MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND

ANDMINSTRATIVE SCIENCES
2017-2018 FALL
ECON-400

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

REVEALED COMPARATIVE
ADVANTAGE AND GROWTH IN
TURKEY
1990-2016

AHMET GÜLVEREN 2011674

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction…………….………….……………………………………………………………4

2. Literature Review....…………………………………………………………………………….5

3. Data Measurement….……………………………………………………………….……….......7
3.1. Measurement of Revealed Comparative Advantage........…………….…………….7
3.2. Data Sources………………………………….……………………………………….8

4. Descriptive Analysis…………………….……………………………………………………….8
4.1. General Review of Revealed Comparative Advantage and Export Pattern of Turkey..8
4.2. Detailed Review on Selected Goods…………………………………………………11

5. Econometric Model…………………………………………………………………………….14
5.1. Methodology…………………………………………………………………………14
5.2. Estimation Results……………………………………………………………………14

6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………...16

7. APPENDIX A………………………………………………………………………………….19

8. APPENDIX B………………………………………………………………………………….23

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 TABLES AND GRAPHS

1.Graph 1(Number of revealed comparative advantage in 1990 in 5 different factor intensities)..9

2. Graph 2(Number of revealed comparative advantage in 2016 in 5 different factor intensities)..9

3. Graph 3(Export share of 5 different factor intensities in 1990)………………………………..10

4. Graph 4(Export share of 5 different factor intensities in 2016)………………………………..11

5. Table 1(Number of revealed comparative advantage in 1990 and 2016 in 5 different factor
intensities)………………………………………………………………………………………….9

6. Table 2(Export share of 5 different factor intensities in 1990 and 2016)………………………11

7. Table 3(Average revealed comparative advantage of 6 goods which has highest share on
export)……………………………………………………………………………………………..12

8. Table 4(Estimation Results)……………………………………………………………………16

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 ABSTRACT
This paper has two aims to analyze. First, it focuses on how export of Turkey evolved over
time with respect to technological intensity from 1990 to 2016 by looking revealed
comparative advantage which calculated with Balassa (1975) measurement. The question that
is Turkey succeeded in technological upgrading from medium technology to high technology
in recent years. Second, econometric model is built to analyze whether revealed comparative
advantage or disadvantage in different factor intensities has an explanatory power on
Turkey’s GDP per capita

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent decades the world has witnessed rapid globalization which lead to further
integration among countries. In addition, globalization enlarged global trade between
economies by increasing export and import in terms of quantity, quality and variety. Global
merchandise exports rose nearly tenfold between 1980 and 2014 (World Bank). Higher trade
and lower protection after 1980’s accelerated the process of international division of labor and
specialization due to global value chain and outsourcing activities. As a result, it is expected
to think that global output growth during these periods might be attributable to rise in global
trade during the same period. As Ricardo pointed out in his theory of “comparative
advantage”, higher global trade increased total output of world through comparative
advantage channel. Hummels et al. (2001) states that much of the growth in world trade
attributable to the globalization of production, which also spurred such activities as
outsourcing, intra industry trade and foreign direct investment across countries. Consequently,
comparative advantage on exported goods might have explanatory power on growth.

Turkey have also experienced higher trade volume since 1980’s. one of the main
determinant of growth performance of Turkey might be comparative advantages and
disadvantages of Turkey on certain goods exported. Throughout this paper we will investigate
the relationship between Turkey’s per capita growth and revealed comparative advantage of
Turkey in the period between 1990-2016. In addition, Turkish export’s structure in terms of
technology will be examined. Revealed comparative advantage refers to an index which
numerically calculated comparative advantage or disadvantage of given country on certain
commodity or good relative to other countries by using trade flows data.

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 In the literature review part, some basic theories related with international trade theory
are going to be reviewed in order construct background to this paper. In addition, studies
which support or against argument of this paper are going to highlighted. Data sources and
measurement of revealed comparative advantage indices are going to be displayed after
literature review part. Later, descriptive analysis of Turkey’s revealed comparative is going to
conducted to perceive how specialization on exported goods moved throughout selected time
period. Moreover, we will have a knowledge about how Turkish specialization pattern vary
among goods and technology. In the last part, econometric model will be built in order to
determine whether comparative advantages of Turkey on exported goods has explanatory
power on per capita growth of Turkey.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

There are plenty of studies and researches about determinants of growth in literature.
In the very beginnig, Adam Smith (1776) proposed a theory of division of labor might be seen
the first growth model which is not formulated analytically by Adam Smith himself. Then,
Malthusian(1798), Schumpeterian (1942) and Harrod-Domar (1939) growth model gained
importance in order to explain determinants of output growth and per capita growth. More
recently, Solow (1956) emphasized the importance of exogenously determined technologcial
change and capital on per capita growth. In contrast, new growth theory developed by Romer
(1990) suggests that technology vary endogenously through time and contribute to long-run
economic economic growth. Although this theory does not put special emphasis on
international trade policies on growth, some of them indirectly showed the importance of
trade between countries on productivity, specialization and growth. Adam Smith (1776) ,
similarly with David Ricardo, claim that specialization according to “Absolute Advantage”
increase total output of two country trade with each other and contributes to “Wealth of
Nations”. Likewise, Joseph Schumpeter (1942) mentioned the importance of innovation in
order to opening up new markets in domestic markets as well as international markets. These
theories created basis for new theories which try to investigate relationship between
international trade, especially exportation, and economic growth.

Most of the empirical studies show that output growth have close relationship with
international trade. As Ricardo pointed put, international trade affects economic growth
through comparative advantage channel.Kenneth Arrow (1962) introduced the term of
“learning by doing“, which refer to accumulation of knowledge, is directly related by industry

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growth . Then, the term, learning by doing, was used to describe as a main determinants of
international specialization.

Literature on comparative advantage as large as growth. Firstly, theory of comparative

advantage was introduced by David Ricardo (1817) in his famous book “Principles of
Political Economy and Taxation”. Ricardo determined comparative advantage according to
countries unit labor costs on production of certain goods. Hecksecher-Ohlin (1991) updated
the determinant of comparative advantage by determining advantage or disadvantage with
respect to capital-labor ratio of countries rather than unit labor costs.

Most of the studies conducted empirical research in order to argue that comparative
advantage or specializing in certain goods or industries bring economic growth or
productivity to economy. Study conducted by Melitz (2003) developed a dynamic industry
model with heterogenous firms to analyze the productivity of exporter firms. He stated that
only more productive firms can enter into international trade in country, while other firms
produce for domestic market. On the other hand, Hummels and Klenow (2005) conducted a
research in order to find a question of do quantity of exported goods, variety of exported
goods and quality of exported goods differ among larger and smaller economies. They found
that larger economies export wider set of goods with higher quality as well as larger volume.
Then, they concluded that in addition to higher volume of exports, differentiation is also
needed for economic growth. Grossman and Helpman (1990) analyzed two country model of
trade and growth. They found that rise in comparative advantage of R&D intensive goods
have an important contribution on economic growth through channel of trade structure and
commercial policy.

On the other hand, some of the scholars argued that specializing according to
comparative advantage does not bring economic growth and development for developing
countries. Studies of Prebisch (1950) and Singer (1950) indicate that low growth rates and
trade deficits of developing countries are result of specializing in production of primary
commodities such as agricultural products and raw materials. Terms of trade between
developed countries which export manufactured goods and developing countries which export
primary commodities deteriorate to the detriment of developing countries due to elasticity
differences of manufactured goods and primary commodities and market structure differences
in developing and developed countries.

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 Literature for the relationship between growth rate and comparative advantage is
narrow in Turkey. One study investigates the relationship between GDP and revealed
comparative advantage of Turkey in the period between 1993-2009 and find that there is
negative relation between GDP and revealed comparative advantage (Kara and Erkan, 2011).
Other studies in Turkey generally have focused on analysis of Turkish competitiveness by
using revealed comparative indices vis a vis trade partner of Turkey (i.e. EU) (Utkulu and
Seymen 2003; Erlat and Erlat, 2005). These studies mostly found that Turkey specialized in
low-tech and medium tech commodities

3. DATA MEASURMENT
3.1. MEASURMENT OF REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

In this part, calculation of revealed comparative advantages will be discussed. There

are many indices which measure differently specializaiton. One of the earliest way of
calculating comparative advantage is Balassa index. Balassa (1965) measured revealed
compartive advantage of country i on product j as:

Xij
∑i Xij
Bij = Xi for i = 1,2, …… j = 1,2, …….
∑i Xi

Bij refers to Balassa index of goods j from country i. Xij means export of goods j from
country i and ∑i Xij is sum of export of product j for all countries selected. Xi is gross export
of country i and ∑i Xi is sum of gross exports of all countries selected. Balassa index simply
measure comparative advantage by looking whether market share of product j’s in export
market of product j exceeds or not export share of country i’s to worldwide export market. If
it exceeds Balassa index is greater than 1 (Bij > 1) which means country i has a comparative
advantage on good j. Otherwise, in case of Bij < 1, country i has a comparative disadvantage
on product j. In the extreme cases, Bij take the value of zero if country i does not export good j
and Bij take value of upper bound if good j is only exported by country i.

In recent years, other economist modified Balassa index. For instance, Vollrath (1991)
changed Balassa index by taking natural logarithm to use in econometric models easily.
Taking natural logarith is commonly used in econometric analysis. Moreover, models built
with Vollrath index can be easily intrepeted in the context of elasticities. In addition to
(ln(Bij)) modification, Vollrath suggested another modification which is called as “ relative
trade advantage” by looking import flows as well as export flows. As Balassa calculate the

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revealed comparative advantage, Vollrath changed export terms with import terms in the
equation:

Mij
∑i Mij
Vij = Mi for i = 1,2, …… j = 1,2, …….
∑i Mi

Then, took the difference between Bij and Vij to find relative trade advantage
(RTA=Bij – Vij).

Another rearrangement of Balassa index made by Laursen (1998) in order to eliminate

asymmetric characteristic of Balassa index. Revealed comparative advantage gained
symmetric characteristic by weighting end points less. Laursen’s index can simply calculated
as follows :

(Bij−1)
Lij = for i = 1,2, …… j = 1,2, …….
Bij+1)

3.2. DATA SOURCES

In this paper, comparative advantage of Turkey calculated according to Vollrath and

Balassa specification (Bij and ln(Bij)) presented in chapter 3.1. These indices are measured for
all goods classified in United Nations SITC-3 – classification except. 2 digit goods except 35
– Electric current, 91 - Postal packages not classified according to kind, 93 - Special
transactions and commodities not classified according to kind, 96 - Coin (other than gold
coin), not being legal tender , 97 - Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates)
are used according to availability of exports data for Turkey in UN-COMTRADE database.
All countries (I = 62) listed in UN-COMTRADE included for the calculation of total gross
export of world. Lastly, growth data for GDP per capita are obtained from OECD Database.
Balassa and Vollrath indices are presented in Appendix 1. On the other hand, average
revealed comparative advantage is calculated for different factor intensities. Classification of
goods in terms of factor intensities is also published in Appendix 2.

4. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
4.1. GENERAL REVIEW ON REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE AND
EXPORT PATTERN OF TURKEY

Turkey has witnessed several occasion that change its export patterns. Union
agrrement with EU, Chinese competitivness, businness cycles in foreing countries affected
directly comparative advantage of Turkey. On the other hand, goverment incentives to

8
 selected sector, R&D awareness in research intensive sector, change in human capital has
been the internal effects of the reason of change in comparative advantage of Turkey.

Factor Intensity 1990- 1990- 2016- 2016- Change

Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage
Resource Intensive 9 16 8 17 -1
Labor Intensive 4 9 7 6 3
Capital Intensive 3 5 5 3 2
Easy to Imitate Research 2 5 2 5 0
Intensive
Difficult to Imitate 2 7 2 7 0
Research Intensive
Total 20 42 24 38 4

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 Graph 1 shows number of goods that Turkey has Revealed Comparative Advantage
for ach factor intensity in 1990. Then, Graph 2 shows number of goods that Turkey has
Revealed Comparative Advantage for each factor intensity in 2016. Table 1 is the summary of
both Graph 1 and Graph 2. According to Graph 1, Graph 2 and Table 1, Turkey has little
improvment in technological upgrading by transforming economy from resources intensive
goods to labor and capital intensive goods. This situation refers to “little improvment”
because number of comparative advantage in research intensive goods is same for 27 years.
Altghough number of revealed comparative in easy to imitate research intensive goods and
difficult to imitate research intensive goods do not change between 1990 and 2016, number of
comparative advantage in labor intensive goods and capital intensive goods rised from 7 to 12
in this period. Thus, number comprative advantage of Turkey in all selected goods increased
from 20 to 24.

Another illustriation of how Turkish comparative advantage changed throughout time

is export share of each factor intensity. Graph 3 and Graph 4 show the share of export in 1990
and 2016 for each factor intensity. According to graphs, share of capital goods and difficult to
imitate research intensive goods on export increases despite of the fact that decline in resource
intensive goods and labor intensive goods. Thus, Turkish export composition change slightly
from low technology intevsive goods to high technology intensive goods. However, export
share of easy to imitate research intensive goods in export that is key industry variable in
process of development in 3. World countries remained same in Turkey. Table 2, also, shows
same relation in Graph 3 and Graph 4.

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 Factor Intensity 1990-Export 2016 Export Change
Share Share
Resource Intensive 0.25 0.16 -9%
Labor Intensive 0.45 0.37 -8%
Capital Intensive 0.20 0.26 6%
Easy to Imitate Research Intensive 0.05 0.05 0%
Difficult to Imitate Research 0.05 0.16 11%
Intensive
Total 1.00 1.00 0
Table 2

4.2. DETAILED REVIEW ON SELECTED GOODS

Part A consist of genereal review about how revealed comparative advantage of

Turkey evolved over time. Then, there is also need to detailed analysis on some selected
goods to comprehend structure of Turkish export. All countries specialize on different
commodities since comparative advantage theory gain popularity. Therefore, countries try to
protect their market power on goods which have greater share on export. In order to determine
the importance of goods for Turkish export, we calculated the average export share of each
good between 1990-2016. According to calculated average shares, the most important six
goods contributed to export of Turkey is 5–Vegatables and Fruits , 65–Textile yarn, fabrics,
made up articles, 67–Iron and steel, 77–Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, 78–

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Road vehicles and 84–Articles of apparel and clothing accessories with respect to United
Nation’s SITC classification which have 5, 8.5, 8, 5, 11, 14 percent share respectively on
export during the selected period.

Commodity Commodity Name 1990-99 2000-09 2010-16

Code
5 Vegetables and fruit 31,29156732 22,60794162 17,32915756
65 Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up 5,664989572 5,393039418 4,211413993
articles
67 Iron and steel 5,168134744 4,429582655 3,777393839
77 Electrical machinery, apparatus and 0,335275021 0,589924533 0,830282416
appliances
78 Road vehicles 0,962407341 4,829733795 5,416892531
84 Articles of apparel and clothing 27,98304907 24,81793652 14,83414808
accessories
Table 3

Table 3 shows the average revealed comparative advantage of six goods that make up
more than half of Turkey’s good export. Revealed comparative advantage on vegatables and
fruits dropped significantly in recent decades from 31.3 to 17.3. Turkey exports several
vegatables and fruits mostly to European countries, especially to Russia and Ukraine. In
detail, Turkey has comparative advantage on export of nut, dried fruits (fig, apricot, plum),
tomatoes and citrus fruits. Turkey has lost the strong revealed comparative advantage on
vegatables and fruits due to several reason. One of the most important reason of why Turkey’s
comparative advantage on vegatables and fruits has declined is incorrect agricultural policies.
Agriculture has been the most ignored sector in recent decades in Turkey. High cost of oil and
fertilizers damaged the competitive power of Turkish farmers. Also, decline on subsidies
given to agriculture through IMF stabilization programs might be the another reason of
decline in comparative advantage of vegatables and fruits.

Textile sector has been the most earliest sector in Anatolia that consist of more than 20
percent of exports of Turkey. Turkey has had comparative advantage Both cotton textile and
wool textile togather with countries US and Australia. In recent years, Turkey lost partly its
comparative advantage on textile industry to China in both intermadiate and final textile

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goods. Revealed comparative advantage on intermediate textile goods decreased from 5.6 in
1990-99 period to 5.4 in 2000-09 perido and to 4.2 in 2010-16 period.

One of the most important contributor sector of Turkey in terms of export and GDP is
automotive sector which classified under road vehicles in SITC Rev.2 -2 digit classification.
Export share of road vehicles in between 1990-2016 period is 11 percent. However,
automotive export reached 20 percent share in gross export and has largest share since 2008.
Thus, comparative advantage on road vehicles became main determinants of GDP and export
of Turkey in last years. Revealed comparative advantage of Turkey on road vehicles goods
increased significantly since 1990. Actually there are revealed comparative disadvantage in
road vehicles until 1994. After 1994 Turkey gained revealed comparative advantage on road
vehicles. Altgough ten year average of revealed comparative advantage road vehicles is below
1 ( 0.96 ), it rose significantly in 21st century and reached maximum in 2007 (6.4). However,
automative sector in Turkey mainly depend on imported intermatiade goods. High technology
part of automative such as engine, electronics parts is been supplying abroad. Therefore, value
added of road vehicles goods in Turkey became lower. The calculation of revealed
comparative advantage of automative sectors in global value chain might be subject of
another paper.

Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances goods is also high share on export
which is nearly 5 percent in gross export. this type goods rely on imported high tech goods as
in automotive industry. Assembly industry, also, developed in Turkey for electrical
machinery, apparatus and appliances. Although these goods have higher share on export,
Turkey has revealed comparative disadvantage on Electrical machinery, apparatus and
appliances. Average revealed comparative disadvantage of goods classified under 77
(Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances) is 0.33, 0.59, 0.83 in between 1990-99,
2000-09, 2010-16 respectively. The last good in selected goods is iron and steel goods which
has 8 percent average export share in between 1990-2016 period, but shares dropped around 5
percent in recent years. Revealed comparative advantage on iron and steel is also decreasing
permanently since 1990. Average revealed comparative advantage on iron and steel goods is
5.1, 4.4 and 3.8 in between 1990-99, 2000-09, 2010-16 respectively

As it can be seen descriptive analysis part, Turkey position in revealed comparative

advantage is two sided.

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5. ECONOMETRIC MODEL

5.1. METHODOLOGY

In order to investigate the relationship between comparative advantage and growth, we

subcategorized revealed compartive advantages of Turkey for 62 goods with respect to UN
classification. UNSD (United Nations Statistical Division) categorized all goods according to
technology intensity (High, medium and low technology) and factor intensity (Raw material
intensive, labor intensive capital intensive, easy to imitate research intensive and difficult to
imitate research intensive goods). In econometric model, we found time series for each
category by calculating average of revealed comparative advantages of all goods belong to
given category. Then, we regressed per capita growth growth’ into categories revealed
comparative advantage by OLS estimator. All models were tested against heteroskedasticity,
auto-correlation etc. problems.

5.2. ESTIMATION RESULTS

In order to investigate the relationship between revealed comparative advantage

and GDP per capita growth of Turkey, following baseline model is build :

GDPPCGRt = bo + b1Zt + ut t = 1990,1991, … , 2016

GDPPCGR is GDP per capita growth of Turkey in between 1990 and 2016.
Variable Z represents one of the factor intensities‘ Balassa index in same period and ut is
residual. There are 5 different factor intensity which are reseource intensive, labor intensive,
capital intensive, easy to imitate research intensive and difficult to imitate research intensive.
Altgough initial models was build under the specification above, there were caused to low R2
problem and insignificance problem in slope terms. Then, we build models without intercept
term for each factor intensity such that

GDPPCGRt = β1Rt + ut , t = 1990,1991, … , 2016

GDPPCGRt = β1Lt + ut , t = 1990,1991, … , 2016
GDPPCGRt = β1Kt + ut , t = 1990,1991, … , 2016
GDPPCGRt = β1ERt + ut , t = 1990,1991, … , 2016
GDPPCGRt = β1DRt + ut , t = 1990,1991, … , 2016
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 Table 4 shows estimation results besed on five models specified above.GDPPCGR
is GDP per capita growth of Turkey and R, L, K, ER, DR is Balassa indices of five different
factor intensity which are namely resource intensive goods, labor intensive goods, capital
intensive goods, easy to imitate research intensive goods, difficult to imitate reearch intensive
goods. According to results. slope terms of models are significant such that t values of slope
terms higher than |ttable| = t 0,05,26. Thus, all specialization on all factor intensity contribute
GDP capita growth. However, increase in capital intensive goods and easy to imitate research
intensive goods have higher contribution to GDP per capita growth as in presented in table.
Unit increase in average Balassa index of resource intensive goods increase GDP per capita
growth 0.294 and unit increae in average Balassa index of labor intensive goods increase
growth 0.253. On the other hand, unit increase in average Balassa index of capital intensive
goods increase growth 0.8 and unit increase in easy to imitate research intensive goods and
difficult to imitate reseach intensive goods rise GDP per capita growth nearly 3.5 unit.
Consequently, specialization in medium-high technology goods and high technology goods
contribute more on GDP per capita growth of Turkey as suggested in literature review part. R-
squares of all models are sufficient to suggest that revealed comparative advantages of goods
that are exported from Turkey have explanatory power on GDP per capita growth. Moreover,
F values are high to say that models are jointly significant.

All models are tested in order to determine stationarity of all variables such
GDPPCGRt, Rt, Lt, Kt, ERt, DRt. All variables are integration of order one ( I (1) ) and
residual terms of all models are integration of order zero ( I(0) ). Then, we can say that all
models are long term relation instead of supirious regressions. White test is used to determine
whether there are heteroskedasticity problem in models. Then, we rejected null hypothesis in
white test which means there is no heteroskedasticity problem in all five models. Lastly, all
models are controlled as against to autocorrelation problem. Durbin-H statistics are calculated
to state whether residual terms of models have positive covariance. According to Durbin-H
statistics, there is no autocorrelation problem in all five models.

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 FACTOR INTENSITIES

ESTIMATION RES. L- INT. K- INT. EASY TO DIFFICULT

RESULTS INT. GOODS GOODS IMITATE TO IMITATE
GOODS RES. INT. RES. INT.
GOODS GOODS
Coefficient of no no intercept no intercept no intercept no intercept
intercept term intercept term term term term
term
Coefficient of 0,294 0,253 0,803 3,797 2,707
slope term
t value 3,136 3,439 3,651 3,606 3,043

R2 0,275 0,313 0,339 0,333 0,263

SSR 4,794 4,666 4,577 4,595 4,833

F statistics 10 11,820 13,320 13,000 9,261

6. CONCLUSION

Throughout this paper, there were two aims to analyze. First of all, revealed
comparative advantage are calculated for all goods specified in UN SITC REV.2 -2 digit
classification to analyze specilaization of Turkey in international trade. Then, we categorized
all goods according to factor intensies of them to analyze whether there iis technological
upgrading export of Turkey. Results suggest that Turkey experienced gained in technological
upgrading in between 1990-2016, increasing revealed comparative advantage of capital
goods, easy to imitate research intensive goods and difficult to imitate reseach intensive goods
and increasing share of such medium and high tech goods. However, current level is not
sufficient to say that Turkey is high technology exporter country. In development process,
Turkey seems to have not reached 3. Industrialist countries such as South Korea, Taiwan,
Indonesia etc. in industrialization race. The goods have higher share on export also
investigated to analyze how revealed comparative advantage of most important goods for
export evolved since 1990. Analysis suggests that Turkey has increased revealed comparative
advantage on road vehicles and decreased revealed comparative disadvantage on electrical
machinery, apparatus and appliances despite of the fact that there were decline revealed
comparative advantage on vegetables and fruits, intermediate textile goods, iron and steel
goods and final textile goods.

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 In the second part of paper, we regress the average revealed comparative advantage of
disadvantage of goods with respect to factor intensity. Then, estimation results suggest that
there is a positive relation between revealed comparative advantage and GDP per capita
growth for all factor intensity. However, strength of relation increased with technology as
suggested in literature. R2 of models increase from resource intensive goods to easy to imitate
research intensive goods, but R2 of difficult to imitate research intensive goods are lower than
capital intensive goods and easy to imitate research intensive goods. The possible reason for
this inconvenience might be value added in difficult to imitate research intensive goods are
low in Turkey. Turkey imports from abroad intermediate goods to produce high tech goods
which are classified under difficult to imitate research intensive goods

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18

GOODS
00 - Live animals
01 - Meat
02 - Dairy products and birds' eggs
03 - Fish  0,391009 0,356185 0,303885 0,292397 0,358202 0,349712 0,356078 0,434393 0,343649 0,399474 0,416203 0,277737 0,365776 0,381968 0,427297 0,465545 0,447618 0,35139 0,322797 0,340094 0,35252 0,335461 0,301983 0,383888 0,440371 0,487965 0,593871
04 - Cereals
05 - Vegetables and fruit
06 - Sugars, sugar preparations and honey
07 - Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof
08 - Feeding stuff for animals
09 - Miscellaneous edible products
11 - Beverages
12 - Tobacco and tobacco manufactures
21 - Hides, skins and furskins, raw
22 - Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits
23 - Crude rubber
24 - Cork and wood
25 - Pulp and waste paper
26 - Textile fibres
27 - Crude fertilizers
28 - Metalliferous ores and metal scrap
29 - Crude animal and vegetable materials
32 - Coal, coke and briquettes
33 - Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials
34 - Gas, natural and manufactured
41 - Animal oils and fats
42 - Fixed vegetable fats and oils, crude
7. APPENDIX A
43 - Animal or vegetable fats and oils
51 - Organic chemicals
52 - Inorganic chemicals
53 - Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials
54 - Medicinal and pharmaceutical products
BALASSA INDEX OF GOODS
"1990" "1991" "1992" "1993" "1994" "1995" "1996" "1997" "1998" "1999" "2000" "2001" "2002" "2003" "2004" "2005" "2006" "2007" "2008" "2009" "2010" "2011" "2012" "2013" "2014" "2015" "2016"
1,487222 1,37796 0,782213 1,743625 1,209471 0,62894 0,392896 0,35779 0,217422 0,055294 0,011222 0,181187 0,117964 0,022985 0,016261 0,009696 0,015011 0,00978 0,013542 0,028581 0,008634 0,006165 0,007083 0,011471 0,020731 0,029344 0,023166
19
0,268889 0,163196 0,247324 0,246964 0,370712 0,162497 0,191061 0,180057 0,154187 0,120307 0,108386 0,122813 0,099235 0,098771 0,089546 0,124354 0,103092 0,109574 0,166559 0,349068 0,440216 0,674546 0,827212 0,874248 0,861203 0,723831 0,60982
0,098991 0,064006 0,062539 0,081683 0,106269 0,131678 0,179936 0,22403 0,222961 0,14377 0,098729 0,160212 0,117852 0,131042 0,120065 0,157502 0,190051 0,267713 0,329101 0,36992 0,425954 0,570031 0,567775 0,660722 0,648169 0,50335 0,538283
0,40264 2,300357 2,748549 1,230737 1,417464 1,448362 1,621153 1,867908 1,617463 1,092795 1,351017 0,88964 0,69084 0,689105 0,730998 1,090691 0,965212 0,890373 0,984521 1,119647 1,310943 1,39188 1,353901 1,503199 1,429488 1,341792 1,314705
39,81541 39,70669 30,79497 31,94968 32,02006 27,30332 26,28975 27,62529 27,92084 29,48966 29,68562 25,23431 21,90307 21,34602 24,02137 25,39954 20,03773 20,64848 19,26054 18,54276 18,18812 16,60157 14,74222 16,17826 18,66365 20,7872 16,14307
0,405158 0,957752 2,510867 2,796822 2,79407 1,452731 1,519814 1,59515 1,365159 1,477934 1,94242 2,522452 1,131695 1,022951 0,87414 0,675983 0,800821 0,659142 0,600834 0,524658 0,652216 0,639229 0,617884 0,835182 0,79326 0,679331 0,663567
1,436488 0,821771 0,961436 1,675085 1,16649 1,386972 1,339639 1,43257 1,516908 1,423295 1,57225 1,32489 1,33019 1,473628 1,437299 1,427095 1,450695 1,422352 1,094297 1,077761 1,237184 1,254761 1,086145 1,175223 1,162941 1,138436 1,076953
0,144527 0,147803 0,052637 0,051092 0,119052 0,11945 0,166887 0,078316 0,047241 0,065162 0,126548 0,240553 0,102605 0,084618 0,052448 0,069216 0,037255 0,03436 0,14686 0,171892 0,072105 0,110056 0,228437 0,320717 0,2325 0,169839 0,180378
0,788717 1,059573 1,249553 1,274842 1,179687 1,450123 1,421442 1,455542 1,289948 0,986224 1,00771 0,830022 0,837827 0,826902 0,73453 0,826752 0,893952 0,938469 1,087153 1,045404 1,142421 1,308972 1,066126 1,119877 1,088252 0,968661 0,947553
0,191129 0,280779 0,283822 0,299908 0,495566 0,833344 0,88082 0,557909 0,459973 0,378735 0,399255 0,330576 0,345322 0,510132 0,684775 0,810084 0,704383 0,685772 0,664158 0,618542 0,765425 0,77159 0,71242 0,792494 0,842282 0,887698 0,811094
17,51787 28,17684 16,04929 22,07973 16,15718 12,94534 19,35701 19,15935 19,59746 23,38445 17,6418 11,85779 9,941505 8,791511 8,621847 10,27343 10,60301 9,341019 9,428185 13,97757 8,990467 7,015127 7,358957 6,718679 9,218084 8,675536 12,97431
0,023406 0,034968 0,043434 0,051697 0,039086 0,06652 0,061468 0,034162 0,284063 0,152419 0,404702 0,389111 0,392442 0,247003 0,192568 0,1497 0,10932 0,061415 0,024049 0,015135 0,012841 0,0076 0,00527 0,009737 0,006459 0,003599 0,002313
0,202214 0,295981 0,40288 0,462576 0,471485 0,323275 0,390579 0,534114 0,676873 0,840022 0,522235 0,605138 0,439494 0,53835 0,406421 0,385915 0,387362 0,362894 0,278714 0,451201 0,371963 0,287618 0,344423 0,538853 0,58949 0,492421 1,166917
0,061469 0,008114 0,021828 0,034731 0,098637 0,098558 0,084539 0,046946 0,049956 0,05412 0,061644 0,031292 0,024563 0,020992 0,026808 0,020774 0,035341 0,032852 0,06834 0,059736 0,091542 0,139226 0,112584 0,114139 0,090726 0,072026 0,071425
0,246084 0,258355 0,268527 0,259175 0,452944 0,220458 0,218149 0,356918 0,355286 0,298641 0,153612 0,414695 0,347981 0,14944 0,122817 0,133498 0,133406 0,112565 0,088838 0,145885 0,124224 0,100363 0,100199 0,088456 0,088273 0,073185 0,059328
0,002981 0,003602 0,001107 0,001877 0,018564 0,012664 0,003925 0,003779 0,005573 0,001374 0,006691 0,000827 0,006511 0,004228 0,003459 0,004961 0,00595 0,005867 0,028033 0,027381 0,052783 0,075723 0,02177 0,078902 0,099835 0,078515 0,079397
6,267295 6,233763 2,559109 4,321079 2,944858 2,79339 4,552397 3,085267 3,128833 3,510625 3,320049 1,970051 1,77267 2,121629 1,868009 1,523897 1,694944 1,511278 0,968332 0,926199 1,120993 1,553368 1,11885 1,159089 1,041161 1,137829 1,336156
1,727643 1,690056 1,69463 1,61892 1,524146 1,292903 1,311813 1,124604 1,144406 1,387711 0,757921 0,746397 0,804708 0,805351 0,631979 0,540053 0,49247 0,426378 0,455016 0,56965 0,547756 0,486472 0,601177 0,7385 0,724106 0,840779 0,837754
2,065611 1,251638 1,044514 0,847272 1,311705 2,368629 1,854546 2,249452 1,683579 1,711477 2,309569 1,437583 1,40032 1,226255 1,674608 2,077989 3,51372 4,540183 4,076409 2,977933 5,366335 4,365239 3,734326 4,911617 4,088694 3,181159 2,872853
1,439176 1,173056 0,941446 0,909889 0,954665 1,075939 0,757317 0,714906 0,773192 0,916927 0,751423 0,461954 0,561679 0,573382 0,374223 0,263646 0,236172 0,225387 0,128048 0,160249 0,154641 0,153313 0,150963 0,195353 0,23654 0,249874 0,261158
0,001385 0,002389 0,000185 0,00013 0,002871 0,000235 0,000774 0,001187 0,001595 0,000804 0,000897 0,001632 0,000587 0,000415 0,000494 0,000673 0,000268 0,001095 0,001823 0,000171 0,000506 0,000341 0,000337 0,000281 0,000521 0,001289 0,000678
3,725846 2,783682 2,004554 1,438902 2,142025 2,37976 1,13326 0,614014 0,994004 1,279004 0,699963 0,906932 1,440955 1,204258 1,265981 1,651905 2,150724 2,759593 2,646709 2,087334 1,901 2,098215 2,064892 1,752024 1,568806 1,69145 1,902349
4,032924 1,48822 1,855612 1,534239 1,082057 1,062237 1,027827 1,133764 0,931131 1,629396 2,310893 2,877611 2,337913 10,56317 13,75609 28,24987 9,115932 4,596526 5,63033 6,22852 4,390992 4,831096 5,966823 5,576157 4,028934 2,760049 1,948469
0,188406 0,07074 0,055623 0,036789 0,032355 0,080249 0,099823 0,007861 0,007581 0,007501 0,025173 0,00587 0,030862 0,031929 0,003519 0,000413 6,13E-05 0,00038 0,044475 0,006507 0,027229 0,013658 0,008321 0,018511 0,037481 0,020828 0,031349
13,66839 21,73734 21,35572 8,573964 6,214973 9,823982 7,84095 9,983947 7,927406 12,73987 5,542194 11,05912 3,620063 7,818381 4,481688 9,058907 7,008158 3,240892 2,858125 3,715582 2,890444 4,319255 4,650366 7,959634 8,749037 8,933771 8,150691
0,031622 0,018824 0,036315 0,281631 0,210081 0,231742 0,1973 0,179159 0,137242 0,070234 0,044907 0,021754 0,022428 0,022514 0,019763 0,026033 0,066237 0,034163 0,098626 0,081348 0,046169 0,128339 0,145452 0,104376 0,015951 0,010736 0,008589
1,726188 1,105959 0,93614 0,752452 0,995942 0,891738 0,698361 0,559883 0,457799 0,597272 0,821929 0,776942 0,809845 0,715526 0,823996 0,586597 0,679944 0,53428 0,505951 0,536506 0,722764 0,599715 0,709146 0,676683 0,585826 0,298002 0,339846
1,300753 1,258843 1,34001 1,183553 1,253709 1,104714 0,980328 1,042986 1,069514 1,301595 0,211996 0,629622 0,29475 0,23846 0,25311 0,294222 0,32792 0,359646 0,419264 0,355627 0,472812 0,484594 0,546748 0,505339 0,604658 1,122645 0,954307
0,158775 0,141755 0,133399 0,138252 0,136653 0,168719 0,222476 0,23748 0,214423 0,171867 0,193651 0,136221 0,122502 0,105052 0,105185 0,121559 0,130672 0,125773 0,132589 0,121696 0,156828 0,169977 0,171079 0,184921 0,170691 0,148714 0,13457
0,858335 0,566999 0,466006 0,688084 0,57687 0,399677 0,561921 0,572259 0,569364 0,60321 0,769664 0,620767 0,546142 0,524057 0,545614 0,53685 0,541467 0,482815 0,463703 0,517076 0,65655 0,58126 0,586615 0,64699 0,623312 0,704314 0,608281
 BALASSA INDEX OF GOODS
GOODS "1990" "1991" "1992" "1993" "1994" "1995" "1996" "1997" "1998" "1999" "2000" "2001" "2002" "2003" "2004" "2005" "2006" "2007" "2008" "2009" "2010" "2011" "2012" "2013" "2014" "2015" "2016"

20
55 - Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials 2,603233 1,52204 2,137285 2,396616 2,360631 3,502462 4,144761 5,245998 4,453295 4,059864 5,647112 4,989655 5,137103 4,678692 4,290646 3,908275 4,455723 3,025518 1,789221 3,162128 2,879101 2,406926 2,476985 3,263275 3,535117 3,008738 3,542109
56 - Fertilizers 0,338698 0,252179 0,173271 0,077506 0,116327 0,056266 0,054971 0,019519 0,034697 0,021159 0,014862 0,040908 0,06562 0,028377 0,038264 0,029883 0,026215 0,04583 0,104155 0,052122 0,107883 0,09099 0,060453 0,039546 0,057729 0,057246 0,061522
57 - Plastics in primary forms 1,395666 1,246729 1,250994 1,253874 0,929125 0,65955 0,586738 0,495389 0,427803 0,469567 0,538044 0,641084 0,482679 0,453466 0,476406 0,482451 0,65661 0,632945 0,681611 0,702522 0,85839 0,94076 0,933866 0,965471 0,977035 0,849194 0,761775
58 - Plastics in non-primary forms 0,146059 0,187882 0,184974 0,168393 0,228751 0,37772 0,369685 0,45467 0,494165 0,504479 0,698108 0,735672 0,716944 0,749065 0,840679 1,018375 1,195085 1,222145 1,189368 1,208907 1,306507 1,374795 1,386134 1,529523 1,50982 1,366727 1,22843
59 - Chemical materials and products 0,550887 0,741039 0,850719 0,828432 0,580458 0,616064 0,619961 0,645829 0,662365 0,72027 0,844804 0,675571 0,816489 0,738699 0,768488 0,953315 1,198774 1,329316 1,685684 2,085307 2,095848 2,337042 2,49155 2,632782 2,545878 2,728638 3,155178
61 - Leather, leather manufactures 0,054901 0,078057 0,10751 0,136432 0,207106 0,218013 0,240534 0,303292 0,269719 0,234075 0,254311 0,238001 0,181807 0,194766 0,180285 0,189977 0,233913 0,204687 0,160179 0,150012 0,180133 0,199051 0,202786 0,255989 0,265422 0,220945 0,213282
62 - Rubber manufactures 0,935883 2,106916 2,420934 2,010304 2,050181 2,15697 1,83959 1,788015 2,176687 2,150713 2,611646 2,75801 2,635856 2,621042 2,412925 2,642241 2,834649 3,146069 3,390616 3,623439 4,568153 5,496085 4,527071 4,465064 4,271149 3,697458 3,603552
63 - Cork and wood manufactures 0,063078 0,043747 0,055912 0,057589 0,091217 0,098615 0,118667 0,099198 0,086231 0,098396 0,105128 0,138119 0,143131 0,169329 0,204904 0,234224 0,297486 0,33404 0,34747 0,387373 0,430878 0,450324 0,422265 0,471059 0,524125 0,452131 0,438176
64 - Paper, paperboard and articles of paper pulp 0,148411 0,140716 0,117975 0,096679 0,178383 0,178589 0,177158 0,18822 0,188406 0,198786 0,228093 0,298925 0,33287 0,314898 0,32274 0,364791 0,366035 0,429674 0,484551 0,542541 0,601148 0,612027 0,6674 0,753742 0,753636 0,729957 0,775034
65 - Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles 4,863377 5,144834 5,300678 4,7916 5,490048 5,563523 5,741306 6,368369 6,861858 6,524304 6,956651 6,741097 5,877876 5,648811 5,351403 4,989009 5,046881 4,716053 4,210292 4,392321 4,370183 4,389768 4,243583 4,39336 4,278887 3,949535 3,854581
66 - Non-metallic mineral manufactures 0,839684 0,976715 1,150923 0,991192 1,022927 0,953526 1,084748 1,167517 1,164617 1,418973 1,658585 1,634672 1,62352 1,376856 1,0912 1,056012 0,931813 0,829435 0,822318 1,33053 1,175846 0,963046 0,926333 1,072331 1,004592 1,071859 1,100095
67 - Iron and steel 5,560553 5,25137 5,415125 7,342797 7,0911 4,696457 4,468349 4,470648 3,698915 3,686034 3,774917 4,491557 4,78416 4,350302 5,193822 4,169487 3,366617 3,501227 5,903284 4,760455 4,146024 4,298097 4,281586 4,10427 3,722111 2,989632 2,900037
68 - Non-ferrous metals 0,774727 0,517791 0,430894 0,430761 0,421867 0,560459 0,590468 0,587443 0,600573 0,540045 0,66635 0,589219 0,462284 0,458628 0,50156 0,590159 0,793599 0,744045 0,71961 0,626096 0,941234 0,995413 0,845156 0,821975 0,764383 0,733919 0,711858
69 - Manufactures of metals 0,459175 0,447186 0,630958 0,5387 0,540005 0,68411 0,776263 0,764657 0,831205 0,840818 0,904224 0,832543 0,927201 1,072197 1,204474 1,269336 1,397503 1,395902 1,542044 1,634798 1,766777 1,88231 1,753321 1,907334 1,903851 1,729242 1,571118
71 - Power-generating machinery and equipment 0,105053 0,095069 0,138648 0,133383 0,217981 0,237815 0,26173 0,291119 0,41166 0,453286 0,547051 0,709425 0,685579 0,643914 0,651367 0,722626 0,782071 0,767398 0,709863 0,720554 0,76409 0,74858 0,695774 0,788624 0,787123 0,813993 0,856921
72 - Machinery specialized for particular industries 0,306462 0,494352 0,69514 0,891721 0,987149 0,829356 1,010499 1,283371 1,305167 1,480925 1,695643 1,72853 1,803783 2,146556 2,085477 2,359293 2,447489 2,871185 2,971507 3,455524 3,776958 3,765438 3,338511 4,043419 3,98657 3,852906 3,728768
73 - Metalworking machinery 0,036789 0,027908 0,030289 0,026248 0,030301 0,036343 0,03928 0,046932 0,069364 0,08809 0,092505 0,09449 0,087279 0,084402 0,092401 0,113779 0,134556 0,143579 0,148296 0,130047 0,124823 0,14141 0,132723 0,138621 0,124079 0,118535 0,107032
74 - General industrial machinery and equipment 0,11449 0,126924 0,163582 0,153977 0,209876 0,208827 0,218668 0,197663 0,208956 0,226898 0,25628 0,279283 0,317204 0,364372 0,369869 0,395573 0,44246 0,535928 0,645062 0,616729 0,669593 0,826406 0,734813 0,883391 0,867335 0,81772 0,831188
75 - Office machines and automatic data-processing machines 0,046161 0,035778 0,030355 0,017683 0,015503 0,012067 0,02309 0,028212 0,039387 0,052783 0,048301 0,036415 0,024447 0,019827 0,017814 0,019625 0,021145 0,029512 0,028431 0,023292 0,028979 0,02831 0,025129 0,0296 0,028901 0,028586 0,025465
76 - Telecommunications equipment 0,296017 0,316984 0,224816 0,162711 0,135516 0,126323 0,149983 0,194265 0,349649 0,295055 0,33528 0,352714 0,487723 0,487988 0,519217 0,506795 0,426942 0,311668 0,228135 0,232341 0,201609 0,20299 0,214183 0,169946 0,171692 0,146179 0,129778
77 - Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances 0,153256 0,191836 0,276979 0,296225 0,322259 0,398009 0,481652 0,425397 0,407974 0,399163 0,472294 0,505764 0,49436 0,475617 0,477017 0,508272 0,638274 0,688048 0,713758 0,925842 0,911335 0,922626 0,833187 0,894901 0,836159 0,735325 0,678444
78 - Road vehicles 0,336386 0,310924 0,489096 0,656702 0,85335 1,462869 1,551863 1,093432 0,99979 1,869661 2,332716 2,772583 3,431826 4,431222 5,863301 6,127605 6,140785 6,444761 5,873986 4,878553 5,380965 5,563805 4,823221 5,665522 5,455698 5,114322 5,914715
79 - Other transport equipment 1,43304 1,897129 2,420904 1,283654 1,144705 0,93955 0,814396 2,922231 2,724398 6,789115 8,517321 7,683443 3,338505 5,075786 5,282096 5,53543 6,153908 6,25927 6,405082 6,082938 3,831511 3,966243 2,568685 3,243501 2,757656 2,339134 2,369411
81 - Prefabricated buildings 0,37753 0,568239 0,62869 0,620613 0,621699 0,604872 0,599318 0,551329 0,584254 0,563017 0,621412 0,590559 0,73658 1,072021 1,179823 1,184194 1,286629 1,224076 1,20924 1,203601 1,20883 1,310183 1,141876 1,203849 1,110118 0,981873 0,939303
82 - Furniture, and parts 0,829207 0,820937 0,710969 0,966904 0,952367 1,128014 1,158705 1,203534 1,504206 1,905471 2,480124 2,348019 3,201394 3,916519 4,072525 4,128117 4,051012 4,19096 4,317235 4,273953 4,499928 4,090807 3,910697 4,374313 4,484915 4,056357 4,189515
83 - Travel goods 0,103598 0,081966 0,05994 0,053531 0,04498 0,04992 0,051736 0,043621 0,038847 0,03462 0,038873 0,039014 0,036609 0,029867 0,032493 0,039166 0,041628 0,042722 0,044135 0,039951 0,050144 0,057378 0,053982 0,050175 0,048739 0,03755 0,035593
84 - Articles of apparel and clothing accessories 27,48208 28,80885 26,94339 25,83102 24,54543 30,08205 28,15018 27,67857 30,48749 29,82142 32,35246 27,43478 29,58673 28,43901 26,70207 24,82406 22,79818 21,38254 17,65489 17,00464 17,48679 16,37298 14,3967 14,74235 13,95713 12,74504 14,13805
85 - Footwear 0,159071 0,241655 0,330644 0,359505 0,525818 0,318352 0,390642 0,449504 0,377565 0,214703 0,221541 0,20715 0,191979 0,194684 0,155522 0,1388 0,133531 0,141411 0,130057 0,125408 0,153666 0,153785 0,16087 0,218051 0,203644 0,193254 0,199397
87 - Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus 0,079592 0,079646 0,103073 0,090012 0,079155 0,077683 0,112235 0,12577 0,169456 0,149117 0,156461 0,162025 0,164709 0,2079 0,215293 0,227001 0,272167 0,345445 0,365265 0,37374 0,378502 0,404514 0,424513 0,526577 0,52369 0,52564 0,520116
88 - Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical good 0,00526 0,003846 0,003977 0,00379 0,005982 0,005262 0,009198 0,010586 0,012306 0,012502 0,015811 0,013733 0,013546 0,01087 0,008904 0,008055 0,008761 0,009717 0,009388 0,010256 0,01187 0,011751 0,012152 0,014379 0,015288 0,014482 0,015586
89 - Miscellaneous manufactured articles 3,007497 3,016562 3,940985 5,026396 5,783261 7,229891 10,83789 12,4786 13,18037 15,21019 18,44608 17,93835 16,81855 19,67431 21,66903 23,46895 22,35056 24,61848 23,33435 19,81139 25,01417 27,19196 27,72872 35,07576 37,96016 36,35673 36,95206

GOODS
00 - Live animals
01 - Meat
02 - Dairy products and birds' eggs
03 - Fish  -0,93903 -1,0323 -1,1911 -1,22964 -1,02666 -1,05065 -1,03261 -0,8338 -1,06813 -0,91761 -0,87658 -1,28108 -1,00573 -0,96242 -0,85028 -0,76455 -0,80382 -1,04586 -1,13073 -1,07853 -1,04265 -1,09225 -1,19738 -0,95741 -0,82014 -0,71751 -0,52109
04 - Cereals
05 - Vegetables and fruit
06 - Sugars, sugar preparations and honey
07 - Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof
08 - Feeding stuff for animals
09 - Miscellaneous edible products
11 - Beverages
12 - Tobacco and tobacco manufactures
21 - Hides, skins and furskins, raw
22 - Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits
23 - Crude rubber
24 - Cork and wood
25 - Pulp and waste paper
26 - Textile fibres
27 - Crude fertilizers
28 - Metalliferous ores and metal scrap
29 - Crude animal and vegetable materials
32 - Coal, coke and briquettes
33 - Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials
34 - Gas, natural and manufactured
41 - Animal oils and fats
42 - Fixed vegetable fats and oils, crude
43 - Animal or vegetable fats and oils
51 - Organic chemicals
52 - Inorganic chemicals
53 - Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials
54 - Medicinal and pharmaceutical products
VOLLRATH INDEX OF GOODS
"1990" "1991" "1992" "1993" "1994" "1995" "1996" "1997" "1998" "1999" "2000" "2001" "2002" "2003" "2004" "2005" "2006" "2007" "2008" "2009" "2010" "2011" "2012" "2013" "2014" "2015" "2016"
0,39691 0,320604 -0,24563 0,555966 0,190183 -0,46372 -0,93421 -1,02781 -1,52591 -2,8951 -4,48984 -1,70823 -2,13737 -3,77289 -4,11899 -4,63601 -4,19895 -4,62741 -4,30193 -3,55503 -4,752 -5,08888 -4,9501 -4,46792 -3,87611 -3,52865 -3,76508
21
-1,31346 -1,8128 -1,39706 -1,39851 -0,99233 -1,8171 -1,65516 -1,71448 -1,86959 -2,11771 -2,22206 -2,09709 -2,31027 -2,31495 -2,413 -2,08462 -2,27214 -2,21116 -1,7924 -1,05249 -0,82049 -0,39371 -0,18969 -0,13439 -0,14942 -0,3232 -0,49459
-2,31273 -2,74877 -2,77197 -2,50491 -2,24179 -2,02739 -1,71515 -1,49598 -1,50076 -1,93954 -2,31538 -1,83126 -2,13833 -2,03224 -2,11973 -1,84832 -1,66046 -1,31784 -1,11139 -0,99447 -0,85342 -0,56206 -0,56603 -0,41442 -0,4336 -0,68647 -0,61937
-0,90971 0,833064 1,011073 0,207614 0,34887 0,370433 0,483138 0,624819 0,480859 0,088739 0,300858 -0,11694 -0,36985 -0,37236 -0,31334 0,086811 -0,03541 -0,11611 -0,0156 0,113014 0,270747 0,330655 0,30299 0,407596 0,357316 0,294006 0,273612
3,684254 3,68152 3,427351 3,464162 3,466363 3,307008 3,269179 3,318731 3,329373 3,38404 3,390663 3,228204 3,086627 3,060865 3,178944 3,234731 2,997617 3,027642 2,958058 2,920079 2,900769 2,809497 2,690716 2,783669 2,926578 3,034338 2,781491
-0,90348 -0,04317 0,920628 1,028484 1,027499 0,373445 0,418588 0,466968 0,311271 0,390645 0,663935 0,925232 0,123717 0,022691 -0,13451 -0,39159 -0,22212 -0,41682 -0,50944 -0,64501 -0,42738 -0,44749 -0,48145 -0,18011 -0,2316 -0,38665 -0,41013
0,362201 -0,19629 -0,03933 0,515864 0,153999 0,327123 0,2924 0,35947 0,416674 0,352975 0,452507 0,28133 0,285322 0,387727 0,362765 0,355641 0,372043 0,352312 0,090112 0,074886 0,212838 0,226945 0,082635 0,161458 0,150952 0,129656 0,074136
-1,93429 -1,91187 -2,94435 -2,97413 -2,12819 -2,12485 -1,79044 -2,54701 -3,0525 -2,73088 -2,06713 -1,42482 -2,27687 -2,4696 -2,94793 -2,67052 -3,28997 -3,37086 -1,91828 -1,76089 -2,62964 -2,20676 -1,47649 -1,1372 -1,45887 -1,7729 -1,7127
-0,23735 0,057866 0,222786 0,242822 0,165249 0,371648 0,351672 0,375378 0,254602 -0,01387 0,00768 -0,1863 -0,17694 -0,19007 -0,30852 -0,19025 -0,1121 -0,06351 0,083563 0,044403 0,13315 0,269242 0,064032 0,113219 0,084572 -0,03184 -0,05387
-1,65481 -1,27019 -1,25941 -1,20428 -0,70205 -0,18231 -0,1269 -0,58356 -0,77659 -0,97092 -0,91816 -1,10692 -1,06328 -0,67309 -0,37867 -0,21062 -0,35043 -0,37721 -0,40924 -0,48039 -0,26732 -0,2593 -0,33909 -0,23257 -0,17164 -0,11912 -0,20937
2,863222 3,3385 2,775664 3,09466 2,782364 2,560736 2,963055 2,952791 2,9754 3,152071 2,870271 2,472985 2,296718 2,173787 2,154299 2,329561 2,361138 2,234415 2,243704 2,637454 2,196165 1,948069 1,995918 1,904892 2,221167 2,160507 2,562972
-3,75476 -3,35332 -3,13651 -2,96236 -3,24199 -2,71025 -2,78923 -3,37664 -1,25856 -1,88112 -0,90461 -0,94389 -0,93537 -1,39835 -1,64731 -1,89912 -2,21348 -2,7901 -3,72768 -4,19076 -4,35508 -4,87963 -5,24575 -4,63186 -5,04227 -5,62712 -6,06914
-1,59843 -1,21746 -0,90912 -0,77094 -0,75187 -1,12925 -0,94013 -0,62715 -0,39027 -0,17433 -0,64964 -0,5023 -0,82213 -0,61925 -0,90037 -0,95214 -0,9484 -1,01365 -1,27757 -0,79584 -0,98896 -1,24612 -1,06589 -0,61831 -0,5285 -0,70842 0,154366
-2,78922 -4,81412 -3,82457 -3,36013 -2,3163 -2,31711 -2,47054 -3,05876 -2,99661 -2,91656 -2,78638 -3,46439 -3,70651 -3,86363 -3,61905 -3,87407 -3,34272 -3,41575 -2,68326 -2,81783 -2,39096 -1,97166 -2,18405 -2,17034 -2,39992 -2,63073 -2,63911
-1,40208 -1,35342 -1,31481 -1,35025 -0,79199 -1,51205 -1,52258 -1,03025 -1,03483 -1,20851 -1,87332 -0,88021 -1,05561 -1,90086 -2,09706 -2,01367 -2,01436 -2,18422 -2,42094 -1,92493 -2,08567 -2,29896 -2,3006 -2,42525 -2,42732 -2,61477 -2,82468
-5,81553 -5,6264 -6,80605 -6,27804 -3,98653 -4,369 -5,54036 -5,57841 -5,18984 -6,58996 -5,00702 -7,09821 -5,03421 -5,46604 -5,66677 -5,30609 -5,12443 -5,13839 -3,57436 -3,59789 -2,94157 -2,58068 -3,82723 -2,53955 -2,30424 -2,54447 -2,5333
1,835345 1,82998 0,939659 1,463505 1,08006 1,027256 1,515654 1,126638 1,14066 1,255794 1,19998 0,678059 0,572487 0,752184 0,624873 0,421271 0,527649 0,412956 -0,03218 -0,07667 0,114215 0,440425 0,112301 0,147635 0,040337 0,129122 0,289797
0,546758 0,524761 0,527464 0,481759 0,421434 0,25689 0,27141 0,117431 0,134885 0,327655 -0,27718 -0,2925 -0,21728 -0,21648 -0,4589 -0,61609 -0,70832 -0,85243 -0,78742 -0,56273 -0,60192 -0,72058 -0,50887 -0,30313 -0,32282 -0,17343 -0,17703
0,725426 0,224453 0,043552 -0,16573 0,271328 0,862311 0,61764 0,810687 0,520922 0,537357 0,837061 0,362963 0,336701 0,203965 0,515579 0,7314 1,256675 1,512967 1,405217 1,091229 1,680145 1,473673 1,317567 1,591603 1,408226 1,157246 1,055306
0,36407 0,159612 -0,06034 -0,09443 -0,04639 0,073194 -0,27797 -0,3356 -0,25723 -0,08673 -0,28579 -0,77229 -0,57682 -0,5562 -0,9829 -1,33315 -1,44319 -1,48993 -2,05535 -1,83102 -1,86665 -1,87527 -1,89072 -1,63295 -1,44164 -1,3868 -1,34263
-6,58197 -6,03697 -8,59452 -8,94673 -5,85296 -8,35723 -7,16433 -6,73641 -6,44068 -7,1258 -7,01676 -6,41794 -7,44022 -7,78641 -7,6126 -7,30347 -8,22303 -6,8167 -6,30717 -8,67155 -7,58819 -7,98255 -7,99541 -8,17632 -7,5604 -6,65424 -7,29703
1,315294 1,023775 0,695421 0,36388 0,761752 0,867 0,125098 -0,48774 -0,00601 0,246081 -0,35673 -0,09769 0,365306 0,185863 0,235847 0,501929 0,765805 1,015083 0,973317 0,735888 0,64238 0,741087 0,725078 0,560772 0,450315 0,525586 0,64309
1,394492 0,397581 0,618214 0,428034 0,078864 0,060377 0,027447 0,125543 -0,07135 0,488209 0,837634 1,056961 0,849259 2,357373 2,621481 3,341089 2,210024 1,525301 1,728168 1,829139 1,479555 1,575073 1,786215 1,7185 1,393502 1,015249 0,667044
-1,66916 -2,64874 -2,88916 -3,30256 -3,43098 -2,52261 -2,30436 -4,84589 -4,8821 -4,89266 -3,68197 -5,13795 -3,47823 -3,44425 -5,64947 -7,79194 -9,6993 -7,87664 -3,11283 -5,03492 -3,60348 -4,29345 -4,78892 -3,98939 -3,28392 -3,87148 -3,46256
2,615086 3,079031 3,06132 2,14873 1,826961 2,284827 2,05936 2,300978 2,070326 2,544737 1,71239 2,403256 1,286491 2,056478 1,5 2,203748 1,947075 1,175848 1,050166 1,312535 1,06141 1,463083 1,536946 2,074383 2,168944 2,189839 2,098103
-3,45391 -3,97262 -3,31552 -1,26716 -1,56026 -1,46213 -1,62303 -1,71948 -1,98601 -2,65592 -3,10317 -3,82794 -3,79744 -3,79363 -3,92393 -3,64839 -2,71452 -3,37662 -2,31642 -2,50902 -3,07544 -2,05308 -1,92791 -2,25976 -4,13824 -4,53411 -4,75724
0,545916 0,100713 -0,06599 -0,28442 -0,00407 -0,11458 -0,35902 -0,58003 -0,78132 -0,51538 -0,1961 -0,25239 -0,21091 -0,33474 -0,19359 -0,53342 -0,38575 -0,62684 -0,68132 -0,62268 -0,32467 -0,5113 -0,34369 -0,39055 -0,53473 -1,21065 -1,07926
0,262943 0,230193 0,292677 0,168521 0,226106 0,099587 -0,01987 0,042088 0,067204 0,26359 -1,55119 -0,46263 -1,22163 -1,43355 -1,37393 -1,22342 -1,11498 -1,02264 -0,86926 -1,03387 -0,74906 -0,72444 -0,60377 -0,68253 -0,50309 0,115687 -0,04677
-1,84027 -1,95365 -2,01441 -1,97867 -1,99031 -1,77952 -1,50294 -1,43767 -1,5398 -1,76104 -1,6417 -1,99348 -2,09963 -2,2533 -2,25203 -2,10736 -2,03507 -2,07328 -2,0205 -2,10623 -1,85261 -1,77209 -1,76563 -1,68783 -1,7679 -1,90573 -2,00567
-0,15276 -0,5674 -0,76356 -0,37384 -0,55014 -0,9171 -0,57639 -0,55816 -0,56323 -0,50549 -0,2618 -0,4768 -0,60488 -0,64615 -0,60584 -0,62204 -0,61347 -0,72812 -0,76851 -0,65956 -0,42076 -0,54256 -0,53339 -0,43542 -0,47271 -0,35053 -0,49712
 VOLLRATH INDEX OF GOODS
GOODS "1990" "1991" "1992" "1993" "1994" "1995" "1996" "1997" "1998" "1999" "2000" "2001" "2002" "2003" "2004" "2005" "2006" "2007" "2008" "2009" "2010" "2011" "2012" "2013" "2014" "2015" "2016"

22
55 - Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials 0,956754 0,420052 0,759536 0,874058 0,858929 1,253466 1,421845 1,657466 1,493644 1,40115 1,731144 1,607367 1,636489 1,543019 1,456437 1,363096 1,494189 1,107082 0,58178 1,151245 1,057478 0,878351 0,907042 1,182731 1,262746 1,101521 1,264722
56 - Fertilizers -1,08265 -1,37762 -1,7529 -2,55739 -2,15135 -2,87767 -2,90095 -3,93636 -3,36111 -3,85569 -4,20892 -3,19642 -2,72387 -3,56219 -3,26326 -3,51045 -3,64141 -3,08281 -2,26187 -2,95416 -2,22671 -2,397 -2,80589 -3,2303 -2,85199 -2,8604 -2,78836
57 - Plastics in primary forms 0,333372 0,220524 0,223938 0,226238 -0,07351 -0,4162 -0,53318 -0,70241 -0,84909 -0,75594 -0,61981 -0,4446 -0,7284 -0,79083 -0,74149 -0,72888 -0,42067 -0,45737 -0,3833 -0,35308 -0,1527 -0,06107 -0,06842 -0,03514 -0,02323 -0,16347 -0,2721
58 - Plastics in non-primary forms -1,92374 -1,67194 -1,68754 -1,78145 -1,47512 -0,9736 -0,9951 -0,78818 -0,70489 -0,68423 -0,35938 -0,30697 -0,33276 -0,28893 -0,17355 0,018208 0,178217 0,200607 0,173422 0,189716 0,267357 0,318305 0,326519 0,424956 0,41199 0,312418 0,205737
59 - Chemical materials and products -0,59623 -0,2997 -0,16167 -0,18822 -0,54394 -0,4844 -0,4781 -0,43722 -0,41194 -0,32813 -0,16865 -0,3922 -0,20274 -0,30286 -0,26333 -0,04781 0,1813 0,284665 0,522171 0,734916 0,739958 0,848886 0,912905 0,968041 0,934475 1,003802 1,149045
61 - Leather, leather manufactures -2,90223 -2,55032 -2,23017 -1,99193 -1,57453 -1,5232 -1,42489 -1,19306 -1,31038 -1,45211 -1,3692 -1,43548 -1,70481 -1,63596 -1,71321 -1,66085 -1,45281 -1,58627 -1,83146 -1,89704 -1,71406 -1,61419 -1,5956 -1,36262 -1,32643 -1,50984 -1,54514
62 - Rubber manufactures -0,06627 0,745225 0,884154 0,698286 0,717928 0,768704 0,609543 0,581106 0,777804 0,765799 0,959981 1,01451 0,969208 0,963572 0,88084 0,971627 1,041918 1,146154 1,221012 1,287424 1,519109 1,704036 1,510075 1,496284 1,451883 1,307646 1,28192
63 - Cork and wood manufactures -2,76338 -3,12933 -2,88398 -2,85443 -2,39451 -2,31653 -2,13144 -2,31063 -2,45072 -2,31875 -2,25257 -1,97964 -1,94399 -1,77591 -1,58522 -1,45148 -1,21239 -1,09649 -1,05708 -0,94837 -0,84193 -0,79779 -0,86212 -0,75277 -0,64603 -0,79378 -0,82513
64 - Paper, paperboard and articles of paper pulp -1,90777 -1,96101 -2,13729 -2,33636 -1,72382 -1,72267 -1,73071 -1,67014 -1,66916 -1,61553 -1,478 -1,20756 -1,1 -1,15551 -1,13091 -1,00843 -1,00503 -0,84473 -0,72453 -0,61149 -0,50891 -0,49098 -0,40437 -0,28271 -0,28285 -0,31477 -0,25485
65 - Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles 1,581733 1,637993 1,667835 1,566864 1,702937 1,716232 1,747687 1,851343 1,925978 1,875534 1,939698 1,908223 1,771195 1,731445 1,677359 1,607237 1,61877 1,550972 1,437532 1,479858 1,474805 1,479276 1,445408 1,480094 1,453693 1,373598 1,349262
66 - Non-metallic mineral manufactures -0,17473 -0,02356 0,140565 -0,00885 0,022668 -0,04759 0,081348 0,154879 0,152392 0,349933 0,505965 0,491442 0,484597 0,319802 0,087278 0,054499 -0,07062 -0,18701 -0,19563 0,285577 0,161988 -0,03765 -0,07652 0,069834 0,004582 0,069395 0,095396
67 - Iron and steel 1,715698 1,658489 1,689196 1,99372 1,95884 1,546808 1,497019 1,497533 1,30804 1,304551 1,328378 1,502199 1,56531 1,470245 1,64747 1,427793 1,213908 1,253113 1,775509 1,560343 1,42215 1,458172 1,454323 1,412028 1,314291 1,09515 1,064723
68 - Non-ferrous metals -0,25525 -0,65818 -0,84189 -0,8422 -0,86306 -0,579 -0,52684 -0,53198 -0,50987 -0,6161 -0,40594 -0,52896 -0,77158 -0,77952 -0,69003 -0,52736 -0,23118 -0,29565 -0,32905 -0,46825 -0,06056 -0,0046 -0,16823 -0,19605 -0,26869 -0,30936 -0,33988
69 - Manufactures of metals -0,77832 -0,80478 -0,46052 -0,6186 -0,61618 -0,37964 -0,25326 -0,26833 -0,18488 -0,17338 -0,10068 -0,18327 -0,07558 0,06971 0,186043 0,238494 0,334687 0,333541 0,433109 0,491519 0,569157 0,6325 0,561512 0,645706 0,643879 0,547683 0,451788
71 - Power-generating machinery and equipment -2,25329 -2,35315 -1,97581 -2,01453 -1,52335 -1,43626 -1,34044 -1,23402 -0,88756 -0,79123 -0,60321 -0,3433 -0,37749 -0,44019 -0,42868 -0,32486 -0,24581 -0,26475 -0,34268 -0,32773 -0,26907 -0,28958 -0,36273 -0,23747 -0,23937 -0,2058 -0,15441
72 - Machinery specialized for particular industries -1,18266 -0,70451 -0,36364 -0,1146 -0,01293 -0,18711 0,010445 0,24949 0,266331 0,392667 0,528062 0,547272 0,589886 0,763865 0,734997 0,858362 0,895063 1,054725 1,089069 1,239974 1,328919 1,325864 1,205525 1,397091 1,382931 1,348828 1,316078
73 - Metalworking machinery -3,30257 -3,57884 -3,49699 -3,64017 -3,49656 -3,31475 -3,23705 -3,05905 -2,66839 -2,4294 -2,3805 -2,35926 -2,43865 -2,47216 -2,38162 -2,1735 -2,00577 -1,94087 -1,90855 -2,03986 -2,08086 -1,9561 -2,01949 -1,97601 -2,08683 -2,13254 -2,23463
74 - General industrial machinery and equipment -2,16727 -2,06417 -1,81044 -1,87095 -1,56124 -1,56625 -1,5202 -1,62119 -1,56563 -1,48326 -1,36148 -1,27553 -1,14821 -1,00958 -0,99461 -0,92742 -0,81541 -0,62375 -0,43841 -0,48333 -0,40108 -0,19067 -0,30814 -0,12399 -0,14233 -0,20123 -0,1849
75 - Office machines and automatic data-processing machines -3,07562 -3,33043 -3,4948 -4,03515 -4,16674 -4,41732 -3,76838 -3,56799 -3,23432 -2,94156 -3,0303 -3,31277 -3,71126 -3,92072 -4,02775 -3,93097 -3,85637 -3,52295 -3,56026 -3,75966 -3,54118 -3,56454 -3,68375 -3,51998 -3,54387 -3,55484 -3,67045
76 - Telecommunications equipment -1,21734 -1,14891 -1,49247 -1,81578 -1,99867 -2,06892 -1,89723 -1,63853 -1,05082 -1,22059 -1,09279 -1,0421 -0,71801 -0,71746 -0,65543 -0,67965 -0,85111 -1,16582 -1,47782 -1,45955 -1,60143 -1,5946 -1,54092 -1,77228 -1,76205 -1,92293 -2,04193
77 - Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances -1,87565 -1,65111 -1,28381 -1,21664 -1,1324 -0,92128 -0,73053 -0,85473 -0,89655 -0,91838 -0,75015 -0,68169 -0,70449 -0,74314 -0,7402 -0,67674 -0,44899 -0,3739 -0,33721 -0,07705 -0,09284 -0,08053 -0,1825 -0,11104 -0,17894 -0,30744 -0,38795
78 - Road vehicles -1,08949 -1,16821 -0,7152 -0,42052 -0,15859 0,380399 0,439456 0,089321 -0,00021 0,625757 0,847033 1,019779 1,233092 1,488675 1,768713 1,812804 1,814953 1,863268 1,770533 1,584849 1,682868 1,716282 1,573442 1,734399 1,696661 1,632045 1,777443
79 - Other transport equipment 0,359798 0,640341 0,884141 0,249711 0,135147 -0,06235 -0,20531 1,072347 1,002248 1,915321 2,142102 2,039068 1,205523 1,624481 1,664323 1,711169 1,817087 1,834064 1,857092 1,805488 1,343259 1,377819 0,943394 1,176653 1,014381 0,849781 0,862641
81 - Prefabricated buildings -0,9741 -0,56521 -0,46412 -0,47705 -0,4753 -0,50274 -0,51196 -0,59542 -0,53742 -0,57444 -0,47576 -0,52669 -0,30574 0,069546 0,165365 0,169063 0,252026 0,202186 0,189992 0,185318 0,189653 0,270167 0,132672 0,185524 0,104466 -0,01829 -0,06262
82 - Furniture, and parts -0,18729 -0,19731 -0,34113 -0,03366 -0,04881 0,120459 0,147303 0,185262 0,408265 0,644729 0,908309 0,853572 1,163586 1,365203 1,404263 1,417821 1,398967 1,43293 1,462615 1,452539 1,504061 1,408742 1,363716 1,47575 1,50072 1,400285 1,432585
83 - Travel goods -2,26724 -2,50145 -2,81441 -2,9275 -3,10154 -2,99733 -2,96161 -3,13222 -3,24813 -3,36331 -3,24747 -3,24384 -3,30746 -3,51101 -3,42674 -3,23994 -3,17897 -3,15304 -3,12049 -3,22011 -2,99285 -2,85809 -2,9191 -2,99224 -3,02127 -3,28209 -3,3356
84 - Articles of apparel and clothing accessories 3,313534 3,360683 3,293738 3,251576 3,200526 3,403929 3,337554 3,320659 3,417316 3,395227 3,47669 3,311811 3,387326 3,347762 3,284741 3,211814 3,126681 3,062575 2,871013 2,833486 2,861446 2,795633 2,666999 2,690724 2,63599 2,545142 2,648869
85 - Footwear -1,8384 -1,42024 -1,10671 -1,02303 -0,6428 -1,1446 -0,93996 -0,79961 -0,97401 -1,5385 -1,50715 -1,57431 -1,65037 -1,63638 -1,86097 -1,97472 -2,01342 -1,95608 -2,03978 -2,07619 -1,87297 -1,8722 -1,82716 -1,52303 -1,59138 -1,64375 -1,61246
87 - Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus -2,53084 -2,53016 -2,27232 -2,40782 -2,53634 -2,55511 -2,18716 -2,0733 -1,77516 -1,90303 -1,85495 -1,82 -1,80358 -1,5707 -1,53576 -1,4828 -1,30134 -1,06292 -1,00713 -0,9842 -0,97153 -0,90507 -0,85681 -0,64136 -0,64685 -0,64314 -0,6537
88 - Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical good -5,24764 -5,56072 -5,52715 -5,5754 -5,11894 -5,2472 -4,68879 -4,54819 -4,39771 -4,38185 -4,14703 -4,28797 -4,30168 -4,52171 -4,72122 -4,82142 -4,73739 -4,63384 -4,66827 -4,57987 -4,43374 -4,44379 -4,4103 -4,24201 -4,18067 -4,23487 -4,1614
89 - Miscellaneous manufactured articles 1,101108 1,104118 1,371431 1,614703 1,754968 1,978224 2,383048 2,524015 2,578728 2,721966 2,914852 2,886941 2,822483 2,979314 3,075884 3,155678 3,106851 3,203497 3,149926 2,986257 3,219443 3,302921 3,322469 3,55751 3,636537 3,593379 3,609622
8. APPENDIX B
SITC Classification
Raw Material-Intensified Goods (RMIG)
SITC 0 Food and Live Animals
SITC 2 Crude Materials Excluding Fuels
SITC 3 Mineral Fuels, etc.
SITC 4 Animal Fat and Vegetable Oil
Labor-Intensive Goods (LIG)
SITC 26 Textile Fibers and Waste
SITC 6 Basic Manufactured Goods
SITC 8 Miscellaneous Manufactured Goods
Capital-Intensive Goods (CIG)
SITC 1 Beverages and Tobacco
SITC 35 Electrical Energy
SITC 53 Dyes, Tanning, Color Production
SITC 55 Perfume, Cleaning, etc., Production
SITC 62 Rubber Manufactures N.E.S.
SITC 67 Iron and Steel
SITC 68 Nonferrous Metals
SITC 78 Road Vehicles
Easy Imitable Research-Oriented Goods (EIRG)
SITC 51 Organic Chemicals
SITC 52 Inorganic Chemicals
SITC 54.1 Medical and Pharmaceutical Products
SITC 58 Plastic Materials, etc.
SITC 59 Chemical Materials N.E.S.
SITC 75 Office Machines and Adapt Equipment
Difficult Imitable Research-Oriented Goods (DIRG)
SITC 7 Machines, Transport Equipment
SITC 87 Precision Instrument
SITC 88 Photo Equipment, Optical Goods, etc.

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