
Acetylene 0.6 modified >10(205"C)
Alkyd resin, long Sulfur dioxide 26
oil-nonoxidizing >1O( 160°C) Triethyleneglycol
Camphor, USP 55-60 di-2-ethyl hexoate 5-7
Castor oil, USP <1 Tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate <2
Cellulose acetate >1O( 100OC) Urea 1.5
Cellulose acetate butyrate >1O( 130°C) Vinylidene chloride-
COCI, 6H,O 33 acrylonitrile 1O(1lO"C)
Co(NO& 6H,O 37 ZnCI, 33
Density of JEFFSOL EC
TEMPERATURE.'C
(continued1
864 Industrial Solvents Handbook
$2
Esters 865
5 'ALISO3SIA
866 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Esters 867
PHTHALATES
SANTlClZER 261
Rblo A. PmporWos
Molecular Weight
Acidity
(meq/100 gm. maw)
368
0.37 11 Viscosity (Centistokes)
@25"C
@ 98.9"C
53
4.2
I
Appearance Clear, oily liquid Surface Tension 35.3
Color (APHA) [maw.] 75 @ 24'C (dynedcm)
Moisture (KFin Methanol) 0.15 Thermal Exmnsion 0.00059
%, maw. Coefficient
Odor Slight, characteristic @ 10"- 40°C
RefractiveIndex (@ 25°C) 1.523- 1.529 (CClCCPC)
-
010mm Hg, "C I
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg)
@ 200°C 0.5
@ 250°C 9.7
Initial 63
W"C 7Days 74
28 Days 86
Initial 32
40'C 7Days 110
28 Days 170
Initial 36
60°C 7Days 150
28 Days Gel
1opsi 160
Severs 5Opsi 230
loo psi 180
868 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-7-
.+.
2 100 .--
E 80. * - /---
v, 60 -p/--=---
40
20 -
"0 15 30 4s
- PLASTICIZERL M L - pbw
Strength at break
E ___- SteancAcid 05
Sulfur 01
300 Santicizee 261 0-30
2 200 Part 0
g0 100
0 15 30 45
MnOp
Santicizer278
75
75
2 - PLASTICIZERLEVEL- pbw
Elongation at break
0 2 - 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100
-
--
17%S-261f
22% S-261'
rpm - BrookfieldHAT # 7 spindle
- - - - - - . 27% S-261.
*Plasricizer as % o f total system.
(continued)
Esters 869
SANTlClZER 278
Table A. Propodes
1 Molecular Weight 455 I
Acidity 8 0°C ca. 10,OOO
@ 25°C 860
@ 98.9% 11.5
Surface Tension 34.8
Moisture (KF in 0.15 @ 25°C (dynedcm)
Methanol) % max. Thermal Expansion 0.00073
Odor Sliaht. characteristic Coefficient
Refractive Index (@25"C) 1.516- 1.520 @ 10"-4OoC
Specific Gravity 1.093-1.100 (Cc/CCPC)
(250i25~c) Flash Point (C.O.C.) ["F.] 440
Density (@ 25°C) 9.1 Fire Point (C.O.C.) ["F.] 535
ca. Ibs./gal. Solubility In Water Practicallyinsoluble
Boiling Point 243 @ 25"C,%
@ 10mm Hg, "C CAS Number 16883-83-3
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg)
@ 200°C 0.5
@ 250°C 15
1 29°C 1 Initial
7Days
28 Davs
1370
,1420
1400
Initial 380
40°C 7 Days 560
28 Days 640
Initial 160
60°C 7 Days 600
28 Days 900
10 psi 3400
Severs 50 psi 3900
loo psi 1900
(continued)
870 Industrial Solvents Handbook
ELONGATION- percent
SANTICIZER 160
Molecular Weight 31 2
Acidity 0.37
I Appearance
(meq/100 gm. max)
Clear, oily liquid
I
Color (APHA) [max.] . 40
Moisture (KF in
(25"/25"C)
Density (@ 25°C) 9.3
ca. Ibs./gal. 1
Hydroxyl No. <1
Crystallizing Point ("C) <-35
Coefficient 0.00069
@ 10°-40"C
IcclccPC) I
(continued)
872 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Table C. Effect of Additive Use of Santicizer" 160 with Table D. Effect of Benzyl Phthalates on Fusion
iPP Based Plastisols on Gel and Fusion Properties ANBURY SIZE "6"116 rpm - 240°F.JACKET TEMP
180
175
170
165
160
1'1')
1/)0
145
140 1001
I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
- Gel
Temperature
-----
'Yo SANTICIZER 160
Fusion
Temperature
- Santicizer' 160 -----
'k, BENZYL PHTHALATE USED WITH GPP
Slntlcizer 261
-
--
PLASTICIZER - parW100 pans emulsion
Santicirer " 160 'GIW vansiton temwrature was -surd
usmg d dillerental scanntng calorimeter
.- - - - -. DPGDB'
DBP EmulsionIS Amex 465
hble F. Effect of Plasticizers on Water Resistance of
rimex 320 Emulsion
- 74
v)
a 32
rI 30
I-
28
p Table H. Plasticizer Effect on Emulsion Viscosity
g 26
$ 24
9 22
g 20
= 18
5 16
8 14
$ 12
5
0
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ? 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 I 4 1 5 1 6
-
--
PLASTICIZER-partsllO0 parts emulsion
SlntiCiZeP' 160 Test procedure A ttghtly woven cotton cloth
5
------
DPQDB'
DBP
IS laminatedwith the test adhesrve and
allowedlo dry thorwghly The laminationIS
cut onto one dnch wde stnm immerred In
Bm -
_ _ _ _ -DWDB'
--.
PLASTICIZER - partsllO0 pans emulsion
Santicizer' 160 t m u l s w ib Airflex 723
--- DBP
D ~ L Jo ~ r i i ~ksryProtluc I iixl C l i t w a r . ~ 1111
l~
Dcpropylene<7lycolD h i i i 0 ~ 1 1 t
Esters 873
Table 15.69: Dibutyl Phthalate (75)
DBP
T.bk A. kOpOdO8
MolecularWeight 278
Acidity 0.12
(meq/100gm.)
Appearance Clear, oily liquid
Color (APHA)max. 20
Moisture (KF in 0.15
Methanol) 90
Odor Slight, characteristic
Refractive Index (et 25°C) 1.4895- 1.4915
I Specific Gravity 1.044 - 1.048
(25"/25"C)
Density (@ 25°C) 8.72
ca.Ibs./gal.
Crystallizing Point ("C) <-35
Pour Point ("C) - 40
Boiling Point 192
@ 10mm Hg, "C
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg)
@ 150°C 0.8
@ 200°C 14
@ 250°C 100
Viscosity (Centistokes)
@ 0°C 55.0
@ 25°C 15.6
@ 98.9"C 2.4
Surface Tension 35
@ 30°C (dynedcm)
Thermal Expansion 0.00078
Coefficient
@ 10"-40°C
(cc/ccPC)
Flash Point (C.O.C.) ["F.] 340
Fire Point (C.O.C.)["F.] 395
Solubility In Water 0.001
@ 30"C,%
General Solubility Soluble in all common
organic solvents and oils
CAS Number 84-74-2
DOP
lbblo A. Pmp.rtlos
Molecular Weight 39 1 Viscosity (Centistokes)
Acidity 0.12 @ 0°C 348.0
(meq/100 gm. rnax) @ 25°C
Appearance Clear, oily liquid
Color (APHA) 25 Surface Tension
Moisture (KF in 0.10
Methanol) % Thermal Expansion 0.00074
Odor Slight, characteristic Coefficient
Refractive Index (@25"C) 1.4845- 1.4858 0 10"-40'C
I Soecific Gravitv 0.980-0.985 I (cc/Cc/"C)
(25";25"C) Flash Point (C.O.C.) ["F.] 425
Density (6525°C) 8.18
ca. Ibs./gal.
CrystallizingPoint (%) - 55 (very stiff gel)
Pour Point ("C) -47
common solvents and
Boiling Point 236 with most primary and
(ii, lOmrn Hg, "C secondary plasticizers
Vapor Pressure (rnrn Hg) for polyvinylchloride
@ 200°C 12 CAS Number 117-81 -7
@ 250°C 18
Initial 36
23oc 7 Days 65
28 Days 82
Initial 25
40°C 7 Days 94
Initial 28
50% 7 Days 210
28 Days 260
10psi 58
Severs 50 psi 50
Meldvalue, dynes/cm2 0
Flow Index 1.4
Gel Temperature,"C 75
Fusion, RelativeTemperature,"C 167
*Air-ReleaseRate Moderate
'Resilience, steel ball, inches 4.5
'EWicimcy Ccmc Ad] to"60" Shore Ahardnes
Esters 875
PHOSPHATES
SANTICIZER 154
Tbbfe k PrqperHes
--
M s a r Waght (avg ) 371
Phosphorus. rC, 8 4 (CalC)
.Acidity (meq/lO0g ) max 0 20
-
**awe , Clear,mbde liquid @J loor)
-
-Color (APHA) [max ]
Moisture. 91 max
*Odor
100
0 15
Essentialty oclorless
RelractweIndex Cl25"c -
1 5535 1 5565 M i c e n t ot Tlwrnd 0.000703
S p a v 25C/25'C 1175-1 185 otpansion
Denslcyc~25% Ibs /gal 98 61 10-40%(d&)
Crystalliring Potnt (C) <-20 SurfaceTenwoo
Pour pMnt (C) - 25 (Dywcm) 38.6 0 23%
Boiling Pfnnt CAS Number 56803-37-3 ,
(rrl lOmm Hg. '
C 258
30
Table C. Autoignition Tempentun
(rrrmD-216548)
ClUld UT, 9
I SanticizeP 154 1,050
Butylated
triphenyl
phosphate 1,025
lsopropylated
triphenyl
phosphate 1,010
Hydrocarbon(typical) 700- 750
876 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SANTlClZER 141
Vapor Pressure
@ 150°C 0.2
@ 200°C 1.6
Viscosity (Centistokes)
@ 0°C 61.O
@ 25°C 16.4
@ 98.9% 2.5
Surface Tension 33.4
@ 22°C (dyneslcrn) '
Flash Point (C.O.C.) ["F.] 435
1.0880- 1.093 Fire Point (C.O.C.) PF.] 460
Solubility In Water 0.002
@ 25"C,%
CAS Number 1241-94-7
__ -
Lble C. PlastisolViscosity Stability(FonnulatedWith 100 PHR Qe01P121)
B ~ l r f i ~V18co~Ity--Pol~~
ld
Pluticlzer PHR Tomp.,"C RPM Initial 1 D8y 7D.m 26D.m
DOP 65 235 64 98 93 109
50 58 86 80 96
40 5 57 80 115 147
50 40 59 86 109
SanticizeP 141 65 23 5 94 147 208 259
50 56 84 112 154
40 5 128 896 7,040 Gelled
50 71 368 2,509 Gelled
DOP and Santicizer 141 60/5 23 5 64 70 86 112
50 54 59 67 94
40 5 48 104 147 224
50 34 66 101 133
DOP and Santicizer 141 50/15 23 5 96 112 128 173
50 62 66 74 100
40 5 64 186 352 480
50 42 93 162 216
Savors W8cosity Data
DOP Santlclxor 141 DOP 8nd &ntlclur 141 DOP and &ntlClrOr 141
(65 PHR) (- PHR) (60/5 PHR) (50/16 PHR)
10 psi 84' 58 86 77
50 psi 80 64 81 76
loo psi 62 58 60 54
(continued )
Esters 877
50 0
45 5
40 10
35 15
B
C
4 4 5
O 50
50 0
5
6 40 10
35 15
CLEAR
I FORMULATIONS I I
Formula plus 1 PHR with 5 PHR with 5 PHR plus PIUS5 PHR Ti0. PIUS 5 PHR Ti02
Shown U V Stabilizer Santicizer 141 Santicirer 141 5 PHR 1 PHRUV with 5 PHR
Below 45 PHR DOP 45 PHR DOP Ti02 Stabilizer Santicizer 141
1 PHR 45 PHR W P
U V Stabilizer 1 PHR U V Stabilizer
(continued)
878 Industrial Solvents Handbook
*TheOxygen Index Test results are not intended to reflectperformance of these or any other materialsunder actual fire conditions.Each user
should determine independentlywhether potential fire hazards are associated with the finished product and whether Santicizer 141 is SuitaMe for
the particular use.
23% I
Initial
7Davs
24
59
Initial 26
40% 7 Days 640
28 Days Gel
Initial 170
50°C 7 Days Gel
28 Days Gel
10 psi 47
Severs 50 psi 58
100 psi 54
Esters 879
SANTlCltER 148
Initial 24
@ 40°C 1 Day 185
7 Days Gel
Reofos 1884
Emulsifiable triaryl phosphate
SANTlClZER 143
h b l e A Properties
Phosphorus, % 8.2 (Calc)
Acidity 0.20
(meq/l00g) max.
Appearance Clear, oily liquid
Color (APHA) [max.] 100
Moisture % max. 0.15%
Refractive Index (@25"C) -
1.539 1.545
Specific Gravity 1.144- 1.158
(25"/25"C)
Density Ibs./gal. 9.58
Viscosity (Centistokes)
@ 0°C 297
@ 25°C 44.2
@ 100°C 3.87
Coefficient of Thermal EXD. 0.00070
@1O-4O0C(cc/cc/"C)
Flash Point (C.O.C.) PF.] 475
Fire Paint IC.O.C.\ I"F.1 525
Sol. In Water @ 25"C,% <0.001
CAS Number 56803-37-3
1 Specification
29761 -21-5
(continued)
882 Industrial Solvents Handbook
yonunto
lwo-botlunnd
FlameSpread(1n) 31 32 33 34 35 35 30
% bght
Transmittance 18 16 15 33 32 10 5
V.rtk.1-
(CCT lSlD,m)
After-flame(sec) 32 17 10 15 04 17 13
Char Length(in ) 30 26 22 18 17 22 20
wuln#L.
ckunb.r
DmFhlngMode 236 275 305 155 171 345 303
Dm Smddering
Mode 128 141 157 85 98 188 163
P"kmm ' ~ M m M D M y t B s i ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ t o ~ ~ d ~ u
GKXI'~MEP imPans u n d e r a d fKemnMms Esh"PBI mammnmnnaepawulwvnmr wmld
fro
Raslkuer as- huaror m-wa mtn t h huh.dproduclsmd wtui-61 Smwa 143s wwtab*brv*
haper'104 3 W s part--
w w s 2w s
' B F Gualmh 1%
'kgrsUrmKalbp
*Kcom
Table 15.76: Tributoxyethyl Phosphate (76)
KP-140'
KP-I40 IS tributyoxyethyi phosphate 8pwHic.tion.
Its CAS number IS 78-51-3
Speafic gravty at 20°C 1 016- 1 023 (ASTM 0263-69)
Cormul. Masture 0 2% w/w max (ASTM 0364-64)
The formula of KP-140 IS Colour ( R - kAPHA) 75 max (ASTM 01209-6&)
(C,H,0C2H,0), Po
vplcal properties
The properties shown in the followng tables are typlcal and do not represent
Speclficatm limlts
Prooertv KP-140
Odour mild, butyl type
Total acid number <0.5 mgKOWg
Boiling range at 4 mm Hg (533 Pa), 215 to 228°C
Mi-boiling point at 4 mm Hg (533 Pa) 222°C
Freezing point <-7O"C (viscoUs liquid)
Pour point <-70°C
flash point (PMCC) 224°C (435°F)
Fire point 252°C (485'F)
Viscosity at 20°C 12.2 cp (mPa.s)
Vapcur pressure
at 150°C <O.10 mm Hg (13.3 Pa)
at 200°C 1.6 mm Hg (213 Pa)
Surface tension at 20°C 30 dynedcm (mN/m)
Refractive index NF 1.434 f 0.002
spedfic heat at 50 to 150 0.58 average
Solubility
in water at 25% 0.1 1% by weight
in water at 25°C approx. 7.3% by volume
in mineral oil at 25°C appfox. 7.0% by volume
in gasoline at 25°C complete
General solubility Insolubleor limited solubility in
glycerine. g w s . and certain amines.
Soluble in most other organic liquids.
Thermal expansion at 10-40"C, 0.00081 per "C
Densly at 20°C 1018 kg/m3 (8.50 IWUS gallon)
Esters 883
Reomol TBP
rvpicll prop.rtlr
Odor normal characteristic
Acidii, % as acetic acid 0.05 (ASTM D1613-61T)
Boiling range @ 4 mm Hg (533Pa), "C 137-145
Mid-boiling range @ 4 mm Hg (533Pa), "C 139
Freezing point, "C <-80
Pour point, 'C e-80
Flesh point, "C ("F).PMCC 115 (239)
Fire point, "C ("0 182 (360)
Viscosity. cp (mPa-s) @ 20°C 3.7
Vapor pressure @ 150' C, mm Hg (kPa) 7.3 (0.97)
@ 200" C, mm Hg (kPa) >500 (68.6)
Surface tension @ 20' C, dyne/cm (m N/m) 29
Refractive index, NF 1.423 5 0.001
Solubility, in water @ 25°C 0.1%
water in @ 25°C 7.0%
in mineral oil @ 25% complete
in gasoline @ 25°C complete
General solubility lndubie or limited solubility in glycerine, glyCOk3, and
certain amines. Soluble in most other m k IiqUU.
Thermal expansion @ 10 to 40°C O.ooo88 per 'c
WUS. gal (kglm3)@ 20°C 8.14 (975)
Table A. Properties
Molecular Weight 326
Phosphorus, % 9.5 (Caic)
Acidity 0.10
(meq/l00 gin. max) 1
Appearance White flakes
Color (APHA) [max.] 20 (molten)
Odor (rnax.) Very faint, aromatic
Refractive Index (@ 60°C) 1.550
Specific Gravity 1.268
(6O0/2O"C)
Density (Q 60°C)
ca. Ibs./gal.
Crystallizing Point ("C) 49
Boiling Point 238
Cw 10mm Hg, "C
Vaoor Pressure (mm H-.d
I @ 150°C
CtL' 200°C
(ui250°C
>0.1
1.3
18.2
Viscosity (Centistokes)
@ 55°C 7.8
@ 98.9% 2.9
(prim ,
Polyvinylchloride 20
Polyvinylacetate 80
Nitrocellulose 75
Cellulose acetate 35
Cellulose acetate-propionate 50
Cellulose acetate-butyrate 50
Ethyl cellulose 30
Acrvlics 25
Santolite" MHP resin 100
Neoprene 50
L
Nitrile rubber 50
I Phenolic 5 0 1
PHOSPHITES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Specific Gravity
20"/4* 1.200 1.079 0.995 0.937
Index of Refraction,
ng 1.4016 1.4073 1.4238 1.4423
Viscosity
(Centistokes) 77'F 1.08 1.21 2.36 6.54
100"F 0.92 1.03 1.90 4.72
210"F 0.51 0.56 0.89 1.59
Solubility
in water: sol., sol., sl. sol., insol., very
hydrolyzes hydrolyzes slowly slowly hydrolyzes
hydrolyzes
in other solvents: miscible with alcohol, ether, acetone and most common organic
solvents.
886 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0 R R
m
v)
0
d 0
N
v)
d c
m
(D
m
d
m
r(
5 5 0
l-4
(D
d 4
r(
0
0
d
0
W
r(
m
P
a
W
W P- cr 0
0
O
dl
0
0
4
r( d N
Esters 887
u
8
-a
i
Y
888 Industrial Solvents Handbook
PHYSICAL DATA
SILICATES
Ethyl silicate i s a water-white liquid, soluble in alcohol. I t hydrolyzes in water to an adhesive form of silicic acid and
alcohol. It i s used in lacquers and paint as a pigment binder giving films that ore resistant to fire and chemicals and are
weatherproof. A less pure, higher silica ester, Ethyl Silicote 40, i s also available commercially.
GC-FID CHROMATOGRAMS
(continued)
891
892 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-Rata
596 ho
A = Hz0
B = Methanol
lo%
1 mumin
e, 35 mln
End. 440
i n t d m Maximum: 2100 z128au.
D.t.ctlon: W @215 nm; 1.28 auf.a
i
_I
10
- -. . ."~ ._.-. - - -
20
". ~ 1
30
- .x- .-
--*_ I
40
Time lminutesl
-- - --
-
11--- I ~
10 20 30 3
Tlmo Imlnutorl
HPLC and UV Data 893
0
_.I-_-- --I-
10
---- - -
20
. .I_ r - I* 1 ..__--__I--
30
-- -----Ti
Time Imir,utesl
_.
1 .--.
Water Versus Acetonitrile 215nm -
. .. . . . -. .. .
1 FW 1 rnVmin
Dotoctlon: UV @ 215 nm; 1.28auf.s .
1 1 2 8 au
1 B = Acetonitrile
Qndlont: 5% B +100% B,35 min
End
'ntorim
50
I 0.064 au.
20
Time Iiiiinutebl
894 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
FlowR.1.: 1 mVmin
i
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
I
!
Water Versus Tetrahydrofuran 254nm -
Column: BAKERBOND" Silica Gel Pmsoun: (PSI):
5ym 4.6 X 250 mm
Strh 1020
Moblh Plum A = HzO
I B = Tetrahydrofuran " d 440
Qmdlont 5% B +loo% B, 35 min 850
Flow- 1 mVmin
Dotoctlon: W @ 254 nm; 1.28 auf.s
A
0 10 20 30
Time lminutesl
(continued)
HPLC and W Data 895
Fl0wR.t.: 1 mVmin
I
0.128au.
I
I
! I
r
-
Water 0.1% Trlfluroacetk Acid Versus
Ac&onltrlIo- O.l%TrlfluroacatlcAcId-215nm
i
i
Column: BAKERBOND" Silica Gel Pmuum: (PSI)
5pm 4.8 X 250 mm i
Interim Maximum: WA f
Gndlont 5% B -+loo% B, 35 min
I
Flow- 1 mVmin i
Tinie Iminutesl
r
.. , --. .-. -- -. -
- -
____I
A
0.1 M Potassium Phosphate Versus Methanol 215nm -
Column: BAKERBOND" Silica Gel R..sum: (PSI):
5pm4.6X250rnrn StaR 850
MoMk Phon: A=O.lM KHzPC4
B = Methand
Qndlent 5% B + l W B. 35 rnin
Fl0wR.1.: 1 rnVrnin
End: 470
Interim 1820 I 0.256 au.
I
0 10 20 30
J
40
Time lminutesl
I
hblk man: A = 0.1M KHiPOI End: 470
B = Methand
5% B-rlW 35
Intorlm Mulmum: 1820 3 0 ~ au.4
I Fl0wR.t.: 1 rnVrnin
D.(rctlon:UV @ 254 nm; 0.64 auts
b 10 20
Time lminutesl
30 4 I
b 10 20 30 4 I
Time lminutesl
(continued)
898 Industrial Solvents Handbook
%
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutosl
Time Iminutesl
I
S
- he
- 850
---
Moblh Ph8.C A = 0.05M K H z m
B = Methanol
Qndlont 5% B -+loo% B, 35 min
End: 470
r 0.064 au.
/
- I
I
0 10 20 30
I
40
Tlme Iminulesl
HPLC alrd W Data 899
Table 16.11: 0.01 M Potassium Phosphate v%0.5 M Potasslum Phosphate pH 6.8/6.4 (56)
-.
0.01 M Potasslum Phosphate Versus I
I
Column: BAKERBOND" Silica Gel Promure (PSI): 1
Sprn4.6X250mm 8tlrt 800
YoblkPhrr: A = O . O l M K H z m End: 1060
B = 0.5M KHzFQ
pH 6.816.4 Intorlm Mulmum: N/A
andlont 5% B +loo% B, 35 min
FlrmR.1.: 1 mumin
Dotoctlon: UV @ 2 W nm; 1.28auf.s I
t
I
II
b 10 20
Time lminutesl
30 40 1
I
0.01 M Potassium Phosphate Venus
0.5 M Potassium Phosphate pH 6.8f6.4
Column: BAKERBOND" Silica Gel
5prn4.6X250mm
- 254nm
Promum: (PSI):
I
I YOMk PhW A = 0.01M K H z m
B = 0.5M K H z m
pH 6.616.4
start: 800
End:
Intorlm Mulmum: N/A
I
0.128au.
1 1
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminuterl
~-
0.01 M Potassium Phosphate Venus
0.5 M Potasslum Phosphate pH 6.8f6.4 - 2Wnm
Column: BAKERBOND" S i l i Gel R.Bsum: (PSI):
5 p m 4.6 X 250 mm 8tlrt 600
Moblk PhW: A 0.01M K H z m End: 1060
B = 0.5M KHzPOl
pH 6.816.4 Intorlm Mulmum: N/A
Qndlont 5% B +loo% B, 35 min
FlowR.1.: 1 mVmin
Dotoctlon: UV @ 280 nm; 0.64 auta
0 10 20 30 4
Time Iminu tesl
900 Industrial Solvents Handbook
I !
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
HPLC and W Data 901
10 20 30 4
Time lminutesl
0 10 20 30
1
40
Tirne lminutesl
i
I
b 10 20 30 -20
Time lminu~esl
(continued)
902 Industrial Solvents Handbook
*
-
-
, __c_-v-
FkwR.d.: 1 mVmin
Dotoation: UV 8 254 nm: 0.64 auf.s
- _. "_^lll_
I
1
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
i I
i
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
-e
Irsus -
Ether (Anhydrous) 280nm
1
I Column: BAKERBOND Wide Pore" Butyl (0)
5pm4.6X25Omm
R...un:
SUrt 60
(PSI):
1
1 mumin
,D o t d o n : uv @ 280 nm; 1.28 aut.&
HPLC and W Data 903
I
v
1
I
I
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
I
I
-lo ph...: A = 2.2.4-Trimethylpentae
B = Chloroform
Qndlont 5% B +loo% B, 35 min
FlowR.1.: 1 mVmin
End: 440
Intorfm Maximum: N/A
I
0.084 au.
> I
0 10 20 30 40
Time Iminutesl
I
0 10
i
20 30 40
Time lminutesl
904 Industrial Solvents Handbook
..
2,2,4.Trimethylpentane Versus Ethyl Acetate 254nm - I
I 0 10 20
Time lminutesl
30 30
I
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
?
2,2,4=Trimethylpentane Versus 2-Propanol 215nm -
{ Column: BAKERBOND Wide Pore" Butyl (0)
Pmuun: (PSI):
1 5 p m 4.6 X 250 mm
MoMk mu: A = 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
B = 2-Propanol
h k 320
End: 2350
I Qndlont 5% B +loo96 B, 35 min Intorlm Mulmum: 2650
Fl0wR.t.: 1 mumin
D.1.ctlon: U V Q 215 nm; 1.28 auts
I
\
i
0 29 30 40
Time Iminutesl
(continued)
HPLC and W Data 905
h
0 10 20 30
Time lminutesl
1
Methylene Chloride Versus Methanol 254nm -
Column: BAKERBONDWide Pore"' Butyl (6)Prouum: (PSI):
5 pn,4.6 X 250 mm
k 2 au.
1
#
0 10 20 30 40
Time Iminwtesl
5-
i
906 Industrial Solvents Handbook
0 10 20 30 4
Time lminutesl
I
F+R.t.: 1 mumin
D.t.ctlon: UV 8 280 nm; 0.32 aufs
t
rc f
I
i
0 10 20 30
1
40
Time lminutesl
1 -i
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutesl
(continued)
HPLC and W Data 907
i
I
I
YI
0 10 20 30 40
Time lminutssl
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA
Denalty ( g l m l ) : 1049
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent: Miscible
" 1
Typical Ultraviolet Spectrum
1 Physical Data
Eluotroplc
Value, (& 1 (on Sllica): 0.43
--
Bolllng Point ('C): 56'
i Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent: Miscible
00
19" 7 0 0 ,'a
WsrrCnglh lNHl
I (continued)
908 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.50% by infrared spectroscopy
Ultraviolet absorbance: J4aximuq
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
330 1.000
340 0.060
350 0.010
375 0.005
400 0.005
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent: Miscible
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Optical transparency is not controlled. For spectro-
photometric applications use Acetonitrile W .
Refractive index: 1.3440 k 0.0006 at 20'C
Boiling range: 81-82'C
Residue: Less than one mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.9% by gc analysis
Electron capture gc: No residue peaks greater than 10 ng/l as heptachlor epoxide.
based on a 1:l petroleum ether extract.
(continued)
HPLC and W Data 909
(67)
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
190 1.000
200 0.050
225 0.010
250 0.005
350 0.005
Physical Data
Eluotroplc
Value, (.E J (on Silica): 0 27
Polarity lnder (P J: 30
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent: 0058%
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.02% bv Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: fiaximuq
Waveleneth. nq Absorbance
278 1.000
300 0.020
325 0.010
350 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0 . 0 5 % by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximwq
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
260 1.000
275 0.300
300 0.010
350 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
Wavelensth. nm Absorbance
254 1.000
275 0.050
300 0.010
350 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
215 1.000
225 0.500
250 0.040
275 0.010
300 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.02% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance : Maximum
Wavelenuth. ne Absorbance
220 1.000
225 0.300
250 0.010
300 0.005
400 0.005
Refractive index: 1.4017 ? 0.0008 at 20°C
Boiling range: 78-79°C
Residue: Less than one mg/l
Chloride: Not detectable (limit 10 mg/l)
Purity: Greater than 99.5% by gc analysis
P.rc*nt W1.r.
Soluble In Solv.nt: NIA
r Typical Ultmlole~Spectrum
Physlcal Data
Eluolmplc
Value. ( E ) ( o n Sllka): 0.1.4
h n B I l y (plml): I 594
I)oltlng POlnt ( C ) : 77
P.rcenl Wmler
Wluble In S o l n n l O W %
R . f r a ~ l I ~Indw ( 1 5 C ) : 1457
(continued)
912 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SPEC1FICATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
WavelenP th. tug Absorbance
263 1.000
275 0.100
300 0.005
350 0.005
400 0.005
SPEC1 FICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorban-
287 1.000
300 0.050
325 0.040
350 0.020
400 0.005
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent 0072%
(continued)
HPLC and W Data 913
Physical Data
119 - Eluotroplc
Value, (f ) (on Slllca): 0 26
"d -
Polerlty Index ( P j : 44
0 7 -
1.483
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent: 0.072%
-
0
Packed under nitrogen
Preservative: Amylene
Water: Less than 0.028 by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximun
Absorbance
245 1.000
250 0.300
275 0.005
300 0.005
400 0.005
250 0.300
275 0.005
300 0.005
400 0.005
Refractive index: 1.4447 f 0.0004 at 20'C
Boiling range: 61-62'C
Residue: Less than one mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.99 by gc analysis (excluding preservative)
Suitability for use in dithizone tests: Passes ACS test
Substances darkened by sulfuric acid: Passes ACS test
Acidity: Not detectable (limit one m g / l as lIC1)
Chloride: Not detectable (limit 10 mg/l)
Alkaline extraction: Absorbance of aqueous alkaline extract not inore than 0.10
at 240 nm.
'Electron capture gc: No residue pesks greater than 10 ng/l as heptachlor epoxide.
914 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Typical Ultraviolet S p e c t r u m
Phyrical Data
Eluotroplc
Value, ( E ) (on Slllca): 003
Polarlty Index (P ): 00
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent: 0012%
SPECIF1CATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Meximwn
Waveleneth. Absorbance
200 1.000
215 0.300
225 0.020
300 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance (under nitrogen):
Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
200 1.000
225 0.500
250 0.050
300 0.005
400 0.005
Percent Water
Soiubio In Solvont: 0396
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.02% by Karl Fischer titration
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.02% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
256 1.000
265 0.150
275 0.050
300 0.040
400 0.010
Refractive index: 1.384 It 0.0010 at 20'C
Boiling range: 125-126'C
Residue: Less than five mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.0% by gc analysis
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximwq
Waveleneth. nq Absorbance
268 1.000
275 0.300
300 0.080
350 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Wavelenvth. nm Absorbance
268 1.000
275 0.300
300 0.050
350 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.04% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
268 1.000
275 0.500
300 0.200
350 0.020
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximwn
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
215 1.000
250 0.300
300 0.020
350 0.005
400 0.005
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent: 13%
I ,m, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .u,I , ,
19" ,50 IUI lY)
Wweknqlh lNMl
918 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maxfmum
Waveleneth . nm Absorbance
210 1.000
225 0.500
250 0.200
300 0.005
400 0.005
Refractive index: 1.4074 f 0.0005 at 20°C
Boiling range: 134-136'C
Residue: Less than one mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.5% by gc analysis
Peroxides: Less than two mg/l as H202 at time of packaging
Phyulcal Data
Eluotroplc
VeIue, (E ) (on Slllce): 0 45
Percent Wmtmr
Solublo In Solvent: 9 8%
S P E C I F I W U Q B S (61)
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximwn
Waveleneth. nq Absorbance
256 1.000
275 0.050
300 0.030
325 0.005
350 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.05% bv Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximwn
Waveleneth. Absorbance
256 1.000
275 0.005
300 0.005
Refractive index: 1.3721 f 0.0003 at 20'C
Boiling range: 77-78'C
Residue: Less than one mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.9% by gc analysis.
Electron capture gc: No residue peaks greater than 10 ng/l as heptachlor epoxide.
Color with sulfuric acid: Passes ACS test
Substances ls!kdag perman=anate: Passes 24 hour test
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. m Absorbance
228 1.000
240 0.300
250 0.100
300 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Preservative: 2%,ethanol
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximuq
Waveleneth. nm Absorbancg
215 1.000
250 0.080
275 0.010
300 0.005
400 0.005
l5mxLmm
WITHOUT PRESERVATIVF
IFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Contains no preservatives
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. Absorbance
215 1.000
250 0.080
275 0.010
300 0.005
400 0.005
S H X I F ICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.08% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
WavelenPth. Absorbance
220 1.000
250 0.250
300 0.050
350 0.010
400 0.005
I
I
Polarlty Indmx (P ): 02
Percent Watar
Solubla In Solvent: OOlWo
(continued)
HPLC and W Data 921
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Wavelenpth. nm Absorbance
200 1.000
225 0.100
250 0.010
300 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Lass than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
gavele- Absorbance
190 1.000
200 0.500
250 0.020
300 0.005
400 0.005
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent: 001%
(continued)
922 Industrial Solvents Handbook
:I\
01
IU 1
Typical Ultraviolet Spectrum
I Physical Data
Eluotroplc
Value, ( L ) (on Slllca):
0 06
0 30
Percont Wator
Solublo In Solvent 001%
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvont: 001%
(continued)
HPLC and W Data 923
Hexane UV (61)
SEECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Wavelenvth. Absorbance
195 1.000
225 0.050
250 0.010
275 0.005
300 0.005
Physlcai Data
Eluotrople
Veluo. (€7(on Sllka): 0.54
Portent Wator
Solublo In Solvont: NIA
,$PECIPICATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.05% bv Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Wavelenuth. ntq Absorban-
220 1.000
250 0.050
275 0.030
300 0.020
400 0.010
Refractive index: 1.3959 ? 0.0011 at 20'C
Boiling range: 108-109'C
Residue: Less than five mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.08 by gc analysis
924 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
W a v e l e n u Absorbance
215 1.000
225 0.100
250 0.020
300 0.005
400 0.005
CATIONS
Water: Less than 0.06% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
Wavelength. nm Absorbance
205 1.000
225 0.160
250 0.020
300 0.005
400 0.005
JSOPROPYL. A LCOHOL
bow Water
SPECIFICATXONS
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
Waveleneth. nq Absorbance
205 1.000
225 0.160
250 0.020
300 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
pH of Water extract: Greater than 6.5
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Infrared absorbance: Equivalent to standard
Percent Water
Soluble In Solvent Miscible
- E (61)
Water: Less than 0.05%by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. rn Absorbance
205 1.000
225 0.160
250 0.020
300 0.005
400 0.005
METHANOL
For Puree and Trav Analysis
SPECIFICATIONS(61)
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Refractive index: 1.3284 f 0.0004 at 2 0 ° C
Boiling range: 64-65'C
Residue: Less than one mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.9% by gc analysis
Volatile Organics: Suitable for GC-MS analysis of volatile organics in water
and soil/sedirnent samples according to the EPA purge and trap Methods 601,
624, and 8240 (2-Butanone: less than 10 ug/l).
926 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.08% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximwn
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
210 I.000
250 0.130
275 0.030
300 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Preservative: Available with or without 0.1% m-methoxyphenol
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
Wavelenvth. nm Absorbance
254 1.000
275 0.150
300 0.050
350 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.02% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
210 1.000
225 0.500
250 0.100
300 0.005
400 0.005
Polarity Index (P ): 34
Porcont Water
Solublo In Solvont 0 17%
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Preservative: Cyclohexene
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
Waveleneth. tuq Absorbance
233 1.000
240 0.100
250 0.010
300 0.005
400 0.005
Polarlty Indox ( P j : 45
Percent Wator
Solublo In Solvont 234%
CATIONS (61)
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Maximum
Waveleneth. Absorb-
329 1.000
340 0.100
350 0.020
375 0.010
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance : Maximurn
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
330 1.000
340 0.100
350 0.050
375 0.010
400 0.005
Refractive index: 1.4072 k 0.0005 at 20'C
Boiling range: 142-144'C
Residue: Less than five mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.0% by gc analysis
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance : Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
334 1.000
340 0.500
350 0.250
375 0.050
400 0.005
Refractive index: 1.3954k 0.0006 at 20'C
Boiling range: 115-116°C
Residue: Less than five mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.0% by gc analysis
HPLC and W Data 929
Table 16.67: Methyl n-Propyl Ketone (67)
SPECIF1CAT1ONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximwn
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
331 I.000
340 0.150
350 0.020
375 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
Wavelennth. m~ Absorban=
285 1.000
300 0.500
325 0.100
350 0.030
400 0.010
Porcont Water
Solublo In Solwnt: 001%
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Wavelenvth. nm Absorbance
190 1.000
200 0.600
250 0.010
300 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Optical transparency is not controlled. Typical
ultraviolet absorption spectrum is shown for information only.
Refractive index: 1.3650 f 0.0050 at 20°C
Boiling range: 30-6O'C
Residue: Less than one mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99% total pentane and hexane isomers by gc analysis
Electron capture gc: No residue peaks greater than 10 ng/l as heptachlor epoxide.
S PECIFICAT1ONS
Packed under nitrogen
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
285 1.000
300 0.300
325 0.100
350 0.050
400 0.005
Purity: Greater than 98% by gc analysis
HPLC and W Data 931
Polarlty Index (P ): 43
Percent Wotor
Soluble In Solvont: Miscible
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0 . 0 5 % by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Wavelensth. nm Absorbance
210 1.000
225 0.500
250 0.050
300 0.005
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.04% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Wavelensth. nm Absorbance
280 1.000
300 0.500
350 0.050
375 0.030
400 0.020
Porcent Water
Solublo In Solvent: Miscible
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.05% by Karl Fischer titration
Primary and secondary amines by ninhydrin test: Less than 10 ppm
Refractive index: 1.5093 4 0.0008 at 20°C
Boiling range: 115-116°C
Residue: Less than two mg/l
Purity: Greater than 99.8% by gc analysis
~ ~~~~~~
Percant Water
Soluble In Solvent: Miscible
(continued)
HPLC and UV Data 933
SPECIFICATXONS
Packed under nitrogen
Preservative: 250 mg/l butylated hydroxytoluene.
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Optical transparency is not controlled. For spectro-
photometric applications use Tetrahydrofuran W .
Refractive index: 1.4070 f 0.0005 at 20'C
Boiling range: 66-67°C
Purity: Greater t h a n 99.9% by gc analysis
Peroxides: Less than two mg/l as H202 at time of packaging
SPECIFICATIONS
Packed under nitrogen
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximwn
Waveleneth. pm Absorbance
212 1.000
250 0.180
300 0.020
350 0.005
400 0.005
Porcont Watar
Oolublo In Solvont: 0.046%
(continued1
934 Industrial Solvents Handbook
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.03% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Waveleneth. nm Absorbance
284 1.000
300 0.120
325 0.020
350 0.005
400 0.005
Porcont Wator
Solublo In Solvont: 0.02%
SPECIFICATIONS (61)
Water: Less than 0.01% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance:
Maximum
Wavelene th. mn Absorbance
308 1.000
310 0.500
350 0.050
375 0.010
400 0.005
SPECIFICATIONS
P r e s e r v a t i v e : 1,2-Butylene oxide
Water: Less t h a n 0.02% by Karl F i s c h e r t i t r a t i o n
U l t r a v i o l e t absorbance: Naximuu
Waveleneth. ruq Absorbance
273 1.000
300 0.100
325 0.080
350 0.060
400 0.060
B:P
Denslty (g/ml): 157
OJ - Percant Water
Soluble In Solvent: NIA
<It -
"0 - -
1 I l l r l t l 1 l l 1 l 1 1 1 t l 1 l l
190 WI 2% lu) 3% .a,
WM*nglh INWI
B
Qndiont. l M % A
-
IVIW TFA In aCotonilrile
Mablh man: A = 01% TFA 111 H,O
+
0 1% TFA m CH,CN
W . B 4Omin
Polarity Index (P 1: NiA
OW."[
-
/
*-7 Percent Water
Soluble in Solvent: MIS.(ttAe
SPECIFICATIONS (611
Water: Less than 0.05%
Ultraviolet absorbance (0.1% solution in water):
Maximwn
Wavelength. Absorbance
210 1.000
230 0.150
250 0.010
300 0.005
Purity: Greater than 99.9% by titration
Percent Water
Solublo In Solvent: 001 1%
I T
Donalty (g/ml):
100
0.002 AU
~ o r c o n water
t
Solublo In Solvont: N/
c, ___J
Rofractlvo Indor (25 C): i 33
10 20 minutoi
100%
IATER
,5PECIFICATIONS
Water: Less than 0.02% by Karl Fischer titration
Ultraviolet absorbance: Maximum
Wavelenvth. nm Absorbance
288 1.000
300 0.200
325 0.050
350 0.010
400 0.005
938
Appendk-Comparative Data for Various Solvents 939
1-AMINOPCNTANE 07.17 P . 7547 20.0 1.4118 -55.n 760. 104.4 0.0 171
ETHYLENt LARBONATE 88.U6 1.3208 25.0 1.4250 36.4 n. E3A.O YY.60 172
PYRROL INC 88.C16 1.2277 0.0 1.4138 13.6 0. 115.0 0.0 173
PYRUVIC 4 C l O 88.06 1.2272 20.0 1e 4 2 6 0 13.6 760. 0.0 174
ALDOL 88.10 1.1030 20.0 I .4497 0.0 12. 0.0 175
CIS-L-8VltNL-14-UlOL 08.11 1.07*0 20.0 1.4793 11.0 0. 0.0 170
TRN-2-MUltNE-14-lJlOL 86.11 1-06b5 20.0 1.4779 27.3 0. 132.1) 0.0 177
BI~TY*IC nclu 88.11 1.9532 25.0 1.3958 -5.2 0. 163.3 2.97 178
1.3-UlUXANE 88.11 1.3042 20.0 1.4165 -42.0 755. 1os.u 0.0 179
P-DIO~ANL 88.11 1.0200 25.0 1.4203 11.8 0. 101.3 2.21 180
ETHYL ACETATE 88.11 o.vn06 20.0 1.3724 -83.9 0. 77.1 6.02 1n1
ETHYL ACETATE 88.11 0.8946 25.0 1.3698 -83.9 0. 77.1 6.02 182
ISOdUTYRlC ACID 88.11 0.9682 ?O.O 1.3930 -46.1 0. 154.7 2.73 183
METHYLPRuPIONATE d8.11 0.9151 20.0 1.377'4 -e7.5 0. 78.1 5.50 184
PHOPYL FuYMATE 88.11 0.9111 15.0 1.3750 -92.9 0. 80.8 7.72 185
VALEdONITHILE 88.13 0.8034 15.0 1.3991 -96.2 0. 141.3 19.71 186
ETHYL-N-P'dOPYL ETHER 88.15 0.7330 0.0 1.3695 -79.0 0. 63.b 0.0 187
2-METHYL-1-BUTANOL d8.15 C.8152 *25.0 1.4087 -70.0 760. 128.7 14.70 188
3-METHYL-1-BUTANUL 88.15 J.8071 25.0 1.4052 -117.2 60. 130.5 14.7C 189
2-METHYL-2-BUTANUL 88.15 0.8050 25.0 1.4024 -8.8 0. 102.5 5.R2 190
3-METHYL-2-BUTANOL d8.15 5.t)13H 25.0 1.4075 0.0 3. 111.5 0.0 191
METHYL-N-BUTYL ETHEY 88.15 0 . I443 0.0 1.3736 -115.5 0. 71.0 0.0 1Y2
1-PENTANOL d8.15 5.8115 25.0 1.4079 -76.2 0. 137.8 13.90 193
2-PEkTANUL 88.15 3.dOS4 25.0 I .4044 0.0 0. 119.n 13.82 194
3-PENTANUL U8.15 0.8160 25.0 1.4079 0.0 0. 115.3 13.02 195
TETRAHYD.1OTHlOPHENE 88.17 0.9938 25.0 1.5257 -96.2 0. 120.5 0.0 196
1-NITROPROPANE 0P.lG 1.9961 25.0 1.3996 -104.0 0. 131.2 23.24 197
2-NITROPRUPANL w.io o.sn29 25.0 I 3924 -91.3 0. 120.3 25.52 198
2-AMINO-I-BUTANOL dY.14 J.9162 20.0 1.4489 -2.9 0. 178.0 0.0 199
3-AMlYO-2-BUTANOL 09.14 3.4299 25.0 1.4502 19.0 745. 159.5 0.0 200
DIMETHYL ETHANOLAHlNE d9.14 0.8866 20.0 1.4300 0.0 760. 134.9 0.0 201
2-ETHYLAMlNOETHANOL d9.14 5.9140 20.0 1.4440 -Y.O 760. lh9.7 0.0 202
3-CHLORO?UOPlONlT~lLE dY.53 1.1375 0.0 1.4380 0.0 0. 5n.r 0.0 203
DIMETHYL CARBONATE YO.08 1.0694 20.0 I .3687 3.0 0. 90.5 0.0 204
LACTlC A C l O OL YO.08 I 02060 25.0 1.4392 18.0 12. 11Y.O 6.0 205
HETHOXYACETIC ACID YO 0 8 1.1768 20.0 1.4168 0.0 760. ?13.0 0.0 206
METHVL GLYCOLATE 90. 0 8 l.lh77 18.0 0.0 0.0 760. 151.1 0.0 20 7
1 .2-8UTAl*tOlOL 90.12 1.0059 20.0 1.4375 0.0 0. 193.5 u.0 208
1.3-auTA'*~OIOL Y0.12 1.0053 20.0 1.4410 77.0 0. 207.5 0.0 20Y
1.4-8UTANtDlO; Y0.12 1.0171 20.0 1.6460 20.1 0. 235.P 0.0 210
2.3-BUTANEDIOL 90.12 0.Y8!2 20.0 1.4306 34.0 760. 181.0 0.8 211
1.2-OIMETHDXYETHARE 90.12 3.0629 20.0 I . 3796 -58.0 760. 83.5 0.0 212
2-ETHOXYETHANOL Y0.12 0.9252 ?5.0 1.4057 -$O.G 0. 135.6 29.60 213
1-METHOIVPUOPANOL-2 90.12 3.9620 20.0 1.4070 0.0 0. llh.3 0.0 214
1-METHOXYPROPANOL-2 90.12 n.5620 20.0 1.4070 0.0 0. 118.3 C.0 215
1-BUTANETHIOL 90.19 0.8416 20.0 1.4429 -115.7 0. vn.4 5.07 216
ETHYL SULI IOE 99.lY 0.8312 25.0 1.4402 -103.Y 0. 92.1 5.72 217
CIS-I-CL-1-WTENE 90.55 5.9153 15.0 1.4194 0.0 760. 63.5 0.0 21R
TRANS-1-CL-1-HUTkNE Y0.55 0.Y205 15.0 1.4225 0.0 760. 68.0 0.0 219
2-CHLORO-1-0UTENt Y0.55 0.9107 15.0 1.4115 0.0 760. 58.7 0.0 220
3-CHLORO-l-0UTENE 90.55 8.8978 20.0 1.414Y 0.0 766. 64.5 0.0 22 1
4-CHLORO-1-BUTENt 90.55 0.9211 20.0 1.4233 0.0 773. 75.0 0.0 222
CIS-I-CL-C-BUTENt 90.55 0.9426 20.0 1.4390 0.0 758. 84.1 0.0 223
TRANS-l-CL-2-8UTtNE 90.55 0.Y295 20.0 1.4350 0.0 752. 84.U 0.0 224
CIS-2-CL-2-BUTENE 90.55 J.Y239 20.0 1.4240 -117.3 760. 70.6 0.0 225
TUANS-2-LL-2-HUTtYL
l-CL-2-ME-PROPEk~-l
3-CL-2-ML-PUOPENE-1
90.55
90.55
Y0.55
-
0.9138
0 9250
0.9250
20.0
10.0
20.0
1.4190
1.4221
1.4270
-105.8
0.0
0.0
760.
775.
0.
628.0
68.0
72.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
226
227
220
2-NITROETHANOL-1 Y1.07 1.2700 15.0 I .443n -80.0 765. 194.C 0.0 229
1.2id-PROPANETRIUL 92.1c 1.2613 20.0 1.4746 10.2 0. 290.0 42.50 230
TOLUiNE Y2.14 0.8669 70.0 1.4969 -94.9 0. 110.6 2.38 231
TOLUCYE Y L . 14 0.a623 25.0 1.4941 -94.9 0. 110.6 2.3~ 232
CHLOI4OACElONE 92.53 1.1500 20.0 0.0 -44.5 0. 119.0.
.~ 0.0 233
EPICHLOROHYDRIN 92.53 1.1807 20.0 1.4380 -57.2 0. 116.1 22.60 2 34
TERT-BUTTL CHLORIDE YL.57 0.8420 20.0 1.3857 -25.4 760. 52.0 0.0 235
1-CHLORDBUTANE 9 2 - 5 7 0.8862 70.0 1.4021 -123.1 n. 70.4 7.39 236
2-CHLORDUUTANE YL.57 0.8732 20.0 1.3971 -140.5 0. 68.3 7.09 237
l-CL-2-METHYLPROPANE Y2.57 3.d773 20.0 1.3980 -130.3 0. 68.8 6.49 230
2-CL-2-MtTHYLPROPANk 92.57 0.8420 20.0 1.3857 -25.4 0. 50.7 9.96 239
ANILINE 93.13 1.0217 20.0 1.5863 -6.0 0. 184.4 6.89 240
2-METHYLPfRIDlNE 93.13 3.9497 15.0 1.5029 0.0 0. 128.8 9.AO 24 1
3-METHYLCYRIDINE 93.13 3.9613 15.0 1.5043 0.0 0. 143.5 9.80 242
GLUT4RONI W I L E 94.12 11.9911 15.0 1.4295 -29.0 0. 266.0 0.0 243
PYENUL 94.12 1.0576 41.0 1.5420 40.9 0. 181.d 9.78 244
1~2-UIHYU*OTOl.UENE Y4.16 3.8354 0.0 1.4763 0.0 0. 110.3 0.0 245
1-CHLORO-L-PROPANOL Y4.54 1.1100 20.0 1.4392 0.0 762. 126.5 0.0 246
3-CHLORO-1-PROPANOL Y 4 .54 1.1309 0.0 1.4450 0.0 0. 161.5 0.0 247
PYRROLE-2-CARBOXALDEhYDE 95.10 0.0 16.0 1.5939 46.5 0. 218.0 0.0 248
2.5-OIME-PYRROLE 95.14 J .5353 20.0 1.5025 0.0 765. 171.E 0.0 249
1-ETHYL-PYRROLE 95.15 0.9009 20.0 1.4841 0.0 0. 164.E 0.0 250
I.4-PYRONE 96-08 1* 1900 0.0 1.5230 32.5 742. 216.0 0.0 2s 1
kFUHALDE h Y DE 96.09 i.isye 20.0 1.5261 -36.5 0. 16i.n 30.00 252
FLUDAOBEUZENE 96.10 1e0309 15.0 I .4664 -4L.2 0. 84.7 0.0 253
~ . ~ - O I M E T H Y L FUUAN 96.14 J.8883 20.0 1.4363 -61.8 760. 93.5 0.0 254
2.4-HEPTADIENE 96.17 0.7384 0.0 1.4578 0.0 0. 1on.o 0.0 255
b.0
0 . 0.
753.
0.
134.0
116.0
104.0
4.73
0.0
0.0
202
263
264
ETHYL A C W L A T E 100.12 0.9234 20.0 1.4068 -71.2 0. Y9.5 0.0 2M5
METHYLWETHACRYLATE 100.12 0.Y433 20.0 1.4146 -46.2 0. 100.3 2.90 286
2.3 PENTAVEDIONE 100.12 0.Y565 19.0 1.4014 0.0 0. 1OB.O 0.0 287
2 1 4 PENTIYEOIONE 100.12 0.9721 25.0 1.4541 -23.0 734. 139.0 0.0 2H8
GAHHA-VALCYOLACTONE 100.12 1. us20 25.0 1.4320 -37.0 0. 206.0 0.0 289
CICLOHUT-CARiOAYLIC ACID 100.13 I 0599 20.0 1.4400 -2.0 754. 190.0 0.0 2y0
BUTYLVIN~LE T H E R 100.16 0.7727 P5.0 1.3997 -92.0 0. 93.H 0.0 2Y1
C*CL~*EX*NOL 100.16 0.9684 25.0 I .4648 25- 1 1. 161.1 15.00 292
2-HE hANO'.E 100.16 0.8116 v.0 1.4015 -57.0 0. 126.0 0.0 293
METHYL-1-HUTYL KETONE 100.16 O.UO16 0.0 I . 3952 -5L.5 0. 106.0 0.0 2Y4
3-HE-2-PEYTANONE 100.16 0.1181 14.0 1.4002 0.0 0. 111.1 0.0 295
4-MEIHYL-L-PENTANONE 100.16 0.6OOt) ?O.O 1.3957 -w.n n. 116.5 13.11 2Y0
HEPTANE 100.19 0. 6836 20.0 I . 3876 -90.6 U. 98.4 0.0 297
HEPTUNE 100.19 0.6795 25.0 1.3851 -90.6 0. 911.4 u.0 2Y8
2-METHYL HEXANE 100.19 0.6744 25.0 I . 3A4R -1lU.3 0. 90. I 0.0 2'49
3-METHYL HEXANE 100.19 0.6829 25.0 I . 3886 -1lY.4 0. 91.9 0.0 300
2.3-UIWElHYL PENTANE 100.21 0.6909 25.0 I . 3920 0.0 0. 89.8 0.0 301
2.4-UIHETHYL PENTANE 100.21 Osb6R3 25.0 1.3W14 -115.2 0. 80.5 0.0 302
3.3-OIHEIHYL PENTANE 100.21 0.6933 0.0 I . 3909 -135.0 0. 86. I 0.0 303
2.2*3-TRIrETHYLBUTANE 100.21 0.6901 20.0 I . 3894 -25.0 0. A0.9 0.0 304
N-METHYLHURPHOL IN€ 101.15 0.9051 20.0 I .4332 0.0 750. 115.0 0.0 305
DIlSOPROrYLAMINE 101.19 0.7153 20.0 I . 3924 -96.3 0. 43.Y 0.0 306
DIPROPYLAHINE
TRIETHYLAMINE
ACE1 I C AdrlYDRIDE
101.19
101.19
102.09
-
0.7375
0 7230
1.0871
20.0
25.0
15.0
1.4043
I. 3980
1.3930
-63.0
-114.7
-7 3 . 1
0.
0.
0.
109.2
89.5
140.0
3.07
2.42
20.70
307
308
309
4-ME THY L JIOXOL AN€ 102.09 1.2069 20.0 1.41A9 -46.8 760. 242.0 0.0 310
BUTYL FOKMATE 102.13 0.8917 20.0 1.3890 -9n.O 0. 106.6 2.43 31 1
ETHYL PRdPIONATE 102.13 1.1957 15.0 1.3964 -73.9 0. 99.1 5.65 312
E i n r L PROPIONATE 102.13 0.1899 20.0 1.3839 -73.9 0. 99.1 5.65 313
1508L)TYL FORMATE 102.13 0.8853 20.0 1.3855 -9r.5 0. Y8.4 6-61 314
ISOPKOPYL ACETATE 102.13 3.6717 20.0 1.3773 -73.4 0. 88.2 0.0 315
ISOVALERIC ACID 102.13 E.9308 15.0 1.4064 -29.3 0. 176.5 2.64 316
METHYL-N-UUTYRATE 102.13 0.6984 20.0 1.3870 -95.0 I). 102.6 5.60 317
4-ME-I.3-DIOXANE 102.13 0.Y953 20.0 1.4168 0.0 0. 114.0 0.0 318
PROPYL ALCTATE 102.13 0.8938 15.0 1.3866 -92.5 0. 101.5 6-06 319
T E T R A - H FURFURYL ALC 102.13 1.0420 25.0 1.4599 0.0 0. 178.0 13.61 320
VALEYIC ACID 102.13 0.9345 35.0 1.4060 33.7 0. 185.5 2-66 321
8UTYL ETdYL ETHEd 102.18 3.7448 2s.o 1.3793 -103.0 0. 92.2 0.0 322
2-ETHYL-l-BUTANOL 102.18 3 . a295 25.0 1.4205 -1 1 4 . 4 0. 144.5 6.09 323
I-HEAANOL 102.18 0.M159 25.0 1.4161 -44.6 9. 157.0 13.3c 324
ISOPIlOPYL ETHER 102.18 0.7182 25.0 1.3655 -85.5 0. 68.3 3.8A 325
2-METHYL-2-PENTANOL 102.18 0.U350 16.0 1.4125 1Ob.O 0. 121.5 0.0 326
3-METHYL-2-PENTANOL 102.18 0.8235 25.0 1.4179 0.0 0. 134.3 0.0 327
4-METHYL-2-PENTANOL 102.18 0.8075 20.0 1.4100 -90.0 760.- 133.5 0.0 328
3-METrlYL-3-PEYTANOL 102.18 0.8237 20.0 1.4180 -38.0 0. 121.0 0.0 329
PROPYL EinEn 102.18 0.7419 2s.o 1.3760 -123.2 0. 89.6 3.39 330
ILE
e ~ N z o iI
ji d 103.12 1.0006 23.0 1.5259 -lL.B 0. 191.1 25.20 331
METHYL UmETHANE 103.12 1.0350 15.0 1.4200 0.0 760. 170.0 0.0 332
I-NITROIUTANE 103.12 0.Y8.90 0.0 1.4103 0.0 0. 153.0 0.0 333
DIET~YLE~~ETRIAMINE 103.17 0.Y5Mh 20.0 1.4810 -39.0 760. 257.0 0.0 334
METHYL LACTATE 104.12 1.0857 26.0 1.4131 -66.0 760. 144.8 0.0 335
STYRENE 104.14 0.9012 2s.o 1.5440 -30.6 0. 145.2 2.43 336
DIETdOXYMLTHANE 104.15 0.8319 20.0 1.3748 -665.0 9. 88.0 0.0 337
N-PROPYL NITRATE 105.@9 1.0580 0.0 1.3976 0.0 0. 110.5 0.0 338
DIETHANOLAMINE 105.14 1.0899 30.0 1.4747 28.0 0. 768.4 2.R1 339
BENZALDEdYDE 106.12 1.0447 20.0 1.5455 -26.0 0. 178.Y 17.80 340
4-ME-&P~T~~OsiF'4-0~
1116.1s
I 0.9915
15 0 3 % 5
0.
a-.
182.2
1aa.o
3.0
J.0
415
416
! AMYL FORMATE
BUTYL ACETATE
116.16
1116.16
0.8926
r.0713
0.
0.
132.1
126.1
0.0
5.01
417
418
SEC BUTYL ACETATE 116.16 0.8720 20.0 1.3894 0.0 0. 112.3 0.0 419
CAPROIC A C I O 116.Ib 0.9230 25.0 1.4148 -3.9 0. 205.7 2.63 420
DTACETONE ALCOHOL lI6.16 ray342 25.0 1.4213 ' 244.Ul 12. IbR.1 lei20 42I
E ~ Y BUTINATE
L llb.16 0.8791 20.0 1.3928 -98.0 0. 121.6 5.10 622
ETHYL ISOBUTYRATL 116.16 0.8693 20.0 1.39c3 -88.2 0. 111.0 0.0 423
ISOAMYL FORMATE 116.16 D.1820 ZJ.0 1.3476 0.0 0. 124.2 0.0 424
ISOOUTYL ACETATE 116.16 0.O695 25.0 1.3880 -98.8 0. LBO." 5.29 425
TRICnLORUACETYL dCtOMIDE 226.29 0.1900 15.0 0.0 0.0 760. 143.0 G.0 85 1
TRI-N-PCNIYLAMINE 227.44 0.7907 20.0 1.4367 -70.0 0. 242.5 0.0 852
OIUUTYL M4LEATE 228.2Y 0.Y950 70.0 1.4454 -80.0 0. ZRO.0 0.0 857
1.5-r)lBHJMOPENTANk 229.96 1.7060 18.0 1.5091 -39.5 0. 222.2 0.0 e54
TRIBUTYL OORATE 230.16 G.85d0 20.0 1.4092 -70.0 0. 233.5 0.0 855
OIISUPROPYL AOIPATE 23a.31 0.9659 20.0 1.4247 -1.1 6. 120.0 3.0 856
DIPROPYL AOIPATE 230.31 0.Y790 20.0 1.4314 -15.7 11. 151.0 0.0 857
OIPHCNYL >ELENIDS 233.17 1.3510 20.0 1.6500 2.5 760. 301.5 0.0 858
TETRAETMIL T I N 234.Y4 1.1810 23.0 1.4724 -112.0 0. 1R1.C 0.0 859
0-OIHROMUtKNZENE 235.92 1.9557 0.0 1.6081 0.7 0. 221.0 0.0 860
P-OIdROMUdENZCNE 235.92 1.Y523 0.0 I .60d3 -7.0 0. 220.0 0.0 861
I-IOU0 OLTANE 240.14 1.3297 0.0 1.4890 -*>.7 0. 255.5 0.0 862
Ir2-D18ROMOHEXANE 243.99 1.5872 15.0 1.5012 3.0 16. 787.0 0.0 863
D I E T H Y L ALELATE 244.33 (1.9729 20.0 1.4351 -18.5 9. 791.5 0.0 8 64
T~~ICHLORUIOOOMETHANE .?45.3n 2.3650 0.0 1.5854 -19-0 0. 147.0 0.0 865
4-BR-OIPnENYL ETHER 249.11 1.4225' 19.0 1.6088 16.0 0. 395.0 0.0 866
8ENZAL WOHIDE 24Y. Y5 1.5100 0.0 1.6147 0.0 0. 140.0 0.0 867
TRIB~OMOACETALOEtlYO€ 250.76 2.6650 25.0 1.5939 0.0 760. 174.0 0.0 868
BROMOFORM 252.76 2. b889 20.0 1.5976 8.1 0. 149.6 4.39 869
I-IOuO NIPtlTHA4ENE 254.07 1.7399 20.0 1.7026 4.2 0. 302.0 0.0 870
o i e u r Y L AOIPATE 258.35 0.9652 0.0 1.4369 -37.0 14. 183.P 0.0 871
018UTYL I O I P A T E 258.36 0.Y652 20.0 1.4369 -37.0 4. 145.0 P.0 872
O I E T h Y L ZkBACATE 258.36 3.Y646 20.0 1.4359 5.0 773. 306.0 0.0 873
01 1 5 0 8 U I I L ADIPATE 258.36 0.9530 20.0 1.4315 -17.0 760. 282.P 5.19 874
l2DIM?TElF ETHANE 259.83 2.1630 25.0 1.3670 -110.5 0. 47.3 2.34 875
HEX4CULOhOAcETON~ 264.77 1.7440 12.0 0.0 -3a.O 0. z03.1) 0.0 876
TRId~OMOtltlYLENE 264.78 2.7080 70.5 I. 6345 0.0 0. 163.5 0.0 077
I.lr2.3.*r4-IItXACLHUl AN€ 264.R2 1.6460 20.0 1.5258 0.0 10. 111.0 0.0 878
T*I-N-BUIYL PIIOSPMATE. 166.32 GsY760 25.0 1.4226 -7Y.O 0. 289.0 7.96 879
1.1.Z-TRldROMOETUANL
TETR4HEthYL LEAO
266.79
?67.33
267.83
-
2.5789
1 9950
3.3078
0.0
20.0
25.0
1.5933
1.5120
1.7380
-35.5
-27.5
6.1
0.
0.
0.
188.5
110.0
1R2.0
0.0
0.0
5.32
a80
881
882
278.35 1.U4Q5 20.0 1.4926 -3>.0 0. 340.0 6.44 883
28O.RO 2.3548 70.0 1.5790 0.0 760. 2C0.5 0.0 884
I.2.C-TRl8ROMO PfiOPANE 70O.RO 2.2985 20.0 1.5670 0.0 760. 1Y0.5 J.0 8U5
il2.3-TaImoMo P ~ O P A N E '2bo.i10 2.4209 70.0 1.5862 16.9 769. 222.2 0.0 88b
1.1-OIIOJJETHANE 281.r16 2.8400 0.0 1.6730 2.8 0. 17Y.5 0.0 8R7
O L E I C ACIL, 2'32.47 0.8870 25,O I .4582 13.4 0. 360.0 2.4h RHR
I-8R~MO-C-IOOOBENZENE 2d2sY2 2.2571 ?5.0 1.661R 3.0 0. 257.0 6.0 849
1-UR3WO-~-1000~ENLENE 262.92 ?.C220 25.0 1.660~ -Y.O 754. 752.0 0.0 890
I-CrlLOROUCTAOECANE 28U.95 0.8586 25.0 I .4525 1Y.O 2. 1w.n 0.0 801
I-BROWOPCIJT AOECANE 2Y1.32 GsY9Y9 25.0 1.4592 16.6 80. 172.0 0.0 892
123-IRIBd-2-ME PKOPAME 294.65 2.1750 0.0 1.5652 11.0 0. 223.5 0.0 893
1.2~4-TdldROWO BUTANE 294.83 2.1700 20.0 1.5608 -18.0 760. 215.0 0.0 894
212.3-TRldROM0 blJTANE 294.83 2.1724 20.0 1.5602 -1.9 760. 206.0 0.0 895
1.2. >-TRr~ROi408UTANE 294.84 2.1938 0.0 1.5680 -1Y.O 21. 11>.5 0.0 896
METHYL OLtATE 296.50 0.8702 25.0 1.4502 1Y.9 0. 717.0 3.21 897
TRI-CL-ALLTIC ANHYDRIOC 308.76 1.6908 20.0 0.0 0.0 760. 169.0 0.0 89R
01-N-HUTYL SEBACATE 314.47 0.93b6 20.0 1.4397 1.0 0. 345.0 4.54 BY9
oieurrL * ~ ~ A C A T E 3!4,47. 0.9324. 25.0 1.4415 -11.0 0. 345.0 4.54 900
TETRAETHIL LEAO 323.45 1.6590 11.0 1.5915 -136.8 19. YI.0 0.0 y01
N-BUTYL ULEATE 338.56 0.tl657 25.0 1.4680 -19.0 0. 227.5 4.00 902
e u m STCARATE 340.60 0.8540 75.0 I .4422 26.3 0. 222.5 3.11 903
1122-TET dWOMOETMANt 345.67 2.Y529 25.0 1.6323 0.0 0. ?43.5 7.00 904
l.l~lr2-TtTRA~ROHOEThANE 345.71) 2.8748- 0.0 1.0277 0.0 0. 103.5 0.0 y05
B I S I 2 - E T n S X Y ET)5EdACATE '341.46 (-9953 25.0 1.4440 -10.0 0. 0.0 0.0 906
TR1lZ-TOLYL)PUOSPHATE 36d.36 1.1830 25.0 1.5575 11.0 20. 264.0 0.0 907
O I ( 2 - E T n t X ) AOIPATE 370.>8 0.9220 25.0 1.4474 -07.8 5. 214.0 0.0 908
815(2-ETntX)PHTHALATE 390.57 t.9843 20.0 1.4859 -50.0 0. 231.G 5.30 909
DIETMYLHLXYL AZELATE 412.66 0.9150 25.0 1.4460 -78.0 5. 237.0 0.0 910
, ~ 1 5 ( 2 - E T r t l L H E l ) S E d ~ A C A l E +426-.66 (1.9120, 25.0 1.4510 -48.0 5. 256.0 4.03 911
Poorly Hydrogen-Bonded
carbon
tetra- chloro- perchloro- FreonS Freona trichloro- methyl methylene
benzene chloride n-hexane form ethylene TF MF ethylene formate chloride
Freezing Point, "C 5.4 -23 -96 6 4 -24 -35 -111 -73 -100 -96
"F 41 -9 -141 -83 -1 I -31 -168 -99 -148 -142
-.
Density, g/mL Img/m3) 088 1 59 0 66 1 49 1 62 1 58 I 49 146 0 97 133
Ib/gal 7 34 I3 26 5 51 12 43 1355 I3 I6 1242 12 22 8 I3 1 1 07
-
Vapor Density (air = 1) 28 53 2 97 41 58 - - 4.54 21 2.93
-r --- ~
-
Rate of Evaporation
(Butyl acetate = I ) 6 30 12 80 10 00 11 60 280 9 87 13 07 6 20 -36 27 50
- - - ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ L
Viscosity, 20°C IWF),
CPlmPa s) 0 65 0 99 0 29 0 57 0 88 0 70 041 (30°C) 058 0 35 044
--
Surface Tension in Air,
20°C 168°F). dyn/cm lmN/rn) 28 9 26 8 18 4 27 2 32 3 19 0 18 7 32 0 (25°C) 25 0 28 2
Solubility Parameter, 6 92 86 73 93 93 72 78 93 97 97
_l_l_-- ---_?-----.---A
-
Hydrogen Bonding Index, y 22
~ _2 2 - ~ 22- - - 22 22
- _ - __
25 25 25
-
27 27
(continued)
950 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Moderately Hydrogen-Bonded
(continued 1
Appendir-Comparative Data for Various Solvents 951
Strongly Hydrogen-Bonded
Boiling Point, "C 157 153 166.1 124 34 65 75.0 82 118 210
"F 315 307 331 255 94 148 167 180 244 410
Freezing Point, "C -31.2 41 -20 -85 -123 -98 -1 28.0 -89 -89.8 3
F'
Density, g/mL lmg/m3)
-24
0.94
-78
0.90
-4
0.945
-121
0.96
-189
0.71
-144
0.79
-198.4
0.812
-128
0.78
-130
0.81
36
1.13
.
Ib/gal 7.88 7.50 7.88 8.04 5.92 6.63 6.74 6.55 6.76 9.46
Vapor Density (air = I ) 3.4 2.51 3.0 2.62 2.55 1.11 1.59 2.07 2.55 -
Rate of Evaporation
(Butyl acetate = 1) 0.23 0.17 <I 0.47 33.00 6.10 1.7 2.30 0.45 <I
Solubility Parameter, 6 99 12 1 10 8 10 8 74 14 5 13 6 11 5 11 4 19 2
____ - _ __ _ -
Hvdrooen Bondino Index. Y 64 64 66 69 69 89 89 89 89 >16 2
Flash Point, TCC,"C 44 58 63 46 -45 11 14 12 29 155 (TOC)
"F 111 136 145 115 49 52 57 53 84 310
50 cell
Threshold Limit Value,' ppm 25 10 10 5 400 200 1000 400 skin125 cell 10
skin skin skin skin skin proposed) skin
- - -I-__
Formula
952 Industrial Solvents Handbook
F A m ACID COMWNENT
c4
C6
C8
c")
BUTANOIC (Butyric)
HEXAlVOlC [Caproic)
OCTANOIC (Caprylic)
DECANOIC (Capric) -~
-
CASTOR
+
GETABLE BASED
BUTTER COCONUT
--t- --t
I
t
L
- ~~
CIO 1 DECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 0 7.3
LAURIC (Dodecanolcl --.
.. ~ ~
o. 1
cis-9-DODECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 2 0.1
MYRISTIC (Tetradecanoic) 0.7
__
51% __ _ ~- -
C 14 1 cis 9 TETRADECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 4 0.7 1
C15 PENTADECANOIC
TOTAL C 1 5
C16 PALMITIC (Hexadecanoic) 1 2 21.6
I
I 2.0 5.5
I
~
C16 1
TOTAL C 1 6
C17
cls-9-HEXADECENOIC
HEPTADECANOIC
02
1.4
0.6
22.2
I
I
0.4
2.4 5.1 1
C17 1 HEPTADECENOIC
TOTAL. C 1 7
CL8 _ _ -STEARIC (Octadecanoic) _ _ . ~ ~ - _ _ _
10 - 3 4..
5 i 3-8 2 6 2 35 I
I
C18 1 OLEIC (cis 9 Octadecenoic1 30 36 5 30 ~
186 169 19 1 '
A
- - L
___
__L-
56 6
C18 3 LINOLENIC
_ _ (cis 9 CIS 12 cis 15 Ocradecatrienoic) -!Z
Cl84 cis -
6 cis 9 cis
- ____ ___12 cis -I5
--OCT4DEC
89 2 -
L I S 1 [OF1 HElNOLElC (12 H v d r o n cis- O ~ t n d e ~ e n o i c t
<I8 (OH), DIHYDROXYSTEARIC
___ -~
1 4
i
I 1 I
I
TOTAL. CIS 98.3 24.5 11.3 76.3 32.3 94.5
I
LI9 NONADECANOIC
TOTAL C 1 9
L2O EICOSANOIC (Arachidic) - - "-
- -- I
cis 9.or cis 1 I EICOSENOIC I
c20 I - . _______- -- - __ . .
.
L20 2 ElCOSADlENOlC
L20 3 EICOSATRIENOIC ____ __I__ -
C20:J ARACHIDONIC (CIS-5. CIS-8. cis- 1 I . C I S - 14-Eicosatetraenoic)
C20:5 EICOSAPENTAENOIC
TOTAL C 2 0 0.3
c22 DOCOSANOIC (Behenlcl I
C22 1 cis- 13-DOCOSENOIC (Erucic) -
1.0
C22 2 DOCOSADIENOIC -
C22 5 4. 8. 12. 15. 19-DOCOSAPENTAENOIC
C22 6 DOCOSAHEXAENOIC i
I TOTALC22 1.0 0.2 60.0
I c2.1
c:24 I
TOTAL C24
TETRACOSANOIC (L1gnoc~ricI
TETRACOSENOIC
-..I-. . --
I F--
(continued)
Appendir-Comparative Data for Various Solvents 953
- VEGETABLE BISED
c4 BUTANOIC (Butyric)
OLIVE PALMKERNEL
I
PALM KERNEL
OLEIN 1
I
STEARINE
I
PALMOIL
I
_OLEIN
_ P
C8
C8
c10
EEXANOlC (Caproic)
OCTANOIC (Caprylic)
DECANOIC (Capric)
-i
C1O:l
TOTAL C 1 0
c12
C12: 1
DECENOIC
LAURIC (Dodecanoic)
cis-9-DODECENOIC
0.7 . 4
TOTAL c i a
C14 MYFUSTIC (Tetradecanoic) 1 . 5. _
C 14: 1 cis-9-TETRADECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 4
C15 PENTADECANOIC
TOTAL C I S
C16 PALMITIC (Hexadecanoic) 9.0
C16:l
TOTAL C 1 8
C17
cis-9-HEXADECENOIC
HEPTADECANOIC
0.6
9.6 66.7 I
C17: 1 HEPTADECENOIC
TOTAL C17
C18 STEARIC (Octadecanoic) 2.7
C 18: 1 OLEIC (cis-9-Octadecenoic)
-_.
80.3
C18 2 LINOLEIC (cis_ __9 cis
_ .
12-Octadecadienoic) 6.3
Cl8:3 LINOLENIC (cis-9. cis- 12. cis- 15-Octadecatrienoic) _. .-
0.7
C18:4 cis-6. cis-9. - .cis-
~~~~~
12. cis- 15-OCTADECATETRAENOIC
.. ...... . ._
C18: 1 (OH) RICINOLEIC ( 1 2-Hydroxy-cis-9-Octadecenoic)
1
C 1 8 (OHh DIHYDR0,XYSTEARIC
TOTAL C18
c19 N0NAI)ECANOIC
90.0 41.6 I
I
TOTAL C19
c20 -_
EICOSANOIC_- (Arachidic)
...- -
0.4 04
- -- t
I
C2O:l c i s - 9 or cis- I 1 -EICOSENOIC I
- ____-~ ~ - -
C20:2 ElCOSADiENOlC - -
C20 3 ElCOSATRlENOlC -
(220.4 ARACHIDONIC
_______ (cis 5 cis 8 cis I I cis _14
_ Eicosatetraena
-.
C20 5 EICOSAPENTAENOIC
TOTAL cao 0.4
c22
___-______ DOCOSANOIC (Behenic) ~-
c22 1 -CIS- 13 - OOCOSENOIC
____- (Erucic) -
C22.2
~ __DOCOS/\RIENOIC _
C22 5 4 8 12 15 19 DOCOSAPENTAENOIC - -
C22 6 DOCOSAHEXAENOIC
TOTAL caa
c24- TEPRACOSANOIC - - _ _ -(Lignoceric) - - -
C24 I rEPRACOSENOIC
TOTAL ca4 I I I I -4
I Note. Typlcol %I riiiiiposltion cleterrnlned by chrornalography Sornr vnlues
C h e r-
- l a o l Yolues
- - .- __ ~ - - - z
~
IODINE VALUL.:
--
SAP VAI.UE OF 01 ~1. _ _ _
-._____ - I .
MELTING POINT. ‘C -. .
~
TITER.
.. .
(OF .Sl’i,ll’
. .. -.. ,
ACII)S I ’C
.. . . .. - -. __ .
(continued)
954 Industrial Solvents Handbook
c4
C6
CB
510
c10.1
TOTAL C 1 0
BUTANOIC (Butyric)
HEXANOlC (Caproic)
OCTANOIC (Caprylic1
DECANOIC (Capric)
DECENOIC
_
__
-~
__
-- -
PEANUT RAPE SEED
SETABLE E
SAmOWE
__-
*
SOYBEAN
1
SUNFLOWEI
-
TALL OIL
__
C 12. I cis-9-DODECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 2
CIA MYRlSTlC (Tetradecanoic) - --- __ 0.1 ~
0.1
C I4 1 cls-9-TETRADECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 4 0.1 0.1 0.1
C15 PENTADECANOIC
TOTAL C1S
C16 PALMITIC [HexadecanoicL 11.1 ~
4.0 -_.6-5 0 2
C16 1 cis-9-HEXADECENOIC 0.2 0.1
TOTAL C 1 8 11.3 4.1 6.5 10.5 0.2
C17 HEPTADECANOIC 0.1
C 17: 1 HEPTADECENOIC 0.1
TOTAL C 1 7 0.2
CIS STEARIC IOctadecanolc) 2.4 _ _ 13 2 5 3 2 2 2
Cl8 I OLEIC [cis 9 O c t a d e y n o i r ) - -______ 46.7 __ 17 6 12 5 58 6
CIS 2 LINOLEIC (cis-9 CIS 12 Ortadeccidienoic) . -
32.0 _ _ 12 7 77 5 36 0
~~
C ___
IS 3 LINOLENIC [cis - 9 r i b 1-2 c i s 13 Orradzcatrienoic) ~
5 3
CIS 4 cis-6. CIS 9 C I S 12 C I ~1 5 O( I IDEC \TtTR\EUOIC _
C18
__ I [OH) RICINOLEIC 112 H elro\\ C I - c t Oir.tiircenoir) _~-
.
C 18 (OH)? DIHYDRO.XYSTEARIC
TOTAL Cl8 81.1 36.9 92.5 96.8
c 19 NONADECANOIC
TOTAL C 1 9
c20- ElCOSANOlC IArdrhidic I -~ 1.3 0 I1 5 _
0 7
C20 I cis-9 or cis 1 1 EICOSF.IEOI(
-
I .6
____ 10 6 0 5 27
520 2 EICOSADIENOJC -
C20 3 EICOSATRIENOIC -
-1:
~
(continued )
Appendiw-Comparative Data for Various Solvents 955
c10:1 DECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 0
c12 LAURlC (Dodecanoic)
c12:1 cls-9-DODECENOIC
TOTAL c i a
C14 MYRISTIC (Tetradecanoic)
C 14: 1 cls-9-TETRADECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 4
C15 PENTADECANOIC
TOTAL C 1 5
C16 PALMITIC [Hexadecanoic)
C16:I cis-9-HEXADECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 6
C17 HEFTADECANOIC
C17:l HEFTADECENOIC
TOTAL C 1 7
C18 STEARIC (Octadecanoic)
1
.
C
-18: 1 OLEIC (cis-9-Octadecenoic)
C 18:2
._
LINOLEIC (cis-9. cis- 12-Octadecadienoic1
C
.~
18:3 LINOLENIC (cis-9. cis- 12. cis-15-Octadecatrienoic) 2.0 _-
CAI:? cis-6. cis-9. cis- 12. cis-
_ -~
15-OCT.4DEC.ATETRAESOIC
~~~ ~.~ __ ~.
. ..
C18: I (OH) RICINOLEIC (12-H~dros?--cis-B-Octadecenoic)
-~ ~~~~~ .
.. .
~
.
C18 (OH), DIHYDROXYSTEARIC
TOTAL C18 48.1 ~ 6
;; 66.9
C19 NONADECANOIC
TOTAL C 1 9
c20_ EICOSANOIC (Arachidic)
- ___ - - .
c 2 0 -1 cis-9 or cis- I I ElCO-SLYOlC _-.- - .
C20 2 ElCOSADlENOlC __ ~ _ _ _ _
C20-3-- ElCOSATRlENOlC .
C20:4 ARACHIDONIC (cis-5. -~
cis-8.
.
cis-
.. ..
I 1 . cis- 14-Eirosatelraenoic)
__~~~-___
C20:5 EICOSAPENTAENOIC
TOTAL cao 1.0
c22_ DOCOSANOIC I B e h e n k - _ . _ _ - - - _
(322 I CIS- 13-DOCOSENOIC IErucicI -
C22 2 DOCOSADIENSC- - - - ~- -
C22.5
~- 4 . 8 . 12. 15. 19-DOCOSAPENTAENOLC
_.
~ ___
C22 6 DOCOSAHEXAENOIC
TOTAL caa
c24-- TETRACOSANOIC (Llgnoceric) _ -
C24 I TETRACOSENOIC
TOTAL ca4
Other.
II I 11 I II 6
(continued)
956 Industrial Solvents Handbook
-
FAnV ACID COMPONENT HERRING HENHADEI
- SARDINE
c4
c4 BUTANOIC IButvrIcl
~~
. * -
C6 HEXANOlC (Captolc) - C6
C8 OCTANOIC (Capryllc) ~~ - - C8
c10 DECANOLC (Capric) . -~ ~
c10
~- -
c10 1 DECENOIC c10 1
TOTAL C 1 0 TOTAL C10
c 12 LAURIC (Dodecanoic1 - - - ~
c12
___-
c12 1 CIS 9 DODECENOIC c12 1
TOTAL C 1 2 TOTAL C 1 2
C14 MYRISTIC (Tetfadycdnoir) 7.6 ~
7 3 60 C14
____ -
C 14 1 cis 9 TETRADECEUOIC C14 1
TOTAL C 1 4 7.6 7.3 6.0 TOTAL C14
C15 PENTADECANOIC 0.4 0 4 C15
TOTAL C 1 5 0.4 0.4 TOTAL C1S
C16 PALMITIC (Hexadecanoic)
~- 18.3 ~
23 6 10 0 C 16
~-
C16 1 CIS 9 HE.XADECENOlC 8.3 99 130 C16 1
TOTAL C 1 6 26.6 33.5 23.0 TOTAL C 1 6
C17 HEPTADECAVKC 0.5 ~
09 C17
C17 1 HEPTADECENOIC C17:l
TOTAL C 1 7 0.5 0.9 TOTAL C 1 7
C18 STEARIC__ (Octadecannir) _ _ 2.2 ~
2 6 20 C 18 -
Cl8 1 OLEIC (cis 9 Ocladecenoirl __ 16.9 ___17 0 24 0 C18 1 _ _ _
~
518 2 L- . _ _ _-
I N O ~ 6 < f c i s9 cis 12 Ociadecadienoicl 1.6 -\- 1 2 C18 2
___ ~
I
~
(continued)
AppendixAomparative Data for Various Solvents 957
o/o 100/100 0
4/0- 50-
A 90/100- A
7/0- 8VlOO- 100-
B ii/o.3- -1 200- B
E 450- E
51195-
-3
500-
F F
-14'3
445- 39190- -4 1-
G -16/4 (;
H 62/10- -5/1 II
21/75--_6
75/15- 3-
I -2 I
-7/ 2 -7
88/20- 12/60- 5-
-2'/2
J
-10/3 8/50--8 7- -3 .I
108/30-
-9 9-
-16/5 -3 '12
-10
K 150/50- 13-4 K
-20/10 2/30---"
-1 2 15-
L -4'/2 I.
z00/100- -420 -13
1/15- 19--5
M -430 -14 -6 hl
-/zoo- -1 5 31--7
o/o 35-
-16
INDEX
958 Industrial Solvents Handbook
Viscosity Conversions (4 7)
VISCOSITY CONVERSIONS
(For Newtonian Fluids, BD 26"C, D - 1)
1.o A-5
10.0 16 A-4
I!, 0 li A J
2% 0 14 1'3 A 2
32.0 15 20 A- 1
50.0 19 22 A
65.0 22 27 B
85 0 27 34 C
100.0 30 41 12 D
125.0 36 49 14 11 E
140 0 40 '30 16 13 F
165 0 46 GG 18 14 G
200.0 50 82 23 17 H 52
225.0 55 25 18 1 54
250 0 68 27 20 J 56
275 0 ;i4 32 22 K 59
300.0 81 34 24 L 61
320.0 86 36 25 M 62
340 0 91 39 26 N 63
370.0 99 41 28 0 64
400.0 107 46 30 P 65
435.0 116 50 33 Q 66
470.0 125 52 34 R 67
500.0 133 57 37 S 68
550.0 . 146 63 40 T 69
630.0. 167 68 44 U 71
885.0 199 64 v 78
1.070.0 270 VU 85
1,290.0 X 95
1,760.0 Y 100
2.270.0 Z 105
2.700.0 z1 114
3,620.0 2-2 129
4,630.0 2-3 136
6.340.0 z1
9.850.0 L5
14,800.0 Z-6
Appendix-comparative Data for Various Solvents 959
960
References 961
962
Trade Name Index 963