CONTENT

SR.NO PARAMETERS
1) INTRODUCTION
2) OBJECTIVE
3) POWER SUPPLY
4) BLOCK DIAGRAM
5) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6) WORKING
7) PRECAUTIONS
8) MISCELLANEOUS
EQUIPMENTS
9) COSTING
10) ADVANTAGES
11) APPLICATION
12) CONCLUSION
13) FUTURE SCOPE
14) REFERENCE
1. INTRODUCTION
Automatic led night lamp as the suggests is turning ON and OFF the lamp
automatically without the need of human interventions.It senses the light intensity from
surroundings and find weather it is day or night and it automaticall turns ON when surroundis
is dark and it turns OFF when it receives light from surrounding is dark and it turns OFF when
it receives light from surrounding a sensor called LDR is sed to detect the light intensity.

Automatic led night lamp is simple and powerfull concept which uses transistor as
aswitch to ON and OFF the lights automatically. The circuit is designed around the popular
timer ic NE555 which is configured as a monostable NE 555 is by a low pulse applied to its
trigger pin2 by using this system manual works are removed in this project uses 12V dc
supply, 750 ma power supply.It automatically switches on when the sunlight or surrounding
light goes below the visible region of our eye it automatically OFF light under illumination by
sunlight.

By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because now a days the
manually operated street lights,balcony lights,garden lights are not switched OFF properly
when the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset.This project explains
the working of a transistor in saturation region and cutoff region to switch ON and OFF the
light light as appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically operated switch which
is known as relay

This is the simple and cost effective automatic emergency light circuit with light
sensing.In this project we have used portable adapter instead of that we can also used a
Battery because this projects works on DC voltage..
2. OBJECTIVE
In this world human life is becoming more busy in day by day so to ON and
OFF the light manually and maintenance of light is becoming difficult .To tackle
this and overcome to this problems this project will proved to be helpful
.Most of times many peoples forgets to OFF the lights of terrace ,bedrooms
,streetlights ,gardens decorations etc and the light remains ON unnecessarily
which causes the wastage of light as well as money.

The main objective of this project to overcome to the 2 main problems

1.To reduce the manual operation to ON and OFF the light

.
2.If the light is made automatic turn ON and OFF then the wastage of light is also
reduced and the power consumption will be less and this will reduced the money of
power utilization.

This project is used human luxurious life and also in village areas at both places
this will not required manual operation and it also has less maintenance or no
maintenance.
3. POWER SUPPLY
There are two types of power supplies ac and dc.

AC power supply

AC quantities are ‘vector quantities’, i.e. it has magnitude,

direction as well as phase angle. But dc quantities' scalar
quantities'. i.e. it have only magnitude. The ac voltage is a
voltage, which changes its polarity at regular intervals of time. The
ac current is a current, which flows in alternating directions in the
circuit.
AC quantities have its cyclic nature, hence have its frequency.
AC circuit calculations and analysis is vector or pharos analysis.
In ac voltage may varies

DC power supply:

DC quantities are scalar quantities, i.e. it has only magnitude. It

has not any cyclic nature and no frequency. Dc circuit calculations
and analysis is scalar. It has constant voltage. The DC voltage is
a voltage, which not changes its polarity at any instant.
Generally all the electronics circuits requires a constant Dc power
supply or a regulated DC power supply, this is not economic as
well as possible at every time to use a battery in each and every
case, circuit. Hence we have to convert AC supply to DC supply.
The process which fulfills these requirement is well known as
Rectification. The rectified supply has some ac fluctuations hence
to avoid it we need a regulator.
 Regulated power supply;
A DC power supply, which maintains the output voltage constant
irrespective of ac mains fluctuation or load variations, is known
regulated power supply.

.
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6. WORKING
 This circuit uses a popular timer I.C 555 which has comparator inbuilt.

 When the light falls on the LDR then its resistances decreases which results in increase
of voltage pin 2 of the I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin 6 connected with
positive rail,the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is at lower then 1/3 rd level
of the supply voltage.

 Conversely the output goes low(0) when it above 1/3rd level .

 So small change in the voltage of pin 2 is enough to change the level of output pin3
from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.

 This circuit is economic power consumption.

 Pin 4,6,and 8 is connected to positive supply and pin 1 is grounded.

 LDR is the special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the
light which is falling on it.

 LDR has a resistance of 1 mega ohms when in total darkness, but a resistance of only 5
kilo ohms when brightness illuminated.

 We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductances so more voltages we

will get when LDR is getting light and low voltages in darkness.

 Variable resistances is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in brightness and

fall below 1/3rd in darkness.

 Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistances.

 As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of pin 2 drops of 1/3 rd of the supply voltage and
pin 3 gets high and LED which is connected output gets activated.

 Hence in poor light condition led is energized and glows.

7. PRECAUTIONS
 Use a sensitive LDR.Testing it by using a multimeter.

 I.C should not be heated too much while soldering, excess heat can destroy it for safety
and easy to replace it use of I.C base is done while placing the I.C pin no 1 should be
made sure at a right hole.

 LEDs glows in forward bias only so incorrect polarity of led will not glow.

 Output of our project is 7.4 volt so 4 leds in series can easily be used without using a
resistances.

 Each component should be soldered neat and clean.

 LDR should be so adjusted that it should not get the light from the led itself.
 8.MISCELLANEOUS
EQUIPMENTS
8.1 LDR
A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device
whose resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation.
Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called as photo
conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells. They are
made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. There are
many different symbols used to indicate a LDR, one of the most
commonly used symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow
indicates light falling on it.

WORKING OF LDR

A LDR WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE OF PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY

Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials

conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by the material. When light
falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence
band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band.
These photons in the incident light should have energy greater than the
band gap of the semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from
the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light having enough
energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to the
conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers. The result
of this process is more and more current starts flowing throgh the device
when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the
device has been decreased.
Symbol of ldr Actual ldr view
8.2 IC 555
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time
delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element.
NE555 IC is a 8 pin device. The important electrical characteristics of
timer are that it should not be operated above 15V, it means the source
voltage cannot be higher than 15v. Second, we cannot draw more than
100mA from the chip. If don't follow these, IC would be burnt and
damaged.

Working Explanation
The timer basically consists of two primary building blocks and they are:
1.Comparators (two) or two op-amp
2.One SR flip-flop (set reset flip-flop)

As shown in the above figure there are only two important components in
timer, they are comparator and flip-flop. Lets understand what are
comparators and flip flops.
Comparators: comparator is simply a device that compares the
voltages at the input terminals (inverting (- VE) and non-inverting (+VE)
terminals). So depending on the difference in the positive terminal and
negative terminal at input port, the output of the comparator is
determined.
 For example consider positive input terminal voltage be +5V and
negative input terminal voltage be +3V. The difference is, 5-3=+2v. Since
the difference is positive we get the positive peak voltage at the output of
the comparator.
For another example, if positive terminal voltage is +3V and negative
input terminal voltage be +5V. The difference is +3-+5=-2V, since the
difference input voltage is negative. The output of comparator will be
negative peak voltage.

If for an example consider the positive input terminal as INPUT and the
negative input terminal as REFERENCE as shown in above figure. So
the difference of voltage between INPUT and REFERNCE is positive we
get a positive output from the comparator. If the difference is negative
then we will get negative or ground at the comparator output.
Flip-Flop: The flip-flop is a memory cell, it can store one bit of data. In
the figure we can see the truth table of SR flip-flop.
There are four states to a flip-flop for two inputs; however we need to
understand only two states of the flip- flop for this case.

S R Q Q' (Q bar)

0 1 0 1

1 0 1 0

Now as show in the table, for set and reset inputs we get the respective
outputs. If there is a pulse at the set pin and a low level at reset, then flip-
flop stores the value one and puts high logic at Q terminal. This state
continues until the reset pin gets a pulse while set pin has low logic. This
resets the flip-flop so the output Q goes low and this state continues until
the flip-flop is set again.
By this way the flip-flop stores one bit of data. Here another thing is Q
and Q bar are always opposite.
In a timer the comparator and flip-flop are brought together.
Consider 9V is supplied to the timer, because of the voltage divider
formed by the resistor network inside the timer as shown in the block
diagram; there will be voltage at the comparator pins. So because of the
voltage divider network we will have +6V at the negative terminal of the
comparator one. And +3V at the positive terminal of the second
comparator.
One another thing is comparator one output is connected to reset pin of
flip-flop, so it the comparator one output goes high from low then the flip-
flop will reset. And on the other hand the second comparator output is
connected to set pin of flip-flop, so if the second comparator output goes
high from low the flip-flop sets and stores ONE.

Now if we observe carefully, for a voltage less than +3V at the trigger pin
(negative input of second comparator), the output of the comparator goes
low from high as discussed earlier. This pulse sets the flip-flop and it
stores a value one.
Now if we apply a voltage higher than +6V at the threshold pin (positive
input of comparator one) , the output of comparator goes from low to
high. This pulse resets the flip-flop and the flip-flip store zero.
Another thing happens during reset of flip-flop, when it resets the
discharge pin gets connected to ground as Q1 gets turned on. Q1
transistor turns on because the Qbar is high at reset and is connected to
Q1 base.
In astable configuration the capacitor connected here discharges during
this time and so the output of timer will be low during this time.In astable
configuration the time during the capacitor charges the trigger pin voltage
will be less than +3V and so the flip-flop will store one and the output will
be high.

In an astable configuration as shown in figure,

The output signal frequency depends on RA, RB resistors and capacitor
C. The equation is given as,
Frequency(F) = 1/(Time period) = 1.44/((RA+RB*2)*C).
Here RA, RB are resistance values and C is capacitance value. By
putting the resistance and capacitance values in above equation we get
the frequency of output square wave.
High Level logic time is given as, TH= 0.693*(RA+RB)*C
Low Level logic time is given as, TL= 0.693*RB*C
Duty ratio of the output square wave is given as, Duty Cycle=
(RA+RB)/(RA+2*RB).
555 Timer Pin Diagram and Descriptions

Now as shown in figure, there are eight pins for a 555 Timer IC namely,
1.Ground.
2.Trigger.
3.Output.
4.Reset.
5.Control
6.Threshold.
7.Discharge
8.Power or Vcc

Pin 1. Ground: This pin has no special function what so ever. It is

connected to ground as usual. For the timer to function, this pin must and
should be connected to ground.
Pin 8. Power or VCC: This pin also has no special function. It is
connected to positive voltage. For the timer to function to work, this pin
must be connected to positive voltage of range +3.6v to +15v.
Pin 4. Reset: As discussed earlier, there is a flip-flop in the timer chip.
The output of flip-flop controls the chip output at pin3 directly.
Reset pin is directly connected to MR (Master Reset) of the flip-flop. On
observation we can observe a small circle at the MR of flip-flop. This
bubble represents the MR (Master Reset) pin is active LOW trigger. That
means for the flip-flop to reset the MR pin voltage must go from HIGH to
LOW. With this step down logic the flip-flop gets hardly pulled down to
LOW. So the output goes LOW, irrespective of any pins.
This pin is connected to VCC for the flip-flop to stop from hard resetting.
Pin 3. OUTPUT: This pin also has no special function. This pin is drawn
from PUSH-PULL configuration formed by transistors.
The push pull configuration is shown in figure. The bases of two
transistors are connected to flip-flop output. So when logic high appears
at the output of flip-flop, the NPN transistor turns on and +V1 appears at
the output. When logic appeared at the output of flip-flop is LOW, the
PNP transistor gets turned on and the output pulled down to ground or –
V1 appears at the output.
Thus how the push-pull configuration is used to get square wave at the
output by control logic from flip-flop. The main purpose of this
configuration is to get the load off flip-flop back. Well the flip-flop
obviously cannot deliver 100mA at the output.
Well until now we discussed pins that do not alter the condition of output
at any condition. The remaining four pins are special because they
determine the output state of timer chip, we will discuss each of them
now.
Pin 5. Conrol Pin: The control pin is connected from the negative input
pin of comparator one.
Consider for a case the voltage between VCC and GROUND is 9v.
Because of the voltage divider in the chip as observed in figure3 of
page8, The voltage at the control pin will be VCC*2/3 (for VCC = 9, pin
voltage=9*2/3=6V ).
The function of this pin to give the user the directly control over first
comparator. As shown in above figure the output of comparator one is
fed to the reset of flip-flop. At this pin we can put a different voltage, say if
we connect it to +8v. Now what happens is, the THRESHOLD pin voltage
must reach +8V to reset the flip-flop and to drag the output down.
For normal case, the V-out will go low once the capacitor gets charge up
to 2/3VCC (+6V for 9V supply). Now since we put up a different voltage
at control pin (comparator one negative or reset comparator).
Capacitor should charge until its voltage reaches the control pin voltage.
Because of this force capacitor charging, the turn on time and turn off
time of signal changes. So the output experiences a different turn on torn
off ration.
Normally this pin is pulled down with a capacitor. To avoid unwanted
noise interference with the working.
But in this project we have not usefd this pin..
Pin 2. TRIGGER: Trigger pin is dragged from the negative input of
comparator two. The comparator two output is connected to SET pin of
flip-flop. With the comparator two output high we get high voltage at the
timer output. So we can say the trigger pin controls timer output.
Now here what to observe is, low voltage at the trigger pin forces the
output voltage high, since it is at inverting input of second comparator.
The voltage at the trigger pin must go below VCC*1/3 (with VCC 9v as
assumed, VCC*(1/3)=9*(1/3)=3V). So the voltage at the trigger pin must
go below 3V (for a 9v supply) for the output of timer to go high.
If this pin is connected to ground, the output will be always high.
Pin 6. THRESHOLD: Threshold pin voltage determines when to reset the
flip-flop in the timer. The threshold pin is drawn from positive input of
comparator1.
Here the voltage difference between THRESOLD pin and CONTROL pin
determines the comparator 2 output and so the reset logic. If the voltage
difference is positive the flip-flop gets resetted and output goes low. If the
difference in negative, the logic at SET pin determines the output.
If the control pin is open. Then a voltage equal to or greater than
VCC*(2/3) (i.e.6V for a 9V supply) will reset the flip-flop. So the output
goes low.
So we can conclude that THRESHOLD pin voltage determines when the
output should go low, when the control pin is open.
Pin 7. DISCHARGE: This pin is drawn from the open collector of
transistor. Since the transistor (on which discharge pin got taken, Q1) got
its base connected to Qbar. Whenever the ouput goes low or the flip-flop
 gets resetted, the discharge pin is pulled to ground. Because Qbar will be
high when Q is low, So the transistor Q1 gets turns ON as base of
transistor got power..
But in this project this pin is unused.

8.3 SUGAR CUBE RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such
as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

 A Relay is a kind of automatic switching components with isolation function, which is

widely used in remote control, remote measuring, telecom automatic control,
integration of machinery and electrification, electric and electronic In our project we
have used sugar cube relay which works on single pole double throw switch.
 In our project we have used sugar cube relay which works on single pole double
throw switch.
 The Single Pole Double Throw SPDT relay is quite useful in certain applications because of
its internal configuration. It has one common terminal and 2 contacts in 2 different
configurations: one can be Normally Closed and the other one is opened or it can
be Normally Open and the other one closed. So basically you can see the SPDT relay as a
way of switching between 2 circuits: when there is no voltage applied to the coil one circuit
“receives” current, the other one doesn’t and when the coil gets energised the opposite is
happening.
8.4 NPN TRANSISTOR
NPN transistor is one of the Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) types. The NPN transistor
consists of two n-type semiconductor materials and they are separated by a thin layer of
p-type semiconductor. Here the majority charge carriers are the electrons. The flowing
of these electrons from emitter to collector forms the current flow in the transistor.
Generally the NPN transistor is the most used type of bipolar transistors because the
mobility of electrons is higher than the mobility of holes. The NPN transistor has three
terminals – emitter, base and collector. The NPN transistor is mostly used for amplifying
and switching the signals..

NPN Transistor Circuit

The above figure shows the NPN transistor circuit with supply voltages
and resistive loads. Here the collector terminal always connected to
the positive voltage, the emitter terminal connected to the negative
supply and the base terminal controls the ON/OFF states of transistor
depending on the voltage applied to it.
NPN Transistor Working
The working of NPN transistor is quite complex. In the above circuit connections we
observed that the supply voltage VB is applied to the base terminal through the load
RB. The collector terminal connected to the voltage VCC through the load RL. Here
both the loads RB and RL can limit the current flow through the corresponding
terminals. Here the base terminal and collector terminals always contain positive
voltages with respect to emitter terminal.

If the base voltage is equal to the emitter voltage then the transistor is in OFF state. If
the base voltage increases over emitter voltage then the transistor becomes more
switched until it is in fully ON state. If the sufficient positive voltage is applied to the
base terminal i.e. fully-ON state, then electrons flow generated and the current (IC)
flows from emitter to the collector. Here the base terminal acts as input and the
collector-emitter region acts as output.

To allow current flow between emitter and collector properly, it is necessary that the
collector voltage must be positive and also greater than the emitter voltage of transistor.
Some amount of voltage drop presented between base and emitter, such as 0.7V. So
the base voltage must be greater than the voltage drop 0.7V otherwise the transistor will
not operate. The equation for base current of a bipolar NPN transistor is given by,

IB = (VB-VBE)/RB

Where,

IB = Base current
VB = Base bias voltage
VBE = Input Base-emitter voltage = 0.7V
RB = Base resistance

The output collector current in common emitter NPN transistor can be calculated by
applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).

The equation for collector supply voltage is given as

VCC = ICRL + VCE ………… (1)

From the above equation the collector current for common emitter NPN transistor is
given as

IC = (VCC-VCE)/RL
In a common emitter NPN transistor the relation between collector current and emitter
current is given as

IC = β I B

In active region the NPN transistor acts as a good amplifier. In common emitter NPN
transistor total current flow through the transistor is defined as the ratio of collector
current to the base current IC/IB. This ratio is also called as “DC current gain” and it
doesn’t have any units. This ratio is generally represented with β and the maximum
value of β is about 200. In common base NPN transistor the total current gain is
expressed with the ratio of collector current to emitter current IC/IE. This ratio is
represented with α and this value is generally equal to unity.

BACK TO TOP

α, β and γ Relationship in NPN Transistor

Now let us see the relationship between the two ratio parameters α and β.

α = DC current gain for common base circuit = Output current/Input current

In common base NPN transistor output current is collector current (IC) and input current
is emitter current (IE).

α = IC/IE ………..(2)

This current gain (α) value is very close to unity but less than the unity.
We know that the emitter current is the sum of small base current and large collector
current.

IE = I C + I B

IB = I E – IC

from equation 2, the collector

IC = αIE

IB = IE – αIE
 IB = IE (1-α)

β = DC current gain for common emitter circuit = Output current/Input current

Here output current is collector current and input current is base current.

β = IC/IB

β = IC/IE (1-α)

β = α/(1-α)

From the above equations the relationship between α and β can be expressed as

α = β (1-α) = β/(β+1)

β = α (1+β) = α/ (1-α)

The β value may vary from 20 to 1000 for low power transistors which operate with high
frequencies. But in general this β value can have the values in between the range of 50-
200.

Now we will see the relationship between α, β and γ factors.

In common collector NPN transistor the current gain is defined as the ratio emitter
current IE to base current IB. This current gain is represented with γ.

γ = IE/IB

We know that emitter current

IE = I C + I B

γ = (IC + IB )/IB

γ = (IC/IB) + 1

γ = β +1
Hence the relationships between α, β and γ are given as below

α = β / (β+1), β = α / (1-α), γ = β +1

8.5 TRIMMER
POTENTIOMETER
A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or
rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.[1] If only two terminals
are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage
divider used for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an
implementation of the same principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as intensity
control of an led.

A trimmer or preset[1] is a miniature adjustable electrical component. It is meant to be

set correctly when installed in some device, and never seen or adjusted by the device's
user. Trimmers can be variable resistors (potentiometers), variable capacitors, or
trimmable inductors. They are common in precision circuitry like A/V components, and
may need to be adjusted when the equipment is serviced. Trimpots are often used to
initially calibrate equipment after manufacturing. Unlike many other variable controls,
trimmers are mounted directly on circuit boards, turned with a small screwdriver and
rated for many fewer adjustments over their lifetime. Trimmers like trimmable inductors
and trimmable capacitors are usually found in superhet radio and television receivers, in
the intermediate frequency (IF), oscillator and radio frequency (RF) circuits. They are
adjusted into the right position during the alignment procedure of the receiver.
Trimmers come in a variety of sizes and levels of precision. For example, multi-turn trim
potentiometers exist, in which it takes several turns of the adjustment screw to reach the
end value. This allows for very high degrees of accuracy. Often they make use of a
worm-gear (rotary track) or a leadscrew (linear track).[2]

Using trimmer potentiometer we can make voltage divider which can indirectly
controls the brightness of the led.the output voltage can be varied from 0V to 3.3V. A
potentiometer can be thought of as a resistor that changes its resistance value
according to the position of a mechanical dial or screw. Potentiometers are used in all
sorts of consumer electronics. Volume knobs on stereos or light dimmer switches are
some common applications. They are also handy in situations where precise resistance
values cannot be constructed from normal resistors. A potentiometer always has three
pins, where two are connected to opposite ends of a resistive material. Figure 2
illustrates how the pins are connected. Pins “A” and “C” are separated by the greatest
length of resistive material. This means that the resistance measured across both will
always be the maximum value of the potentiometer. In this project, the max resistance
is 50 kΩ.. The third pin of the potentiometer is connected to the “wiper” element. This
element makes contact with the resistive material and can be repositioned by rotating
the mechanical dial. If you were to measure the resistance between points “B” and
“C”, you would see a value that could range anywhere from 50 kΩ to about 10 Ω. As
you move the wiper, you either increase or decrease the length of the current path
between pins “B” and “C” (and, similarly, from pins “A” to “B”). Increasing the
length of the path between the pins means that current has to travel through more
resistive material, and thus a higher overall resistance (i.e., decreasing the path
decreases resistance).

Actual looking of trimmer potentiometer Symbol of potentiometer

8.6 RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power
resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat
may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution
systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have
resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as
sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical
networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic
equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance:
common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of
more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on
the component.In this project we have used an resistor of 1ohm
between the output of an ic 555 and led light.
8.7 PCB
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.
Components (e.g. capacitors, resistors or active devices) are
generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components
embedded in the substrate.
PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers)
or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are
connected with vias. Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density..
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs
require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and
assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and
faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted and wired with
one single part.
A minimal PCB with a single component used for easier modeling is called a
breakout board.[1]
When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called
a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed
wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components
is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB
assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card
assembly (CCA),[2] and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies.
The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.

Actual looking of pcb

What's a PCB?
Printed circuit board is the most common name but may also be called “printed wiring
boards” or “printed wiring cards”. Before the advent of the PCB circuits were
constructed through a laborious process of point-to-point wiring. This led to frequent
failures at wire junctions and short circuits when wire insulation began to age and crack.

A significant advance was the development of wire wrapping, where a small

gauge wire is literally wrapped around a post at each connection point, creating a
gas-tight connection which is highly durable and easily changeable.
As electronics moved from vacuum tubes and relays to silicon and integrated
circuits, the size and cost of electronic components began to decrease.
Electronics became more prevalent in consumer goods, and the pressure to
reduce the size and manufacturing costs of electronic products drove
manufacturers to look for better solutions. Thus was born the PCB.
PCB is an acronym for printed circuit board. It is a board that has lines and pads
that connect various points together. In the picture above, there are traces that
electrically connect the various connectors and components to each other. A
PCB allows signals and power to be routed between physical devices. Solder is
the metal that makes the electrical connections between the surface of the PCB
and the electronic components. Being metal, solder also serves as a strong
mechanical adhesive.

Composition
A PCB is sort of like a layer cake or lasagna- there are alternating layers of
different materials which are laminated together with heat and adhesive such that
the result is a single object
9. COSTING
10.ADVANTAGES
1. Complete elimination of manpower
2. Reduced energy costs.
3. Reduced maintenance costs.
4.Having very simple circuit.
5. Prooves to be a very usefull.
6. This project has longer life.
11. APPLICATIONS
1. It can be used in street lights
2. It can be used in terrace lighting.
3 .It can be used in garden.
4. It can also be used for decoration purposes.
5. It can also used at a rural areas where manual operation is difficult.
6. It can be used in bedrooms.
7.Used in the security systems to switch ON the lights automatically during the power
failure.
8. In advertising hoardings.
12.CONCLUSIONS
This project of Automatic led night lamp is a cost effective ,ecofriendly and the safest
way to save energy.It clearly tackles the problem that world is facing today which is
shortage of energy.By using this project manual work is completely removed.According
to a statistical data we can save more than 40 % of energy which is wasted by human
beings.It has less initial and maintenance cost.With the advances in technology and
good resources planning the cost of project can be cut down and also with the use of
good equipments the maintenance cost can be reduced in terns of periodic check.The
LEDs have long life,emit cool light.For these reasons this project present far more
advantageous which can overcome the present limitations.Keeeping in view the long
term benefits and the initial cost would never be a problem as the investment return
time is very less.
This project has many scopes in various other applications like for providing lighting
in industries,campuses and parking lots of huge shopping malls.This can also be used
for surveillance in corporate campuses and industries.
An Automatic led night lamp based on light intensity in the todays day growing up
countries will be more effective in case of cost, manpower and security as compares
with today's running complicated and complex light controlling systems.

An Automatic led night lamp puts up a very user friendly approach and could increase
the power savings.
13.FUTURE SCOPE

Due to the simplicity and economicall and as this projects works automatically it has its
uses in large applications.As it works automatically no manual work is required as well
as it also used to save power.Day by day the human life is becoming more busy and
luxurious so as this project does not required manual operation that’s why it will turn ON
when the light intensity in surrounding is less and OFF automatically when the light
intensity in surrounding is more.
This project can be used in street lights in large amount near the roads so the work
of turning ON and OFF of light will be reduced and it will turn to operate automatically.
Various modifications can also be done with this projects like operating this with the use
of solar energy or using power from power generations from speed brakers etc.
So it can widely used in street lamps ,parking lots,in bedrooms,in child room,gardens
etc.
14. REFERENCE
 ELECTRONIC HUB WEBSITE
 GOOGLE .COM
 KITS GURU PROJECT WEBSITE
 YOUTUBE.COM