Designing A Proposed 5 - Storey Medium Rise Housing With Rainwater Harvesting System

Designing a Proposed 5- Storey Medium Rise Housing with Rainwater Harvesting
System
Project By
Bataan, Aurelio M
Delos Santos, Kenneth Allen G.
Montehermoso, Jan Michael R.
Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

(SCEGE)
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology
Manila City
December/2012
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Executive Summary
Due to the growing number of informal settlers in the Philippines, Many government and
non- government organization make an effort to provide low-cost housing. The National
Housing Authority (NHA) is the only national agency commissioned to supply housing for the
low income families. The NHA partake at resettlement programs, local housing programs and
medium rise public and private housing.
The proposed project aims to provide housing units for the informal settlers of Metro
Manila through National Housing Authority. The five-storey medium rise housing will be turned
over to the NHA after its completion and through the agency, the housing units will be
distributed to the low income families.
The medium rise building is constructed with a rainwater harvesting system. It aims to
minimize the cost on the water consumption of the apparent settlers in the building. The
rainwater harvesting system conforms to the sustainable development concept which is the trend
in building design nowadays. The rainwater harvesting system promotes the conservation of
freshwater which is one of the advocacies of the government today.
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Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Presenting the Challenges 2

1.1 Problem Statement 2
1.2 ProjectObjective 2
1.3Design Norms Considered 2
1.4Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering 3
1.5 The Project Beneficiary 3
1.6 The Innovative Approach 3
1.7 The Research Component 3
1.8 The Design Component 4
1.9 Sustainable Development Concept 4
Chapter 2: Environmental Examination Report 5

2.1. Project Description 5
2.1.1. Project Rationale 5
2.1.2. Project Location 5
2.1.3. Project Information 8
2.1.4. Description of Project Phases 8
2.1.5. Pre-construction/Operational Phase 9
2.1.6. Construction Phase 9
2.1.7. Operational Phase 9
2.1.8. Abandonment Phase 10
2.2. Description of Environmental Setting

and Receiving Environment 10
2.2.1. Physical Environment 10

2.2.2. Biological Environment 10
2.2.3. Socio-Cultural, Economic and
Political Environment 10
2.2.4. Future Environmental Conditions

without the Project 10
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2.3. Impact Assessment and Mitigation 11
2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental
Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance
at Various Stages of Development 11
2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant
Impacts on the Physical and
Biological Resources 11
2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant
Socio-economic Effects/Impacts
of the Project 11
2.4. Environmental Management Plan 12
2.4.1. Summary Matrix of Proposed
Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,
Estimated Cost and Responsibilities 12
2.4.2. Brief Discussion of Mitigation
and Enhancement Measures 12
2.4.3. Monitoring Plan 13
2.4.4. Contingency Plan (if applicable) 13
2.4.5. Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements 13
Chapter 3: The Research Component 14

3.1. Abstract 14
3.2. Introduction 14
3.3. Review of Literature 14
3.4. Methodology 33
3.5. Results and Discussion 35
3.6. Conclusion and Recommendation 36
Chapter 4: Detailed Engineering Design 38

4.1. Loads and Codes 38
4.1.1. Introduction 38
4.1.2. Dead Load 38
4.1.3. Live Load 39
4.1.4. Earthquake Load 40
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4.1.5. Total Factored Load 40
4.2. Structural Design 40
4.2.1 Introduction 40
4.2.2. ETABS 9.7 Model 41
4.2.3. Beam Design 41
4.2.4. Column Design 63
4.2.5. Slab Design 80
4.3. Foundation Design 84
4.3.2. Design of Rebars 84
4.3.3. Checking for Deformation of Concrete Slab applied with
Forces/ Stresses 96
4.4. Design of Water Tank 104

4.4.2. 10 years of Monthly Rainfall Data from PAGASA 104
4.4.3. Solutions to Design of Water Tank 112
4.4.4. Piping Layout 114
4.5. Cost Benefit Analysis 120
4.6. Plan Set 121

4.6.1. Civil Design-Site Plan 121
4.6.2. Architectural Design 122
4.6.2.1. Elevations 122
4.6.2.2. Floor Plan 123
4.6.2.3. Roof Plan 124
4.6.3. Structural Design 125
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Chapter 5: Promotional Materials 130
Chapter 6: Budget Estimation 131
Chapter 7: Project’s Schedule 134
Chapter 8: Conclusion and Summary 136
Chapter 9: Recommendations 137
Chapter 10: Acknowledgements 138
Chapter 11: References 139
Chapter 12: Appendix 140
List of Tables, Illustrations, Charts or Graphs

Tables:
Table 1. Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their

Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development 11
Table 2. Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Estimated Cost and Responsibilities 12
Table 3. Monitoring Plan 13
Table 4.Advantages and issues of direct feed and gravity fed systems 16
Table 5.Run-off coefficients for traditional roofing materials 20
Table 6.Table 6: Examples for guttering systems 23
Table 7. Gutter sizes quoted in literature 24
Table 8. Dead Loads 39
Table 9. Live Loads 39
Table 10. Beam Design 42
Table 11.Schedule for First Floor Columns 64
Table 12. Schedule for Second Floor Columns 67
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Table 13. Schedule for Third Floor Columns 70
Table 14. Schedule for Fourth Floor Columns 73
Table 15. Schedule for Fifth Floor Columns 76
Table 16.Schedule for Sixth Floor Columns 79
Tab1e 17. 10 years of Monthly Rainfall Data from PAGASA 104
Table 18. Average Monthly Rainfall 112
Table 19. Water Tariff 120
Figures:
Figure 1. Aerial image of the Proposed Project’s vicinity 6
Figure 2.Exact location of the proposed structure and
the nearby streets 6
Figure 3. Project Site Location with respect to NHA

Identified Settlement Areas 7
Figure 4.Zoom-in view of the proposed structure 8
Figure 5. Schematic of a typical rainwater harvesting system 15
Figure 6. Horizontal plan area of the roof for calculating

the catchment surface 19
Figure 7. Different types of gutters: square, rounded, V-shaped 22

Figure 8. Proper construction of the gutter is important 22
Figure 9. Splash guards 23
Figure 10. Mean monthly roof run-off and average demand 26
Figure 11. Cumulative monthly roof run-off 26
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Figure 12. Cumulative monthly roof run-off including a
residual storage of 5 m3 and cumulative water use.
Estimation of storage requirement 27
Figure 13. Figure 13: Large Rainwater Tank 36
Figure 14. ETABS 9.7 Model of the Structure 41
Figure 15. Direction 1- Top Rebar, Bar Size 18, Spacing 100mm 84
Figure 17. Direction 1- Bottom Rebar, Bar Size 20, Spacing 100mm 87
Figure 23. USD101 Results 96
Figure 30. Graph of Amount of Rainfall versus Every Month for 10 years 111
Figure 31. Schematic Diagram of Rainwater harvesting System 114
Figure 32. Aerial View of the Proposed Project 130
Figure 33. Front View of the Proposed Project 130
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Introduction
There are a lot of factors that can be accounted for the informal settling in the
Philippines. It is a well known fact that poverty has always been a problem in the
Philippines. It is one of the causes of informal settling in the country. Low income
families are forced to squat because they cannot afford to own a house. It is also justified
that natural calamities are accounted for the informal settling in the country. Who could
forget the destruction brought upon by Typhoon Ondoy? An estimated 240,000 families
were left homeless by the typhoon.
Due to these factors, every year more and more families are becoming homeless.
In fact, according to the Spatial Statistics of Informal Settlers in the Philippines, as of
August 1, 2007, the informal settlers in the Philippines reached an estimated 550,771
households.
This proposal aims to cater to the needs of homeless low income families. The
proposed project shall provide low cost housing to the families in need of safe,
comfortable but affordable housing. The five-storey tenement will provide housing units
for the resettlement of Metro Manila families. It shall be situated in San Jose Del Monte,
Bulacan. The location must be near Metro Manila area so that the families can have a
convenient and fast travel whenever they need to attend to their engagements in Metro
Manila.
The proposed project also includes the use of rainwater harvesting system. It is a
worldwide initiative to combat climate change. The rainwater harvesting system actually
promotes water conservation. It also serves as prevention to the diminishing freshwater
supply due to over extraction of groundwater, water pollution, inefficient water
infrastructure and the El Niño phenomenon.
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1. Presenting the Challenges
1.1 Problem Statement
As of August 1, 2007, informal settlers in the Philippines reached an estimated

550,771 households. This is according to the Spatial Statistics of Informal Settlers in the
Philippines. The National Housing Authority is one of the government agencies that offer
low cost housing for Filipino families especially to informal settlers. The project aims to
lessen the problem in relocating families who are victims of natural calamities and people
who cannot afford to have their own homes.
The conservation of water is also a consideration for the proposed project. The
country is not a stranger to problems in freshwater supply such as over extraction of
groundwater, water pollution, inefficient water infrastructure and the El Niño
phenomenon. The proposed project aims to prevent the diminishing fresh water supply in
the country.
1.2 Project Objectives
The general objective of this project is to design a low cost medium rise building
that will serve as a resettlement area to the informal settlers or to the families who cannot
afford their own homes.
In order to fulfil the general objective, several specific objectives of this project
must be attained:
1. To design a 5-storey residential building of most economical design that would be

affordable and safer to informal settlers and to the families who will be living in
the proposed medium rise building.
2. To use construction techniques and methods thereby reducing the cost of
materials that will be used in the structure.
3. To design a rainwater harvesting system.
4. To provide a resettlement area in Bulacan.
1.3 Design Norms Considered
Cost effectiveness must be a priority in the design of the five-storey building. The
housing units will be sold at a very low price. Every expense for the project must be
justified. Simplicity must also be adapted in the design of the project. The design must be
simple yet complies with the standards and specifications needed.
Considering the economical aspect, the design must be environment-friendly. The

rainwater harvesting system must be designed meeting all its specifications needed at a
low cost.
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1.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering
The major area of civil engineering involved in this project is Structural

Engineering. The main purpose of the project is to design a medium rise building with
structural design solutions and methods that are to respond with the concept of loads and
forces.
The minor areas of civil engineering involved in this project are Water Resources
and Construction Engineering. The structure is concerned with the basics and concepts of
water resources since the project aims to recycle rainwater for the occupants to use. For
the concept of materials to be used in the project, Construction Engineering and
Management will be greatly considered.
1.5 Project Beneficiary
The beneficiary of the project is the National Housing Authority. The National
Housing Authority (NHA) is the sole national agency mandated to provide housing for
the low income families. The NHA partakes in resettlement programs, local housing
programs and medium rise public and private housing.
The proposed project will be turned over to the NHA for distribution to the low
income families in Metro Manila. The Metro Manila families will be provided safe and
comfortable homes. The location of the proposed project is convenient in relocating
families from Metro Manila because it is not that far from the area.
1.6 The Innovative Approach
In the design process of the five-storey medium rise building, the researchers will
use computer softwares like Microsoft Excel, ETABS, SAFE, AutoCad 2012, and
Google Sketch up. Microsoft Excel is used to solve computationally intensive problems
in structural engineering. ETABS is used in designing trusses and the whole structure.
The forces can also be computed and it supports several steel, concrete and timber design
codes. The software SAFE, will design the foundation of the building. AutoCad 2012 and
Google Sketch up are used for model purposes.
1.7 The Research Component
The research of the group will focus on the sustainable development, rain water
harvesting system and green engineering design.
The housing project is for the low income families and the completion of the five-
storey building must be done at a very low cost. The group also incorporated sustainable
development in the proposed project. The proposed project must promote sustainability.
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The rain water harvesting system is the primary innovation for the sustainable
development concept. The researchers will find out different ways on designing a
rainwater harvesting system and apply the most practical design for our 5-storey building.
They will also consider green design for the building. They will research the latest trends
in green engineering in building construction and design and apply it to the building.
1.8 The Design Component
The project is a design of a medium rise building intended for the informal settlers
especially families in Metro Manila. The design component of the structure will include
the design of the structural members which are the footings, columns, beams, slabs and
walls. The researchers will also include the study of rainwater harvesting, a research on
how the process works and how it can affect the health of the occupants.
The NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010) will be used as the
main reference material for the loads of the structure.
1.9 Sustainable Development Concept
Sustainable development is defined as maintaining a delicate balance between the

human need to improve lifestyle and feeling of well- being on one hand, and preserving
natural resources and ecosystems, on which future generations depend. The sustainability
development concept of the proposed project is focused on the rainwater harvesting
system. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of rainwater directly from the surfaces it
falls on. The rainwater will be recycled and be used for specific purposes such as
watering the garden, laundry and toilet water. The process contributes in the conservation
of freshwater.
Also part of the sustainable development concept of the proposed project is the
green design. The researchers will include in the design, simple yet effective solutions to
provide natural lighting and ventilation to the housing units. The green design aims to
conserve energy used for electricity in lighting and air conditioning.
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2. Environmental Examination Report
2.1 Project Description
2.1.1 Project Rationale
Due to underemployment and natural calamities many people have no permanent

shelters, many are living on the streets and some build shelters in a vacant lot not
knowing who the owner of the land is. Here in the Philippines informal settlers have been
a problem of local governments for many years now, and the problem continues to
worsen. The group proposed this study to design and construct a medium rise housing
that is affordable but structurally stable and offers an eco-friendly sustainable structure.
The overall objective of this project is to put in place low-cost housing, which will be
suitable for informal settlers looking for safe and affordable place to live in. The specific
objectives are as follows:
 To build a medium rise building that will help informal settlers by providing them
an option for a shelter that is affordable, structurally stable and eco-friendly.
 To introduce self-sustaining building uses rainwater harvesting system.
2.1.2 Project Location
The five-storey medium rise housing will be located in Brgy. San Manuel, San
Jose del Monte, Bulacan. The area of the lot is 58,843 sqm. and it is owned by the
National Housing Authority (NHA), a government owned and controlled corporation
under the administrative supervision of the Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council (HUDCC) and classified under the Infrastructure Utilities Group.
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Figure 1. Aerial image of the Proposed Project’s vicinity
Figure 2. This figure shows the exact location of the proposed structure and the nearby
streets.
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PROJECT
LOCATION
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Figure 3. Project Site Location with respect to NHA Identified Settlement Areas
PROJECT
LOCATION
Figure 4. This figure shows the zoom-in view of the proposed structure.
2.1.3 Project information
The housing project will be a five-storey medium rise building intended for the
relocation of informal settlers especially in Metro Manila. It will be of the most
economical design and made of cheap materials to be low in cost and for the informal
settlers be able to afford a unit in the building. The building will be designed to allow
natural lighting to minimize use of power for lighting; would use strategic ventilation
systems, as well as environment-friendly materials to construct the building, among
others.
Rainwater will be collected and can be stored for domestic use such as toilet
water, laundry, and watering the garden but cannot be used for drinking or preparing
food.
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2.1.4 Description of Project Phases
The project will have four phases, pre-construction/operational phase,

construction phase, operational phase and abandonment phase. Pre-
construction/operational phase includes the things to be done before the project starts; it
is the preparation before construction and operational phases. Construction phase
includes the preparation of the site and construction of the structure; it involves
developing the site logistics, building protection and mobilization plans designed to
mitigate the impact of construction on pedestrians, vehicular traffic, building occupants
and ongoing operations. Operational phase part of the project refers to how the project
would operate or work; it involves the operations done during the construction of the
building. Formworks should be carefully placed and checked. Also, the pollution and
noise during this phase should be properly controlled. Lastly, the abandonment phase
discusses what should be done with the project if it is unoccupied. The abandonment
phase involves the responsibility after all the phases.
2.1.5 Pre-construction/Operation phase
Pre-construction/Operational phase primarily involves a visit on the target site and a

series of observation and ocular inspection on the vicinity. Necessary information on the
site will be gathered and once completed; critical planning will be in full swing. It
is during this phase that critical planning, including scheduling, budgeting,
value engineering and quality decisions, is made that will have a significant impact
the construction and the final cost of the project. Necessary permits needed before the
construction will also be accomplished herein.
2.1.6 Construction Phase
Construction phase includes the preparation of the site and construction of the
structure. This phase involves developing the site logistics, building protection and
mobilization plans designed to mitigate the impact of construction on pedestrians,
vehicular traffic, building occupants and ongoing operations. During this phase, regular
project meetings will be conducted so as to coordinate the activities of the team, identify
outstanding issues and ensure appropriate follow-up. Reporting and control systems,
including procedures for shop drawings and submittals, change orders, subcontractor
payments and cost control and issue regular reports to the client will also be developed
and implemented.
2.1.7 Operational Phase
The operational phase is the part of the project that discusses how it operates or
works. It is the phase that involves the operations done during the construction of the
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building. This involves excavation, construction of formworks, other landscaping
activities and finishing of the whole building. The noise and pollution in this phase
should be monitored and controlled. Formworks are carefully placed and checked as well.
2.1.8 Abandonment Phase
The abandonment phase discusses what should be done with the project if it is
unoccupied. In this phase, permits will be secured for the demobilization of all the
equipment and machines used during the construction. Wastes will also be removed so as
to eliminate pollution generation during construction, demolition and land clearing. This
phase involves the responsibility after all the phases and basically addresses the concerns
on how will the wastes and materials after construction be properly disposed of. This
phase should be done with the right execution assuring that all equipment and machines
are properly dispersed.
2.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment
2.2.1 Physical Environment
The location of the project is San Manuel, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. The site
is owned by NHA which is intended for medium rise housing. The lot for the proposed
project is beside a school building.
Basically, the important things that the project considered for the physical
environment are water, land and air. As for the water, there is a river nearby. For the
drainage system, no problem is seen since the drainage system in the vicinity is properly
constructed.
2.2.2 Biological Environment
Vegetation in the location of the project is limited to grass and a few trees. Animal
life is only limited to small insects and there are no domesticated animals grazing in the
area due to the location of the project that is within the city and is near the main road.
There are very few birds that are thriving in the area. Exotic animals are not seen in the
area of the project. Due to the absence of significant plants and animals, there will be a
minimal effect on the food chain of the area.
2.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment
The location is currently a vacant area, unoccupied by informal settlers. On the

other hand, by means of investing to the new advancements of technology nowadays like
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the use of rain harvesting and constructing well ventilated facilities, People can lessen the
electricity and water consumption. In addition, in the economic aspect, the project will
promote employment within the area and those who live near the area.
2.2.4 Future Environment Conditions without the Project
In the absence of the project in the future, the site will remain a vacant area with some
plants and trees. None of the tress and grasses present will be affected. Also, there will be
0% impact on the food chain of the area.
2.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation
2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issue/Impacts and their Level of

Significance at Various Stages of Development
Table 1. Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issue/Impacts and their Level of

Significance at Various Stages of Development
Predicted Environmental Issue/Impacts Level of Significance

Air Quality Moderate Impact
Water Quality Moderate Impact
Noise Pollution Low Impact
Health and Safety Low Impact
Waste Generation Low Impact
2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological
Resources
2.3.2.1 Resettlement Site
The land is a resettlement area identified by the National Housing Authority

(NHA) intended for a medium rise building.
2.3.2.2 Natural Resources
Before starting the construction phase of the project, the plant and trees will be
completely cut down. The process of soil poisoning will be implemented to kill the
termites and other insects to avoid early spoil of wood after the foundation of the
structure is placed.
2.3.2.3 Atmospheric Condition
The atmospheric condition of the area is good because of the quality of air. Due to
the number of trees and plants in the site, the pollution caused by vehicles is lessened.
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2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project
The project offers affordable homes for the informal settlers. The population in
the area will increase because the project is intended for the informal settlers in Metro
Manila. The increase in population in the area will consequently increase the demand for
public transportation. The employment rate in the area will also increase.
2.4 Environmental Management Plan
2.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
Table 2. Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
Environmental Proposed Mitigation Responsibilities

Problem Issue Measure
Air Quality - Prevent burning of materials Contractor/Project Engineer
- Control dust through fine
water sprays.
- Use low emission vehicles
Water Quality - Reuse water for dust control Contractor/Project Engineer
and other construction
activities
- Proper usage of water and
conservation of water.
Solid Waste - Schedule waste collection Contractor/Project Engineer
- Provide extra containers or
recycle bins.
Noise Levels - Build noise barriers around Contractor/Project Engineer
the construction site.
- Limit of using heavy vehicles
- use of traffic controls
Safety - Wear their own personal Contractor/Project Engineer
protective equipment in the
site
- Use safety net systems
- Use the correct ladder for the
task.
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2.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures
For the Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, the researchers used the common
methods that are used in constructions. The air quality is an important factor since it can
affect the people surrounding the structure. During the construction phase, different types
of contaminants can spread around the area namely, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
and nitrogen oxides. Construction of the project will create fugitive dust and air
emissions and also wind-blown dust caused by ground disturbance. Mitigation measures
to limit the dust and air emission will be carried out. Second we have water quality.
During construction, the surface runoff and groundwater that are located in the area can
be polluted with various materials used in the construction work. Proper disposal of water
by removing the water contaminated completely and proper usage of water to conserve
water are a must. Third is the solid waste in which proper disposal of waste and schedule
of waste collection must be done. Fourth is the noise problem. Since the location is near a
public school, noise barriers around the site have to be built and use of heavy vehicles
must be limited. Lastly, for the health and safety problems, safety of the workers and the
people in the area must be secured by providing personal protective equipment.
2.4.3 Monitoring Plan
Table 3. Monitoring Plan
Environmental Problems Mitigation Monitoring

Air Quality Use of water sprinklers Daily
Solid Waste Waste collection services Daily
Noise Levels Noise Control Daily
Traffic Signage and Notices Daily
2.4.4 Contingency Plan (if applicable)
During the construction phase, proper disposal of solid waste, hazardous materials
and disinfection of human waste at the construction site is required. Human waste
contains bacteria which can affect the health of the laborers in the site. Materials related
to vehicle operation and maintenance are hazardous to the nearby residents and laborers.
Spill of diesel fuel, engine oil and gasoline is considered serious case in the site and
therefore must be prevented. To prevent spills, the vehicles to be used must be inspected
first and all materials must be located in a protected area and proper restoration of any
contaminated areas must be ensured in case of spill of hazardous materials. The site must
have a safety area which will have all the necessary first aid kits and tools in case of
accidents. If there is a malfunction in the equipment, a separate fund shall be used to
replace or to repair the malfunctioned equipment.
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2.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements
The National Housing Authority (NHA) is one of the local governments

responsible in distributing to the informal settlers the proposed project. The researchers
are to fullfil their requirements in terms of building medium rise housing in Bulacan. In
designing the project, the NSCP and BP 220 will be used as bases of the design.
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3. The Research Component
3.1 Abstract
New developments in technology and building design shall be utilized in the

proposed project. The new developments are utilized to promote sustainable
development. The proposed project focuses on two sustainable development components:
rainwater harvesting system and green design. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of
rainwater directly from the surfaces it falls on. Such innovation contributes in the
conservation of fresh water. The recycled rainwater substitutes the fresh water for some
domestic uses. Green design is also considered in the plan for the proposed project. It is
stated that Building "green" is an opportunity to use resources efficiently while creating
healthier buildings that improve human health, build a better environment, and provide
cost savings. Green design involves the protection and retaining existing landscaping and
natural features. Also plants that have low water and pesticide needs must be selected,
and minimum plant trimmings must be done. The design of the structure must also allow
natural lighting to conserve energy used for artificial lighting.
3.2 Introduction
The need for preserving the environment has become critical. Different countries
around the world have been cooperating to promote the conservation of the natural
resources. The Philippines and its government have been contributing to this call of
saving the environment. The proposed project includes in the design rainwater harvesting
system and green design. Both contribute to the cause of conserving the natural
resources. Rainwater harvesting system promotes the conservation of freshwater while
green design helps in the conservation of energy and also promotes the protection of
plants. The rainwater harvesting system has a direct benefit for the users of the five-
storey housing. The cost in their water consumption will lessen. Green design also has a
direct benefit to the families that will live in the building. It can also lessen the energy
consumption by providing natural lighting and ventilation to the housing units.
3.3 Review of Literature
3.3.1 Definition of rainwater harvesting
On the paper “Harvesting Rainwater for Domestic Uses: An Information Guide”

by Environment Agency published in October 2010 in the United Kingdom, rainwater
harvesting is defined as the collection of rainwater directly from the surface(s) it falls on.
This water would otherwise have gone directly into the drainage system or been lost
through evaporation and transpiration. Once collected and stored it can be used for
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nonpotable purposes. These include toilet flushing, garden watering and clothes washing
using a washing machine.
3.3.2
3.3.3 Typical rainwater harvesting systems
Again according to the paper “Harvesting Rainwater for Domestic Uses: An

Information Guide”, if a rainwater harvesting system is appropriate, the next step is to
identify which type of system to install. There are a number of different systems
available with a range of features. BS 8515 gives guidance on the design, installation and
maintenance of rainwater harvesting systems for the supply of non-potable water in the
UK, and applies to both retrofitting and new builds. The code of practice covers three
basic types of rainwater harvesting systems: water collected in storage tank(s) and
pumped directly to points of use; water collected in storage tank(s) and fed by gravity to
points of use; and water collected in storage tank(s), pumped to an elevated cistern and
fed by gravity to the points of use.
Figure 5 shows an example of a system that pumps directly to points of use.
Many of the concepts are broadly applicable to the other systems mentioned.
Figure 5. Schematic of a typical rainwater harvesting system
Rainwater is collected from the roof area or hard standing. A filter (1) prevents
leaves and other large solids from getting into the holding tank. Water enters the tank
through a smoothing inlet (2), which stops sediment at the bottom of the tank from being
disturbed by rainwater entering the tank.
A suction filter (3) prevents the uptake of floating matter when the water is drawn
up for use. As the water is non-potable, it travels through a separate set of pipes, as
specified in the Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999. A pump (4) pressurises
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the water. In the example shown in figure 5, the pump is submerged, although other
systems may use suction pumps which are located outside of the tank.
The control unit (5) monitors the water level in the tank and information on
whether the system is operating properly on the water level monitor (6) can be seen. If
the water level in the tank drops too low, the control unit will trigger an automatic change
over to mains water supply (7). The system must have a type AA air gap (8) installed in
order to prevent back flow of rainwater into the mains.
When the water in the tank reaches a certain level, an overflow trap (9) allows
floating material to be skimmed off into the storm drain. A non-return valve needs to be
fitted to prevent contamination of the tank by backflow, together with a rodent barrier.
Water soaking through a permeable pavement (10) can also be collected, and in
addition to a filter, an oil trap (11) should also be fitted. Collecting water from this
source increases the potential for oil and animal faeces contamination of the rainwater
stored in the tank. To overcome this, additional filtration and disinfection may be
necessary. The choice of collection surfaces should be considered on a site-by-site basis.
It is usually simplest to collect water exclusively from the roof of a property, however,
collecting from additional hard surfaces increases the yield and may be beneficial in
some cases.
This is a typical example of a rainwater harvesting system. There are other models and
combinations but all systems have components to: collect, filter and store rainwater;
distribute water to points of use; provide a supply of mains water for back up to ensure a
continuous supply of water when the level of rainwater runs low; and control the mains
backup and monitor levels.
Although the principles and components are common, the approach differs in
some key areas:
3.3.3.1 Distributing rainwater
Appliances can be supplied with rainwater in two ways: Direct pumped systems -
rainwater is collected and held in a storage tank/reservoir and then pumped directly to the
point of use as and when required; or Gravity fed (header tank) systems – this involves
rainwater being collected and piped to a header storage tank, usually in the loft, which
then delivers the rainwater to appliances using gravity.
Table 4 shows the main advantages and associated issues with each system:
Table 4. Advantages and issues of direct feed and gravity fed systems
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3.3.3.2 Locating the mains backup supply
Figure 5 shows a direct feed system that pumps water via a small intermediate
tank with a control unit. When rainwater is not available, the mains water supply can top
up this tank. Having an intermediate storage tank means the water pumped from it has
less distance to travel.
Alternatively a direct feed system which can supply mains water into the large
storage tank usually located underground can be used. This is a cheaper option than
using an intermediate storage tank.
3.3.3.3 Locating the main pump
The rainwater supply pump can either be a submerged unit in the main storage
tank, or a suction pump on the outside of it.
Suction pumps are usually located within the control unit and must be positioned
relatively close to the tank, in frost-free conditions. These pumps are easier to inspect,
service and maintain and an electricity supply to the underground tank is not needed.
There are two advantages of submerging the pump in the tank. Firstly, it will not
be heard within the building. Secondly, a submersible pump can be more powerful than a
suction pump.
3.3.4 Designing a rainwater harvesting system
From the paper “Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use”, the main consideration
in designing a rainwater harvesting system is to size the volume of the storage tank
correctly. The tank should give adequate storage capacity at minimum construction costs.
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3.3.4.1 Step 1: Total amount of required and available rainwater
3.3.4.1.1 Estimating domestic water demand
The first step in designing a rainwater harvesting system is to consider the annual
household water demand. To estimate water demand the following equation can be used:
For example, the water demand of one household is 31,025 litres per year when
the average water use per person is 17 litres per day and the household has 5 family
members:
Demand = 17 litres × 5 members × 365 days = 31,025 litres per year
However, in reality it may not be so easy. Children and adults use different
amounts of water and seasonal water use varies, with more water being used in the hottest
or driest seasons. The number of household members staying at home may also vary at
different times of the year. By estimating the average daily water use these variables
should be taken into account. Domestic water demand includes all water used in and
around the home for the following essential purposes: drinking, food preparation and
cooking, personal hygiene, toilet flushing (if used), washing clothes and cleaning,
washing pots and pans, small vegetable gardens, and other economic and productive uses
(the latter only when sufficient rainwater is available).
3.3.4.1.2 Rainfall data
The next step is to consider the total amount of available water, which is a product
of the total annual rainfall and the roof or collection surface area. These determine the
potential value for rainwater harvesting. Usually there is a loss caused mostly by
evaporation (sunshine), leakage (roof surface), overflow (rainwater that splashes over the
gutters) and transportation (guttering and pipes). The local climatic conditions are the
starting point for any design.
Climatic conditions vary widely within countries and regions. The rainfall pattern
or monthly distribution, as well as the total annual rainfall, often determine the feasibility
of constructing a rainwater harvesting system. In a climate with regular rainfall
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throughout the year the storage requirement is low and the system cost will be low. It is
thus very important to have insight into local (site-specific) rainfall data. The more
reliable and specific the rainfall data is, the better the design can be. In mountainous
locations and locations where annual precipitation is less than 500 mm per year, rainfall
is very variable. Data from a rain gauging station 20 km away may be misleading when
applied to a specific system location.
Rainfall data can be obtained from a variety of sources. The primary source
should be the national meteorological organization in the country. In some countries,
however, rainfall statistics are limited due to lack of resources. Local water departments
or organizations, local hospitals, NGOs or schools may be possible sources of rainfall
information.
3.3.3.1.2.1 Calculating potential rainwater supply by estimating run-off
The amount of available rainwater depends on the amount of rainfall, the area of
the catchment, and its run-off coefficient. For a roof or sloping catchment it is the
horizontal plan area which should be measured (Figure 10).
Figure 6. Horizontal plan area of the roof for calculating the catchment surface
The run-off coefficient (RC) takes into account any losses due to evaporation,
leakage, overflow and transportation. For a well-constructed roof catchment system it is
0.9. An impermeable roof will yield a high run-off. An estimate of the approximate, mean
annual run-off from a given catchment can be obtained using the following equation:
20
where:
S = Mean annual rainwater supply (m3);
R = Mean annual rainfall (m);
A = Catchment area (m2); and
Cr = Run-off coefficient.
In the next example the mean annual rainfall is 500 mm/year (= 0.5 m/year) and
the catchment area 3 m × 4 m = 12 m2:
S = 0.5 m/year × 12 m2 × 0.9 = 5.4 m3 / year = 15 litres/ day
3.3.4.2 Step 2: Designing your catchment area
Roofs provide an ideal catchment surface for harvesting rainwater, provided they
are clean. The roof surface may consist of many different materials. Galvanized
corrugated iron sheets, corrugated plastic and tiles all make good roof catchment
surfaces. Flat cement roofs can also be used. Traditional roofing materials such as grass
or palm thatch may also be used. If a house or a building with an impermeable (resistant
to rain) roof is already in place, the catchment area is available free of charge.
The roof size of a house or building determines the catchment area and run-off of
rainwater. The collection of water is usually represented by a run-off coefficient (RC).
The run-off coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off
a surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the surface. A run-off coefficient of 0.9
means that 90% of the rainfall will be collected. So, the higher the run-off coefficient, the
more rain will be collected. An impermeable roof will yield a high run-off of good
quality water that can be used for all domestic purposes: cooking, washing, drinking, etc.
Thatched roofs can make good catchments, although run-off is low and the quality of the
collected water is generally not good.
Table 5. Run-off coefficients for traditional roofing materials
Since roofs are designed to shed water, they have a high run-off coefficient and
thus allow for quick run-off of rainwater. The roof material does not only determine the
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run-off coefficient, it also influences the water quality of the harvested rainwater. Painted
roofs can be used for rainwater collection but it is important that the paint be non-toxic
and not cause water pollution. For the same reason, lead flashing should also not be used
for rainwater collection. There is no evidence that the use of asbestos fibre-cement roofs
for rainwater collection poses any health risks due to water pollution. During construction
or demolition of the roof, harmful asbestos particles may enter the air, so the risk of
respiratory uptake of harmful substances may exist. Therefore, it is not recommended.
Thatched roofs can make good catchments, when certain palms are tightly
thatched. Most palms and almost all grasses, however, are not suitable for high-quality
rainwater collection. Grass-thatched catchments should be used only when no other
alternatives are available. Then, tightly bound grass bundles are the best. Ideally, thatched
roofs are not used for the collection of drinking water for reasons of organic
decomposition during storage. Mud roofs are generally not suitable as a catchment
surface.
3.3.4.3 Step 3: Designing delivery system

The collected water from a roof needs to be transported to the storage reservoir or
tank through a system of gutters and pipes, the so-called delivery system or guttering.
Several other types of delivery systems exist but gutters are by far the most common.
Commonly used materials for gutters and downpipes are galvanized metal and plastic
(PVC) pipes, which are readily available in local shops. There is a wide variety of
guttering available from prefabricated plastics to simple gutters made on-site from sheet
metal. In some countries bamboo, wood stems and banana leaves have been used. Gutters
made from extruded plastic are durable but expensive. For the guttering, aluminium or
galvanized metals are recommended because of their strength, while plastic gutters may
suffice beneath small roof areas. Almost all plastics, certainly PVC, must be protected
from direct sunlight. Generally, the cost of gutters is low compared to that of storage
reservoirs or tanks, which tend to make up the greatest portion of the total cost of a
rainwater harvesting system.
Gutters are readily available in different shapes (See Figure 7); they can be
rounded, square, V-shaped, and have open or closed ends with attached downpipe
connectors. They can be made in small workshops in sections that are later joined
together or they can even be made on-site by plumbers. Workshop-made gutters usually
have a square shape and tend to be two to three times more expensive than similar gutters
made on-site. On-site gutters are usually V-shaped. These are quite efficient but they tend
to get more easily blocked with debris and leaves. V-shaped gutters are usually tied
directly under the roof or onto a so-called splash guard. V-shape gutters often continue all
the way to the tank without addition of the usual rounded downpipe section.
Wooden planks and bamboo gutters are usually cheap (or even free of charge).
These gutters do, however, suffer from problems of durability as the organic material will
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eventually rot away and leak. Their porous surfaces also form an ideal environment for
accumulation of bacteria that may be subsequently washed into the storage tank.
Aluminium is naturally resistant to corrosion, which makes it last indefinitely.
The cost of an aluminium sheet is over 1.5 times the cost of steel of the same thickness
and the material is less stiff so for a similar strength of gutter a larger thickness of
material is required, resulting in gutters that are up to three times more expensive.
Nevertheless, there is a growing market for aluminium sheets in developing countries so
the price will almost certainly come down over time. Half pipes have been proposed as an
inexpensive form of guttering and are used in many areas. The production is relatively
simple, and the semi-circular shape is extremely efficient for rainwater harvesting. The
cost of these gutters depends on the local cost of piping, which may be more expensive
than an equivalent sheet metal gutter.
Figure 7. Different types of gutters: square, rounded, V-shaped
Proper construction of gutters is essential to avoid water losses (See Figure 8).
Gutters must slope evenly towards the tank to ensure a slow flow. Gutters are often the
weak link in a rainwater harvesting system and installations can be found with gutters
leaking at joints or even sloping the wrong way.
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Figure 8. Proper construction of the gutter is important
Gutters must be properly sized and correctly connected around the whole roof
area. When high intensity rainfall occurs, gutters need to be fitted with so-called splash
guards to prevent overshooting water losses. A properly fitted and maintained gutter-
downpipe system is capable of diverting more than 90% of all rainwater run-off into the
storage tank. Although gutter size may reduce the overflow losses, additional splash
guards should be incorporated on corrugated-iron roofs. Splash guards consist of a long
strip of sheet metal 30 cm wide, bent at an angle and hung over the edge of the roof about
2-3 cm to ensure all run-off for the roof enters the gutter. The splash guard is connected
to the roof and the lower half is hung vertically down from the edge of the roof.
Figure 9. Splash guards
During intensive rainfall, large quantities of run-off can be lost due to gutter
overflow and spillage if gutters are too small. To avoid overflow during heavy rains, it
makes sense to create a greater gutter capacity. A useful rule of thumb is to make sure
that there is at least 1 cm2 of gutter cross-section for every 1 m2 of roof surface. The usual
10 cm-wide rounded (e.g. 38 cm2) gutters are generally not big enough for roofs larger
than about 40 m2. A square-shaped gutter of 10 cm2 can be used for roof areas measuring
up to 100 m2 under most rainfall regimes. For large roofs, such as on community
buildings and schools, the 14 × 14 cm V-shaped design with a cross-sectional area of 98
cm2 is suitable for roof sections up to 50 m long and 8 m wide (400 m2). When gutters are
installed with a steeper gradient than 1:100 (1 cm vertical drop over 100 cm horizontal
distance) and used together with splash guards, V-shaped gutters can cope with heavy
rains without large amounts of loss. A gradient of 1:100 ensures steady water flow and
less chance of gutter blockage from leaves or other debris. Downpipes, which connect the
gutters to the storage reservoir, should have similar dimensions to the gutters.
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Important considerations for designing gutter/downpipe systems: the rule of
thumb is 1 cm2 gutter cross-section per 1 m2 roof surface; aluminium or galvanised metal
are recommended for gutters because of their strength and resistance to sunlight; gutters
should slope towards the storage tanks. Increasing the slope from 1:100 to 3:100
increases the potential water flow by 10 – 20%; and a well-designed gutter system can
increase the longevity of a house. Foundations will retain their strength and the walls will
stay dry.
Tables 6 and 7 give some examples of guttering systems. The guttering requirement
for a typical household roof of 60 m2 is shown in table 3. Typical gutter widths for such
roofs are presented in table 7.
Table 6. Examples for guttering systems
Table 7. Gutter sizes quoted in literature
3.3.4.4 Step 4: Sizing your storage reservoir
There are several methods for sizing storage reservoirs. These methods vary in
complexity and sophistication. Two methods for inexperienced practitioners are
explained. First is the Demand side approach (dry season demand versus supply), second
is the Supply side approach (graphical methods).
The first method is the simplest method and most widely used. The second
method uses statistical indicators of the average rainfall for a given place. If rainfall is
limited and shows large fluctuations then a design based on only one single statistical
indicator can be misleading.
Method 1: Demand side approach (dry season demand versus supply)
This is the simplest method to calculate the storage requirement based on the
required water volume (consumption rates) and occupancy of the building. This approach
is only relevant in areas with a distinct dry season. The tank is designed to meet the
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necessary water demand throughout the dry season. To obtain required storage volume
the following equations can be used:
This equation provides the water demand in litres per year. Dividing by 12
months will give the required water demand in litres/month. The required monthly water
demand multiplied by the dry period will give the required storage capacity.
As an example the following typical data can be used.

Assuming that water use (consumption per capita per day) is 20 litres, the number of
people in the household is 5, Dry period (longest average dry period) is 4 months (120
days), and minimum storage capacity is T.
Then the water demand = 20 l × 5 persons × 365 days/year = 36,500 litres/year or

about 3,000 l/month. For a dry period of four months, the required minimum storage
capacity (T) is thus 12,000 litres (T = 4 × 3,000); this calculation is however a rough
estimate.
This simple method can be used in situations where there is sufficient rainfall and an
adequate roof or catchment area. It is a method for calculating rough estimates of the
required tank size and it does not take into account variations between different years,
such as the occurrence of drought years. The method is easy to understand and is
sufficient in many cases. It can be used in the absence of any rainfall data.
Method 2: Supply side approach (graphical methods)
Another method to estimate the most appropriate storage tank capacity for
maximizing supply is to represent roof run-off and daily consumption graphically. This
method will give a reasonable estimation of the storage requirements. Daily or weekly
rainfall data are required for a more accurate assessment. In low rainfall areas where
rainfall has an uneven distribution there may be an excess of water during some months
of the year, while at other times there will be a deficit. If there is sufficient water to meet
the demand throughout the year, then sufficient storage will be required to bridge the
periods of scarcity. As storage is expensive, this should be calculated carefully to avoid
unnecessary expenses. This method will give an estimation of the storage requirements.
There are three basic steps to be followed. First plot a bar graph for mean monthly roof
run-off for a specific house or building in a specific location. Add a line for the demand
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per month. Second plot a cumulative roof run-off graph, by summing the monthly runoff
totals. Third add a dotted line showing cumulative water use (water withdrawn or water
demand).
The example given is a spread sheet calculation for a site in a semi-arid region
with mean annual rainfall of 500 mm and a five-month dry season. Roof area is 100 m2,
run-off coefficient is 0.9. There are five household members and the average
consumption is 20 litres per person per day. Water demand = 20 l × n × 365 days/year,
where n= number of people in the household; if there are five people in the household
then the annual water demand is 36,500 litres or about 3,000 l/month.
Water supply = roof area × rainfall × run-off coefficient = 100 m2 × 500 mm × 0.9
= 45 m3 or 45,000 litres per year or 123 litres per day. In order to meet the annual water
demand, 36,500 litres is necessary. The potential annual water supply cannot exceed
45,000 litres or 123 litres per day.
Figure 10 shows the amount of harvestable water (in bars) and the demand for
each month (horizontal graph). The figure shows a single rainy season (from October to
May). The first month when the collected rainfall (RWH) meets the demand is October.
If it is assumed that the tank is empty at the end of September, a graph can be drawn to
reflect the cumulative harvested water and cumulative demand. Based on this graph the
maximum storage requirement can be calculated.
Figure 10. Mean monthly roof run-off and average demand
Figure 11 shows the cumulative monthly roof run-off. Total run-off in this case is
3
45 m . A residual storage of 5 m3 should be incorporated for the rainwater remaining in
the tank at the start of the wet season (See figure 12).
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Figure 11. Cumulative monthly roof run-off
Figure 12. Cumulative monthly roof run-off including a residual storage of 5 m3 and
cumulative water use. Estimation of storage requirement.
Figure 12 shows the spreadsheet calculation for sizing the storage tank. It takes
into account the cumulative inflow and outflow from the tank, and the capacity of the
tank is calculated as the greatest excess of water over and above consumption (greatest
difference between the two lines). This occurs in March with a storage requirement of 20
cubic metres. All this water will have to be stored to cover the shortfall during the dry
period.
3.3.4.5 Step 5: Selection of a suitable storage reservoir design
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Suitable design of storage reservoirs depends on local conditions, available
materials and budget, etc. The materials, construction and costs of storage reservoirs are
described in detail. This information is needed to select the most suitable design and
realize the construction of the rainwater harvesting system.
3.3.5 Materials for Rainwater Harvesting
According to the article, “Components of a Rainwater Harvesting System”, a

rainwater harvesting system comprises components of various stages - transporting
rainwater through pipes or drains, filtration, and storage in tanks for reuse or recharge.
The common components of a rainwater harvesting system involved in these stages are
illustrated in the following.
3.3.5.1 Catchment System
A roof made of reinforced cement concrete (RCC), galvanized iron or corrugated

sheets can also be used for water harvesting.
3.3.5.2 Coarse Mesh
Coarse mesh at the roof prevents the passage of debris.
3.3.5.3 Gutter
Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the
storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and could be made using: locally
available material such as plain galvanised iron sheet (20 to 22 gauge), folded to required
shapes; semi-circular gutters of PVC material can be readily prepared by cutting those
pipes into two equal semi-circular channels; and bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in
half.
3.3.5.4 Conduit
Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron
(GI), materials that are commonly available.
3.3.5.5 Filter System
 Debris Traps
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Debris traps are used to catch debris from the roof before the water enters a tank.
They come in a variety of styles and colors. Prices range from a basic trap to a custom-
designed trap to blend into different home architecture designs. Material to be used is 4
Inch High Capacity Trap/Filter.
 First Flush Diverter
The first flush diverter routes the first flow of water from the catchment surface away
from the storage tank. It is designed to fill with contaminated water from a rain event and
empty itself over a 24 hour period so that it is ready for the next time it rains. This system
is used in most parts of the world to improve water quality for potable water systems.
 Sand Filter
Sand filters (also called biofilters) are a biological way of purifying drinking water.
Low turbidity (suspended sediment in the water) is a requirement for sand filters to
function effectively.
 Surge/Pump Tank
Where it is not possible or desirable for the roof water to run by gravity to the cistern,
it is directed to a surge/pump tank and is pumped to the cistern. The tank sizing depends
on the roof size, the pump size and the desired storage capacity if when the power fails.
It can be as small as 100 gallons and use a small oil free submersible pump or it can
be over 500 -1000 gallons and the water can be pumped by a remote jet pump
3.3.5.6 Storage Facilities
Concrete rainwater tanks are usually used in rural situations and are common in large
sizes. Concrete rainwater tanks are a good option to poly rainwater tanks and steel
rainwater tanks in areas with a high risk of fire damage. Concrete rainwater tanks either
come pre-fabricated or are formed and poured on site. If they are poured on site, they are
usually poured into a steel reinforced mould. The form work is then removed and the
concrete rainwater tank remains.
3.3.5.7 Recharge Structures
Rainwater may be charged into the groundwater aquifers through any suitable
structures like dugwells, borewells, recharge trenches and recharge pits.
Various recharge structures are possible - some which promote the percolation of
water through soil strata at shallower depth (e.g., recharge trenches, permeable
pavements) whereas others conduct water to greater depths from where it joins the
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groundwater (e.g. recharge wells). At many locations, existing structures like wells, pits
and tanks can be modified as recharge structures, eliminating the need to construct any
structures afresh.
3.3.6 Methodology for Rainwater Harvesting Testing
According to the case study “Harvesting Rainwater” prepared by Angela Matt and
Joshua Cohen, the following is the methodology for Rainwater Harvesting Testing. First
collect water samples from metal roof, plumbing, cistern, tap water, and shingled roof.
Second test samples for a baseline profile of pH, turbidity, conductivity, hardness, total
suspended solids, and coliform count. Third combine samples (from roof and cistern
inlet) with dirt and leaves to simulate a "first flush" sample. Fourth split sample while
pouring through a slow sand filter fabricated as a prototype for the design. Lastly test pre-
and post-filtered samples for total suspended solids.
3.3.7 Definition of Sustainable Development
According to the Global Development Research Center, sustainable development

is maintaining a delicate balance between the human need to improve lifestyles and
feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on
which present and future generations depend.
According to the World Commission on Environment and Development,
sustainable development is "development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Sustainable
development implies economic growth together with the protection of environmental
quality, each reinforcing the other. The essence of this form of development is a stable
relationship between human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the
prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good as our own.
Many observers believe that participatory democracy, undominated by vested interests, is
a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.
3.3.8 Green Design
According to the article “Green Building Basics from the Department of resources
Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle)”, Building "green" is an opportunity to use
resources efficiently while creating healthier buildings that improve human health, build
a better environment, and provide cost savings.
3.3.8.1 What Makes a Building Green?
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A green building, also known as a sustainable building, is a structure that is
designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource-efficient
manner. Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives such as protecting
occupant health; improving employee productivity; using energy, water, and other
resources more efficiently; and reducing the overall negative impact to the environment.
3.3.8.2 What are the Economic Benefits of Green Buildings?
A green building may cost more up front, but saves through lower operating costs
over the life of the building. The green building approach applies a project life cycle cost
analysis for determining the appropriate up-front expenditure. This analytical method
calculates costs over the useful life of the asset.
These and other cost savings can only be fully realized when they are
incorporated at the project's conceptual design phase with the assistance of an integrated
team of professionals. The integrated systems approach ensures that the building is
designed as one system rather than a collection of stand-alone systems.
Some benefits, such as improving occupant health, comfort, productivity,

reducing pollution and landfill waste, are not easily quantified. Consequently, they are
not adequately considered in cost analysis. For this reason, setting aside a small portion
of the building budget is important to cover differential costs associated with less tangible
green building benefits or to cover the cost of researching and analyzing green building
options.
3.3.9 Natural Lighting
Based on the article, “Natural Lighting” by Gregg D. Ander, daylighting is the

controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight and diffuse skylight into a building
to reduce electric lighting and saving energy. The science of daylighting design is not just
how to provide enough daylight to an occupied space, but how to do so without any
undesirable side effects. Beyond adding windows or skylights to a space, it involves
carefully balancing heat gain and loss, glare control, and variations in daylight
availability.
Awareness of basic visual acuity and performance issues is essential to an
effective daylighting design, including:
Distribution
Introduce as much controlled daylight as deep as possible into a building interior.

The human eye can adjust to high levels of luminance as long as it is evenly distributed.
In general, light which reaches a task indirectly (such as having bounced from a white
32
wall) will provide better lighting quality than light which arrives directly from a natural
or artificial source.
Glare
The aim of an efficient daylighting design is not only to provide illuminance

levels that are sufficient for good performance, but also to maintain a comfortable and
pleasing atmosphere. Glare, or excessive brightness contrast within the field of view, is
an aspect of lighting that can cause discomfort to occupants. The human eye can function
quite well if extreme levels of brightness are present in the same field of view.
To be effective, daylighting must be integrated with electric lighting design. In

particular, daylighting must be coupled with efficient electric lighting controls if net
energy savings are to be realized.
3.3.9.1 Design Recommendation
Allow daylight penetration high in a space. Windows located high in a wall or in

roof monitors and clerestories will result in deeper light penetration and reduce the
likelihood of excessive brightness.
Slope ceilings to direct more light into a space. Sloping the ceiling away from the
fenestration area will help increase the surface brightness of the ceiling further into a
space.
Increase perimeter daylight zones—extend the perimeter footprint to maximize
the usable daylighting area
3.3.10 Natural Ventilation
Based on the article, “Natural Ventilation” by Andy Walker natural ventilation,

unlike fan-forced ventilation, uses the natural forces of wind and buoyancy to deliver
fresh air into buildings. Fresh air is required in buildings to alleviate odors, to provide
oxygen for respiration, and to increase thermal comfort.
3.3.10.1 Types of Natural Ventilation Effects
Wind can blow air through openings in the wall on the windward side of the
building, and suck air out of openings on the leeward side and the roof. Temperature
differences between warm air inside and cool air outside can cause the air in the room to
rise and exit at the ceiling or ridge, and enter via lower openings in the wall. Similarly,
buoyancy caused by differences in humidity can allow a pressurized column of dense,
evaporatively cooled air to supply a space, and lighter, warmer, humid air to exhaust near
the top.
33
Wind
To equalize pressure, fresh air will enter any windward opening and be exhausted
from any leeward opening. In summer, wind is used to supply as much fresh air as
possible while in winter, ventilation is normally reduced to levels sufficient to remove
excess moisture and pollutants.
Buoyancy
Buoyancy results from the difference in air density. The density of air depends on
temperature and humidity (cool air is heavier than warm air at the same humidity and dry
air is heavier than humid air at the same temperature). Within the cool tower itself the
effect of temperature and humidity are pulling in opposite directions (temperature down,
humidity up). Within the room, heat and humidity given off by occupants and other
internal sources both tend to make air rise. The stale, heated air escapes from openings in
the ceiling or roof and permits fresh air to enter lower openings to replace it.
3.3.10.2 Design Recommendation
Orient windows across the room and offset from each other to maximize mixing
within the room while minimizing the obstructions to airflow within the room.
Window openings should be operable by the occupants.
Determine if the building will benefit from an open- or closed-building ventilation

approach. A closed-building approach works well in hot, dry climates where there is a
large variation in temperature from day to night. A massive building is ventilated at
night, then, closed in the morning to keep out the hot daytime air. Occupants are then
cooled by radiant exchange with the massive walls and floor. An open-building
approach works well in warm and humid areas, where the temperature does not change
much from day to night. In this case, daytime cross-ventilation is encouraged to
maintain indoor temperatures close to outdoor temperatures.
Try to allow natural ventilation to cool the mass of the building at night in hot
climates. Open staircases provide stack effect ventilation, but observe all fire and
smoke precautions for enclosed stairways.
3.3.10.3 Methods of Construction and Materials
In the summer, when the outside temperature is below the desired inside
temperature, windows should be opened to maximize fresh air intake. Lots of airflow is
needed to maintain the inside temperature at no more than 3-5 °F above the outside
temperature. During hot, calm days, air exchange rates will be very low and the tendency
will be for inside temperatures to rise above the outside temperature. The use of fan-
34
forced ventilation or thermal mass for radiant cooling may be important in controlling
these maximum temperatures.
3.3.11 Cost Analysis
3.3.11.1 Amount of 60 units Medium-Rise Residential Building by NHA
From the article, “Gov’t plans medium-rise residential buildings for Metro Manila
squatters” by Jerry E. Esplanada, Joey Salgado, media officer of the vice-president, stated
that, each MRB will be five stories high with 60 units per MRB base on NHA. The
standard cost per MRB, inclusive of land development, is about P34.5 million.
3.4 Methodology
The National Housing Authority has set their own standards to make their housing
units buyable to the target market which are the low income families. The researchers
must conform to these standards.
The researchers then must canvass for low cost materials that will be used for the
construction of the project. The materials must be low cost but must also be environment-
friendly. The researchers must also include the materials that will be used for the
rainwater harvesting system.
The next step is the design of the proposed project. The researchers must design
the 5- storey medium rise housing and the rainwater harvesting system for the building.
The last step will be the estimation of the total cost for the entire project.
35
3.4.1 Flow Chart
START
CONSULTATION AND
RESEARCH
SELECTING
MATERIALS
SYSTEM
DESIGN OF WATER
STRUCTURAL HARVESTING
DESIGN SYSTEM SYSTEM
ESTIMATION
OF TOTAL
COST
SYSTEM
END
36
3.5. Results and Discussion
3.5.1 Natural Lighting
The researchers allowed day lighting in the corridors of the building. Through
this, the use of artificial lighting for the corridors can at least be decreased. Daylight has
direct access to the corridors of the buildings. There would not be a need for artificial
lighting on the corridors during daytime.
Source of daylight for each units of the building will be from the two provided
windows. One window is located in each bathroom, the bathroom during daytime is well
lit and will not require the use of artificial lighting during that time. Another window is
located in the kitchen area, allowing daylight all throughout the room since the kitchen
has no partition to the entire room area.
3.5.2 Natural Ventilation
The group made sure that the design of the structure will not disrupt the flow of
air going through the building. The air can easily pass through the corridor of the building
allowing a naturally ventilated corridor going through the units of the building. There
would not be a need for artificial ventilation for the corridors of the building.
The group also provided operable window openings for the comfort of the tenants
living in each unit to have access to natural ventilation. Each unit is provided with two
windows, one window in the bathroom and another in the kitchen. The flow of air can
pass through the entire room area from the kitchen area since there is no partition from
the kitchen area to the entire room area.
3.5.3 Rainwater Harvesting System
The rainwater catchment of the rainwater harvesting system is the roof deck of the
building with a total area of 622m2. The surface of the roof is reinforced concrete. The
rainwater will hit the catchment and will flow to the deck drain in the roof deck then will
go down the downspout. From the downspouts, the rain water harvested will go to the
catch basins that are interconnected with piping systems; the rainwater will then go to the
rainwater tank. From the tank, the rainwater will be pumped using a booster pump, the
water will then be treated in the filtration tank. The treated water will then be pumped
again to be used for flushing for every household in the building.
The design of water tank is based on the computed expected volume of rainfall
that the water catchment will collect for a period of time. For the building, the researchers
will use four large rainwater tanks that have capacities of 20500 L and all of them will be
located on the ground.
37
Figure 13. Large Rainwater Tank
Dimensions:
Capacity: 20500 L
Diameter: 3620 mm
Height: 2090 mm
3.6. Conclusions and Recommendations
After all the research done, the group has provided the designs for the proposed
five- storey medium rise housing with rainwater harvesting system.
The structure was designed using the engineering software ETABS. The structure
was designed accordingly without any errors based on the software. Every structural
member of the building was designed as safe for the given loads and conditions using the
software. The foundation of the structure was designed with mat foundation. The
software used is SAFE.
The architectural plan of the building was designed to comply with the standards
of a green building. Concepts of natural ventilation and natural lighting were integrated to
the building. The design of the building allows the passage of air in the building without
obstructions. The air can pass through the building corridors freely creating a good flow
38
of air inside the building. Day lighting provides natural lighting during daytime. The
building design allows day light to enter the residential units of the building. There will
be less need in using electricity for artificial lighting and ventilation.
The rainwater harvesting system provides alternative supply of water for toilet
flushing and watering the garden for all the residential units of the medium rise housing.
Given the data from PAGASA, the researchers have computed the average rainfall for the
location of the building, it is 211.31 mm. The group determined the expected collected
rainfall that is 92.01 cubic meter. Then based on the computations, the researchers
yielded a total of four rainwater tanks needed for the proposed project.
The researchers recommend that the concepts of natural ventilation and natural
lighting be applied in the building much more extensively. The applied natural ventilation
and natural lighting for the building is very simple. If the budget permits, they could
apply a much complex concept in the building design.
The researchers recommend that we have conducted a much more extensive

research on the benefits of the green engineering. They could have studied the exact cost
saved due to the application of concepts of natural lighting and ventilation. The study
could help very much on the determination of the benefits of green engineering.
39
4. Detailed Engineering Design
Our structure is a 5 storey medium rise housing which compose of 100 units per
building. A conceptual rainwater design system is also incorporated for the structure.
The structural code used in our structure is the National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2010. The programs used are the AutoCAD 2012, Microsoft excel , Etabs,
Microsoft project, and SAFE.
For the structural code, the provision used for the loading were the load
combination of 1.2 for the dead load and 1.6 for live load. For the dead load, the load
considered are the weight of the slab, beams, CHB walls and weight of footing and
column. And for the live load, the load considered were based on the table given in the
NSCP 2010 which is for the residential loadings.
The standard unit weight of concrete used is 23.54 KN/m3 and that for concrete
hollow blocks is 16.5 KN/m3. The 28 days compressive strength of concrete used is 28
MPa and that the yield strength of steel bars for all types of reinforcement is 415 MPa.
The concrete design calculations are calculated as per following provisions of

NSCP 2010, to name:
Section 208, "Earthquake Loads"
Analysis included the design of base shear and the determination of seismic
design parameters, like the type of structure, location and the criticality of the building.
Also included here was the analysis of lateral loads using the Portal and Cantilever
Methods.
40
Section 410, "Flexure and Axial Loads,"
Analysis included here the investigation of reinforced concrete beams subject to

steel yielding, and decision if it is to be designed as non-rectangular or rectangular,
singly-reinforced or doubly-reinforced concrete beams. Included here are the
determination of strength reduction factor and the steel ratio. Also included were the
axial capacity analysis of columns and the design of ties and vertical bars.
Section 411, "Shear and Torsion,"
Analysis included here the determination of size of stirrups and their spacing, and
also the investigation if the reinforced concrete has the capacity to resist shearing forces.
Code provisions for design ranges from a simplified design to a much detailed design
when given axial, flexure and shear reaction altogether.
Section 413, "Two-way Slab Design Systems"
Analysis included here the stress spread, and the design and spacing of steel bars in a two
way slab. It facilitates on how the bars would be placed along the slab using the direct
design method. Code provisions set also the maximum bending moments at each faces of
the members.
Section 415, "Footings."
Analysis of concrete footings included the investigation of concrete footings

under one-way and punching shear failure, and how the reinforcing bars would be laid
out in both directions of the footing. It has a provision on the minimum thickness of
footings and the location of the critical section for both one-way and punching shear.
41
Estimation and budget schedule are based on the technical data coming from a
professional Quantity Surveyor and/or Cost Engineer. The project schedule is prepared
and outlined using Microsoft Project containing all the significant and critical project
activities. Also included here are geotechnical profiles and field results of our project,
such as borehole results, soil consistence, cohesion and unit weight of the soil profile.
To facilitate the output of our project more accurately, the structural design
specifications shall be shown, like the beam, column, footing and slab schedule, at which
is presented the exact details like the number and size of top and bottom bars, the
concrete beam dimensions, and the effective depth of the structural members, per every
level and unit of our project. Preliminary data for design loads that served bases for our
structural design shall also be included, like the dead, live, superimposed, wind and other
essential loads of our project provided by NSCP 2010.
42
4.1. Loads and Codes
4.1.1. Introduction
In this chapter, reinforced concrete construction design computations are

employed such that provisions under the National Structural Code of the Philippines
2010, National Building Code of the Philippines and Uniform Building Code 1992 are
taken into consideration. Minimum design requirements for the design of buildings as
well as appropriate load and design combinations are determined in accordance with such
existing codes and provisions for buildings. In addition, it is also considered in the design
process that the most critical effect on the building can occur when one or more of the
contributing loads are not acting. All applicable loads are considered, including both
earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load combinations under the
existing building codes and provisions. In the design of the housing project using ETABS
Software, the structural code that will be taken into consideration is the ACI Code.
4.1.2. Dead Load

As defined under the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010, dead loads
shall be regarded in this chapter as the parameter which consists of the weight of all
materials of construction incorporated into the building, including but not limited to
walls, roofs, ceilings, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding, and other similarly
incorporated architectural and structural items. Dead loads are computed in this chapter
based on the values set forth under Table 204-1 (Minimum Densities for Design Loads
from Materials) and Table 204-2 (Minimum Design Dead Loads) in Section 204 of the
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010.
43
DEAD LOAD KN/m2
*CEILING*
MECHANICAL DUCT ALLOWANCE 0.2
GYPSUM 0
PLASTER ON CONCRETE 0.24
ELECTRICAL AND PLUMBING ALLOWANCE 0.1
*FLOOR*
CEMENT FINISH (25mm) 1.53
LINOLEUM/ASPHALT TILE 0.05
*PARTITION*
CHB 1
TOTAL 3.12
Table 8. Dead Loads
4.1.3. Live Load
As defined under the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010, dead loads
shall be regarded in this chapter as maximum loads expected by the intended use or
occupancy of the building but in no case shall be less than that loads required under
Section 205 of the Code. Live loads are computed in this chapter based on the values set
forth under Table 205-1 (Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads) in Section
205 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010.
LIVE LOAD KN/m2

Residential 1.9
Storage ( water tank ) 6
Hallway 3.8
Table 9. Live Loads
44
4.1.4. Earthquake Load
In line with the aim of having a safer building construction, earthquake provisions
are considered in the design process of this project. As stated in the National Structural
Code of the Philippines 2010, earthquake provisions primarily serve to safeguard against
major structural failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or maintain function.
Earthquake loads are computed in this chapter based on Section 208 of the National
Structural Code of the Philippines and method of computation set forth under Uniform
Building Code 1992.
4.1.5. Total Factored Loads
As stated under the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010, the most
critical effect on the building can occur when one or more of the contributing loads are
not acting. In the design process, all applicable loads are considered, including both
earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load combinations under the
existing building codes and provisions. Basic load combinations set forth under Section
203.3.1 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 are employed in the
computations using strength design.
There are three major load combinations considered in the design of the structural
members. These are as follows:
1.2DL +1.6LL (Load Combination 1)
1.4025DL + 0.9LL + 1.2Ex (Load Combination 2)
1.4025DL + 0.9LL + 1.2Ez (load Combination 3)
45
4.2. Structural Design
4.2.1. Introduction
For this project, the software ETABS 9.7 is used to design the beams and columns
of the structure. The design of beams includes the dimension, reinforcements, web bars,
and the size and spacing of stirrups. For the design of columns, we were able to
determine the width, depth, longitudinal reinforcement and transverse reinforcement. The
design of slabs is computed with the use of MS Excel.
4.2.2. ETABS 9.7 Model
The design of beams and columns for the five-storey medium rise housing in
Bulacan are generated using ETABS 9.7. The Etabs Model generated for this project is as
shown:
Figure 14. ETABS 9.7 Model of the Structure
46
4.2.3. Beam Design
From the model created using ETABS 9.7 and with the appropriate loadings and
specifications, beam design outputs are generated. The resulting design of beams from
ETABS is shown on the succeeding pages (See Table 11)
47
Table 10. Beam Design
BEAM DIMENSIONS REINFORCEMENTS SIZE & SPACING OF

DESIGN (mm) STIRRUPS
LEFT SUPPORT MID SPAN RIGHT SUPPORT WEB
BARS
B D TOP BOT TOP BOT TOP BOT
EA.
FACE
B1STORY6 300 500 2-Ø20mm 2-Ø20mm 2-Ø20mm 2-Ø20mm 2-Ø20mm 2- -- Ø10,2-legs 1@50, 10@100,
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
48
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
49
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
B26STORY5 300 500 2-Ø20mm 2-Ø20mm 2-Ø20mm 2-Ø20mm 2-Ø20mm 2- 3- Ø10,2-legs 1@50, 10@100,
Ø20mm Ø12mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
50
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
51
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
52
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
53
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
54
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
55
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
56
57
58
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
59
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
60
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
61
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
62
63
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
64
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
65
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
66
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
67
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
68
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
69
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
Ø20mm REST @ 200
70
4.2.4. Column Design
From the model created using ETABS 9.7 and with the appropriate loadings and
specifications, column design outputs are generated. The resulting design of columns from
ETABS is shown in Tables 12 to 17.
71
The Column Design has been generated using ETABS 9.7 software. A summary of the schedule of columns is presented:
Table 11. Schedule for First Floor Columns
Longitudinal Reinf. Transverse Reinf.

Width Depth
COLUMN NO.
Along Along Bar No. of PMxM Sties

LEVEL (3) (2) cc As Bar Øt Sconf. (b&c)
Øm bars y Ratio (a)
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm2] [pcs] [-] [mm] [mm] [mm]
1 1 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.332 12 125 75
1 2 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.347 12 125 75
1 3 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.347 12 125 75
1 4 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.185 12 125 75
1 5 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.103 12 125 75
1 6 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.1 12 125 75
1 7 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.09 12 125 75
1 8 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.304 12 125 75
72
1 9 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.337 12 125 75
1 10 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.21 12 125 75
1 11 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.333 12 125 75
1 12 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.145 12 125 75
1 13 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.099 12 125 75
1 14 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.123 12 125 75
1 15 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.109 12 125 75
1 16 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.109 12 125 75
1 17 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.109 12 125 75
1 18 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.111 12 125 75
1 19 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.138 12 125 75
1 20 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.099 12 125 75
1 21 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.146 12 125 75
73
1 22 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.211 12 125 75
1 23 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.317 12 125 75
1 24 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.326 12 125 75
1 25 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.332 12 125 75
1 26 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.345 12 125 75
1 27 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.336 12 125 75
1 28 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.339 12 125 75
1 29 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.347 12 125 75
1 30 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.339 12 125 75
1 31 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.337 12 125 75
1 32 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.347 12 125 75
1 33 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.345 12 125 75
1 34 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.338 12 125 75
74
1 35 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.336 12 125 75
1 36 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.158 12 125 75
1 37 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.182 12 125 75
1 38 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.185 12 125 75
1 39 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.183 12 125 75
1 40 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.161 12 125 75
1 41 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.1 12 125 75
1 42 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.102 12 125 75
1 43 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.103 12 125 75
1 44 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.102 12 125 75
1 45 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.1 12 125 75
1 46 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.379 12 125 75
1 47 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.383 12 125 75
75
1 48 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.379 12 125 75
1 49 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.383 12 125 75
1 50 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.379 12 125 75
1 51 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.383 12 125 75
1 52 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.379 12 125 75
1 53 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.383 12 125 75
1 54 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.083 12 125 75
1 55 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.083 12 125 75
76
Table 12. Schedule for Second Floor Columns

Width Depth
COLUMN NO.
Along Along Bar No. of PMxMy Bar Sties

LEVEL (3) (2) cc As Sconf. (b&c)
Øm bars Ratio Øt (a)
2 1 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.295 12 125 75
2 2 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.285 12 125 75
2 3 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.317 12 125 75
2 4 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.317 12 125 75
2 5 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.148 12 125 75
2 6 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.129 12 125 75
2 7 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.078 12 125 75
2 8 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.075 12 125 75
77
2 9 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.223 12 125 75
2 10 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.295 12 125 75
2 11 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.169 12 125 75
2 12 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.273 12 125 75
2 13 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.148 12 125 75
2 14 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.072 12 125 75
2 15 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.089 12 125 75
2 16 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.131 12 125 75
2 17 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.131 12 125 75
2 18 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.131 12 125 75
2 19 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.132 12 125 75
2 20 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.095 12 125 75
2 21 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.072 12 125 75
78
2 22 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.148 12 125 75
2 23 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.169 12 125 75
2 24 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.234 12 125 75
2 25 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.285 12 125 75
2 26 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.273 12 125 75
2 27 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.31 12 125 75
2 28 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.303 12 125 75
2 29 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.31 12 125 75
2 30 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.317 12 125 75
2 31 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.311 12 125 75
2 32 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.305 12 125 75
2 33 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.317 12 125 75
2 34 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.31 12 125 75
79
2 35 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.31 12 125 75
2 36 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.303 12 125 75
2 37 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.136 12 125 75
2 38 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.147 12 125 75
2 39 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.148 12 125 75
2 40 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.146 12 125 75
2 41 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.136 12 125 75
2 42 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.127 12 125 75
2 43 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.129 12 125 75
2 44 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.129 12 125 75
2 45 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.129 12 125 75
2 46 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.127 12 125 75
2 47 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.348 12 125 75
80
2 48 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.342 12 125 75
2 49 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.348 12 125 75
2 50 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.342 12 125 75
2 51 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.348 12 125 75
2 52 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.342 12 125 75
2 53 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.348 12 125 75
2 54 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.342 12 125 75
2 55 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.07 12 125 75
2 56 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.07 12 125 75
81
Table 13. Schedule for Third Floor Columns

Width Depth
COLUMN NO.

3 1 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.229 12 125 75
3 2 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.219 12 125 75
3 3 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.239 12 125 75
3 4 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.239 12 125 75
3 5 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.122 12 125 75
3 6 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.116 12 125 75
3 7 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.063 12 125 75
3 8 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.056 12 125 75
82
3 9 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.147 12 125 75
3 10 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.229 12 125 75
3 11 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.128 12 125 75
3 12 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.204 12 125 75
3 13 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.111 12 125 75
3 14 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.052 12 125 75
3 15 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.061 12 125 75
3 16 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.094 12 125 75
3 17 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.094 12 125 75
3 18 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.094 12 125 75
3 19 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.094 12 125 75
3 20 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.062 12 125 75
3 21 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.052 12 125 75
83
3 22 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.112 12 125 75
3 23 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.128 12 125 75
3 24 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.154 12 125 75
3 25 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.219 12 125 75
3 26 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.204 12 125 75
3 27 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.233 12 125 75
3 28 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.226 12 125 75
3 29 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.232 12 125 75
3 30 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.239 12 125 75
3 31 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.233 12 125 75
3 32 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.227 12 125 75
3 33 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.239 12 125 75
3 34 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.233 12 125 75
84
3 35 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.231 12 125 75
3 36 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.226 12 125 75
3 37 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.121 12 125 75
3 38 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.122 12 125 75
3 39 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.122 12 125 75
3 40 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.122 12 125 75
3 41 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.121 12 125 75
3 42 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.115 12 125 75
3 43 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.116 12 125 75
3 44 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.116 12 125 75
3 45 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.116 12 125 75
3 46 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.115 12 125 75
3 47 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.263 12 125 75
85
3 48 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.257 12 125 75
3 49 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.263 12 125 75
3 50 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.257 12 125 75
3 51 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.263 12 125 75
3 52 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.257 12 125 75
3 53 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.263 12 125 75
3 54 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.257 12 125 75
3 55 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.055 12 125 75
3 56 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.055 12 125 75
86
Table 14. Schedule for Fourth Floor Columns

Width Depth
COLUMN NO.

4 1 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.183 12 125 75
4 2 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.173 12 125 75
4 3 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.184 12 125 75
4 4 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.184 12 125 75
4 5 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.112 12 125 75
4 6 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.107 12 125 75
4 7 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.056 12 125 75
4 8 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.042 12 125 75
87
4 9 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.088 12 125 75
4 10 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.183 12 125 75
4 11 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.098 12 125 75
4 12 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.148 12 125 75
4 13 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.091 12 125 75
4 14 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.039 12 125 75
4 15 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.039 12 125 75
4 16 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.081 12 125 75
4 17 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.081 12 125 75
4 18 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.081 12 125 75
4 19 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.081 12 125 75
4 20 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.039 12 125 75
4 21 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.041 12 125 75
88
4 22 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.091 12 125 75
4 23 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.098 12 125 75
4 24 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.091 12 125 75
4 25 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.173 12 125 75
4 26 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.148 12 125 75
4 27 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.177 12 125 75
4 28 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.171 12 125 75
4 29 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.178 12 125 75
4 30 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.184 12 125 75
4 31 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.178 12 125 75
4 32 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.172 12 125 75
4 33 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.184 12 125 75
4 34 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.177 12 125 75
89
4 35 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.178 12 125 75
4 36 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.171 12 125 75
4 37 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.111 12 125 75
4 38 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.112 12 125 75
4 39 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.111 12 125 75
4 40 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.112 12 125 75
4 41 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.111 12 125 75
4 42 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.107 12 125 75
4 43 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.107 12 125 75
4 44 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.106 12 125 75
4 45 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.106 12 125 75
4 46 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.106 12 125 75
4 47 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.205 12 125 75
90
4 48 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.196 12 125 75
4 49 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.205 12 125 75
4 50 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.196 12 125 75
4 51 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.205 12 125 75
4 52 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.196 12 125 75
4 53 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.205 12 125 75
4 54 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.196 12 125 75
4 55 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.039 12 125 75
4 56 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.039 12 125 75
91
Table 15. Schedule for Fifth Floor Columns

Width Depth
COLUMN NO.

5 1 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.123 12 125 75
5 2 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.113 12 125 75
5 3 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.163 12 125 75
5 4 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.163 12 125 75
5 5 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.109 12 125 75
5 6 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.11 12 125 75
5 7 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.068 12 125 75
5 8 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.032 12 125 75
92
5 9 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.08 12 125 75
5 10 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.123 12 125 75
5 11 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.083 12 125 75
5 12 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.112 12 125 75
5 13 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.082 12 125 75
5 14 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.031 12 125 75
5 15 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.015 12 125 75
5 16 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.078 12 125 75
5 17 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.078 12 125 75
5 18 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.078 12 125 75
5 19 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.078 12 125 75
5 20 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.015 12 125 75
5 21 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.031 12 125 75
93
5 22 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.082 12 125 75
5 23 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.083 12 125 75
5 24 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.08 12 125 75
5 25 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.113 12 125 75
5 26 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.112 12 125 75
5 27 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.155 12 125 75
5 28 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.148 12 125 75
5 29 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.156 12 125 75
5 30 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.163 12 125 75
5 31 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.157 12 125 75
5 32 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.149 12 125 75
5 33 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.163 12 125 75
5 34 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.155 12 125 75
94
5 35 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.156 12 125 75
5 36 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.148 12 125 75
5 37 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.106 12 125 75
5 38 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.107 12 125 75
5 39 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.107 12 125 75
5 40 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.107 12 125 75
5 41 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.106 12 125 75
5 42 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.109 12 125 75
5 43 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.11 12 125 75
5 44 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.11 12 125 75
5 45 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.11 12 125 75
5 46 400 400 40 25 5161 10 0.109 12 125 75
5 47 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.181 12 125 75
95
5 48 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.166 12 125 75
5 49 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.181 12 125 75
5 50 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.166 12 125 75
5 51 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.181 12 125 75
5 52 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.166 12 125 75
5 53 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.181 12 125 75
5 54 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.166 12 125 75
5 55 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.014 12 125 75
5 56 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.014 12 125 75
96
Table 16. Schedule for Sixth Floor Columns

Width Depth
COLUMN NO.

6 1 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.03 12 125 75
6 2 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.03 12 125 75
6 3 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.03 12 125 75
6 4 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.024 12 125 75
6 5 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.03 12 125 75
6 6 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.025 12 125 75
6 7 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.03 12 125 75
6 8 500 500 40 25 8155 16 0.025 12 125 75
97
4.2.5. Slab Design
DESIGN DATA AND PARAMETERS
Slab Designation RFDCK
1.1 Dimensions
Slab Thickness, h = 225 [mm]
Finishes Thickness = 0 [mm]
Nominal Cover = 20 [mm]
Span, L = 7.00 [m]
Beam Width 1, B1 = 0.3 [m]
Beam Width 2, B2 = 0.3 [m]
Considered strip width, b = 1000 [mm]
Effective Depth, d = 199 [mm]
Clear span,Ln = 6.40 [m]
b1 = 0.85
1.2 Reinforcement
Main Bar Diameter, Ømain = 12 [mm]
Temperature Bar Diameter, Øtemp = 12 [mm]
1.3 Material Property
Density of Concrete, wc = 23.54 [kN/m3]
Concrete Strength, fc' = 28 [Mpa]
98
Reinforcing Main Bar Strength, fym = 414 [Mpa]
Reinforcing Temp. Bar Strength, fyt = 414 [Mpa]
Modulus of Elasticity, Ec = 24870.1 [Mpa]
Moment of Inertia, I = 9.5E+08 [mm4]
LOADING FOR ONE-WAY SLAB
2.1 Dead Loads
Superimposed dead load, SDL = 0.54 [kPa]
Finishes = 1.58 [kPa]
Slab Selfweight = 5.30 [kPa]
Total Dead loads = 7.42 [kN/m]
2.2 Live Loads = 7.90 [kPa]
Total Live loads = 7.90 [kN/m]
2.3 Load Combination
From ACI Code;
Required Strength, wu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL = 21.54 [kN/m]
With the use of a program EXCEL, the following values are obtained:
Minimum Reinforcement Required:
99
Effective Depth, d:
Area of Steel Required:
Number of Steel:
:.say
200 pcs.
Spacing of Bars:
100
4.3. Design of Foundation
4.3.1. Introduction
The foundation of the proposed five-Storey Medium Rise Housing with

Rainwater Harvesting is designed with Structural Analysis of Finite Elements or SAFE
computer application. A soil investigation was conducted on the exact lot where the
structure will be erected. The soil investigation results show that the recommended
foundation for the structure are combined footing or and mat foundation. The group
designed the foundation with mat foundation. The depth of the Mat Foundation is at 1.5
meters. The thickness of slab is set to 750 mm.
4.3.2. Design of Rebars
Using the bar size and spacing, there are some portions that are red in color, it is
critical to punching shear. The violet portion is least critical against applied stresses thus
safe against settlement.
Figure 15. Direction 1- Top Rebar, Bar Size 18, Spacing 100mm
101
102
The bar size and spacing used for the Direction 1- Top Rebar are proven safe as
shown in Figure 18. The whole foundation is color violet.
103
Using the bar size and spacing there are some portions that are red in color, it is
Figure 17. Direction 1- Bottom Rebar, Bar Size 20, Spacing 100mm
104
The bar size and spacing used for the Direction 1- Bottom Rebar are proven safe as
shown in the Figure 20. The whole foundation is color violet.
105
Adopt the design of rebar for Direction 1- Bottom Rebar, therefore:
Direction 1- Top Rebar- Bar Size 25 Spacing 100mm
Direction 1- Bottom Rebar- Bar Size 25 Spacing 100mm
Using the bar size and spacing there are some portions that are red in color, it is
106
The bar size and spacing used for the Direction 2- Top Rebar are proven safe as shown in
the Figure 22. The whole foundation is color violet.
107
Using the bar size and spacing there are some portions that are red in color, it is critical to
punching shear. The violet portion is least critical against applied stresses thus safe
against settlement.
108
The bar size and spacing used for the Direction 1- Bottom Rebar are proven safe as
shown in the Figure 24. The whole foundation is color violet.
109
4.3.3. Checking for Deformation of Concrete Slab applied with Forces/ Stresses:
Positive value means that the concrete slab experiences tension, while negative
value means that the concrete slab experiences compression. The concrete slab deforms
depending on the force experienced.
Figure 23. USD101 Results
Considering only the USD101 with Super Dead Static Load and Dead Load, the
result is the diagram. The value ranges from +3 to -3.
110
Considering only the USD102 with Super Dead Static Load, Dead Load, and Live
Load the result is the diagram. The value ranges from +3 to -3.
111
Considering only the USD201 with Super Dead Static Load, Dead Load, Live
Load, Wind Load Static Load the result is the diagram. The value ranges from +3 to -3.
112
113
Considering only the USD203 with Super Dead Static Load, Dead Load, Wind
Load Static Load the result is the diagram. The value ranges from +2 to -3.
114
115
Considering only the USD302 with Super Dead Static Load and Dead Load the result is
the diagram. The value ranges from +2 to -3.
116
4.4. Design of Rainwater Tank
The proposed project includes the design of a rainwater harvesting system of the
medium rise housing. On the paper “Harvesting Rainwater for Domestic Uses: An
Information Guide” by Environment Agency published in October 2010 in the United
Kingdom, rainwater harvesting is defined as the collection of rainwater directly from the
surface(s) it falls on. This water would otherwise have gone directly into the drainage
system or been lost through evaporation and transpiration. Once collected and stored it
can be used for nonpotable purposes. These include toilet flushing, garden watering and
clothes washing using a washing machine. for this particular project, the rainwater
harvested will mainly be used for the toilet flushing of every residential units in the
building. Having the rainwater harvesting system in the proposed project contributes to
the cause of conserving the natural resources. Rainwater harvesting system promotes the
conservation of freshwater. The rainwater harvesting system has a direct benefit for the
users of the five-storey housing. The cost in their water consumption will lessen.
The researchers incorporated green design to the proposed building and set that it
must follow the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development is defined
as maintaining a delicate balance between the human need to improve lifestyle and
feeling of well- being on one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on
which future generations depend. According to the article “Green Building Basics from
the Department of resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle)”, Building "green"
is an opportunity to use resources efficiently while creating healthier buildings that
improve human health, build a better environment, and provide cost savings.
Rainwater harvesting system is the focus of the sustainable development concept

applied on the proposed building. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of rainwater
directly from the surfaces it falls on. The rainwater will be recycled and be used for
specific purposes, in this case, toilet water. The process contributes in the conservation of
freshwater.
117
The rainwater harvesting process starts at the rainwater catchment that is on the
roof deck of the building with a total area of 622m2. The surface of the roof is reinforced
concrete. The rainwater will hit the catchment and will flow to the deck drain in the roof
deck then will go down the downspout. From the downspouts, the rain water harvested
will go to the catch basins that are interconnected with piping systems; the rainwater will
then go to the rainwater tank. From the tank, the rainwater will be pumped using a
booster pump, the water will then be treated in the filtration tank. The treated water will
then be pumped again to be used for flushing for every household in the building.
For the design of the rainwater harvesting system, the total volume of rainfall that
could be harvested by the building should be determined. The researchers gathered the 10
years of monthly rainfall data from PAGASA.
Using the data gathered, we will have an average monthly rainfall data. Then the
researchers will be able to estimate the total volume of rainfall harvested for the whole
year. The researchers will then decide what will be the efficient and cost effective
dimensions, capacity and number of water tanks that will be installed for the rainwater
harvesting system of the building.
Part of the design of rainwater harvesting system is a piping layout of the

rainwater harvesting system of the building. Based on the architectural plan of the
proposed project, we layout the design of piping system of the building.
The piping layout includes the placement of cistern tanks, rainwater tanks,
hydroneumatic tanks, booster pumps, and filtration tanks. also included is the layout of
the rainwater catchment and deck drains on the roof. The layout of the downspouts, catch
basins and flushing water lines must be indicated in the layout. the researchers prepared
the ground floor piping layout, typical piping layout for 2nd to 5th floor, roof deck piping
layout, front elevation piping layout, and rear elevation piping layout.
The addition of rainwater harvesting system in the design of the proposed medium
rise housing project must be proven effective and efficient otherwise it will just defeat the
118
purpose why it is included in the project in the first place. A cost benefit analysis is done
to support the cause of including the rainwater harvesting system in the proposed project.
The Cost Benefit Analysis part of the study focuses on the volume of water that
will be saved by the proposed project if a rainwater harvesting system will be installed in
the structure. The group will determine also how much money will be saved due to the
use of treated rainwater instead of using fresh water. The treated rainwater shall be used
for toilet flushing and watering the garden.
The researchers checked the water tariff of the water company that will supply
water to the building, that is the San Jose Del Monte City Water District. Based on the
water tariff and the estimated water consumption of the proposed residential building we
can project how much the building has cut cost on it's water bill. also we can estimate
how much fresh water was saved with the rainwater harvesting system. A significant
portion of the budget of this project is entitled to the construction of the rainwater
harvesting system, it is also important to know when will be the return of investment for
the installation of the rainwater harvesting system.
119
4.4.1. Introduction
Rainwater tank is a water tank used to collect and store rain water runoff,
typically from rooftops via rain gutters. It is a device for collecting and maintaining
harvested rain.
The number of rainwater tanks to be installed in the building is determined by

analysing the data from PAGASA for the 10 years of monthly rainfall. Based on the
computation, the average monthly rainfall is 211.31mm. The building will be able to
utilize efficiently four rainwater tanks with the capacity of 20.5m3.
4.4.2. 10 years of Monthly Rainfall Data from PAGASA:
Tab1e 17. 10 years of Monthly Rainfall Data from PAGASA
2001
January 20.14
February 105.3
March 12.3
April 31.3
May 2611
June 2485
July 5189
August 549.2
September 183.1
October 191
November 73.1
December 96.9
120
2002
January 84
February 134
March 216
April 204
May 497
June 184.2
July 13104
August 444.5
September 416.5
October 214.5
November 205.4
December 19.2
2003
January 1.6
February 7.3
March 9.6
April 22.1
May 4656
June 231.8
July 272.2
August 380.8
121
September 497.6
October 184.9
November 118.2
December 6.8
2004
January 6
February 0
March 0
April 88.4
May 206.6
June 214.6
July 335.6
August 686
September 308.3
October 86.6
November 204.5
December 59.2
2005
January 12.7
February 12
122
March 16
April 35.8
May 137.9
June 528.9
July 243.8
August 342.4
September 413.6
October 487
November 72.4
December 86.6
2006
January 56.3
February 6.8
March 78.5
April 0
May 172.8
June 333.6
July 662.6
August 310.1
September 667.6
October 212.2
November 88.7
123
December 76.8
2007
January 2.2
February 24.1
March 21.9
April 25.8
May 2583
June 94.4
July 204
August 669.9
September 437.6
October 220.2
November 284.6
December 52.2
2008
January 47.1
February 23.9
March 38.9
April 35.5
May 261.8
124
June 361.2
July 226.2
August 430.4
September 447.7
October 249.4
November 187.9
December 70
2009
January 43.1
February 10.4
March 93.7
April 138.5
May 268.4
June 438.1
July 660.8
August 408.1
September 1123.5
October 272.3
November 54.1
December 6.6
125
2010
January 5.1
February 0
March 2.4
April 20.1
May 62
June 355.5
July 410
August 628.1
September 386.6
October 413.5
November 254
December 136.9
126
Figure 30. Graph of Amount of Rainfall versus Every Month for 10
years:
1200
1000
Amount of Rainfall, mm
800
600
400
200
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
January 20.14 84 1.6 6 12.7 56.3 2.2 47.1 43.1 5.1
February 105.3 134 7.3 0 12 6.8 24.1 23.9 10.4 0
March 12.3 216 9.6 0 16 78.5 21.9 38.9 93.7 2.4
April 31.3 204 22.1 88.4 35.8 0 25.8 35.5 138.5 20.1
May 261.1 497 465.6 206.6 137.9 172.8 258.3 261.8 268.4 62
June 248.5 184.2 231.8 214.6 528.9 333.6 94.4 361.2 438.1 355.5
July 518.9 131.04 272.2 335.6 243.8 662.6 204 226.2 660.8 410
August 549.2 444.5 380.8 686 342.4 310.1 669.9 430.4 408.1 628.1
September 183.1 416.5 497.6 308.3 413.6 667.6 437.6 447.7 1123.5 386.6
October 191 214.5 184.9 86.6 487 212.2 220.2 249.4 272.3 413.5
November 73.1 205.4 118.2 204.5 72.4 88.7 284.6 187.9 54.1 254
December 96.9 19.2 6.8 59.2 86.6 76.8 52.2 70 6.6 136.9
127
Table 18. Average Monthly Rainfall
Average Monthly Rainfall

2001 190.9033333
2002 229.195
2003 183.2083333
2004 182.9833333
2005 199.0916667
2006 222.1666667
2007 191.2666667
2008 198.3333333
2009 293.1333333
2010 222.85
Average Monthly Rainfall 211.3131667
4.4.3. Solutions to Design of Water Tank
Given:
Average Monthly Rainfall, = 211.31 mm
Roof Area, = 622 m2
Run-off Coefficient (Concrete) = 0.7
Solution:
Total Volume Harvested = (211.31/1000)*622*0.7
Total Volume Rainwater Harvested = 92.01 m3
Capacity of Tank, m3 (From Commercially available Water Tank)
Capacity of Tank = 20.5 m3
128
Dimension of Water Tank:
Diameter = 3260 mm
Height = 2090 mm
Number of Water Tank = 92.01/ 20.5
Number of Water Tank = 4
129
4.4.3. Piping Layout
For the piping layout of the building, the researchers include the ground floor
piping layout, typical piping layout for 2nd to 5th floor, roof deck piping layout, front
elevation piping layout, and rear elevation piping layout.
Figure 31. Schematic Diagram of Rainwater harvesting System
130
4.5. Cost Benefit Analysis
The Cost Benefit Analysis part of the study focuses on the volume of
water that will be saved by the proposed project if a rainwater harvesting system will be
installed in the structure. The group will determine also how much money will be saved
due to the use of treated rainwater instead of using fresh water. The treated rainwater
shall be used for toilet flushing and watering the garden.
By using the said process, the residents in our structure will conserve water and it
can help them reduce their water expenses and can prevent floods in the area. Reusing
rainwater for the daily activities such as toilet flushing, gardening and washing of cars
can be a good way to conserve water.
Natural disaster such as storms and heavy rain is a common happening in our
country. Floods cannot be prevented because of canals that are clogged and waste
materials that are scattered in the streets. Rainwater harvesting can prevent flood by
catching the rainwater in the roof into the catchment basin. The rainwater can be treated
for the people to use it for their daily activities. But, certain method of water treatment
must be done if the water to be used is for water consumption.
Contaminants in the rainwater that is collected can include air pollution, bird
waste, dust, sand and certain bacteria that can harm the human body. So, by purifying and
filtering the rainwater, it can be consume by the people. There are certain methods that
can be use to filter the rainwater. Like membrane filtration, distillation, filters and
disinfection and even ultraviolet light. But making this kind of water treatment can cause
a lot with a estimate amount of 148,000 pesos.
Adding the total expense for the water treatment a rough estimate of 1.3M
including the labour cost and material cost. But, the residents can conserve water and can
reduce their water bill by 40% if they are using the treated rainwater. 3 catchment basins
are being proposed to be placed in our structure each catch basin for each building. The
collection area is in the roof to prevent soil erosion and flood in the area. Additional
loading in the roof is considered in designing our structure because of the weight of the
rain and water tank.
The roof catchment system have a uniform volume of water that is being collected
because of the limited area. But the residents can use some of the drums to collect
rainwater in the ground. It can help them collect more rainwater and conserve water
energy.
131
Following the computation, the total volume of rainwater that will be collected is
92.01 cubic meter. The building with the rainwater harvesting system in it can save up to
92.01 cubic meters every month.
Our catchment area is made of concrete and also the storage tank to avoid rusting.
The advantage of it is to avoid higher costing maintenance and it can prevent erosion but
limited rainwater collection is its disadvantage. Also the filtration can treat the rainwater
well because storing the rainwater through the ground can add more bacteria rather than
storing the rainwater through the roof.
The booster pump to be used in our structure is estimated to have an amount of

234, 204.00 pesos including the hydropneumatic tank that will be installed. Other
miscellaneous costing is given to have a 50,000.00 pesos budget such as maintenance
work and fittings. Installation cost and labor cost is estimated to have an amount of
296,519.69 pesos.
132
The water supply for the proposed project will be coming from the San Jose Del
Monte City Water District. The water charge is based on the water tariff of the water
district.
Table 19. Water Tariff
Minimum Charge 0-10 cu. m. P 280.00
Commodity 11-20 cu. m. P30.95/m3
21- 30 cu. m. P34.00/m3
31-40 cu. m. P37.25/m3
41 cu. m. and up P40.55/m3
The researchers assumed that the average amount of water that is consumed by
each of the 100 housing unit per month is 26 cubic meters. The water charge for each of
the housing unit will be 34.00 pesos/m3. So based on the assumption, the average
monthly water bill of each housing unit will be 884.00 pesos. Considering the building
has 100 housing units, the total water bill of the building per month is 88,400 pesos.
Given that the building saves up to 92.01 cubic of water per month, the building
can save a total cost of 3128.34 pesos per month. Therefore each housing units can save
31.28 pesos per month. That is almost 4% of the total water bill.
Based on the estimate of the entire rainwater harvesting system, the total cost of
the materials and labor for the construction is 1,143,718.81 pesos. Based on the total
amount saved by the building every month using the rainwater harvesting system which
is 884.00 pesos, the return of investment will start after 30 years and 6 months of initial
operation.
133
4.6. Plan Set
4.6.1. Civil Design Site Plan
134
4.6.2. Architectural Design
4.6.2.1. Elevations
135
4.6.2.2. Floor Plan
136
4.6.2.3. Roof Plan
137
4.6.3. Structural Design
138
5. Promotional Material
The promotional material used in this study is the Google Sketch up. The
researchers generated a three dimensional view of the proposed project.
Figure 32. Aerial View of the Proposed Project
Figure 33. Front View of the Proposed Project
139
7. Project Schedule
Project Schedule is a listing of a project’s milestones, activities, and deliverables,
usually with intended start and finish dates. Those items are often estimated in terms of
resources allocation, budget and duration, linked by dependencies and scheduled
events.
In this project, the construction has a total of 130 working days. The schedule is
from the processing of general requirements to the finishing of miscellaneous works.
The installation of the rainwater harvesting system is included in the schedule.
140
8. Conclusion and Summary
The proposed project, “Designing a Proposed five-Storey Medium Rise Housing
with Rainwater Harvesting System” shall provide low cost housing to the families in
need of safe, comfortable but affordable housing. The five-storey tenement will provide
housing units for the resettlement of the Metro Manila families. The proposed project
promotes green engineering adapting concepts of natural lighting and natural ventilation.
It also promotes the conservation of freshwater. The proposed project is situated at Brgy.
San Manuel, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. The site has a lot area of 58,843 sqm.
The structure is designed using the engineering software, ETABS. The foundation
of the structure is designed using the SAFE. Designing the foundation using SAFE
software proves to safely support the structure using the mat foundation. The
architectural plans were generated using AutoCAD 2012. For further presentation of the
structure, the researchers used Google Sketch Up.
After extensive research and consultations with the professionals, the group
designed the five-storey medium rise housing with applications of green engineering.
Concepts of natural lighting and natural ventilation are the first part of the green
engineering. Allowing free flow of air to the building provides ventilation to the building.
Creating spaces in the building lit with daylight will minimize the cost for electricity used
in artificial lighting. Accessible windows provided daylighting to the occupants of the
housing units.
The rainwater harvesting system was proven to be very effective for the proposed
project to be built in Bulacan. Based on the cost benefit analysis done, each housing unit
can save almost 10% on their water bill. The rainwater harvesting system is proven to be
very cost effective. Every month the building saves 92.01 cubic meter of fresh water. The
rainwater harvesting system has proven to be very effective on the conservation of fresh
water supply in the Philippines.
141
9. Recommendations
One of the primary goals of this proposed project is to show the effectiveness of
green engineering. The study wants to show how cost effective the application of green
engineering is. The applied green engineering concepts for the proposed project are
natural ventilation, natural lighting, and rainwater harvesting system.
The researchers recommend that the concepts of natural ventilation and natural
lighting be applied in the building much more extensively. The applied natural ventilation
and natural lighting for the building is very simple. If the budget permited, the
researchers could have applied a much complex concept in the building design.
The researchers recommend that a much more extensive research on the benefits
of the green engineering be conducted. The exact cost saved due to the application of
concepts of natural lighting and ventilation could have been studied even further. The
study could help very much on the determination of the benefits of green engineering.
142
10. Acknowledgement
The completion of the study would not be possible without the help of Engr. Ivan
D. L. Marquez. He has given his full support throughout the entire duration of the thesis.
The researchers would like to thank him for the pieces of advice he has given for the
betterment of the thesis. He helped the researchers with the design component of the
structure. He helped in designing the structure using the software, ETABS. He also
checked the design for the foundation using the SAFE software.
The design of the foundation using the SAFE software would not be possible
without the help of Engr. Lewdan Ferrer. He taught the researchers the process on how to
design a mat foundation on Safe software.
The researchers would also like to thank Arch. Elizabeth Joseph of the National
Housing Authority for the time she spared for the consultations regarding government
housing. The researchers would like to thank her for providing the location for the
proposed project. She has given so many advices for the thesis and is always supportive
regarding the thesis.
143
11. References
Uniform Building Code 1997
Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Muni Budhu
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 3rd edition, Venancio Besavilla

Jr.
Structural Engineering and Construction 4th edition, Venancio Besavilla

Jr.
Proposed Western Engineering Green Building, Rebecca Brownstone, Patricia Medina, Jon
Schlemmer, James Skutezky
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. (2010). National Structural Code

of the Philippines. Panay Avenue, Quezon City.
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. (2008). BP 220. Diliman, Quezon City.
The Environment Agency. (2010). Harvesting Rainwater for Domestic Uses: An

Information Guide. Retrieved from: http://a0768b4a8a31e106d8b0-
50dc802554eb38a24458b98ff72d550b.r19.cf3.rackcdn.com/60248C81-1C9B-497A-
8050-CECC41226736/FinalDownload/DownlodIdAED4E7423A83E0B419124EA4B8
57967B/60248C81-1C9B-497A-8050-CECC41226736/geho 1110bten-e-e.pdf
Worm, J., and Hattum, T.V.. (2006). Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use. Retrieved
from: http://journeytoforever.org/60248C81-1C9B-497A-8050CECC41226736/Final
Download/DownloadId-22E62BB804735AB0F2E5B741145F2CEA/60248C81-1C9B-
497A-8050-CECC41226736/farm_library/AD43.pdf
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12. Appendix
12.1. Soil Investigation
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Designing a Proposed 5- Storey Medium Rise Housing with Rainwater Harvesting

Delos Santos, Kenneth Allen G.

Montehermoso, Jan Michael R.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapua Institute of Technology

Chapter 1: Presenting the Challenges 2

Chapter 2: Environmental Examination Report 5

2.2. Description of Environmental Setting

2.2.1. Physical Environment 10

2.2.4. Future Environmental Conditions

Chapter 3: The Research Component 14

Chapter 4: Detailed Engineering Design 38

4.4. Design of Water Tank 104

4.4.3. Solutions to Design of Water Tank 112

4.4.4. Piping Layout 114

4.5. Cost Benefit Analysis 120

4.6. Plan Set 121

List of Tables, Illustrations, Charts or Graphs

Table 1. Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their

Table 2. Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,

Table 3. Monitoring Plan 13

Table 5.Run-off coefficients for traditional roofing materials 20

Table 6.Table 6: Examples for guttering systems 23

Table 7. Gutter sizes quoted in literature 24

Table 8. Dead Loads 39

Table 9. Live Loads 39

Table 10. Beam Design 42

Table 11.Schedule for First Floor Columns 64

Table 12. Schedule for Second Floor Columns 67

Table 14. Schedule for Fourth Floor Columns 73

Table 15. Schedule for Fifth Floor Columns 76

Table 16.Schedule for Sixth Floor Columns 79

Tab1e 17. 10 years of Monthly Rainfall Data from PAGASA 104

Table 18. Average Monthly Rainfall 112

Table 19. Water Tariff 120

Figure 3. Project Site Location with respect to NHA

Figure 4.Zoom-in view of the proposed structure 8

Figure 5. Schematic of a typical rainwater harvesting system 15

Figure 6. Horizontal plan area of the roof for calculating

Figure 7. Different types of gutters: square, rounded, V-shaped 22

Figure 9. Splash guards 23

Figure 10. Mean monthly roof run-off and average demand 26

Figure 11. Cumulative monthly roof run-off 26

Figure 13. Figure 13: Large Rainwater Tank 36

Figure 14. ETABS 9.7 Model of the Structure 41

Figure 23. USD101 Results 96

Figure 24. USD102 Results 97

Figure 25. USD201 Results 98

Figure 26. USD202 Results 99

Figure 27. USD203 Results 100

Figure 28. USD301 Results 101

Figure 29. USD302 Results 102

Figure 31. Schematic Diagram of Rainwater harvesting System 114

Figure 32. Aerial View of the Proposed Project 130

Figure 33. Front View of the Proposed Project 130

As of August 1, 2007, informal settlers in the Philippines reached an estimated

1.2 Project Objectives

1. To design a 5-storey residential building of most economical design that would be

1.3 Design Norms Considered

Considering the economical aspect, the design must be environment-friendly. The