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Unit vector
A vector whose magnitude is equal to one unit is called a unit vector. Let a be
a non-zero vector then
∙ Unit vector along (in the direction of) a¯ = a⃗ ∣∣a⃗ ∣∣
∙ Unit vector in the direction opposite to that of a⃗ is −a⃗ ∣∣a⃗ ∣∣
∙ Unit vector parallel to a⃗ = ± a⃗ |a⃗ |
∙ A vector having magnitude m units and parallel to a⃗ = ±ma⃗ ∣∣a⃗ ∣∣
∙ The numbers of unit vectors is infinite .
Equality of vectors
Two vectors a⃗ and b⃗ are equal if they have the same
magnitude (∣∣a⃗ ∣∣=∣∣b⃗ ∣∣), and they are in the same direction.
Addition of vectors
Addition of vectors
If a⃗ and b⃗ are any two vectors, then
i) ∣∣a⃗ +b⃗ ∣∣≤∣∣a⃗ ∣∣+| ⃗ b|
ii) ∣∣a⃗ ∣∣−∣∣b⃗ ∣∣ ≤∣∣a⃗ +b⃗ ∣∣
iii) ∣∣a⃗ −b⃗ ∣∣≥∣∣∣∣a⃗ ∣∣−∣∣b⃗ ∣∣∣∣
iv) If a⃗ and b⃗ are alike vectors, then ∣∣a⃗ +b⃗ ∣∣=∣∣a⃗ ∣∣+∣∣b⃗ ∣∣.
Addition of vectors
Let a⃗ ,b⃗ be the position vectors of the points A and B respectively. If the
point P divides the line joining A and B in the ratio m:n, then the position
vector of P is
OP→=na⃗ +mb⃗ m+n.
The position vector of the midpoint of AB=a⃗ +b⃗ 2.
Colinear vectors
Collinear vectors
Vectors which lie on a line or which are parallel are called collinear vectors
(whatever be their magnitudes).
Collinear vectors
Two vectors a⃗ and b⃗ are collinear if and only if a⃗ =mb⃗ or b⃗ =na⃗ ,
where m,n are scalars (real numbers).
Let a⃗ =a1i⃗ +a2j⃗ +a3k⃗ , b⃗ =b1i⃗ +b2j⃗ +b3k⃗ .
a⃗ ,b⃗ are collinear if and only if a1b1=a2b2=a3b3.
Coplanar vector
Coplanar vectors
Vectors which lie on a plane or which are parallel to the same plane are called
coplanar vectors. The vectors a⃗ ,b⃗ ,c⃗ are coplanar if there exist scalars x,
y, z not all zero such that, x a⃗ +yb⃗ +zc⃗ =0.
Coplanar vectors
A necessary and sufficient condition for four points A(a⃗ ), B(b⃗ ), C(c⃗ ), D(d⃗ )
to be coplanar is that, there exist four scalars x, y, z, t not all zero such that
xa⃗ + yb⃗ + zc⃗ + td⃗ =0 and x+y+z+t=0.
Dot product
Let a⃗ and b⃗ be two nonzero vectors and θ be the angle between them, then
the scalar product or dot product of a⃗ and b⃗ is denoted as a⃗ .b⃗ and
is defined as a⃗ .b⃗ = ∣∣a⃗ ∣∣∣∣b⃗ ∣∣cosθ
b.a^=b.a⃗ |a| (Length of the orthogonal projection of b on a )
Basic
Synopsis
Let iˆ,jˆ, kˆ be unit orthogonal vectors i.e
∣∣iˆ ∣∣=∣∣jˆ ∣∣=∣∣kˆ ∣∣=1 and (i,j)=(j,k)=(j,k)=π2 then
iˆ.iˆ=jˆ.jˆ=kˆ.kˆ=1
iˆ.jˆ=jˆ.kˆ=kˆ.iˆ=0
jˆ.iˆ=kˆ.jˆ=iˆ.kˆ=0
Synopsis
Let a⃗ = a1iˆ +a2jˆ +a3kˆ, bˆ = b1iˆ +b2jˆ +b3kˆ
and let (a,b) = cosθ. Then
cosθ = a1b1+a2b2+a3b3a12+a22+a32−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√b12+b22 +b32−−−−−−
−−−−−−−√
Synopsis
Let l1, m1, n1 be the direction cosines of a⃗ and let l2, m2, n2 be the direction
cosines of b⃗ and let angle
between a⃗ and b⃗ is θ, then cosθ = l1l2+m1m2+n1n2
Synopsis
The vector equation to the plane which is at a distance of p units from the
origin and perpendicular to the unit vector n^ is r⃗ .n^ = p
Equation of plane
The vector equation of the plane through a and perpendicular to n is (r-a).n =0
or r⃗ .n⃗ = a⃗ .n⃗
Equation of plane
The cartesian equation of the plane passing through the point A(x1,y1,z1) and
perpendicular to
the vector m⃗ = ai⃗ +bj⃗ +ck⃗ is a(x−x1)+b(y−y1 )+c(z−z1) = 0
Skew lines
The shortest distance between the skew
lines r⃗ = a⃗ +sb⃗ and r⃗ = c⃗ +td⃗ is ∣∣∣∣∣(a⃗ −c⃗ b⃗ d⃗ )∣∣b⃗ ×d⃗ ∣∣∣∣∣∣∣ or ∣∣∣∣
(a⃗ ×c⃗ ).b⃗ ×d⃗ ∣∣b⃗ ×d⃗ ∣∣∣∣∣∣
(1)
where is the angle between the vectors and is the norm. It follows
immediately that if is perpendicular to . The dot product therefore
has the geometric interpretation as the length of the projection of onto
the unit vector when the two vectors are placed so that their tails
coincide.
By writing
(2)
(3)
it follows that (1) yields
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
So, in general,
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
and distributive
(12)
for a scalar.
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
The dot product is also called the scalar product and inner product. In the
latter context, it is usually written . The dot product is also defined for
tensors and by
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
where is the usual three-dimensional dot product.