1 - Introduction To DC-DC Switching Mode Power Converters

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters
DC-DC Switching Mode Power Converters (SMPC)

Power Electronics
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And shall not be disclosed by the recipeient to third party without the prior consent of the author of this information
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depicted in Figure below
Introduction
Figure 1

interface between an electrical source and an electrical load, as
• Power electronics is an enabling technology, providing the needed
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do, differ in
and the electrical
frequency, voltage
number of phases.
load can, and often
amplitudes and the

• The electrical source

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• The power electronics
interface facilitates the
transfer of power from
the source to the load
by converting voltages
and currents from one
form to another, in
which it is possible for
the source and load to
reverse roles.
Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters 4
4
conversion of
power transfer
management of the
should be achieved.
process in which the
• The Controller allows
voltages and currents

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NEED FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY

AND HIGH POWER DENSITY
• Power electronic systems must be:
• energy efficient and reliable;
• have a high power density thus reducing their size and weight;
• be low cost to make the overall system economically feasible
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• High energy efficiency is important for several reasons:
• it lowers operating costs by avoiding the cost of wasted energy,
• contributes less to global warming,
• and reduces the need for cooling therefore increasing power density.
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The energy efficiency of a system in figure below is in terms of the

output power Po and the power loss Ploss within the system as,
(1)
can be rewritten for the output power in terms of the efficiency
and the Power loss as,
(2)
Figure 2
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temperatures to exceed certain limits.

transfer dissipated power, as heat, without allowing the internal
• In power electronics equipment, the cooling system is designed to
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• Therefore for an equipment package designed to handle certain power
loss dissipation, the plots in figure 3 based on Equation (2) show that
increasing the conversion efficiency from 84% to 94%, for example,
increases the power output capability, same as the power rating, of that
equipment by a factor of three.
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Po
power rating
50
0
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0,88 0,8
0,82
0,84
0,86
Figure 3
Efficiency h

0,9
Ploss = 20 W
0,92
0,94
Ploss = 10 W
0,96
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Po
power rating
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0,8
0,82
52,5
0,84
0,86
0,88

Efficiency h
0,9
Ploss = 10 W
0,92
Ploss = 20 W
158
0,94
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0,96
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factor.

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• This could mean an increase in the power density, which is the power
rating divided by the volume of the package, by approximately the same
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Example
• A power electronics package is designed to handle 200W of power
dissipation.
• Compare the two values of the output power capability if the
conversion efficiency is increased from 89% to 94%.
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Solution
• In this example, Ploss =200W.
• The power output capability and the power
density (in watts per unit volume) of this package
are nearly doubled by increasing the efficiency
from 89% to 94%.
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Switch-Mode Conversion
• Let us now consider how to construct the simple dc-dc converter
example illustrated in figure 4.
• The input voltage Vin is 100 V. It is desired to supply 50 V to an
effective 5 W load, such that the dc load current is 10 A.
Figure 4
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Solution one
• The dc-dc converter consists simply of a variable resistor, whose
value is adjusted such that the required output voltage is obtained.
• The load current flows through the variable resistor.
• The power Ploss dissipated in the variable resistor equals the load
power Pout = 500 W
Figure 5
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Solution two
• This solution is a more practical implementation known as the linear
series-pass regulator.
• The variable resistor is replaced by a linear mode power transistor
whose base current is controlled by a feedback such that the desired
output voltage is obtained.
Figure 6
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• The power Ploss dissipated by the linear-mode transistor is
approximately the same 500 W dissipated by the variable resistor.
• Series-pass linear regulators generally find modern application at low
power levels of a few watts.
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below.
Figure 7
Another approach

• A single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch is connected as shown
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• The switch output voltage vs(t) is equal to the converter input voltage
Vin when the switch is in position 1, and is equal to zero when the
switch is in position 2.
• The switch position is varied periodically, such that vs(t) is a rectangular
waveform having frequency fs and period Ts=1/fs.
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• Hence, 0  D  1.
occupies position 1.

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• The duty cycle D is defined as the fraction of time in which the switch
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to its average value.
• Hence, the dc component of is

• The switch changes the dc component of the voltage. Recall from
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Fourier analysis that the dc component of a periodic waveform is equal
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The power dissipated by the

switch is ideally zero.
• When the switch contacts are closed, then their voltage is zero and
hence the power dissipation is zero.
• When the switch contacts are open, then the current is zero and again
the power dissipation is zero.
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• In addition to the desired dc component Vs, the switch output voltage
waveform vs(t) also contains undesirable harmonics of the switching
frequency.
• These harmonics must be removed, such that the output voltage vo (t) is
essentially equal to the dc component Vo = Vs
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Figure 8

• An L–C low-pass filter filter can be employed for this purpose.
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vs(t).

• If the filter corner frequency f0 is sufficiently less than the switching
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frequency fs, then the filter essentially passes only the dc component of
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switching function is attained.
Figure 9

• In practice, the SPDT switch is realized using switched-mode
semiconductor devices, which are controlled such that the SPDT
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converter, because it reduces the dc voltage.
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• The converter power stage developed in Figures 7 to 9 is called the buck
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the output voltage
Figure 10

Additional of control to regulate
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• Converters can be constructed that perform other power processing
functions. For example figure 11 illustrates a circuit known as the boost
converter, in which the positions of the inductor and SPDT switch are
interchanged.
• This converter is capable of producing output voltages that are greater
in magnitude than the input voltage.
Figure 11
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• figure 12 illustrates a circuit known as the buck-boost converter.
• The buck-boost converter, can either increase or decrease the
magnitude of the voltage, but the polarity is inverted.
Figure 12
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• In general, any given input voltage can be converted into any desired
output voltage, using a converter containing switching devices
embedded within a network of reactive elements.
• In future chapters, converters illustrated above will be studied.
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1 - Introduction To DC-DC Switching Mode Power Converters

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1 - Introduction To DC-DC Switching Mode Power Converters

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Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

DC-DC Switching Mode Power Converters (SMPC)

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

amplitudes and the

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters 4

voltages and currents

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

NEED FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters 6

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters 7

The energy efficiency of a system in figure below is in terms of the

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

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Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

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Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

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Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

The power dissipated by the

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Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

Power Electronics for Embedded Systems: dc-dc converters

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