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PRINCIPLES
OF HEATING
VENTILATING
AND
AIR CONDITIONING
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Ronald H. Howell, PhD, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, retired as professor and chair of mechanical engineering at the Univer-
sity of South Florida and is also professor emeritus of the University of Missouri-Rolla. For 45 years he taught courses
in refrigeration, heating and air conditioning, thermal analysis, and related areas. He has been the principal or co-prin-
cipal investigator of 12 ASHRAE-funded research projects. His industrial and consulting engineering experience ranges
from ventilation and condensation problems to the development and implementation of a complete air curtain test
program.
William J. Coad, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, was ASHRAE president in 2001-2002. He has been with McClure Engineering
Associates, St. Louis, Mo., for 45 years and is currently a consulting principal. He is also president of Coad Engineering
Enterprises. He has served as a consultant to the Missouri state government and was a lecturer in mechanical engineering
for 12 years and an affiliate professor in the graduate program for 17 years at Washington University, St. Louis. He is
the author of Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems (Van Nostrand Reinhold).
Harry J. Sauer, Jr., PhD, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, was a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the Univer-
sity of Missouri-Rolla. He taught courses in air conditioning, refrigeration, environmental quality analysis and control,
and related areas. His research ranged from experimental boiling/condensing heat transfer and energy recovery equip-
ment for HVAC systems to computer simulations of building energy use and actual monitoring of residential energy use.
He served as an advisor to the Missouri state government and has conducted energy auditor training programs for the
US Department of Energy. Dr. Sauer passed away in June 2008.
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PRINCIPLES
OF HEATING
VENTILATING
AND
AIR CONDITIONING
6th Edition
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
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Ronald H. Howell William J. Coad Harry J. Sauer, Jr.
ISBN 978-1-933742-70-0
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims
any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The
appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or
guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the
information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in
this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who
may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any means—electronic, photocopying, record-
ing, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at
www.ashrae.org/permissions.
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ASHRAE STAFF
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS PUBLISHING SERVICES
Mark Owen David Soltis
Editor/Group Manager Group Manager of Publishing Services
of Handbook and Special Publications and Electronic Communications
Cindy Sheffield Michaels Jayne Jackson
Managing Editor Publication Traffic Administrator
James Madison Walker
Associate Editor PUBLISHER
Amelia Sanders
Assistant Editor W. Stephen Comstock
Elisabeth Parrish
Assistant Editor
Michshell Phillips
Editorial Coordinator
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Notes to Instructors
This manual contains solutions to most of the problems in the textbook, Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning, which is based on the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. Some of these problems require the use
of tables, figures, or equations in the 2009 Handbook that may not be found in Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and
Air Conditioning.
The solutions in this manual are generally presented in abbreviated form, with some intermediate computations omitted.
Answers and solutions are included for the majority of the problems. The remaining problems are either those requiring
discussion or those whose solutions depend on arbitrary assumptions or data selected by the instructor.
R.H. Howell
W.J. Coad
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
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For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
CONTENTS
Solutions to
Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Chapter 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Chapter 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
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Chapter 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Solutions to
Chapter 1
BACKGROUND
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 1—Background⏐3
2
Floor area = ( 140 ) ( 220 ) = 30,800 ft
3
Volume = ( 140 ) ( 220 ) ( 12 ) = 370,000 ft
2 3
From Table 1.1: 250 ft ⁄ ton and 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft
2
30, 800 ft
∴Cooling: ----------------------------
2
- = 123 tons
250 ft ⁄ ton
3 3
Heating: ( 370,000 ft ) ( 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft ) = 1,110,000 Btu/hr or 1110 Mbh
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that will be needed for a residence in middle America that
is 28 × 78 × 8 ft high (8.5 × 23.8 × 2.4 m high).
2 3
From Table 1.1: 700 ft ⁄ ton and 3.0 Btu ⁄ h ⋅ ft
( 28 ) ( 78 )
Cooling: ---------------------- = 3.12 tons or 3.12 × 12,000 = 37,400 Btu/h
( 700 )
3 3
Heating: [ ( 28 ) ( 78 ) ( 8 )ft ] ( 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft )
= 52,400 Btu ⁄ h
40 × 150
Cooling unit: ----------------------------
3
= 17 tons
350 ft ⁄ ton
3
Heating unit: ( 40 ) ( 150 ) ( 10 ) ( 3 Btu/h ⋅ ft ) = 180,000 Btu/h
2
Air movement: 17 tons × 400 cfm/ton = 6900 cfm or [1.2 cfm/ft × 40 × 150 = 7200 cfm]
Costs: Cooling system ($1500/ton) × 17 tons = $25,500
Heating system ($2.50/cfm) × 6900 [ 7200 ] cfm = $17,250 [$18,000]
Fans/ducting ( $7.50 ) × 6900 [7200] cfm = $51,750 [$54,000]
Total = $94,500 [$97,500]
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4⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
2
From Table 1.2: 30.5 kWh / ft ⋅ yr
Energy = ( 40 × 150 ) ( 30.5 ) = 183,000 kWh
Cost = $0.08 ( 183,000 ) = $14,640
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Solutions to
Chapter 2
THERMODYNAMICS
AND PSYCHROMETRICS
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐7
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3
1. 42°C = 315 K: P = 1.0721 MPa; v g = 0.0189 m ⁄ kg ; h g = 420.44 kJ/kg
6
S g = 1.7108 kJ/kg ⋅ K u = h – Pν = 420.44 – 1.0721 ( 10 ) ( 0.0189 ⁄ 1000 )
u = 400.2 kJ/kg
1
2. 72°C = 345 K: P = 1.0037 MPa; ----- = 42.0; h 2 = 453, s 2 = 1.81
ν2
u 2 = 608.3
3 200
ν 1 = 20.09 ft ⁄ lb m ⇒ m 1 = ------------- = 9.955 lb m
20.09
V2
m 2 = ------ and mi hi = m2 u2 – m1 u1 by trial and error
ν2
200
Try T 2 = 550°F u 2 = 1195 m 2 = --------- = 33.9 lbm
5.9
?
( 33.9 – 9.955 ) ( 1228 ) = ( 33.9 ) ( 1195 ) – ( 9.955 ) ( 1082 )
Q = mh fg = ( 50 kg ) ( 2256.28 ) kJ ⁄ kg = 112,800 kJ
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2.11 The temperature of 150 kg of water is raised from
15°C to 85°C by the addition of heat. How much heat is
supplied?
V· ⎛ ⎞
3
3 m ⁄s
Q = mc p Δt = --- c p Δt = ⎜ -----------------------------------------⎟ ( 4.18 kJ ⁄ kg ⋅ K ) ( 30 – 2 ) K
ν ⎝ 0.001004 m ⁄ kg⎠ 3
Q = 350,000 kW
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778 ( 32.2 ) ( 778 )
= – 0.533 – 0.013 = – 0.546 Btu/lb m
2 2
⎛ ν1 ⎞ ⎛ ν1 ⎞
m ⎜ u 1 + P 1 ν 1 + ----- + gz 1⎟ – ⎜ u 2 + P 2 ν 2 + ----- + gz 2⎟ + Q – W = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
( 138 ) ( 0.001 ) – ( 1380 ) ( 0.001 ) – ( 3 ) ( 9.806 ) – W = 0
W = – 30.66 J ( Note 1 J (Joule) = 1 N ⋅ m )
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10⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
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3
V = 3 ft
3
t = – 240°F ν f = 0.02613 ft ⁄ lb m
⇒
m = 44.5 lb m = 220°R 3
ν g = 0.0750 ft ⁄ lb m
3
ν = V ⁄ m = 3 ⁄ 44.5 = 0.0674 ft ⁄ lb m
ν = νf + χ ( νg – νf )
ν – νf ( 0.0674 – 0.02613 )
x = ---------------- = ---------------------------------------------- = 0.8445
νg – νf ( 0.0750 – 0.02613 )
m v = mx = ( 44.5 ) ( 0.8445 ) = 37.58 lb m vapor
m L = m ( 1 – x ) = ( 44.5 ) ( 1 – 0.8445 ) = 6.92 lb m liquid
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Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐11
2 2
⎛ v 1⎞ ⎛ V 2⎞ πD
2
2
m ⎜ h1 + -----⎟ – ⎜ h 2 + ------⎟ – w = 0 A = ---------- = 0.0755 m
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4
V· 0.85
m ( h1 – h2 ) – w = 0 V 1 = --- = ---------------- = 11.26 m/s
A 0.0755
V 2 = V 1 since small ΔT and ΔP
m Cp ( t1 – t2 ) – w = 0
P 1 V· 1 = m· 1 RT 1
( 1.25 ) ( 0.746 ) ( 101.3 ) ( 1000 ) ( 0.85 )
t 1 – t 2 = ---------------------------------- = 0.91 K m· = --------------------------------------------------- = 1.02 kg/s
( 1.02 ) ( 1.005 ) ( 287 ) ( 294 )
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V1 1.5 V2 3
b. m = ------ = ------------- = 2.674 kg = ------ ; V 2 = ( 2.674 ) ( 0.188 ) = 0.503 m
ν 1 0.561 ν2
P2 V2 – P1 V1 R ( T2 – T1 )
dv- ------------------------------
c. W = ∫ P dv = c ∫ ---- = - = -------------------------- = – 106.3 kJ
v
n 1–n 1–n
Q = W + m ( U 2 – U 1 ) = – 106.3 + ( 2.674 ) ( 0.718 ) ( 120 – 20 ) = 85.7 kJ
v v
W against air = ∫ Pdv = mRT ∫ dv
----- = mRT ln ----2- = P 1 v 1 ln ----2-
v v1 v1
= ( 100 ) ( 1000 ) ( 50 ) ln ( 0.25 ) = – 6930 kJ
( 50 )
W to elevate = mg Δz = ( 3 ⁄ 4 ) --------------------------- ( 9.8 ) ( 40 ) = 14670 kJ
( 0.001002 )
W total from pump = 6930 + 14670 = 21,600 kJ
·
w· = m· ∫ ν dP = m· ν ( P 2 – P 1 )
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P 1 = 200 psi t 1 = 1500°F P 2 = 20 psi
K – 1- 1.4 – 1-
------------ ---------------
P2 K 1.4
a. T 2 = T 1 ⎛⎝ ------⎞⎠ = ( 1960 ) ⎛⎝ ---------⎞⎠
20
= 1015.2 R
P1 200
RT 2 ( 53.3 ) ( 1051.2 ) 3
b. ν 2 = --------- = ------------------------------------- = 19.469 ft ⁄ lb m
P2 ( 20 ) ( 144 )
c. Δu = c u ΔT = ( 0.171 ) ( 1015.2 – 1960 ) = – 161.6 Btu/lb m
d. ΔH = c p ΔT = ( 0.240 ) ( 1015.2 – 1960 ) = – 266.8 Btu/lb m
e. δq – δw = δu = – 161.6 Btu/lb m
– 1-
k----------
P2 k 140 0.286
a. T 2 = T 1 ⎛⎝ ------⎞⎠ = 1088 ⎛⎝ ------------⎞⎠ = 563 K = 290°C
P1 1400
b. P 2 ν 2 = RT 2 , R air = 0.0287 N ⋅ m ⁄ g ⋅ K
3
( 140 ) ( 1000 )ν 2 = ( 0.0287 ) ( 563 ) ⇒ ν 2 = 0.115 m ⁄ kg
c. u 2 – u 1 = c v ( T 2 – T 1 ) = ( 0.718 ) ( 290 – 815 ) = – 377 kJ/kg
d. h 2 – h 1 = c p ( T 2 – T 1 ) = ( 1.005 ) ( 290 – 815 ) = – 528 kJ/kg
e. h 1 – h 2 – w = 0 ; w = 528 kJ/kg
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W = m h 1 – ⎜ h 2 + ------------⎟ = m c p ( T 1 – T 2 ) + ------------
⎝ 2gcJ ⎠ 2gcJ
2
( 144.5 ⁄ 60 )
= ( 88.2 ) ( 60 ) 0.24 ( 540 – 550.25 ) – -------------------------------------
( 2 ) ( 32.2 ) ( 778 )
= – 13,020 Btu/h = 5.12 hp
HP Ideal ( 5.12 )
HP actual = ------------------------------------- = ------------------------------- = 10.3 hp
( η fan ) ( η motor ) ( 0.64 ) ( 0.78 )
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= m F.W. C p ΔT ; ⎛ ----⎞
Q
a. Q loss = Q again = C p ΔT
steam F.W. ⎝ m⎠ FW
⎛Q----⎞
⎝ m⎠ F.W. = ( 1.0 ) ( 90 ) = 90 Btu ⁄ lb m F.W.
b. ( m Δh ) steam = m FW ⎛ ----⎞
Q
Assume 1.0 lb m feed water
⎝ m⎠ F.W.
m FW ( Q ⁄ m ) FW ( 1.0 ) ( 90 )
m steam = ------------------------------------ = ----------------------- = 0.0932 lb m
Δh ( 965.3 ) steam
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16⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
2 2
⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞
a. ⎜ h 1 + ------------⎟ – ⎜ h 2 + ------------⎟ = 0
⎝ 2gcJ ⎠ ⎝ 2gcJ ⎠
2 2 2
V1 V2 ( 450 ⁄ 60 )
C p + ( T 1 – T 2 ) + ------------ = ------------ = ( 0.24 ) ( 90 – 58 ) + -------------------------------------
2gcJ 2gcJ ( 2 ) ( 32.2 ) ( 778 )
V 2 = 620 fps = 37,200 fpm
Not cooling since temperature will increase as fluid slows down.
b. m ( h 1 – h 2 ) – W = 0
mC p ( T 1 – T 2 ) – W = 0 ; ( 1.6 ) ( 3600 ) ( 0.24 ) ( 90 – T 2 ) = 11.5 ( 2545 )
t 2 = 68.8°F
V· 1 = 0.8 ft /min
3
P 1 = 10 psi t 1 = 80°F
P 2 = 9 psi Sat. vapor @ 2
2 2
Dia. = 1 in. ⇒ A = 0.7854 in. = 0.00545 ft
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3 3
ν1 ≅ νf = 0.01607 ft /lb m v 2 = 42.367 ft /lb m
80°F
V· 1 ( 0.8 )
U 1 = ------ = ------------------------ = 146.8 ft/min
A ( 0.00545 )
ν2
U 2 = U 1 ⎛ -----⎞ = 146.8 ⎛ -------------------⎞ = 387,024 ft/min
42.367
⎝ v1⎠ ⎝ 0.01607⎠
U1 A ( 146.8 ) ( 0.00545 )
m = ---------- = ------------------------------------------- = 49.78 lb m /min
ν1 ( 0.01607 )
2 2
⎛ U 2 – U 1⎞ ( 387024 ) – ( 1468 )
2 2
Q· = m· ⎜ h 2 – h 1 + -------------------⎟ = ( 49.78 ) 1141.25 – 48.05 + -------------------------------------------------------
⎝ 2gc ⎠ ( 2 ) ( 32.2 ) ( 3600 ) ( 778 )
= ( 49.78 ) [ 1093.165 + 830.43 ] = 95,800 Btu/min
@ x = 1.0 t = 5°F
h = 103.745, s = 0.22470
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18⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
1 1
COP h ( max ) = ------------------------- = ------------------------------- = 9.48
1 – TL ⁄ Th 1 – 263 ⁄ 298
QR 200
W min = --------------------- = ---------- = 21.1 kW
COP max 9.48
3 1 3
25 psi, 40°F ⇒ ρ = 0.449 lb/ft ; v = ------------- = 2.23 ft /lb
0.449
2
V πd ( 20 )
5 ⁄ 60 = A --- = ----------------- ---------------
v 4 ( 144 ) ( 2.23 )
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2
d = 1.70 ⇒ d = 1.30 in.
h 1 – h 2 = h 4 – h 3 ⇒ ( 40.5 ) – ( 38 ) = h 4 – ( 106.6 )
h 4 = 109.1 Btu/lb m ⎫
⎬t = 44°F
P 4 = 36.8 psi ⎭ 4
°SH = 44 – 25 = 19°
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temperature of 20°F and a condensing temperature of
80°F, calculate per ton of refrigeration
a. displacement
b. mass flow
c. horsepower required
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20⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
qL 12000
b. m· = ----------------- = ------------------------------------ = 176.7 = 2.94 lb m /min ton
h1 – h4 105.9 – 37.978
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a temperature of 55°F. Assume a compressor-volumetric
efficiency of 70% and frictionless flow. Calculate the
refrigerating capacity in tons for a system equipped with
this compressor. Plot the cycle on the p-h diagram. [Ans:
12 tons]
3
v ≅ 1.0 ft ⁄ lbm q L = 110 – 44.9 = 65.1 Btu/lbm
2
π3
V· ideal = ( 800 ) ⎛ ---------⎞ ( 4 ) ⎛ ------------⎞
1
compressor:
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 1728⎠
3
= 13.09 ft ⁄ lbm
V· actual = 4 ( 13.09 ) ( 0.70 ) = 36.65 ft ⁄ min
3
m· q L [ ( 36.65 ) ( 60 ) ] ( 65.1 )
capacity = --------------- = -------------------------------------------------- ≈ 12 tons
12000 ( 0.80 ) ( 12000 )
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c. compressor motor size, kW
d. COP for cooling
e. compressor discharge temperature if compression
efficiency is 60%
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22⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
h 1 = 409 s 1 = 1.76
h 2 = 434 h 3 = h 4 = 237.7
a) t 2i = 55°C
50
b) m = --------------------------------- = 0.292 kg/s
( 409 – 237.7 )
c) P = 0.292 ( 434 – 409 ) = 7.30 kW
50
d) COP c = ------- = 6.85
7.3
( 434 – 409 )
e) h 2a = 409 + ---------------------------- = 451 ⇒ t 2a ≅ 75°C
0.60
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d. compressor discharge temperature
e. COPc
1 3
h 1 = 252, s 1 = 10.4, v 1 = ------- = 0.303 m ⁄ kg
3.3
1
h 2i = 700, v 2i = ------- = 0.123 t 2i = 95°C
8.1
700 – 525
h 2a = 525 + ⎛ ------------------------⎞ = 738, v 2a = ------- = 0.123
1
⎝ 0.82 ⎠ 8.1
d) t 2a ≈ 110°C
2
2π ( 0.092 )
η av = 94 – 6.1 ⎛⎝ ----------⎞⎠ = 74.85%
1.35 3
PD = --------------------------- ( 0.74 ) ( 28 ) = 0.0275 m ⁄ s
0.43 4
( 0.7485 ) ( 0.0275 )
a) m = ------------------------------------------- = 0.0675 kg/s
0.303
b) Q e = m ( h 1 – h 4 ) = 0.0675 [ 525 – ( – 620.7 ) ] = 77.4 kW
c) W = m ( h 2 – h 1 ) = ( 0.0675 ) [ 738 – 525 ] = 14.4 kW
Qe 77.5
e) COP = ------ = ---------- = 5.4
W 14.4
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Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐23
h 1 = h g @ – 4°C = 494
h 2 = 650
h 3 = h 4 = – 621.4
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temperatures, respectively.
4 ( 100 ) 100 60
( 0.946 ) ( 0.002258 )
Flow Rate = ---------------------------------------------- = 0.062 kg/s
( 0.03462 )
Q e = 0.062 ( 408.03 – 256.1 ) = 9.42 kW
W = 0.062 ( 432 – 408.03 ) ⁄ 0.746 = 1.99 Hp
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24⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
State P t x h m
1. 10 mm 90 0.50 –70 9.85
2. 50 mm 150 0 1128 0.197
3. 50 mm 150 0.51 –41 9.65
4. 50 mm 101 0 68.96 0.197
5. 10 mm 52 0 1084.5 0.197
12000
m 2 = m 4 = m 5 = --------------------------------------------
60 ( 1084.5 – 68.0 )
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= 0.197
m 3 = ⎛⎝ ----------⎞⎠ mi = 0.98m 1
0.50
0.51
m 1 = 0.197 + 0.98m 1 , m 1 = 9.85
m 3 = 9.65
------- = (----------------------------------------
QR 30450 + 12520 )-
= 3.58
Qe ( 12000 )
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Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐25
State P t x h
1. 8.2 mm 75°F 0.47 –73
2. 33.9 mm 170°F 0 1138
3. 33.9 mm 170°F 0.62 –38
4. -- 88°F 0 56.04
5. 8.2 mm 47°F 0 1081.74
m 1 x 1 = m 2 x 2 + ( m 1 – m 2 )x 3
m 1 ( 0.47 ) = ( m 1 – 1.0 ) ( 0.62 )
m 1 = 4.16, m 3 = 3.16
Q e = ( 1 ) [ ( 1081.74 ) – ( 56.04 ) ] = 1025.7 Btu/lb
Per ton of refrigeration
12000
m 2 = m 4 = m 5 = ---------------- = 11.7 lbm/h
1025.7
Q c = ( 1 ) [ ( 56.04 ) – ( 1138 ) ] = – 1081.96 Btu/lb Q c = – 12659 Btu/hr
Q a = ( 4.16 ) ( – 73 ) – ( 3.16 ) ( – 38 ) – ( 1 ) ( 1081.74 ) = – 1265.34 Btu/lb Q a = – 14800 Btu/hr
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Q g = ( 1 ) ( 1138 ) + ( 3.16 ) ( – 38 ) – ( 4.16 ) ( – 73 ) = 1321.6 Btu/lb Q e = 15460 Btu/hr
Qa + Qc
------------------- = 2.28
Qe
p, t, x, h,
Point psia °F lb NH3/lb mix Btu/lb
1 25 80 0.39 –48
2 200 260 0.26 165
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2
W = Q A – Q R = ( 200 ) – ( 163.24 ) = 36.8 Btu/h ⋅ ft
3413 2
area = ------------ = 92.74 ft ⁄ kW
36.8
pw 0.2
a) φ = -------- = ---------------- = 0.394 = 39.4%
p ws 0.5073
pw
w = 0.62198 --------------- = ( 0.62198 ) ⎛ ----------------------⎞ = 0.0086 lb m /lb air
0.2
b)
p – pw ⎝ 14.7 – 12⎠
c) t d = t sat @ 0.2 PSI = 53.15°F
Pw V ( 0.2 ) ( 144 ) ( 1920 )
d) m w = ----------------------- = ----------------------------------------------------- = 1.19 lb m
( R ⁄ m w )T ( 1545 ⁄ 18 ) ( 80 + 460 )
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ws 0.0187
a) t wb = 65.2°F
b) h = 30.2 Btu/lb m
c) w = 0.0112 lb m /lb air
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28⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
2.53 Using the ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart, complete the following table.
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity W, Enthalpy h, Relative Humidity φ, Specific Volume v,
°F °F °F lb/lbair Btu/lbair % ft3/lbair
85 60 41 0.0054 26.1 22 13.85
75 60 50 0.0076 26.4 42 13.65
74.5 65 59.8 0.011 30 60 13.75
89.5 70 61 0.01143 34 38 14.1
99 85.5 82 0.0238 50 58 14.6
2.54 Using the ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart complete the following table:
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Enthalpy, Specific Volume,
°F °F °F lbv/lba % Btu/lbair ft3/lbair
80 63.5 53.7 0.0088 40 28.8 13.8
70 55 43 0.0058 38 23.1 13.47
100 78 70 0.016 39 42 14.47
97 77 68 0.0157 40 40 14.3
79 65 57 0.01 46 30 13.8
86 60 40 0.0052 20 26.4 13.86
40 29 11 0.001 20 10.3 12.6
74 65 60 0.011 60 30 13.7
85 70 62 0.012 47 33.8 14.0
80 80 80 0.0224 100 43.8 14.1
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Enthalpy, Specific Volume,
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°C °C °C kg/kg % kJ/kg m3/kg
26.5 17.3 12.2 0.0087 41 49 0.86
21 13 7.6 0.006 40 36.7 0.84
38 25.4 21 0.0155 38 78.2 0.905
41.7 29.2 25.2 0.0207 40 95 0.92
22.2 17 14.2 0.01 60 48 0.85
32 16 4 0.005 18 44.5 0.87
4 –2 –10 0.001 20 6.5 0.78
39.8 23.4 16 0.0115 26 70 0.904
30 21 17 0.012 45 61 0.875
27 27 27 0.0227 100 85.5 0.88
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, Dew Point, Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Enthalpy, Specific Volume,
°C °C °C kg/kg % kJ/kg m3/kg
32 24 20.7 0.0155 52 72.2 0.886
40 26.3 21.2 0.0160 34 81 0.91
38.8 24.2 18 0.0130 30 72.5 0.902
33.8 28.1 26.4 0.022 66 90.5 0.9
7 7 7 0.0063 100 23 0.801
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Chapter 2—Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics⏐29
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Solutions to
Chapter 3
BASIC HVAC SYSTEM
CALCULATIONS
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐33
3.1 One of the many methods used for drying air is to cool
the air below the dew point so that condensation or freez-
ing of the moisture takes place. To what temperature must
atmospheric air be cooled in order to have a humidity
ratio of 0.000017 lb/lb (0.000017 kg/kg)? To what
temperature must this air be cooled if its pressure is
10 atm?
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humidity?
3
V = ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 2.4 ) = 57.6 m ; P = 100 kPa ; Pw = 1.4 kPa
Pw ( 0.622 ) ( 1.4 )
a) W = 0.622 ----------------- = ------------------------------- = 0.0088 kg ⁄ kg air
P – Pw ( 100 – 1.4 )
b) @ Pw = 1.4 kPa t sat = Dew point = 11.8°C
c) m a = PaV ⁄ RaT = ( 98.6 ) ( 57.6 ) ⁄ ( 0.287 ) ( 298.2 ) = 66.4 kg
m w = Wm a = ( 0.0088 ) ( 66.4 ) = 0.584 kg
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34⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
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and the vapor at exit has an enthalpy of 1085 Btu/lbm.
Condensate leaves with an enthalpy of 22 Btu/lbm. The
rate of flow of dry air is 287 lbm/min. Determine:
a. the amount of moisture removed from the air (lbm/
min)
b. the rate of heat removal required
m· 3 = 3.16 lb m ⁄ min
b) Q° = m ° [ ( h – h ) + ( W h – W h ) + ( W – W )h ]
a a a 2 w 1 w 1 2 w
2 1 2 1 3
t 1 = 20°F t 2 = 70°F
φ 1 = 60% φ 2 = 50%
W 2 = 0.0078 lb m ⁄ lb air
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d. initial enthalpy
e. final enthalpy
f. the heat added
g. final relative humidity
a) φ 1 = 49%
b) t i * = 41°F
c) W = 0.0054 lb m ⁄ lb air
d) h i = 20.3 Btu ⁄ lb m,
e) h e = 25.2 Btu ⁄ lb m
f) q = 4.9 Btu ⁄ lb
g) φ f = 25%
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36⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
t 2 = 101°F
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·
ma 1 h 1 + m· s h s = m· a h 3 m· s = m· a ( W 3 – W 1 )
2 2
m· a ( h 3 – h 1 ) = m· s ( h s ) = m· a ( W 3 – W 1 ) ( h s )
2 2
h3 – h1 Δh
h s = --------------------- = --------- = ( 184.5 ) + ( 0.9 ) ( 1152.1 – 184.5 )
W3 – W1 ΔW
Δh-
-------- = 1055 Btu ⁄ lb m Using Psychrometric Chart
ΔW
Δh
through Pt. 1. along --------- = 1055 and 70%
ΔW
t db = 96°F
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Pw 1 = φPg 1 = ( 0.8 ) ( 4.25 ) = 3.4 kPa
m a [ ( ha 1 – ha 2 ) + W 1 hg 1 – W 2 hg 2 – ( W 1 – W 2 )h f ] + Q = 0
3
Isentreopic S1 = S2
Pw 1 = φ 1 Pg 1 = ( 0.35 ) ( 7.384 ) = 2.584 kPa
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3.14 By using basic definitions and Dalton’s Law of
partial pressure, show that v = RaT/(p – pw)
⎧ Ra T ⎫
⎪ v a = --------- ⎪
P
⎪ ⎪
⎪ Ra T ⎪
⎪ v s = ------------------ ⎪
⎪ P – P ws ⎪
v = va + μ ( vs – va ) ⎨ ⎬
⎪ μ =
W-
------ ⎪
v = ( 1 – μ )v a + μv s ⎪ Ws ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
= ⎛⎝ 1 – -------⎞⎠ v a + ⎛⎝ -------⎞⎠ ( v s )
W W P
⎪ w = 0.622 ---------------- ⎪
Ws Ws ⎩ P – P w⎭
Pw P – Pw Ra T W Ra T Ra T Pw P – P ws P – P ws
= 1 – ⎛ ----------------⎞ ⎛ ----------------⎞ --------- + ------- ------------------ = ------------------ 1 – ⎛ ----------------⎞ ⎛ ------------------⎞ ------------------ + -------
W
⎝ P – P w⎠ ⎝ P ws ⎠ P W s P – P ws P – P ws ⎝ P – P w⎠ ⎝ P ws ⎠ P Ws
R a T P – P ws Pw P – P ws Pw P – P ws
= ------------------ ------------------ – ⎛⎝ -------------⎞⎠ ⎛⎝ ------------------⎞⎠ ( P – P ws ) + ⎛⎝ ----------------⎞⎠ ⎛⎝ ------------------⎞⎠
P – Pws P P ws P P – P w P – Pw P ws
2
R a T ( P – Pws ) ( P ws ) ( P – P w ) – P w ( P – P ws ) + P w ( P – P ws )P
= ------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P – P ws P ( P ws ) ( P – P w )
R a T PP ws ( P – Pws ) Ra T
= ------------------ ------------------------------------- = ----------------
P – P ws PP ws ( P – P w ) P – Pw
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐39
V· ( 71000 ) ( 60 )
m· a = --- = ------------------------------- = 306475 lbm air ⁄ h
v 13.9
a) m· a [ ( h 1 – h 2 ) – ( W 1 – W 2 )h 3 ] = – Q
– Q = ( 306475 ) [ ( 33.7 – 23.5 ) – ( 0.0132 – 0.009 )25 ]
Q = – 3,093,900 Btu/h = 257.8 tons
b) m w = m· a ( W 1 – W 2 ) = ( 306,475 ) ( 0.0132 – 0.009 ) = 1287 lb/h
·
c) Q = m· c ( t – t ) = ( 306,475 ) ( 0.244 ) ( 80 – 57 )
s a p 1 2
= 1,719,900 Btu/h = 143.3 tons
- or -
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( 1.1 ) ( 67,900 ) ( 23 )
= 1.1 ( SCFM ) ( t 1 – t 2 ) = --------------------------------------------- = 143.2 tons
12000
d) Q L = m· w ( h fg ) = ( 1287 ) ( 1076 ) = 1,385,000 = 115.4 tons
- or -
·
= 4840 ( SCFM ) ( Δw ) = ( 4840 ) ( 67,900 ) ( 0.0132 – 0.009 )
= 1,380,000 Btu/h = 115.0 tons
e) td = 54.2°F
by graphical solution
φ mix = 52%
t dp = 55.5°F
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40⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Pw 2 P w = φP g = ( 0.6 ) ( 0.596 )
W 1 = W 2 = 0.62198 --------------------
P – Pw 2 = 0.3576
( 0.62198 ) ( 0.3576 )
W = ---------------------------------------------- = 0.0155 lb/lb
( 14.696 – 0.3576 )
1. 2.
t = 84F t = 53F
t* = 70F saturated
v = 13.97 h = 22
h = 34 h f = 21.1
W = 0.01266 W = 0.00857
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m· a [ – ( h 1 – h 2 ) – ( W 1 – W 2 ) h f ] = Q
2
( 4000 ) ( 60 )
Q = ---------------------------- [ ( 34 – 22 ) – ( 0.01266 – 0.00857 ) ( 21.1 ) ]
( 13.97 )
= 204700 Btu/h = 17.1 tons
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐41
3.19 Air at 40°F dry bulb and 35°F wet bulb is mixed with
air at 100°F dry bulb and 77°F wet bulb in the ratio of 2
lb of cool air to 1 lb of warm air. Compute the resultant
humidity ratio and enthalpy of the mixed air.
t 1 = 40F t 2 = 100F
* *
t 1 = 35F t 2 = 77F
m· 1 = 2m· m· 2 = m·
W 1 = 0.0031 W 2 = 0.0148
h 1 = 13.1 h 2 = 40.5
m· 1 h 1 + m· 2 h 2 = m· h 3 →
2m· h 1 + m· h 2 ( 13.1 ) + 40.5-
- = 2----------------------------------
h 3 = ----------------------------- = 22.23 Btu/lb
3m· 3
·
m· 1 W 1 + m· 2 W 2 = m 3 W 3 →
2m· W 1 + m· W 2 ( 0.0031 ) + ( 0.0148 -)
- = 2---------------------------------------------------
w 3 = --------------------------------- = 0.0070 lb/lb air
3m· 3
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bulb temperatures for the mixed airstream?
m· o h o + m· R h R = ( m· o + m· R )h mix
( 1000 ) ( 41.4 ) + ( 5000 ) ( 28.5 )
h mix = ----------------------------------------------------------------------- = 30.65 Btu/lb
6000
m o W o + m R W R = ( m· o + m· R )W mix
· ·
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wet-bulb temperature of 25°C, and a pressure of 100
kPa.
Pw 2 = Pg 2 = 3.169 kPa
0.622 ( 3.169 )
W 2 = --------------------------------- = 0.0204
( 100 – 3.169 )
a) ma [ ( h1 – h2 ) + w1 hw – w 2 h w + ( W 2 – W 1 )h f ] = 0
1 2 2
c p ( T 2 – T 1 ) + W 2 ( hg 2 – h f )
W 1 = -------------------------------------------------------------------
2
-
hg 1 – h f
2
Pw 2.86
φ = --------1 = ------------- = 0.67 ⇒ 67%
Pg 4.246
1
Pw v m w RT 2 3.94T 2
-----------
2
- = ----------------- ; P w = P g = ----------------
P w1 v m w RT 1 2 2 308.2
= 0.0128T 2
Trial and Error
Try T 2 = 25°C : 4.246 ≠ 0.0128 ( 298 ) = 3.81
T 2 = 30°C : 3.169 ≠ 0.0128 ( 303 ) = 3.88
By Interpolation T 2 = 28.2°C
0.622 ( 3.94 )
W 2 = W 1 = ------------------------------ = 0.0255 kg/kg
( 100 – 3.94 )
Pa V ( 100 – 3.94 ) ( 0.5 )
m a = ---------- = ------------------------------------------- = 0.543 kg
Ra T ( 0.287 ) ( 308.2 )
Q = m ( u2 – u1 ) = ma cv ( T2 – T1 ) + ma W2 ug – ma W1 ug
2 1
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per hour are required? What should the dew-point
temperature and relative humidity of the supply air be?
Δh- Qs + Σm· w h w
- = (---------------------------------------------------
100000 ) + 35 ( 1100 -)
------- = ------------------------------
Δw Σm· w 35
= 3957 Btu/lb m
From Psychrometric Chart
φ supply = 90%
t dp = 36°F
m· a h 1 + Q s + m· w h w = m· a h 2
Qs + mw hw ( 100000 ) + ( 35 ) ( 1100 )
m· a = --------------------------- = --------------------------------------------------------- = 11260 lb/hr
h2 – h1 ( 26.6 – 14.3 )
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44⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
V· a = 3000 cfm
Δh- Q s + m· w h w
- = (---------------------------------------------------
116000 ) + 83 ( 1157 -)
------- = --------------------------
Δw m· w 83
= 2555 Btu/lbm
V· 1 3000
m· a = ------ = ------------ = 236.2 lb/min
1 v1 12.7
83
m· a = m a + m w = 236.2 + ------ = 237.6 lb/min
2 1 1 60
116000
Qs = m· c p ΔT ⇒ Δt = ------------------------------------------------ = 34°F
( 0.240 ) ( 257.6 ) ( 60 )
t 2 = 40 + 34 = 74°F
From Psych. Chart
t wb = 64°F
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b. What is the dew-point temperature of the entering
air, and what is its relative humidity?
c. How much latent heat is picked up in the auditorium?
d. What is the sensible heat ratio?
a) Q s = m· a c p ( t R – t s )
350,000
m· a = ----------------------------------------- = 143,443 lb/h
( 0.244 ) ( 77 – 67 )
m· w 1,000,000
b) W s = W R – ------- = 0.0109 – ----------------------------------------- = 0.0099 lb/lb
ma ( 7000 ) ( 143,443 )
φ = 70% ; t dp = 57°F
( 1,000,000 )
c) Q L = m· w h w = ---------------------------- ( 1100 ) ≈ h g = 157,100 Btu/h
( 7000 ) 90°F (people)
( 350,000 )
d) ( SHR ) = -------------------------------------------------- = 0.69
( 350,000 ) + 157,000
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐45
Qs 200,000
a) m· a = ---------------- = ----------------------------------------- = 81,967 lb/h
c p ( Δt ) ( 0.244 ) ( 75 – 65 )
b) h v ≅ h g @ 85-95°F = 1100 Btu/lb
m· w ( 200,000 ) -
W s = W R – ------
- = 0.011 – ------------------------------------- = 0.0088 lb/lb
m· a ( 1100 ) ( 81,967 )
From Psych. Chart → t = 65°F ; t* = 58°F
( 200,000 )
c) SHR = -------------------------------------------------- = 0.50
( 200,000 + 200,000 )
20,000
SHR = ------------------- = 0.2
100,000
Not possible to meet conditions with supply
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since SHR doesn't pass through both room
and supply conditions. If used room becomes
warmer and/or less humid.
3.29 A flow rate of 30,000 lb/h of conditioned air at 60°F b. If a mixture of 50% return air and 50% outdoor air at
and 85% RH is added to a space that has a sensible load 98°F dry bulb and 77°F wet bulb enters the air condi-
of 120,000 Btu/h and a latent load of 30,000 Btu/h. tioner, what is the refrigeration load?
a. What are the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures in the
space?
a) Q s = m· c p ( t R – t s ) Q L = m· ( w R – w s ) ( 1100 )
120,000 = ( 30,000 ) ( 0.24 ) ( t R – 60 ) 30,000 = ( 30,000 ) ( w R – 0.0094 ) ( 1100 )
t R = 76.6°F W R = 0.01031 ⇒ h R = 29.7Btu/lb
t wb = 64.5°F
m· a h a + m· R h R – ( m· a + m· R )h m
( 40.4 ) + ( 29.7 )
h m = ------------------------------------- = 35.05 Btu/lb m
2
≈0
m· a ( h m – h s ) – m· a ( w m – w s )h f + Q = 0 h s = 24.7 Btu/lb m
60°F
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( 0.4 ) ( 28.2 ) + ( 0.6 ) ( 12.5 )
h m = --------------------------------------------------------------
(1)
h m = 18.78Btu/lb
( 0.4 ) ( 0.0092 ) + ( 0.6 ) ( 0.0026 )
m· R W R + m· OA W OA = ( m· R + m· OA )W m ⇒ W m = --------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)
Wm = 0.00524 lb/lb
From Psychrometric Chart t m = 54.5°F ; φ m = 58%
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐47
Qs
b) from Load line ------------------- = 0.78
Qs + QL
Q s – 0.78Q s 20,000
Q L = ----------------------------- = ---------------- – 20,000 = 5640
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0.78 0.78
QL 5640 -
------- = --------------- = 0.282
Qs 20,000
c) Room: mR h3 + QT = mR hR
20000 + 5640
m R = --------------------------------- = 5455 lb m /h
( 28.2 – 23.5 )
d) 2 to 3: ( m R – m 1 )h 2 + ( m 1 )h R = ( m R )h 3
h2 – h3 20.3 – 23.5
m 1 = ----------------- m R = --------------------------- m R = 0.405 m R
h2 – hR 20.3 – 28.2
m 1 = 40.5% of m R
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48⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
m w1 m w2
W 1 = W 2 ⇒ ---------- = ---------- ⇒ m w1 = m w2
m a1 m a2
ps 0.298 pg
p s v = m w R w T ⇒ ----- 1 = ------------- = 0.000547 = -------2
T1 545 T2
Trial and error produces t 2 = 63.2°F ; p g = 0.287 psia
2
T3
W 1 = 0.622 ⎛⎝ ------------------------------⎞⎠ = 0.0129 lb/lb p a = p a ----- = 14.4 ⎛⎝ -------------⎞⎠ = 13.42 psia
0.298 508.2
14.7 – 0.298 3 1T
1 545
3.34 Air flowing at 1000 cfm and at 14.7 psia, 90°F, and
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60% RH passes over a coil with a mean surface temper-
ature of 40°F. A spray on the coil assures that the leaving
air is saturated at the coil temperature. What is the
required cooling capacity of the coil?
V1 1000
m· a = ------ = ---------------- = 70.08 lb/min
v1 14.268
·
Q· = m a [ ( ha 2 – ha 1 ) + ( W 2 hw 2 – W 1 hw 1 ) + ( W 1 – W 2 )h ws ]
= ( 70.08 ) ( 60 ) [ [ 0.24 ( 40 – 90 ) ] – [ 0.0183 ( 1100 ) – 0.0052 ( 1074 ) ] + [ ( 0.0052 – 0.0183 ) ( 8.04 ) ] ]
= 111,840 Btu/h = 9.3 tons
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Chapter 3—Basic HVAC System Calculations⏐49
pw
W = 0.622 ⎛ ---------------⎞ = 0.2 ⇒ p w = 0.435 psi
⎝ p – p w⎠
From Chapter 1 p w = 0.949 psi , W s = 0.0432
s
pw 0.435
φ = ------- = ------------- = 45.8%
pw 0.949
s
@ p w = 0.435 t dp = 75.3°F
W 0.02
μ = ------- = ---------------- = 0.463
Ws 0.0432
3.36 Air enters a space at 20°F and 80% RH. Within the
space, sensible heat is added at the rate of 45,000 Btu/h
and latent heat is added at the rate of 20,000 Btu/h. The
conditions to be maintained inside the space are 50°F and
75% RH. What must the air exhaust rate (lb/h) from the
space be to maintain a 50°F temperature? What must the
air exhaust rate (lb/h) from the space be to maintain a 75%
RH? Discuss the difference.
a) Qs = Gs [ cp ( t 0 – t1 ) ]
45,000
G s = ------------------------ = 6250 lb/h
0.245 ( 30 )
b) Q L = G L ( ΔW ) ( 1060 )
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20,000
G L = ------------------------------ = 4740 lb/hr
1060 ( 0.004 )
c) Supply conditions cannot maintain design for given Q s and Q L
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50⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
t = 85
t* = 70
( 1093 – 0.556t* )W s – 0.24 ( t – t* )
a) W = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.0177 lb/lb
1093 + 0.444t – t*
* pw ( 0.739 ) ( 0.491 )
W s = 0.622 --------------*- = -------------------------------------------- = 0.0212 psia
p – pw 11 – 0.739 ( 0.491 )
pw
b) W = 0.622 ------------------ = 0.0177 ⇒ p w = 0.1915 psi = 0.39 in. Hg
11 – p w
From Table 2-1: t dp = 52°F
pw 0.39
c) φ = -------- = ------------- = 32%
p ws 1.213
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Yes. The air is heavily saturated @ Inlet,
the Compression Process would lower t dewpoint ,
condensation occurs in discharge pipe when exiting
discharge valve. Remove moisture in an aftercooler.
V· 2000
b) m· = --- = ------------ = 155 lb/min
v 12.9
c) m a ( w 1 ) + m w = m a w 2 ⇒ m w = m a ( ΔW )
m w = 155 ( 0.0208 – 0.0038 ) = 2.65 lb/min
d) Q s = m a ( h 2 – h 1 ) – m w ( h w ) = 155 ( 475 – 16.4 ) – 2.65 ( 1152 )
Q s = 1900 Btu/min
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eter reads 80°F (26.7°C) and 67°F (19.4°C) wet bulb.
Determine correct values of relative humidity and
enthalpy from the chart. Compare these to the corre-
sponding values for the same readings at sea level.
3.42 The average person gives off sensible heat at the rate
of 250 Btu/h and perspires and respires about 0.27 lb/h of
moisture. Estimate the sensible and latent load for a room
with 25 people in it (the lights give off 9000 Btu/h). If the
room conditions are to be 78°F and 50% RH, what flow
rate of air would be required if the supply air came in at
63°F? What would be the supply air relative humidity?
Q s = m· c p Δt Q L = m· h fg ( W R – W s )
15250 7430 = 69.5 ( 60 ) ( 1100 ) ( 0.0102 – W s )
m· = ----------------------------- = 69.5 lb/min
( 0.244 ) ( 15 ) w s = 0.00850 lb/lb @ 63°F
φ = RH = 70%
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52⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Qs = 200,000
t3 = 60°F
W3 = w4 = 0.0093
t2 = 91.8°F
200,000
a) Q s = 1.1 ( CFM )Δt ⇒ t 4 = ------------------------ + 75 = 101°F
1.1 ( 7000 )
b) Q PH = 1.1 ( CFM ) ( t 2 – t 1 ) = ( 1.1 ) ( 7000 ) ( 91.8 – 20 ) = 552,900 Btu/hr
c) Q RH = 1.1 ( CFM ) ( Δt ) = ( 1.1 ) ( 7000 ) ( 101 – 60 ) = 315,700 Btu/h
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7000 0.0093 – 0.002152
d) m w = m a ΔW = ⎛ -------------⎞ ⎛ ---------------------------------------------⎞ = 0.45 gal/min
⎝ 13.33⎠ ⎝ 8.33 ⎠
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54⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
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OA 95 42 39.4 0.0150 11380 2528 2710 14.3
Solutions to
Chapter 4
DESIGN CONDITIONS
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Chapter 4—Design Conditions⏐57
4.8 For the person in Problem 4.7 (5 ft, 5 in., 120 lb),
compute the body surface area (ft2).
0.425 0.725
Eq. (4-1): A D = 0.108m l
W = 120 lb l = 65 in.
0.425 0.725 2
A = 0.108 ( 120 ) ( 65 ) = 17.1 ft
t air + MRT
t o ≈ 75°F ≅ --------------------------- ( Std. 55: t o = at a + ( 1 – a )t r )
2
a = 0.5
t air = 2 ( 75 ) – 64 = 86°F = 30°C
4.13 A room has a net outside wall area of 275 ft2 with a
surface temperature of 54°F, 45 ft2 of glass with a surface
temperature of 20°F, 540 ft2 of ceiling with a surface
temperature of 60°F, 670 ft2 of partitions with a surface
temperature of 70°F, and 540 ft2 of floor with a surface
temperature of 70°F. If the air movement is 20 fpm and
light clothing is being worn, determine the air tempera-
ture necessary for comfort.
Assume occupants have equal view (i.e., all angle factors are identical) of all surfaces.
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Std. 55: t r = ∑ Fρ – i t i ; ∑ A i = 2070
i =1
700 Btu/h-
Activity level = -----------------------
2
= 2 met
19.5 ft
89 + 69
Assuming light clothing (0.75 clo): Fig. 4-3; t o = ------------------ = 79°F
t a = 89°F;
2
Correcting for activity level: t a = 79 – 5.4 ( 1 + 0.75 ) ( 2 – 1.2 ) = 71°F
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58⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
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a. How much air (cfm) should be supplied to remove
the sensible heat?
b. Explain what must be done to remove the latent heat.
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Assuming Icl = 0.5 with ta = MRT + 6
Trial and Error with Fig. 4-3
t a ≅ 28°C
MRT ≈ 22°C
4.23 For Atlanta, Georgia, specify the normal indoor
design conditions listed below for
a. Winter: Dry bulb = ____°C; W = _______ kg/kg
b. Summer: Dry bulb = ____°C; W = _______ kg/kg
a. Winter: Dry bulb = 22°C; W = 0.004 kg/kg
b. Summer: Dry bulb = 25°C; W = 0.012 kg/kg
4.24 Specify completely indoor and outdoor design
conditions for winter for a clean room in Kansas City,
Missouri, having a 1.2 by 1.2 m radiant panel at 49°C on
each of the four walls. The room is 6 m by 4 by 3 m high
and the other surfaces are all at 22°C. Assume very little
activity and light clothing.
Assume uniform view for each surface: ( ∑ A = 108 )
4 ( 1.2 ) ( 1.2 )49 [ 108 – 4 ( 1.2 ) ( 1.2 ) ]22
t r = ---------------------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------ = 23.4°C
108 108
Fig. 4-3 SI: for v = 0.2 m/s, MRT = 23.4 ⇒ t a = 28°C
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Solutions to
Chapter 5
LOAD ESTIMATING
FUNDAMENTALS
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐63
NOTE: For the problems in this chapter the answers may vary depending on which tables are used for the R and k
values as well as the assumptions in the selection of the tabulated listings.
5.3 A double door has a 1/8 in. crack on all sides except
between the two doors, which has a 1/4 in. crack. What
would be the leakage rate for the building of Problem 5.1?
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236 L/s at 9°C with 24°C inside
500 cfm 48°F with 75°F
Q s = 1.23 ( 236 ) ( 24 – 9 ) = 4350 watts
or Q s = 1.1 ( SCFM ) Δt = 1.1 ( 500 ) ( 75 – 48 ) = 14 ,850 Btu/h
*There is also a latent load.
3
Volume = 75 × 100 × 10 = 75 ,000 ft
NV ( 0.75 ) ( 75 ,000 )
@ in W i = 0.0046 CFM = -------- = ------------------------------------- = 937.5
60 60
@ out W o = 0.0007875 Q s = 1.1 ( CFM ) Δt = 1.1 ( 937.5 ) ( 75 – 0 )
Q s = 77 ,300 Btu/h
Q L = 4840 ( CFM ) ( ΔW ) = 4840 ( 937.5 ) ( 0.0046 – 0.0007875 ) = 17 ,000 Btu/h
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b. Specify the necessary humidifier size (lb/h).
3
Volume = ( 20 ) ( 40 ) ( 9 ) = 7200 ft
( 7200 ) ( 3 ⁄ 4 )
SCFM = NV = -------------------------------- = 90
60
a. Q s = 1.1 CFM ( Δt ) = 1.1 ( 90 ) ( 70 ) = 6930 Btu/h
Q L = 4840 ( 90 ) ( 0.0055 – 0.001 ) = 1960 Btu/h
Q t = 6390 + 1960 = 8890 Btu/h
b. m w = Q L ⁄ 1100 = 1960 ⁄ 1100 = 1.8 lb/h
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐65
2 3
Office: 700 ft , 7000 ft CFM supply = 700 = V pz
o
2 3
Shop: 2900 ft , 29 ,000 ft CFM supply = 3600 = V pz
s
a. INFILTRATION
Office: 1/2 ach × 7000 ⁄ 60 = 58 cfm (more if traffic)
Shop: 1 1/2 ach × 29 ,000 ⁄ 60 = 725 cfm
b. VENTILATION ( Std. 62.1-2004 ) V bz = R p R z + R a A z
Office: Rp = 5 R a = 0.06 V bz = 5 × 4 + 0.06 ( 700 ) = 62 cfm
Shop: R P = 10 R a = 0.18 V bz = 10 × 22 + 0.18 ( 2900 ) = 742 cfm
Assuming ceiling supply (floor return): E z = 1.0 V oz = V bz ⁄ E z
V oz = 62; V oz = 742
office shop
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EV 0.9
c. q s = 1.10 × CFM × Δt
qs = 1.10 × 58 × ( 75 – 0 ) = 4785 Btu/h
office
qL = 0 no humidifier
shop
2
a. Use 5 cfm/person + 0.06 cfm/ft
∴ OA = 5 × 1 + 0.06 ( 12 × 12 ) = 5 + 8.6 = 13.6 cfm
2 2
b. Use 7.5 cfm/person & 15 p/1000 ft + 0.12 cfm/ft
20 ,000
∴ OA = 7.5 × ---------------- × 15 + 0.12 ( 20 ,000 ) = 4650 cfm
1000
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66⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
R
Winter Summer
Outside air 0.17 0.25
Face brick, 4 in. 0.44 0.44
Cement, 1/2 in. 0.10 0.10
Hollow clay tile, 8 in. 1.85 1.85
Airspace, 1 5/8 in. 0.95 0.95
Metal lathe and plaster, 3/4 in. 0.47 0.47
Inside air 0.68 0.68
ΣR = 4.66 4.74
U = 1/ΣR – 0.215 0.211 Btu/h/ft2 ·°F
R
Attic air 4.55
Air gap (top) 4.55
Air gap (bottom) 0.92
Acoustical tile 1.89
Room air 0.92
U = 1/ΣR = 0.078 Btu/h/ft2 ·°F
ΣR = 12.83
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R
Outside air 0.17
Face brick, 4 in. 0.44
Common brick, 4 in. 0.80
Gypsum (sand) plaster, 1/2 in. 0.09
Inside air 0.68 U = 1/ΣR = 0.459 Btu/h/ft2 ·°F
ΣR = 2.18
R
Outside air 0.17
Face brick, 4 in. 0.44
Cement mortar, 1/2 in. 0.10
Stone, 8 in. (1/R = 0.08) 0.64 (assume lightweight aggregate)
Gypsum plaster, 3/4 in. 0.47
Inside air 0.68
U = 1/ΣR = 0.40 Btu/h/ft2 ·°F
ΣR = 2.50
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐67
1- 1 1 1
--- = ∑ R = ---- + ---- + -----
U hi C ho
1- 1 1 1 2
--------- = ---------- + ---- + ------------- C = 1.63 ( W/(m ⋅ K )
1.31 8.29 C 34.08
R
Outside air 0.17
Siding 0.81 Neglecting Studs
Felt paper 0.06
Sheathing 2.06
Airspace 0.97
Lathe and plaster 0.10 U = 1/4.85 = 0.206 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F
Inside air 0.68
ΣR = 4.35
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5.19 Rework Problem 5.18 including the effect of the
studs.
2 2 2
R o = 0.030 ( m ⋅ K ) ⁄ W R i = 0.120 ( m ⋅ K ) ⁄ W R con = ( 0.25 ) ( 0.55 ) = 0.138 ( m ⋅ K ) ⁄ W
1 1 2 2
U = --------- = ----------------------------------------------- = 3.47 W ⁄ ( m ⋅ K ) = 3.47 W ⁄ ( m ⋅ °C )
∑ R 0.03 + 0.12 + 0.138
Q = U ( A ) ( Δt ) = 3.47 ( 14.9 ) [ 15.6 – ( – 15 ) ] = 1540 W
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68⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
2
R = ( 0.121 m ) [ 0.76 (m· K)/W ] = 0.092 ( m ⋅ K ) ⁄ W
or
2
R = ( 4.75 ) ( 0.11 ) = 0.52 h· ft ·°F/Btu
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R
Outside air (R1) 0.17 U = 1/ΣR = 1/8.61 = 0.116
Face brick (R2) 0.44
Fiberglass, (R3) 7.00 Ti = 75°F, To = –10°F
Gypsum board (R4) 0.32
Inside air (R5) 0.68 q = UAΔT = (0.116)(85) = 9.87 Btu/h·ft2
RT = ΣR = 8.61
T 1 = – 10°F
R1 0.17
T 2 = T 1 + ------ ( ΔT ) = – 10 + ---------- ( 85 ) = – 8.3°F
RT 8.61
R2 0.44
T 3 = T 2 + ------ ( ΔT ) = – 8.3 + ---------- ( 85 ) = – 3.9°F
RT 8.61
R3 7.0
T 4 = T 3 + ------ ( ΔT ) = – 3.9 + ---------- ( 85 ) = 65.2°F
RT 8.61
R4 0.32
T 5 = T 4 + ------ ( ΔT ) = – 65.2 + ---------- ( 85 ) = 68.3°F
RT 8.61
T 6 = 75°F
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐69
0.714
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q walls with = ------------- ( 5.01 ) = 1.70 kW
fiberglass
2.1
R
Room air 0.61
Lathe and plaster 0.13
Rock wool 11.0
Attic air 0.61
U = 1/ΣR = 0.0.81 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F
ΣR = 12.35
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70⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
0.17
T 1 = – 5 + ---------- ( 80 ) = – 3.1°F
7.17
0.5
T 2 = – 5 + ---------- ( 80 ) = 0.6°F
7.17
5.82
T 5 = – 5 + ---------- ( 80 ) = 59.9°F
7.17
6.50
T 7 = – 5 + ---------- ( 80 ) = 68.2°F
7.17
2
U = 0.139 Btu/h· ft ·°F
5.29 Calculate the heat loss through a roof of 100 ft2 area
where the inside air temperature is to be 70°F, outside air
10°F, and the composition from outside to inside: 3/8 in.
built-up roofing, 1 in. cellular glass insulation, 4 in. con-
crete slab, and 3/4 in. acoustical tile.
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R
Outside air 0.17 A = 100 ft2
Built-up roofing, 3/8 in. 0.33
Cellular glass insulation, 1 in. 2.50 to = 10°F
Concrete, 4 in. 0.32
Acoustical tile, 3/4 in. 1.89 ti = 70°F
Inside air 0.61
U = 1/ΣR = 0.172
ΣR = 5.82
5.30 Calculate the heat loss through 100 ft2 (9.29 m2)
of 1/4 in. (6.5 mm) plate glass with inside and outside
air temperatures of 70 and 10°F (21.1 and –12.2°C),
respectively.
2 2
U glass = 5.91 W/ ( m ⋅ K ) { Table 5-15 } or 1.04 Btu/h· ft ·°F
q = UA ( Δt ) = ( 5.91 ) ( 9.29 ) [ 21.2 – ( – 12.2 ) ] = 1833 W
q = 1.04 ( 100 ) ( 70 – 10 ) = 6240 Bth/h
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐71
h i ( 75 – t s ) = U ( 75 – 40 ); 1.46 ( 75 – t s ) = 1.04 ( 75 – 40 )
t s = 50.1°F = dew point; dry bulb = 75°F ∴φ = 40% max.
h i ( 75 – t s ) = U ( 75 – 40 ); 1.46 ( 75 – t s ) = 0.59 ( 75 – 40 )
t s = 60.9°F = dew point; dry bulb = 75°F ⇒ φ = 61% max.
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ΣR = 3 + x/0.44
R film Δt film
------------- = ---------------
R total Δt total
t i = 70°F 40% RH
dew point = 44.5°F t o = 20°F
R
Inside air 0.61 0.61 + 2.50 - = 70
-------------------------------------------------------- – 44.5-
---------------------
Wood deck 2.5 0.61 + 2.5 + 0.17 + R ins 70 – 20
Outside air 0.17
Insulation Rins R ins = 2.48
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having a 0.50 in. airspace in a metal frame
d. a 2 in. solid wood door with a wood storm door
a. Ri Rs
Outside air 0.25 0.25 Ui = 0.259; Us = 0.107
Face brick 0.44 0.44
Sheathing, 3/4 in. 0.93 0.93 Uav = 0.15(0.129) + 0.85(0.259)
Studs — 5.23 = 0.24 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F (1.36 W/m2 ·K)
Air { 0.68
0.68
—
Paneling 0.20 0.20
Inside air 0.68 0.68
ΣR = 3.86 7.73
U = 1/ΣR = 0.259 0.129
b. Ceiling Roof
Attic air 0.92 Outside air 0.25 Ro,c = 2.29 + 2.38/(2717/1980) = 4.024
Plasterboard 0.45 Shingles 0.44
Inside air 0.92 Plywood 0.93 Uo,c = 1/4.024 = 0.25 Btu//h·ft2 ·°F
Attic Air 0.76
ΣR =2.29 ΣR = 2.38
U = 0.437 u = 0.420
R
Outside air 0.25
Aluminum, 1/8 in. –0
Polyurethane (2 × 6.25) 12.50
Plywood, 1/4 in. 0.31
Inside air 0.68
ΣR = 13.74
1 2
b. U w = ------- = 0.0728 Btu/h· ft ·°F
Rw
2
c. q = 0.0728 ( 105 – 72 ) = 2.40 Btu/h· ft
R
Outside air 0.17
Face brick 0.44
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Insulating board sheathing 2.06
Airspace 1.01
Fiber batt 7.0
Plasterboard 0.45
Inside air 0.68
U = 1/ΣR = 0.085 Btu/h·ft2 ·°F
ΣR = 11.81
2
1 3 ⁄ 8 in. wood dome: U = 0.46 Btu/h· ft ·°F
2
Sliding patio door: U = 0.76 Btu/h· ft ·°F
1 1
U = --------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
∑ R 0.17 + 0.44 + 1.1 + 0.72 + 2.50 + 0.31 + 0.68
2 2
U = 0.169 Btu/h· ft ·°F [ 0.960 W ⁄ ( m ·K ) ]
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5.43 Determine the summer U-factor for the following
building components
a. Wall: wood drop siding, 1 by 8 in.; 1/2 in. nail-base
insulating board sheathing; 2 by 4 studs (16 in. oc)
with full wall fiberglass insulation; 1/4 in. paneling
b. Door: solid wood, 1 1/2 in. thick, with wood and
glass storm door
1 1
a. U i = ---------- = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.0706 Btu/h ft 2 °F
∑ R i 0.25 + 0.79 + 1.14 + 11.0 + 0.31 + 0.68
1 1
U s = ----------- = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.133 Btu/h ft 2 °F
∑ R s 0.25 + 0.79 + 1.14 + 4.35 + 0.31 + 0.68
1.5
S = ------- ( 100 ) = 9.5%
16
b. U w = 0.27; R w = 3.703; R s = 3.703 – 0.17 + 0.25 = 3.784
U s = 0.264
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Chapter 5—Load Estimating Fundamentals⏐75
1 1
Roof: U roof = ------------------ = ---------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.463
∑ roof
R 0.17 + 0.44 + 0.934 + 0.62
1 1
Ceiling: U ceiling = ------------------------ = ---------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.0487
∑ ceiling
R 0.61 + 19.02 + 0.32 + 0.61
1 1 2.16 2
R t = ------ + ---------- = 20.54 + ---------- = 22.20; U o ,c = 0.045 Btu/h· ft ·°F
U c nU R 1.3
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Door: U = 0.46
2 2 2
A w = 4 × 3 × 5 = 60 ft A p 5.5 × 10 = 55 ft A d = 3 × 7 = 21 ft
w
2
A wallproper = ( 70 × 8 ) – 60 – 55 – 21 = 424 ft U wall = 0.064
Wall R
Outside air 0.03 Window: (Assume A1 frame operable)
Face brick 0.078 U = 4.93 W/(m2 ·K)
Concrete, 250 mm 0.138 Awall = (0.86)(20 × 3) = 51.6 m2
Plaster, 12 mm 0.08 Awindow = (0.14)(20 × 3) = 8.4 m2
Inside air 0.12
ΣR = 0.446 ; U = 2.24 W/(m2 ·K)
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Solutions to
Chapter 6
RESIDENTIAL COOLING
AND HEATING
LOAD CALCULATIONS
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Chapter 6—Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations⏐79
1 1
R = ---------- + --------------------------------------- = 2.38 + 0.52 = 2.90
0.42 ( 159 ⁄ 133 ) ( 1.6 )
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1 1
U = --- = ------- = 0.345 W/(m 3 ·K) q = UA ΔT
R 2.9
q = ( 0.345 ) ( 133 ) ( 41 ) = 1880 W ( 6420 Btu/h )
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80⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
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Ui = 0.095, Us = 0.139 Uav (0.1)(0.122) + (0.9)(0.047) = 0.054
S ≅ 15% for 2x on 16 in. Centers
1
U avg = ( 0.15 ) ( 0.139 ) + ( 0.85 ) ( 0.095 ) = 0.10 U C/R = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ U C/R = 0.0525
w 1 ⁄ 0.054 + ( 2622 ⁄ 2195 ) ( 0.433 )
With storm window, treat as double glazing Wwindow = 0.55. Assume wood frame.
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(Table 6-18)
b. q = UA ( t i – t o ) = ( 0.81 ) ( 3 × 5 ) ( 72 – 12 ) = 729 Btu/h
(Table 5-16)
c. q = UA ( t i – t o ) = ( 0.58 ) ( 3 × 7 ) ( 72 – 12 ) = 731 Btu/h
(Table 5-17)
d. q = UA ( t i – t o ) = ( 0.81 ) ( 6 × 7 ) ( 72 – 12 ) = 2041 Btu/h
(Table 5-16)
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below grade level. Determine the design heat loss from
the uninsulated below grade concrete walls and floor.
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Doors:
D1: 3 by 6 ft-8 in, 1 3/4 in. solid with glass storm door
D2: Sliding glass door, two section, each 3 by 6 ft,
8 in. double glazed, 1/2 in. airspace, aluminum
frame
[Ans: (b) 52,000 Btu/h (15 kW)]
t a ≅ 44°F
A ≅ 22°F
t i = 72°F t o = 4.1°F W i = 0.0042 W o = 0.00097 t g = 44 – 22 = 22°F
Surface A U Δt = q
W1 windows (6) 90 0.51 67.9 3114
W2 windows 55 0.50 67.9 1872
W3 windows (2) 30 0.51 67.9 1038
W4 windows (2) 18 0.51 67.9 621
D1 door (West) 20 0.26 67.9 349
D1 door (South) 20 0.26 67.9 349
D2 door 40 0.81 67.9 2202
Wall (N, W, E) 1091 0.067 67.9 4963
Wall (S) 204 0.068 67.9 890
Ceiling/Roof 1960 0.067 67.9 8916
24366 Btu/h
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NOTE: U or R values may differ depending on which table is used.
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Chapter 6—Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations⏐85
q = UAΔt
Wall: q = (0.39)(520 – 192– 21)(70 – 40) = 3592
Door: q = (0.64)(21)(70 – 40) = 403
Window: q = (1.06)(192)(70 – 40) = 6105
10,100 Btu/h
6.11 Calculate, for design purposes, the heat losses from
a room of a building as shown in the diagram, if the
outside ambient is 0°F. [Ans: 62,820 Btu/h (18.4 kW)]
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Diagram for Problem 6.11
Volume = ( 24 ) ( 40 ) ( 13 ) = 12 ,480 ft 3 Glass = ( 13.75 ) ( 9 ) + ( 13.5 ) ( 9 ) = 245 ft 2
Net wall = ( 24 ) ( 13 ) + ( 40 ) ( 13 ) – 245 = 587 ft 2 Floor/Ceiling = ( 24 ) ( 40 ) = 960 ft 2
1
U wall = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.381
( 1 ⁄ 1.65 ) + ( 16 ⁄ 9 ) + ( 0.5 ⁄ 5 ) + ( 1 ⁄ 7.2 )
1
U glass = 0.89 U ceiling = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.143
( 2 ⁄ 1.65 ) + ( 0.5 ⁄ 5 ) + ( 1 ⁄ 0.26 ) + 0.98 + 0.85
Floor: F P = 0.68 , P = 64 ft
Infiltration: Assume 1/2 ACH ⇒ CFM = 1.2 ( 12 ,480 ) ⁄ 60 = 104
Heat Losses:
qglass = (0.89)(245)(70 – 0) = 15, 260 Btu/h
qwalls = (0.381)(587)(70 – 0) = 15, 660 Btu/h
qceiling = (0.143)(960)(70 – 0) = 4,800 Btu/h
qfloor = (0.68)(64)(70 – 0) = 3,050 Btu/h
qinfil = (1.10)(104)(70 – 0) = 8,000 Btu/h
Total Loss = 46,800 Btu/h (13.7 kW)
NOTE: U or R values may differ depending on which tables are used.
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86⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
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·
A c U c t c + t o ( 1.08A c Vc + A R U R ) ·
t a = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
· - Vc ≅ 0.5 cfm/ft 2
A c ( U c + 1.08Vc ) + A R U R
1
U R = ------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.362
0.17 + 0.44 + 0.77 + 0.62
1
U ci = -------------------------------------------------------- = 0.049 ⎫
0.61 + 0.32 + 19 + 0.61 ⎪
⎬ U av = ( 0.1 ) ( 0.115 ) + ( 0.9 ) ( 0.049 ) = 0.055
U cs = ------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.115 ⎪
1
0.61 + 0.32 + 7.14 + 0.61 ⎭
( 1960 ) ( 0.055 ) ( 75 ) + 6 [ ( 1.08 )1960 ( 0.5 ) + ( 2548 ) ( 0.362 ) ]
t a = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = 9.6°F
1960 [ 0.055 + 1.08 ( 0.5 ) ] + ( 2548 ) ( 0.362 )
a. Δt = 75 – 7.1 = 67.9°F
b. U c = 0.055 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F
c. q = U c A c ( t c – t a ) = ( 0.055 ) ( 1960 ) ( 67.9 ) = 7319 Btu/h ( 2.15 kW )
·
A c U c t c + t o ( 1200A c Vc + A R U R )
t a = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
· ( Eq. 4-6 )
A c ( U c + 1200Vc ) + A R U R
( 203 ) ( 0.3 ) ( 22 ) + ( – 13 ) [ ( 1200 ) ( 203 ) ( 0.059 ) + ( 244 ) ( 2.7 ) ]
= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
203 ( 0.3 + 1200 ( 0.059 ) ) + ( 244 ) ( 2.7 )
t a = – 12.9°C ; q = ( 0.3 ) ( 203 ) ( 22 + 12.9 ) = 2125 W ( 7250 Btu/h )
1
If uninsulated: U o ,c = --------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.275
( 1 ⁄ 0.3 ) + [ ( 203 ) ⁄ ( 244 ) ( 2.7 ) ]
q = ( 0.275 ) ( 203 ) ( 22 + 13 ) = 1954 W ( 6670 Btu/h )
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the attic air temperature at winter design conditions.
Ceiling: t i = 72°F
1 1
U c = -------------------------------------------- = ---------- = 0.649 t o = 14.2°F
0.61 + 0.32 + 0.61 1.54
Roof:
1 1
U R = ------------------------------------------------------------- = ---------- = 0.543
0.17 + 0.44 + 0.62 + 0.61 1.84
( 2300 ) ( 0.649 ) ( 72 ) + ( 14.2 ) ( 1.08 ) ( 325 ) + ( 2950 ) ( 0.543 )
t a = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 33.1°F
( 2300 ) ( 0.649 ) + ( 1.08 ) ( 325 ) + ( 2950 ) ( 0.543 )
1
U = --------- = 0.110 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F
∑R
Q = ( 0.11 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 72 + 13.4 ) = 10, 803 Btu/h
b. Q = ( 0.60 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 1.13 ) ( 85.4 ) + ( 0.40 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 0.11 ) ( 85.4 ) = 70, 911 Btu/h
U glass ¡
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Chapter 6—Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations⏐89
Walls R Ceiling/Roof R
Outside air 0.17 Outside air 0.17
Face brick, 4 in. 0.44 Built-up roofing 0.33
Plywood sheathing, 3/4 in. 0.93 Lightweight concrete, 3 in. ~ 0.42
Cellular glass insulation, 4 in. 12.12 Rubber insulation, 2 in. 9.10
Plasterboard, 1/2 in. 0.45 Air 0.61
Inside air 0.68 Air 0.61
ΣR = 14.79 Acoustical tiles, 1/2 in. 1.25
Uw = 0.0676 Inside air 0.61
ΣR = 13.10
Uc = 0.0763
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1 30 × 100 × 10
Doors: U d = 0.46 Infiltration: @ 1/2 ACH --- ⎛⎝--------------------------------- ⎞⎠ = 250 CFM
2 60
Design Values: t i = 72°F ; φ i = 30% rh ; W i = 0.005
t o = 3°F ; φ o = 100% rh ; W o = 0.00092
Heat Losses:
Walls: Q = (0.0676)(1262)(69) = 5,880 Btu/h
Roof: Q = (0.0763)(3000)(69) = 15,790 Btu/h
Doors: Q = (0.46)(168)(69) = 5,330 Btu/h
Windows: Q = (0.69)(1170)(69) = 55,700 Btu/h
Floor: Q = (0.84)(260)(69) = 15,070 Btu/h
Infiltration: Qs = (1.10)(250)(69) = 18,975 Btu/h
QL = (4840)(250)(0.005 – 0.00092) = 4,940 Btu/h
Total Loss = 121,700 Btu/h
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Solutions to
Chapter 7
NONRESIDENTIAL
COOLING AND HEATING
LOAD CALCULATIONS
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Chapter 7—Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations⏐93
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a. P south = 7 × cot 50° = 7 ( 0.839 ) = 5.9 ft
P west = 7 × cot 37° = 7 ( 1.327 ) = 9.3 ft
b. West
c. 9.3 = SH ( 0.839 ) ⇒ S H = 11.1 ft, shadow to ground
Mullion: M = P tan γ
Tansom: T = P tan β⁄ cos γ
40° N latitude, July 21, 1 P . M ., south
γ ( ψ = 0° from south ) = φ = 37°; β = 66°
17 17
M = ------ tan 37 = 1.1 ft T = ------ tan 66 ⁄ cos 37 = 4 ft
12 12
Area in Sun = ( width – M ) ( height – T )
A s = [ 3 – ( 1.1 – 0.83 ) ] [ 4 – ( 4 – 0.83 ) ] = 2.27 ft 2
Total glass area = 3 × 4 = 12 ft 2
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A
E DN = ---------------------------------- ; A = 1093 W/m 2
exp ( E ⁄ sin β )
B = 0.186 , C = 0.138
1093
E DN = ---------------------------------------------- = 892 W/m 2 = 283 Btu/h· ft 2
exp ( 0.186 ⁄ sin 66 )
E D = E DN cos θ = 283 ⋅ cos 71 = 92 Btu/h· ft 2
2
E d = CYE DN ; Y = 0.55 + 0.437 cos θ + 0.313 cos θ
Y = 0.725
E d = ( 0.138 ) ( 0.725 ) ( 283 ) = 28 Btu/h· ft 2
E r = E DN ( C + sin β )ρg ( 1 – cos Σ ) ⁄ 2 ; cos Σ = 0 for vertical
= 283 ( 0.138 + sin 71 ) ( 0.2 ) ⁄ 2 ρ g = 0.2 (typical)
= 31 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F
q = ( 2.27 ) ( 92 ) ( 0.67 ) ( 1 ) + ( 12 ) ( 28 + 31 ) ( 0.78 ) ( 1 )
q = 139.9 + 552.2 = 692 Btu/h
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Chapter 7—Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations⏐95
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2. Gas molecules, ozone, and water vapor
3. Dust and other contaminants
4. Height of ground upon which the structure is to be built where the elevation is
substantial.
Table 7-18
(a) Hooded: q s = 47, 800 Btu/h
(b) Nonhooded: NOT RECOMMENDED
1 1
U = --------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.70
1
---- + R con + R tile + ---- 1 0.61 + 0.31 + 0.51 + 0.61
hi hi
q = ( U ) ( A ) ( Δt ) = ( 0.7 ) ( 1 ) ( 100 – 70 ) = 21 Btu/h· ft 2
7.11 An air-conditioning unit serves an office having the Description Size Occupancy
following areas: General office 25 by 50 ft 75 ft2 per person
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What quantity of outdoor air must be brought into the Director’s room 25 by 25 ft 16 people
air-conditioning unit for ventilation? Conference room 10 by 25 ft Plush furnishings
5 private offices 10 by 10 ft Smoking permitted
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e. Suitable summer design inside dry-bulb temperature
a. q s = 25 100
--------- ( 235 ) = 2554 W
230
b. q L = 25 130
--------- ( 235 ) = 3320 W
230
q L ( Btu/h ) 3320 ( 3.413 )
c. Moisture added = --------------------------- = ------------------------------ = 10.3 lb/h ( 0.00128 kg/s )
1100 Btu/h 1100
d. Occupancy (Table 5-9 for metal shop)
( 5 × 25 ) + 0.9 ( 27.4 × 9.1 ) = 349 L/s
e. 20 to 22°C
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98⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
ti = 72°F, to = –13.4°F
a. R
Outside air 0.17
Face brick 0.44
Air gap, 3/4 in. ~ 1.0
Cinder block, 8 in. 1.72
Insulation, 1 in. 4.0
Clay tile, 4 in. 1.11
Inside air 0.68
ΣR = 9.12
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1
U = --------- = 0.110 Btu/h· ft 2 ·°F
∑R
q = ( 0.11 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 72 + 13.4 ) = 10 ,800 Btu/h
b. q = ( 0.60 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 1.12 ) ( 85.4 ) + ( 0.40 ) ( 115 ) ( 10 ) ( 0.11 ) ( 85.4 )
U glass ¡
q = 70, 300 Btu/h
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Solutions to
Chapter 8
ENERGY
ESTIMATING METHODS
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Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐101
32.8 ⎛ ( 4848 ) ( 24 ) ⎞
a. E = ---------------------- ⎜ ---------------------------- ⎟ ( 0.77 ) = 49 ,800 kWh
( 72 – 13 ) ⎝ ( 1.0 ) ( 1 ) ⎠
b. Cost = ( 49 ,800 ) ( 0.16 ) = $7969 00
⎛ -----
8- 16 ⎞
⎝ 24 ( 65 ) + 24 ( 72 ) ⎠ – 42.5
------
( t i – t o ) with
c. % with Setback ---------------------------------- ( 100 ) = ---------------------------------------------------------------------- = 92% or 8% Savings
( t i – t o ) without ( 72 – 42.8 )
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in the home to 68°F between 10 P.M. and 6 A.M. every day
during January.
Cleveland:
ti = 72°F; to = 1°F; January 1159 DD
DD = (Days in Period)(65 – to,av) = 1159 = 31(65 – to, av)
to,av = 27.6°F for January
E = 448 gal
8 16
With Setback: t i ,av = ------ ( 68 ) + ------ ( 72 ) = 70.67°F
24 24
( 72 – 27.6 ) – ( 70.67 – 27.6 )
% Savings = -------------------------------------------------------------------- ( 100 ) = 3.0%
( 72 – 27.6 )
Fuel Savings = ( 448 ) ( 0.03 ) = 13.4 gal ( 50 L )
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102⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Kansas City:
HL = 32.8 kW (112,000 Btu/h); to = –1°F; ti = 72°F
DD = 5161 CD = 0.77
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Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐103
Tulsa, OK:
DD = 3680; to = 9°F; ti = 72°F
CDD = 1949; to = 97; ti = 78
( H L ) ( DD ) ( 24 ) ( 20 ) ( 3413 ) ( 3680 ) ( 24 )
a. E = ------------------------------------- ( C D ) = -------------------------------------------------------- ( 0.77 ) = 7.37 ×107 Btu ( 21 590 kWh )
( Δt ) ( η ) (V ) ( 72 – 9 )
7.37 ×107
b. F = ------------------------------------- = 658 gal ( 2500 L )
( 140 ,000 ) ( 0.8 )
7.37 ×107 - = 8770 ft 3 ( 2.48 ×106 L )
c. F = --------------------------------------------------
( 1050 Btu/ft 3 ) ( 0.80 )
7.37 ×107
d. F = ------------------------- = 21 600 kW ⋅ h
( 3413 ) ( 1 )
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e. E c = ------ ⎜ ----------------------------⎟ = ---------------------------------------- = 6800 kWh
Δt ⎝ COP ⎠ ( 97 – 78 ) ( 3.4 ) Typical ¡
· ·
f. Q s = ( 1.2 ) ( V ) ( t supply – t return ) ; 20 ,000 = ( 1.2 ) (V ) + ( 54.4 – 22.2 )
·
V = 518 L/s
g. Q s = m· ( h fg ) ; 20 kJ/s = m· ( 232.8 kJ/kg ); m· = 0.0086 kg/s
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104⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
8.7 A residence in St. Joseph, Missouri, has a design c. Cubic feet of natural gas/yr
heating load of 68,000 Btu/h when design indoor and d. kWh
outdoor temperatures are 75°F and 3°F, respectively. The e. Total airflow rate in cfm if a warm air system is used
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furnace is off from June through September. Determine f. Total steam flow in lb/h if a steam system is used
the fuel and energy requirements for heating in: g. Total water flow rate in gpm if a hydronic system is
a. Btu used
b. Gallons of No. 2 fuel oil/yr h. Total electric power in kW if electric heating is used
q 68 ,000
a. ER = -------------------- ( DD ) ( 24 )C D = ------------------- ( 5435 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 94 ,900 ,000 Btu/yr
( ti – to )d ( 75 – 3 )
94 ,900 ,000
b. gal, Fuel Oil = ---------------------------------------- = 966 gal/yr
( 140 ,000 ) ( 0.70 )
94 ,900 ,000
c. ft 3 , Natural Gas = -------------------------------- = 120 ,800 ft 3 /yr
( 1050 ) ( 0.75 )
94 ,900 ,000
c. kWh, Electricity = -------------------------------- = 29 ,300 kWh/yr
( 3413 ) ( 0.95 )
68 ,000
e. ( cfm ) air = ----------------------------------------- = 1120 cfm
( 1.10 ) ( 130 – 75 )
68 ,000
f. ( lb/h ) steam = ---------------- = 68 lb/h
1000
68 ,000
g. ( gpm ) water = ------------------------------------------ = 6.8 gal/min
( 1 ) ( 20 ) ( 60 ) ( 8.3 )
68 ,000
h. kW = ---------------- ≅ 20 kW
3413
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Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐105
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Average Winter Temperature = 44.5°F
2 ,160 ,000
a. ER = ------------------------ ( 4570 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 2.81 ×109 Btu
( 75 – 10 )
2.81 ×109
b. Fuel Cost ≈ ---------------------------------------- ( 2.50 ) = $71, 800/yr
( 140 ,000 ) ( 0.70 )
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106⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Jacksonville:
Winter: 32°F; HDD = 1327
Summer: 93/77°F; CDD = 2596
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Problem 8-10 Calculation of Annual Heating Energy Consumption
Climate House Heat Pump Supplemental
A B C D E F G H I Jd Ke Lf Mg Nh
Heat Pump Cycling Heat Seasonal Supple- Total
Weather Heat Integrated Capacity Adjusted Rated Pump Heat Pump mental Electric
Temp. Temp. Data Loss Heating Adjust- Heat Pump Electric Operating Supplied Elec. Con- Space Heating Energy
Bin, Diff. Bin, Rate, Capacity, ment Capacity, Input, Time Heating, sumption, Load, Required, Consump-
°F tbal − tbin hours 1000 Btu/h 1000 Btu/h Factora 1000 Btu/hb kW Fractionc 106 Btud kWhe 106 Btuf kWhg tionh
62 3 879 4.59 81.3 0.76 61.8 6.79 0.07 3.80 418 4.03 0 418
57 8 692 12.24 76.3 0.79 60.3 6.56 0.20 8.35 908 8.47 0 908
52 13 530 19.89 71.2 0.82 58.4 6.32 0.34 10.52 1139 10.54 0 1139
47 18 355 27.54 66.0 0.85 56.1 6.05 0.49 9.76 1052 9.78 0 1052
42 23 288 35.19 61.0 0.89 54.3 5.81 0.64 10.01 1071 10.13 0 1071
37 28 154 42.84 56.0 0.94 52.6 5.56 0.81 6.56 694 6.60 0 694
32 33 83 50.49 51.0 1 51.0 5.30 0.99 4.19 436 4.19 0 436
27 38 24 58.14 46.3 1 46.3 5.05 1 1.11 121 1.40 85 206
22 43 2 65.79 41.7 1 41.7 4.81 1 0.08 10 0.13 12 22
17
12
7
2
–3
TOTALS: 5849 97 5946
a Cycling Capacity Adjustment Factor = 1 − Cd(1 − x), where Cd = degradation coefficient (default = 0.25 d Col J = (Col I × Col G × Col C)/1000
unless part load factor is known) and x = building heat loss per unit capacity at temperature bin. Cycling e Col K = Col I × Col H × Col C
f
capacity = 1 at the balance point and below. Col L = Col C × Col D/1000
b Col G = Col E × Col F g Col M = (Col L – Col J) × 106/3413
c Operating Time Factor equals smaller of 1 or Col D/Col G h Col N = Col K + Col M
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Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐107
qL e. Q s = ( 1.10 ) ( cfm ) ( Δt )
a. ER = -------------------- ( DD ) ( 24 ) ( C D )
( ti – to )d 74 ,000
cfm = -------------------------------------- = 1160 cfm
78 ,000 ( 1.1 ) ( 130 – 72 )
= ------------------- ( 5070 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 103.5 ×106 Btu
( 72 – 5 ) f. kWh = 15 ,903 kWh → See table below.
35 ,000 ( 1080 ) ( 24 )
103.5 ×106 g. kWh = ---------------------------------------------------- = 8900 kWh
b. F = ---------------------------------------- = 985 gal ( 90 – 78 ) ( 8.5 ) ( 1000 )
( 100 ,000 ) ( 0.75 )
( 35 ,000 ⁄ 1.3 )
103.5 ×106 h. cfm = ------------------------------------- = 1220 cfm
c. F = ---------------------------------------- = 1175 therms ( 1.1 ) ( 78 – 5.8 )
( 100 ,000 ) ( 0.88 )
(assumed 30% latent)
103.5 ×106
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d. F = -------------------------------- = 30 ,900 kWh
( 3413 ) ( 0.98 )
Oklahoma City:
Winter: 10°F
Summer: 96°F
HDD = 3695; CD = 0.77
Average: 48.3°F; CDD = 1876
245 ,000
a. ER = ---------------------- ( 3695 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 2.69 ×108 Btu
( 72 – 10 )
2.69 ×108
b. C f = ------------------------------------- ( $2.50 ) = $9,963
( 90 ,000 ) ( 0.75 )
2.69 ×108
c. C f = ----------------------------- ( 0.067 ) = $5280
( 3413 ) ( 1.0 )
d. t i ,av = [ ( 6 ) ( 16 ) ( 72 ) + ( 168 – ( 6 ) ( 16 ) ( 55 ) ] ⁄ 168 = 64.7°F
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64.7 – 48.3
% Savings = 1 – --------------------------- = 0.31 or 31%
72 – 48.3
162 ,000 ( 1876 ) ( 24 )
e. C e = ---------------------- -------------------------------- × 0.07 = $2467
( 96 – 78 ) ( 11.5 ) ( 1000 )
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Chapter 8—Energy Estimating Methods⏐109
8.13 A small commercial building in Indianapolis, Indi- b. Annual cooling cost with a conventional vapor com-
ana, has design heating and cooling loads of 98,000 Btu/ pression air-cooled unit, using your choice of
h and 48,000 Btu/h, respectively. Internal heat gains method.
throughout the winter are relatively steady at 4.5 kW. Select a heat pump system for the building from the
Electricity costs 7.1¢/kWh. Estimate: XYZ Corporation models. Determine the
a. Annual heating cost if baseboard electric resistance
a. Annual heating cost and
units are used.
b. Annual cooling cost.
Indianapolis:
Winter: –3°F; Average: 39.6°F; DD = 5577; CD = 0.77
Summer: 88°F; CDD = 974
98 ,000
a. ER = --------------------------- ( 5577 ) ( 24 ) ( 0.77 ) = 135 ×106 Btu
[ 72 – ( – 3 ) ]
135 ×106
Cost = -------------------------------- ( 0.071 ) = $2970
( 3413 ) ( 0.95 )
b. Cooling Unit: Assume SEER = 11 Btu/Wh
48 ,000
CDD = ---------------------- ( 974 ) ( 24 ) = 112 ×106 Btu
( 88 – 78 )
112 ×106
Cost = ---------------------------- ( 0.07 ) = $714
( 11 ) ( 1000 )
( 4.5 ) ( 3413 )
Balance Point: t bal = 72 – ------------------------------------------------ = 60°F
98 ,000 ⁄ [ 72 – ( – 3 ) ]
Heat Pump: Model A-048; SEER = 10.5 ; Watts = 5270
a. Energy Input = 13 ,220 + 5976 = 19 ,196 kWh → See table below.
Cost = 19196 (0.071) = $1363
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112 ×106
b. CDD Method: - ( 0.071 ) = $757
-------------------------------
( 10.5 ) ( 1000 )
Charlotte:
Winter: to = 18°F
Summer: to = 91°F
CDD = 1596
HL 94 ,500
------- = ---------------------- = 1480 Q int = ( 3.3 ) ( 2200 ) ( 3.413 ) = 24 ,780
Δt ( 72 – 18 )
⎛ 24 ,780⎞
t balance = 72 – ⎜ ----------------⎟ = 55°F
⎝ 1480 ⎠
Select Model 060JA
Heat Pump: Total Watts = 6250
SEER = 10.5
Winter: 7187 kWh × 0.074 = $532
57 ,400 ( 1596 ) ( 24 )
Summer: ---------------------- -------------------------------- ( 0.074 ) = $1192
( 91 – 78 ) ( 10.5 ) ( 1000 )
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Problem 8-14 Calculation of Annual Heating Energy Consumption
Climate House Heat Pump Supplemental
A B C D E F G H I Jd Ke Lf Mg Nh
98,000/(72 – 18) =
Heat Pump Cycling
1480 (1.48) Heat Seasonal Supple- Total
Temp. Weather Heat Integrated Capacity Adjusted Rated Pump Heat Pump mental Electric
Temp. Diff. Data Loss Heating Adjust- Heat Pump Electric Operating Supplied Elec. Con- Space Heating Energy
Bin, 55 Bin, Rate, Capacity, ment Capacity, Input, Time Heating, sumption, Load, Required, Consump-
a
°F tbal − tbin hours 1000 Btu/h 1000 Btu/h Factor 1000 Btu/h b kW c 6
Fraction 10 Btu d kWh e 6
10 Btu f kWh g tionh
62
57
52 3 730 4.4 71.2 0.765 54.5 6.32 0.08 369
47 8 684 11.8 66.0 0.795 52.5 6.05 0.22 910
42 13 634 19.2 61.0 0.829 50.6 5.81 0.38 1400
37 18 515 26.6 56.0 0.869 48.7 5.56 0.55 1575
32 23 360 34.0 51.0 0.917 46.8 5.30 0.73 1393
27 28 166 41.4 46.3 0.974 45.1 5.05 0.92 771
22 33 64 48.8 41.9 1 41.9 4.81 1 2.68 308 3.12 129
17 38 23 56.2 37.0 1 37.0 4.61 1 0.85 106 1.29 129
12 43 5 63.6 33.2 1 33.2 4.35 1 0.17 22 0.32 44
7 48 2 71.0 29.4 1 29.4 4.13 1 0.06 8 0.14 23
2
–3
TOTALS: 6862 325 7187
a Cycling Capacity Adjustment Factor = 1 − Cd(1 − x), where Cd = degradation coefficient (default = 0.25 d Col J = (Col I × Col G × Col C)/1000
unless part load factor is known) and x = building heat loss per unit capacity at temperature bin. Cycling e Col K = Col I × Col H × Col C
capacity = 1 at the balance point and below. f Col L = Col C × Col D/1000
b Col G = Col E × Col F g Col M = (Col L – Col J) × 106/3413
c Operating Time Factor equals smaller of 1 or Col D/Col G h Col N = Col K + Col M
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Solutions to
Chapter 9
DUCT AND PIPE SIZING
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing⏐113
c. 40 to 60 ft/min
a. Group A: These outlets would be satisfactory for Houston where cooling is predominant and
heating is minimum.
Group C: These outlets would not be completely satisfactory where cooling is predominant.
b. Group B: These outlets would be satisfactory but probably not as good as Group A.
Group E: These outlets would be satisfactory if properly designed and selected.
24.4°C = 76°F
Δt = ( t x – 76 ) – 0.07 ( V x – 30 ) for t x = 76°F and Δt = 0
V x = 30 fpm ( 0.15 m/s )
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by 610 mm) duct if the static pressure is measured at
0.5 in. of water (125 Pa) and total pressure is mea-
sured at 0.54 in. of water (135 Pa)
b. The pressure difference available to a 60 ft (18.3 m)
length of circular duct is 0.2 in. of water (50 Pa). The
duct has an ID of 12 in. (305 mm). What rate of air-
flow is expected?
a. P v = P T – P S = 0.54 – 0.50 = 0.04 in. H 2 O
9.7 Given the duct system shown below, plot pv, Δps, and
Δpt for the flow through the system.
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing⏐115
a. H loss = H 1 – H 2
= P1 – P2 + HV – HV
1 2
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9.10 Determine the friction loss when circulating 20,000
cfm (9430 L/s) of air at 75°F (23.9°C) through 150 ft
(45.7 m) of 36 in. (0.914 m) diameter galvanized steel
duct.
From Fig. 9-2 Loss = 0.25 in. H2O/100 ft (150 ft) = 0.375 in. H2O
H- 12
Elbow #1 ---- = ------ = 1.0 From Table 9-4
W 12
⇒ C D = 0.21
V 13
----- = ------ = 1.08
W 12
H 12
Elbow #2 ----- = ------ = 1.0
W 12 ⇒ C D = ( 0.05 ) ( 0.6 ) = 0.03
V- 24
---- = ------ = 2.0
W 12
Table 9-1 D c = 13.1 in. V = 2000 fpm
V 2
P v = ⎛ ------------ ⎞ = 0.249 in. H 2 O
⎝ 4005 ⎠
Fig. 9-2 Loss straight = 0.45 in. w.g. ⁄ 100 ft
⎛ 0.45 in. H 2 O⎞
ΔP loss = ( 10 + 20 + 30 ) ⎜ -------------------------------⎟ + ( 0.21 + 0.03 ) ( 0.249 )
⎝ 100 ft ⎠
= 0.27 + 0.059 = 0.33 in. w.g.
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing⏐117
V-
Section d → 2 elbows --- = 1.0 C D = 0.22 Table 9-4
D
Vd
Straight Section ------ = 2550
------------ = 0.666 C D = 0.04
Vu 3825
ΔP loss = 0.037 + 2 ( 0.22 ) ( 0.407 ) + ( 50 + 40 + 10 ) ( 0.02 ) ( 0.407 ) = 1.03 in. H 2 O
V
Section b → Diverted Flow fitting -----b- = 0.33 C D = 1.1
Vu
ΔP fitting = ( 1.1 ) ( 0.415 ) = 1.01 in. H 2 O Table 9-4
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9.14 A 1 ft high by 3 ft wide main duct carries 2000 cfm
of air to a branch where 1500 cfm continues in the 1 ft
by 2 ft straight through section and 500 cfm goes into the
branch. Find the actual static pressure regain and the total
pressure loss in the straight through section if the static
regain coefficient is 0.80. If the branch take off is a 45°
cylindrical Y, find the static pressure loss in this section.
R = 0.8 Table 9-4
Q1 2000
V 1 = ------ = ------------ = 667 fpm P v = 0.0277 in. w.g.
A1 3×1 1
1500
V 2 = ------------ = 750 fpm P v = 0.0351 in. w.g.
2×1 2
500
Assume Branch 1 × 1 ft V b = ------------ = 500 fpm
1×1
a. P v = R ( P v – P v ) = 0.8 ( 0.0277 – 0.0351 ) = – 0.006 ≈ 0 in. H2 O
1 2
V
c. -----L- = 500
--------- = 0.75 C = 0.28 Table 9-4
V1 667
ΔP branch = ( 0.28 ) ( 0.0277 ) = 0.008 in. H 2 O ≅ 0 in. H 2 O
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118⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Section cfm ΔP/100 ft Deq. Velocity Rectangular Size, in. Length Loss Cum. Loss
A-B 2900 0.13 20 in. 1400 12 × 30 50 ft 0.065 0.065
C-D 2000 0.13 17 in. 1300 12 × 21 8 ft 0.014 0.0754
C-E 1200 0.13 14 in. 1130 12 × 14 60 ft 0.078 + 0.014 0.167
C-H 800 0.13 12 in. 1010 12 × 10 20 ft 0.105 + 0.026 + 0.0054 0.211
B-F 900 0.13 12.5 in. 1060 12 × 11 10 ft 0.013 + 0.105 0.183
H- 12
Elbows Radius Ratio = 1.5 ----- = ------ = 0.86
W 14
⎛ 1130⎞2
Run D Table 9-4 C = 0.18 ΔP = 0.18 ⎜ ------------⎟ = 0.014 in. H O
loss ⎝ 4005⎠ 2
H-
----- 12
Run G Radius Ratio = 1.5 = ------ = 1 Table 9-4 C = 0.09
W 12
2
⎛ 1010⎞
ΔP = 0.09 ⎜ ------------⎟ = 0.005 in. H O
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loss ⎝ 4005⎠ 2
V b 1010
Divided Flow Fitting ------ = ------------ = 0.776 Table 9-3 C = 1.0
V u 1300
1300 2
ΔP loss = 1.0 ⎛⎝ ------------⎞⎠ = 0.105 in. H 2 O
4005
Through loss ≅ 0
Total Pressure Drop ( No Outlet Grille ) = 0.211 in. H O
2
Damper in A-E and A-F or reduce size appropriately.
20
Q total = 300 cfm 300 cfm at 1000 fpm → ΔP = 0.24 --------- = 0.046 in.
100
20
100 cfm branch 100 cfm at 1000 fpm → ΔP = 0.46 --------- = 0.092 in.
100
ΔP through ≅ 0.10 ΔP loss = 0.138 in.
straight
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120⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
9.18
a. Estimate the total pressure loss between points (1)
and (2) and between (1) and (3) in the following
take-off.
when:
V1 = 8.12 m/s Q1 = 1510 L/s
V2 = 6.1 m/s Q2 = 1227 L/s
V3 = 3.05 m/s Q3 = 283 L/s
The duct is rectangular, of commercial fabrication,
and has mastic tape joints.
b. Estimate the static pressure at (3) if the static pres-
sure at (1) is 1.0 in. of water.
P S = 1.05 in. H 2 O
3
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing⏐121
9.19 Solve the following problems: b. If the static pressure at (3) is 0.350 in. of water, what
a. What is the expected approximate frictional pressure friction drop will be required of a damper at 68°F?
from (1) to (2) in the below length of duct. Assume c. What size duct would be required (for ducts C and
round ducts, clean sheet metal, and air at standard D) if the damper is eliminated? What is the velocity
temperature and pressure. in the line? Assume a temperature of 68°F. Assume
Elbow Radius = 36 in. that the static pressure at (3) is still 0.35 in. of water
Grille Loss = 0.1 in w.g. at 600 fpm and that the R/D of the elbow is 2. Also assume that
the grille loss is linear with velocity.
Duct cfm Velocity, fpm Length, ft
A 2000 1000 40
B 1000 600 —
C 1000 600 30
D 1000 600 30
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= 0.075 in w.g.
4000
Section C D = 17.5 in. ΔP = ( 0.031 ) ( 30 ⁄ 100 ) = 0.0093 in. H 2 O
Elbow R ⁄ D = 36 ⁄ 17.5 = 2.05 C = 0.13
6000 2
ΔP loss = 0.13 ⎛ ------------⎞ = 0.003 in w.g.
⎝ 4000⎠
Section D ΔP = ( 0.031 ) ( 30 ⁄ 100 ) = 0.0093 in. H 2 O
Total loss = 0.028 + 0.075 + 0.0093 + 0.003 + 0.0093 + 0.10 = 0.225 in. H 2 O
b. at P S = 0.35 in. H 2 O and P v = P v
2 3
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2 2
⎛W ⎞ ⎛2.3 ⎞
H 2 = H 1 ⎜ ------2- ⎟ = 3.4 ⎜------
-⎟ = 5.6 ft
⎝ W1 ⎠ ⎝1.8 ⎠
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Multiply heat required at convectors by ( 20 ⁄ 10 ) = 2 and use Fig. 2.
Supply Side Size, in. Return Side Size, in.
I-II at 14,400 Btu/h (14.4 gpm) 1 1/2 V-VI 4 gpm 1
II-III at 54,000 Btu/h (5.4 gpm) 1 VI-VII 5.4 gpm 1
III-IV at 32,000 Btu/h (3.2 gpm) 1 XI-XII 3 gpm 1
Conv. A at 22,000 Btu/h (2.2 gpm) 3/4 XII-XIII 6.6 gpm 1 1/4
Conv. B at 18,000 Btu/h (1.8 gpm) 3/4 XIII-VII 9.0 gpm 1 1/4
Conv. C at 14,000 Btu/h (1.4 gpm) 5/8 VII-I 14.4 gpm 1 1/2
V-VIII at 90,000 Btu/h (9 gpm) 1 1/4
VIII-IX at 54,000 Btu/h (5.4 gpm) 1
IX-X at 30,000 Btu/h (3 gpm) 1
Assume run containing Conv. E is
Conv. D at 36,000 Btu/h (3.6 gpm) 1
longest run. This should be verified
Conv. E at 14,000 Btu/h (1.4 gpm) 5/8
later.
Conv. F at 16,000 Btu/h (1.6 gpm) 5/8
Conv. G at 24,000 Btu/h (2.4 gpm) 3/4
The head loss for this straight pipe in this run from Fig. 2
I-II (280)(2) = 560 milli-inch (4.67 ft/100 ft)
II-VIII (280)(16) = 4480 milli-inch (37.3 ft/100 ft) From Table 4 and Fig. 2 friction loss for elbow
is 35 ft/100 ft.
VIII-IX (280)(7) = 1960 milli-inch (16.3 ft/100 ft)
IX-X (100)(11) = 1100 milli-inch (9.2 ft/100 ft) From Fig. 4, Fig. 2 the friction loss for Tees is
X-Conv. (200)(3) = 600 milli-inch (5 ft/100 ft) 158 ft/100 ft.
Conv.-X (200)(12) = 2400 milli-inch (20 ft/100 ft)
XI-XII (100)(11) = 1100 milli-inch (9.2 ft/100 ft) Total friction loss for this run = 4.17 ft
XII-XIII (150)(10) = 1500 milli-inch (12.5 ft/100 ft)
XIII-VII (250)(14) = 4750 milli-inch (39.6 ft/100 ft) Pump must supply at least this head at 14.7
VII-I (280)(25) = 7000 milli-inch (58.3 ft/100 ft) gpm.
Total = 212.1 ft/100 ft See Notes in Example for this design.
Convector Losses = 11.9 ft/100 ft
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124⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Supply Side Pipe Size, in. Return Side Pipe Size, in.
I-II at 48,000 Btu/h (4.8 gpm) 1 V-VI 1.33 gpm 5/8
II-III at 18,000 Btu/h (1.8 gpm) 3/4 VI-VII 1.8 gpm 3/4
III-IV at 10,670 Btu/h (1.1 gpm) 5/8 XI-XII 1.0 gpm 5/8
Conv. A at 7340 Btu/h (0.7 gpm) 1/2 XII-XIII 2.2 gpm 3/4
Conv. B at 6000 Btu/h (0.6 gpm) 1/2 XIII-VII 3.0 gpm 1
Conv. C at 4670 Btu/h (0.5 gpm) 1/2 VII-I 4.8 gpm 1
V-VIII at 30,000 Btu/h (3.0 gpm) 1
VIII-IX at 18,000 Btu/h (1.8 gpm) 3/4
IX-X at 10,000 Btu/h (1.0 gpm) 5/8
Conv. D at 12,000 Btu/h (1.2 gpm) 5/8 Assume Conv. E is longest run. Verify
Conv. E at 4670 Btu/h (0.5 gpm) 1/2 after various calculations.
Conv. F at 5340 Btu/h (0.5 gpm) 1/2
Conv. G at 8000 Btu/h (0.8 gpm) 1/2
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XI-XII (130)(11) = 1430 milli-inch (11.9 ft/100 ft)
XII-XIII (220)(10) = 2200 milli-inch (18.3 ft/100 ft) Total friction loss for this run = 2.43 ft
XIII-VII (100)(19) = 1900 milli-inch (15.8 ft/100 ft)
VII-I (220)(25) = 5500 milli-inch (45.8 ft/100 ft) Pump must supply at least this head at 4.9
Total = 142 ft/100 ft gpm of flow.
9.25 Size the system shown for iron pipe. The water
leaves the boiler at 200°F and has a 20°F temperature
drop. The convectors have a loss given by the equation:
Loss (milli-inches) = 0.3 (Btu/h output). Note: 1 milli-
inch = 0.001 in. of water.
Assume a 3 ft rise is needed to get to the convectors
and then a 3 ft drop to return to the boiler. What head must
be developed by the pump and what flow rate (gpm) is
required?
(See chapter 22, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook—Funda-
mentals)
A B
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Fig. 7, HBF, supply tee Loss = ( 3.7 ) ( 225 ) ( 1.8 ) = 1500 milli-inch
return tee Loss = ( 3.7 ) ( 225 ) ( 1.8 ) = 1500 milli-inch
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total loss = 23 ,085 milli-inch
Boiler Circuit:
L = 15 ft – Fig. 1 – 1 in. pipe Loss = ( 180 ) ( 15 ) = 2700 milli-inch
Table 11, HBF, elbows Loss = ( 2 ) ( 2.4 ) ( 180 ) = 864 milli-inch
6 ft riser and return Loss = ( 6 ) ( 180 ) = 1080 milli-inch
Table 11, HBF, boilers Loss = ( 3 ) ( 2.4 ) ( 180 ) = 1296 milli-inch
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total = 5940 milli-inch
Total friction loss = 29 ,025 milli-inches for Loop B.
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126⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
gpm = 5.25 gpm; Loop A = 2.8 gpm; 2.5 ft/100 ft; 3/4 in. tube
44
Pipe loss = 2.5 × --------- = 1.22 ft
100
Elbows 2 × ( 1.8 ) ( 2.5 ) = 0.09 ft
Convectors ( 0.3 ) ( 2.29 ) = 0.69 ft
Tees 2 ( 3.7 ) ( 2.5 ) ( 1.8 ) = 0.33 ft
----------------------------------------------------------------
Total = 2.33 ft
Boiler circuit 1.41 ( 21 ) + 2 ( 2.4 ) ( 1.41 ) + 4 ( 2.4 ) ( 1.41 ) = 0.5 ft
Total friction = 2.83 ft for Loop A including Boiler
15,000 lb/h Pinitial = 150 psig (Fig. 13D, chapter 22, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals)
6 psi/100 ft – Schedule 40 Select 3 1/2 in. pipe
Velocity at 150 psig = 10,000 fpm
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b. Condenser water lines
n 2⎞ 2 h 2 2.38
⎛ ----
a. - = ----- = ---------- ; h 2 = 0.855 ( 1200 ) = 1028 rpm
⎝ n 1⎠ h 1 3.25
Q 2 = ( 6500 ) ( 0.855 ) = 5570 cfm
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3
b. kW 2 = ( 6.10 ) ( 0.855 ) = 3.82 kW
12 Pa V 2 12 ( 0.075 )V 2 CFM 2
HV ( in. w.g. ) = --------------------- = ---------------------------------- = ⎛ ----------------⎞
2 g ρw 2 ( 32.2 ) ( 62.4 ) ⎝ 4005A⎠
2
= 0.08 = 0.5 ⎛ ----------------⎞
3000 2
ΔP damper A = 1.87 ft
open ⎝ 4005A⎠
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128⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
9.33 A fan delivers 1500 cfm (708 L/s) of dry air at 65°F
(18.3°C) against a static pressure of 0.20 in. of water
(50 Pa) and requires 0.10 BHP. Find the volume circu-
lated, the static pressure, and the BHP required to deliver
the same weight of air when the air temperature is
increased to 165°F (73.9°C). (Note: Atmospheric pres-
sure is constant.)
1500 cfm, 65°F, P s = 0.20 in. H 2 O, 0.10 bph for air temperature of 165°F
ρ2 T 460 + 65-
----- = -----2 = ----------------------- = 0.81 CFM 2 = CFM 1 = 1500 cfm
ρ1 T1 460 + 165
ρ2
P S = P S ⎛ ----- ⎞ = 0.20 ( 0.84 ) = 0.168 in. H 2 O
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2 1⎝ ρ ⎠
1
ρ2
H P = H P ⎛ ----- ⎞ = 0.10 ( 0.84 ) = 0.084 BHP
2 1⎝ ρ ⎠
1
For the same mass flow rate through the air heater, the fan law gives:
BHP 1 ρ ρ2
-------------- = -----2 BHP 2 = ⎛⎝ ----- ⎞⎠ BHP 1
BHP 2 ρ1 ρ1
if ρ 1 is cold, ρ 2 is warm
then BHP 2 > BHP 1 – Place fan before heater.
9.35 A 40 in. by 24 in. rectangular duct conveying 12,000 cfm of standard air divides into 3 branches (see
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing⏐129
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4000 100
ΔP ⁄ 100 ft = 0.12 in. w.g. ( Chap. 21, 2009 HBF )
Assume W = duct width = 24 in. for 600 cfm and D eg = 33.6
V = 1400 fpm Size = 24 in. × 24 in.
Branch B ΔP = 0.15 in. w.g. = ( 6 + 150 ) ΔP′ ⁄ 100
ΔP′ = 0.096 in. w.g./100 ft
with W = 24 in. V = 1350 fpm Size = 24 in. × 19.5 in.
Branch C ΔP = 0.15 in. w.g. = ( 35 + 6 ) ΔP′ ⁄ 100 + 0.0225
ΔP′ = 0.31 in. H 2 O for 2000 cfm, D eg = 11 in.
V = 1800 fpm Size = 24 in. × 7.5 in.
b. ( Chap. 21, HBF ) K = 0.89 Q actual = 12 ,000 cfm
H o = ( 0.89 ) ( 0.15 ) = 0.133 in. H2 O
c. For Part a. ΔP static, fan = 0.15 + 25 Δp = 0.183 in. H 2 O
Q fan = 12 ,000 cfm
Using fan lows, the required speed for 150°F with 12,000 cfm is rpm2 = rpm1 × 1 × 1.
π 2 π 32 2 20 ,000
A = --- D = --- ⎛ ------⎞ = 5.6 ft ;
2 Q
V = ---- = ---------------- = 3570 fpm
4 4 ⎝ 12⎠ A 5.6
2
12ρ u V cfm 2 20 ,000
h v = ------------------ = ⎛ ---------------- ⎞ = ⎛ ----------------------------- ⎞ = 0.8 in. w.g.
2gρ w ⎝ 4005A ⎠ ⎝ ( 4005 ) ( 5.6 ) ⎠
h t = h s + h v = 4.8 + 0.8 = ( 5.6 in. w.g. ) ( 0.0361 ) = 0.202 psi
( 144 )
AHP = ( 0.202 ) ---------------- ( 20 ,000 ) = 17.6 hp
33 ,000
17.6
a. BHP = ---------- = 25.2 hp
0.70
3200 2
b. BHP 2 = ( 25.2 ) ⎛ ------------ ⎞ = 59.7 hp
⎝ 2400 ⎠
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performance:
(a) HP = CFM × ΔP/6350ηf
(b) kWH = HP (0.746) Hours/ηm
(c) Δtf = ΔP(0.371)/ηf
(d) HP ~ CFM3
CFM × ΔP ( in. w.g. ) CFM × ΔP
a. W i = m· ∫ ν dp ≅ m· ν ΔP = ------------------------------------------------- = --------------------------
conversion factors 6350
Wi CFM × ΔP
W a = ------ = --------------------------
ηf 6350η f
b. W ( kWh ) = HP × 0.746 × kW ⁄ HP × time
Motor input ( kWh ) = Fan input ⁄ η m
CFM × 60 CFM × ΔP × 2545
c. W = ( 0.240 ) ( m· ) ( Δt ) = m ∫ ν dp ( 0.240 ) ------------------------ ( Δt ) = --------------------------------------------
13.33 6350η f
Δt = 0.371 ΔP ⁄ h f
d. W = – m ∫ ν dp = – m ν dp ∼ CFM ⋅ ΔP
V 2 CFM 2
ΔP = ⎛⎝ f ---- + C o⎞⎠ ------ ∼ ⎛⎝ ------------ ⎞⎠
L
D 2 A
2 3
W ∼ CFM ( CFM ) ∼ ( CFM )
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Chapter 9—Duct and Pipe Sizing⏐131
n Q 2400 2400
η s = ------------
3⁄4
- = ---------------------------- = 1540
3⁄4
H ( 360 )
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The discharge gage, which is 22 ft above the pump center-
line, reads 180 psi. If the pump and motor combined effi-
ciency is 60%, calculate the necessary input to the motor
in kilowatts.
( 180 ) ( 144 )
H d = ---------------------------- + 22 = 437 ft; H S = +40 ft
62.4
1 1 3
ρ = ------------ = ---------------- = 60.9 lb/ft
ν 165° 0.0164
–3
Qρh m· h ( 9250 ) ( 82 ,300 ) ( 10 )
BHP = ----------- = ------- = ----------------------------------------------------------- = 0.05 hp
η η ( 60 ) ( 12 ) ( 0.65 ) ( 33 ,000 )
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the supply tank is below the centerline of the pump?
Assume atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psi.
c. If a capacity of 400 gpm is desired, what would be
the speed ratio n2/n1 for the same pump, density of
fluid, and system?
d. Should a backward- or forward-curved blade pump
be chosen? Would you make arrangements for a
priming system for the pump?
Solutions to
Chapter 10
LIFE-CYCLE COSTS
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
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Chapter 10—Life-Cycle Costs⏐135
n
(1 + i) – 1
S = R --------------------------- = R ( CAF )
i
10
( 1 + 0.11 ) – 1
S = 1000 --------------------------------------
0.11
S = $16,722
n
(1 + i) – 1
- = R ⎛ -----------
1 -⎞
P = R --------------------------
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n ⎝ CRF⎠
i( + i )
20
( 1 + 0.08 ) – 1
$100,000 = R --------------------------------------------
20
-
( 0.08 ) ( 1 + 0.08 )
R = $10,185
10.8 The costs of two small heat pump units A and B are
$1000 and $1200 and the annual operating costs are $110
and $100, respectively. The interest rate is 8% and the
amortization is selected as 20 years. Compare the systems
on the basis of present worth.
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Initial Cost $1000 $1200
CRF (8%, 20 yr.) Operating Cost
= 0.10185 110 × 1/0.10185 $1080
100 × 1/0.10185 $982
Present Worth $2080 $2182
Chiller A Chiller B
Average Chiller Efficiency 0.73 kW/ton 0.63 kW/ton
Initial Cost $221,500 $240,500
Installation Cost $19,000 $19,000
Electricity Cost 6¢/kWh 5.9¢/kWh
Maintenance Costs $9,500 $10,000
Estimated Life 20 years 20 years
A B
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Y pb = --------------------------------------------- = ------------------- = 1.41 yrs.
101,480 – 88,057 $13,423
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Solutions to
Chapter 11
AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEM CONCEPTS
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 11—Air-Conditioning System Concepts⏐141
q s = q T ( SHR )
= 20 ( 12000 ) ( 0.9 )
q s = 216000 Btu/h
q s = 1.1 ( CFM ) ( t r – t s )
qs 216000
CFM = ------------------ = ------------------
1.1 ( Δt ) 1.1 ( 20 )
3
CFM = 9820 ft ⁄ min
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11.3 What are the four generic types of air systems
expressed by thermodynamic methods?
11.6 If outdoor air at 95°F dry bulb and 78°F wet bulb is
cooled to 75°F dry bulb without any dehumidification,
what will the relative humidity be?
90% RH
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= 77°F db
64°F wb
h m = 29.6 Btu/lb
From Psych. chart
q s = CFM ( 1.1 ) ( Δt )
q s ≈ CFM
and kWh ≈ CFM
kWh ≈ q s
∴Δ ( kWh ) = kWh (% reduction in load)
= 588100 ( 0.25 ) = 147000 kWh
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CFM ( ΔP t )
Hp air = ---------------------------
6350η f
q = 1.1 ( CFM ) ( Δt air )
q
CFM = ------------------------
1.1 ( Δt air )
q ( ΔP t ) q(Δ) –5
Hp air = ----------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------ = 4.09 × 10 q
6350 ( 1.1 ) ( Δt air )η f 6350 ( 1.1 ) ( 20 ) ( 0.7 )
GPM ( ΔH )
Hp w = ---------------------------
3960 ( η p )
q = GPM ( 500 ) ( Δt w )
GPM = 8 ⁄ ( 500 ) ( Δt w )
q ( ΔH ) q ( 40 ) –7
Hp w = ----------------------------------------------- = -------------------------------------------------- = 6.31 × 10 q
3960 ( 500 )Δt w ( η p ) 3960 ( 500 ) ( 40 ) ( 0.8 )
–5
Hp air × 10 q-
-------------- = 4.09
------------------------------ = 65
Hp w –7
6.31 × 10 q
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144⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
1
a) TR = -------------------------
2
-
( f ⁄ fn ) – 1
N 900
f = ------ = --------- = 15 Hz
60 60
1
f n = ------ g---
2π y
1 386
f n = ------ --------- = 3.13 Hz
2π 1
1
TR = --------------------------
2
- = 0.046
⎛ ----------⎞ – 1
15
⎝ 3.13⎠
1
b) TR = -------------------------
2
-
( f ⁄ fn ) – 1
2
( f ⁄ fn ) TR – TR = 1
2 TR + 1 0.5 + 1
( f ⁄ f n ) = ---------------- = ---------------- = 3
TR 0.5
f = 3f n
f = 3 ( 3.13 ) = 5.42
N min
f = -----------
60
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N min = 60f = 60 ( 5.42 )
N min = 325 rpm
a. 135°F (57°C)
b. 105°F (41°C)
c. 58°F (14°C)
d. 55°F (13°C)
e. 190°F (88°C)
f. 170°F (77°C)
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Chapter 11—Air-Conditioning System Concepts⏐145
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q s = 200000 = M da C p ( t B – t D ) = M da ( 0.244 )(76 – 60)
M da = 51230 lb/h
MW ( 50000 ⁄ 1054 )
D: W D = W B – ---------- = 0.010 – ----------------------------------- = 0.0091
M da 51230
D: 60°F db, 56.8°F wb, h D = 24.3
b) SHR = q s ⁄ ( q s + q L ) = 200000 ⁄ 250000 = 0.8
q L = 20000 Btuh
q s = 60000 Btuh
t r = 70°F
t OA = 40°F
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qs 60000
M da = ------------------------- = --------------------------------------- = 7748 lb/h
Cp ( ts – tr ) 0.242 ( 102 – 70 )
or 1853 cfm
q HC = mCp ( t s – t x ) = 7748 ( 0.242 ) ( 102 – 53.7 )
= 90563 Btu/h
M W, AS = M ( W s – W m ) = 7748 ( 0.0088 – 0.0057 ) = 24 lb/h
75°Fdb
65°Fwb 65°F, 40% RH, h 2 = 21.4, W 2 = 0.0053, v = 13.335
h 1 = 30 ( 800 ) ( 60 )
M da = ------------------------- = 3600 lb/h
13.335
w 1 = 0.0109
11.16 In an air-conditioning unit 6000 cfm at 80°F dry a. Cooling capacity of the air-conditioning unit, tons
bulb, 60% RH, and standard atmospheric pressure, enter b. Rate of water removal from the unit, lb/h
the unit. The leaving condition of the air is 57°F dry bulb c. Sensible heat load on the conditioner, Btu/h
and 90% RH. Calculate d. Latent heat load on the conditioner, Btu/h
e. Dew point of the air leaving the conditioner, °F
6000 × 60
M da = ------------------------ = 26100 lb/h
13.8
a) M da h 1 – M da h 2 – M da ( W 1 – W 2 )h 3 + q c = 0
26100 [ 33.8 – 23.4 – ( 0.0132 – 0.009 )25 ] = – q c
q c = – 268700 Btu/h = 22.4 tons
b) M c = M da ( W 1 – W 2 ) = 26100 ( 0.0132 – 0.009 ) = 109.6 lb/h
c) q s = M da C p ( t 1 – t 2 ) = 26100 ( 0.244 ) ( 80 – 57 ) = 146470 Btu/h
= 12.2 tons
d) q L = M c ( 1076 ) = 109.6 ( 1076 ) = 117930 Btu/h = 9.8 tons
e) Dew Point = 54°F
11.17 A space in an industrial building has a winter a. Temperature of the air entering the preheater
sensible heat loss of 200,000 Btu/h and a negligible latent b. Temperature of the air entering the space to be heated
heat load (latent losses to outside are made up by latent c. Heat supplied to preheat coil, Btu/h
gains within the space). The space is to be maintained at d. Heat supplied to reheat coil, Btu/h
75°F and 50% RH. Due to the nature of the process, 100% e. Quantity of make-up water added to adiabatic satura-
outdoor air is required for ventilation. The outdoor air tor, gpm
conditions can be taken as saturated air at 20°F. The f. Temperature of the spray water
amount of ventilation air required is 7000 cfm and the air g. Show the processes and label points on the psychro-
is to be preheated, humidified with an adiabatic saturator,
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metric diagram
and then reheated. The temperature out of the adiabatic
saturator is to be maintained at 60°F dry bulb. Calculate:
r: 75°Fdb, 50% RH; W r = 0.0093, h r = 28.2
OA: 20°Fdb, 100% RH; W OA = 0.002152, h OA = 7.106
Leaving adiabatic saturator: t = 60°Fdb, W = 0.0093
∴wb = 57°F
Leaving preheater: W = 0.002152, WB = 57°F
∴t = 91°Fdb
a) Entering preheater, t = 20°Fdb
b) q s = 200000 = 1.1 cfm ( t s – t r ) = 1.1 ( 7000 ) ( t s – 75 )
t s = 101.5°F
c) q ≅ 1.1 ( 7000 ) ( 91 – 20 ) = 536760 Btu/h (preheat)
d) q ≅ 1.1 ( 7000 ) ( 101.5 – 60 ) = 313740 Btu/h (reheat)
g)
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b. What flow rate is required in order to maintain the
space temperatures?
c. If a mixture of 50% return air and 50% outdoor air at
36.1°C (97°F) and 60% RH enters the air condi-
tioner, what is the refrigeration load?
70000
a) SHR = ------------------------------------ = 0.70
70000 + 30000
Using protractor on Psych. chart: t = 49°F db, W = 0.0074 at 100% RH
b) q s = M da ( 0.244 ) ( 77 – 49 ) = 70000; M da = 10246 lb/h
c) r: 77°F db, 50% RH; W r = 0.010, h r = 29.4
OA: 97°F db, 60% RH; W OA = 0.023, h OA = 48.7
m: W m = 0.5 ( 0.01 ) + 0.5 ( 0.023 ) ; h m = 0.5 ( 29.4 ) + 0.5 ( 48.7 )
W m = 0.0165 ; h m = 39.05
s: 49°F db, 100% RH; W s = 0.0074, h s = 19.8
M da [ h m – h s – ( W m – W s )h f49° ] = – q
q = – 10246 [ 39.05 – 19.8 – ( 0.0165 – 0.0074 )17 ]
= – 195650 Btu/h = – 57.3 kW
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Chapter 11—Air-Conditioning System Concepts⏐149
a) Article 12.8.1
b) Article 12.3.1
c) Article 12.5
d) Article 12.4
e) Article 12.3.2
f) Article 12.7.2
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1150000
CFM s = --------------------------------- = 19000 scfm
1.1 ( 130 – 75 )
H L × DD × 24 1570000 × 4900 × 24 9
a) E = ---------------------------------- × C D = --------------------------------------------------- × 0.6 = 1.385 × 10 Btu
Δt × k × v ( 75 – ( – 5 ) ) × 1 × 1
= 405800 kWh
9
1.385 × 10 Btu
b) Cost = ------------------------------------- × $1.60/gal = $17600
126000 Btu/gal
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150⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
11.23 To provide comfort conditions for a general office Summer: Sensible space heat gain is 101,200 Btu/h
building, 38 ft by 80 ft by 8 ft, an air-treating unit consist- at design conditions. Latent load is due entirely to the
ing of cooling coil, heating coil, and humidifier is occupancy. The minimum supply air temperature from
provided for this space with the flow diagram as shown. the cooling coil is 58°F.
Ninety people are normally employed doing light a. Determine the fan size (scfm) needed to provide
work while seated. The building is in Kansas City, sufficient air
Missouri. Fan operation is constant all year long. b. Size the heating unit needed, Btu/h
Winter: Sensible space heat loss is 189,000 Btu/h at c. Size the cooling coil needed, Btu/h
design conditions, latent load is negligible. Maximum d. Size the humidifier, gal/h
supply air temperature is 155°F.
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b) Winter SCFM on T OA + SCFM r T r = SCFM T T m
1350 ( 6 ) + 3250 ( 72 ) = 4600 T m ; T m = 52.6°F
SCFM O W O + SCFM ⋅ W r = SCFM T W m
1350 ( 0.001074 ) + 3250 ( 0.0042 ) = 4600 W m ; W m = 0.0033
Q s = 4600 ( 1.10 ) ( 109.4 – 52.6 ) = 287400 Btu/h
Q L = 4600 ( 4840 ) ( 0.0042 – 0.0033 ) = 20000 Btu/h
Furnace size = 307400 Btu/h ( say 300000 )
c) Summer s: T s = 58°F, φ s = 100%, W s = 0.0104, h s = 25.2
Ms 90 ( 255 ) ⁄ 1100
r: T r = 78°F, W r = W s + ------- = 0.0104 + ------------------------------------ = 0.0114
Ma 60
46000 × ----------
13.3
m: 1350 ( 0.013 ) + 3250 ( 0.0114 ) = 4600 W m ;W m = 0.0119
1350 ( 96 ) + 3250 ( 78 ) = 4600 T m ;T m = 83.3°F h m = 33.2
M a [ h m – h s – ( W m – W s )h f ] + Q c = 0
4600
------------ ( 60 ) [ 33.2 – 25.2 – ( 0.0119 – 0.0104 )26 ] = – Q c
13.3
Q c = – 165200 Btu/h A/C size
4600 60 1
d) M c = ------------ × ---------- ( 0.0042 – 0.0033 ) = 2.24 or 2 ------------- Humidifier
13.3 8.33 4 gph
* Note: different outside design conditions may be selected.
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Chapter 11—Air-Conditioning System Concepts⏐151
11.24 A view of the air-conditioning system for a build- 1. Supply airflow, lb/h
ing in Denver, Colorado (elevation = 5000 ft; barometric 2. Supply airflow, cfm
pressure = 12.23 psi), is given. Outside air at the rate of
3. Relative humidity at return, %
2500 cfm is required for ventilation. Other conditions at
summer design are 4. Size of cooling unit, Btu/h
Space Loads 5. Latent component of (4)
Sensible = 410,000 Btu/h 6. Sensible component of (4)
Latent = 220,000 Btu/h
7. Sensible cooling load due to outside air, Btu/h
Outside Air: 91°F, 30% RH
For an indoor design temperature of 78°F, determine
410000
1. Q s = m a c p ( t r – t s ) ⇒ m a = ------------------------------------ = 73060 lb/h
0.244 ( 78 – 55 )
73060
2. v· = m a v = --------------- × 13.33 = 16230 cfm @ s: P w = P w, s = 0.2141
60
0.2141
W s = 0.622 ------------------------------ = 0.0110
12.28 – 2.41
h s = 0.24 ( 58 ) + 0.011 ( 1061 + 0.444 – 59 ) = 25.23
Q L ⁄ 1100 220000 ⁄ 1100
3. W r = W s + ----------------------- = 0.0110 + ---------------------------------- = 0.01874 lb v ⁄ lb a ; P w, s = 0.47511 psia
Ma 73060
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Pw Pw 0.26432
w = 0.622 ---------------- = 0.01374 = 0.622 -------------------------- ⇒ P w = 0.26432 psia ; φ = ------------------- × 110 = 55.6%
P – Pw 12.23 – P w 0.47511
h r = 0.240 ( 78 ) + 0.01374 ( 1061 + 0.444 × 78 ) = 33.74
4. m O = 2500 × 60 ⁄ 13.33 = 11250 lb/h ; P w = 0.72113 ; P w = 0.30 ( 0.72113 ) = 0.21634
1 s0 10
0.21634
W O = 0.622 --------------------------------------- = 0.0112 ;h o = 0.240 ( 91 ) + 0.0112 ( 1061 + 0.444 × 91 ) = 34.18
12.23 – 0.21634
h m = [ ( 11250 ) ( 34.18 ) + ( 73060 – 11250 ) ( 33.74 ) ] ⁄ 73060 = 33.80 Btu/lb a
W m = [ ( 11250 ) ( 0.0112 ) + ( 73060 – 11250 ) ( 0.01374 ) ] ⁄ 73060 = 0.1335 lb v ⁄ lb a
m a [ h m – h s – ( W m – W s )h c ] + Q c = 0
73060 [ 33.80 – 25.23 – ( 0.01335 – 0.0110 ) ( 23.07 ) ] = – Q c = 622200 Btu/h
5. Q L ≅ 4840 × CFM × ΔW = 4840 × 16230 × ( 0.01335 – 0.0110 ) = 184600 Btu/h
c
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Solutions to
Chapter 12
SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
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Chapter 12—System Configurations⏐155
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12.5
a. Why do some VAV systems also use dual-duct or
reheat features?
b. In your own words, describe the operating sequence
of the zone or terminal control of
1. A VAV system
2. A VAV reheat system
3. A dual-duct VAV system
a) 1) The dual duct or reheat provides false loading, which keeps the airflow high enough
to assure adequate ventilation and air circulation rate.
2) A VAV system alone cannot handle a heating load.
b) 1) VAV system: As the space cooling load decreases, the space thermostat closes a supply air
damper, reducing the flow of conditioned air to the space. Most systems have a lower limit
setting to assume adequate ventilation and air circulation, below which there is no room
temperature control.
2) VAV reheat system: Similar to (1) above except that when the load falls below the minimum
airflow setting, the reheat valve opens and reheats the minimum volume flow air to prevent
overcooling and maintain room temperature control at all times.
3) Dual-duct VAV system: Similar to (1) above except that when the load falls below the
minimum airflow setting, the warm duct damper starts modulating open mixing warm air
with the conditioned air in increasing amounts to prevent overcooling and
maintaining temperature control at all times.
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156⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
The outdoor air make-up air-conditoning unit (primary air unit [12.6.1])
provides a constant volume of outdoor ventilating air and is used in conjunction
with VAV systems. It also simplifies the design of the system for the space with
no outside air entering the space conditioning unit there is danger of freezing,
no ventilation control dampers, no return air fan, and the cooling coil usually
operates dry, reducing the likelihood of microbial growth in the system.
No. Because when the room thermostat turns the fan coil unit off, untreated
ventilation air can enter the sapce, causing discomfort and sometimes freeze damage
or microbial growth. Also, the quantitiy of ventilation air is not controllable because
of varying pressure differentials resulting from chimney effects and wind variations.
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Vertical units can be mounted under windows in extremely cold climates,
providing better heating performance, and horizontal models overhead and
above ceilings can create problems related to condensate collection and disposal,
mixing of return air from other rooms, leakage of pans causing damage to ceilings,
difficulty of access for maintenance and service, and IAQ concerns.
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Dry Bulb, Enthalpy h, W, ma,
Point φ, % SCFM
35 17,050 26.72 – 34.10
°F Btu/lb lb/lb lb/h
40 19,650 30.78 – 39.30 ≤ 4,500
OA 3 100 1.699 .00092 37200 550×15=8250 *
50 24,715 34.22 – 49.43
r 72 30 22.7 .005 8400 1850 66 32,815 48.13 – 65.63
≤ 6,000
10100 80 39,375 56.88 – 78.75
m 16 94 5.57 .0017 45600 (all modules)
100 50,180 73.44 – 100.4
s 130 5.3 36.8 .005 45600 10100
* Actual face area varies with unit coil type.
Pw 0.119
W s = 0.005 = 0.622 ----------------------- ; P w = 0.119 ; P w, s = 2.2256 ; φ = ---------------- × 100 = 5.3
14.7 – P w 2.2256
h s = 0.240 ( 130 ) + 0.005 [ 1061 + 0.444 ( 130 ) ] = 36.79
Q s = 645000 = 0.244M a ( 130 – 72 ) ; M a = 45600 lb/h = 10100 cfm
37200 ( 1.699 ) + 8400 ( 22.7 )
h m = ------------------------------------------------------------------- = 5.57
45600
37200 ( 0.00092 ) + 8400 ( 0.005 ) Pw
w m = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.00167 = 0.622 ----------------------- ; P w = 0.039
45600 14.7 – P w
37200 ( 3 ) + 8400 ( 72 ) 0.039
t m = ---------------------------------------------------- = 15.7°F; P w, s = 0.042 ; φ = ------------- 100 = 94%
45600 0.042
45600 [ 36.8 – 5.57 – ( 0.0017 – 0.005 ) ( 60 – 32 ) ] + Q h = 0 ; Q h = 1428000 Btu/h Problem 12.12
M h = ( 45600 ( 0.005 – 0.0017 ) ) ⁄ 8.33 = 18 gph continued on
next page.
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ble heat loss of 112,000 Btu/h while interior SPACE 2 has
a net sensible heat gain of 23,500 Btu/h. At summer
design outdoor conditions of 95°F db and 75°F wb,
SPACE 1 has a design sensible heat gain of 67,000 Btu/h
while SPACE 2 experiences a design sensible heat gain of 112000
Winter: CFM 1 = ------------------------------------ = 1850
49,000 Btu/h. Interior design temperatures of both spaces 1.10 ( 130 – 75 )
is 75°F, all year long. Duct pressure drop is 3.1 in. water. 23500
Outside air requirement is 1400 cfm. CFM 2 = --------------------------------- = 1260
1.10 ( 75 – 58 )
Calculate the size of 67000
a. Fan (scfm, pressure, motor horsepower) Summer: CFM 1 = --------------------------------- = 3580
1.10 ( 75 – 58 )
b. Heating coil (Btu/h).
49000
CFM 2 = --------------------------------- = 2620
1.10 ( 75 – 58 )
6200 ( 3.1 ) ( 62.4 ) ( 60 )
a) FAN: hp = v· ΔP = --------------------------------------------------- = 3 hp 6200 SCFM 3.1 in. Hg
( 12 )778 ( 2545 )
b) 1.10 ⋅ x 1 ( 130 – 75 ) = 112000 + 1.10 ( 3580 – x 1 ) ( 75 – 58 ) ;to 60.5x 1 = 112000 + 66950 – 18.7x 1
x 1 = 2259 cfm
1.10 ⋅ x 2 ( 130 – 75 ) = – 23500 + 1.10 ( 2620 – x 2 ) ( 75 – 58 ) ;to 60.5x 2 = – 23500 + 48994 – 18.7x 2
x 2 = 322 cfm
CFM Hc = 2259 + 322 = 2581
4800 ( 75 ) + 1400 ( 0 ) 3 ( 2545 )
t m = ------------------------------------------------- = 58.2 ; t f = 58.2 + -------------------------------------------------------- = 58.3°F
6200 ( 0.24 )6200 ( 60 ) ⁄ 13.33
Q Hc = 1.10 × 2581 ⋅ ( 130 – 58.3 ) = 200000 Btu/h
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Chapter 12—System Configurations⏐159
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h m = 0.240 ( 80 ) + 0.0102 ( 1096.4 ) = 31.7 Btu/lb
CONDITION OF AIR LEAVING COOLING COIL:
50°F, RH = 100%; p v = p v, s = 0.178 psia
W cc = 0.622 ( 0.178 ) ⁄ ( 14.7 – 0.178 ) = 0.00762 lb v ⁄ lb a
h cc = 0.240 ( 50 ) + 0.00762 ( 1083.3 ) = 20.25 Btu/lb
SUPPLY AIR CONDITION:
W s = W f = W cc = 0.00762 lb v ⁄ lb a
m a = m s ⁄ ( W r – W s ) = 42 ⁄ ( 0.0102 – 0.00762 ) = 16300 lb/h
t s = t r – Q ⁄ [ m a c p ], where c p = 0.244 Btu/lb °F for moist air
78 – 85000 ⁄ ( 0.244 ) ( 16300 ) = 56.6°F
COIL SIZES (RATINGS)
Q cc = – 16300 [ 31.7 – 20.25 – ( 0.0114 – 0.00762 ) ( 18 ) ] = – 185500 Btu/h
Q rh = 16300 ( 0.244 ) ( 56.6 – 52 ) = 18300 Btu/hr = 5.4 kW (can probably get by with 5 kW heater)
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160⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
12.15 A small commercial building located in St. Louis, Zone 2 (an interior space)
Missouri is to be conditioned using a variable air volume Winter inside temperature = 78°F
(VAV) system with reheat, as shown in the following Winter design heat loss = 40,000 Btu/h (a gain)
sketch. At this stage of the process, preliminary sizing of Summer inside temperature = 78°F
the central cooling unit, of the reheaters, and of the fan Summer design heat gains = 220,000 Btu/h (sensible)
(scfm) is to take place. There are four zones (separately and 71,000 Btu/h (latent)
thermostated spaces) in the building. Supply air from the Zone 3 (an interior space)
cooling coil is maintained at 55°F during the summer and Winter inside temperature = 78°F
58°F during the winter. Relative humidity off the coil is Winter design heat loss = 115,000 Btu/h (a gain)
approximately 90% in both cases. Minimum outside air Summer inside temperature = 78°F
of 4000 scfm is maintained at all times (just don’t ask Summer design heat gains = 140,000 Btu/h (sensible)
how). The VAV boxes are not to be cut back beyond 50% and 42,000 Btu/h (latent)
of rated flow. The design conditions and calculated Zone 4
design load for each zone are as follow: Winter inside temperature = 72°F
Zone 1 Winter design heat loss = −180,000 Btu/h (a loss)
Winter inside temperature = 72°F Summer inside temperature = 78°F
Winter design heat loss = −55,000 Btu/h (a loss) Summer design heat gains = 210,000 Btu/h (sensible)
Summer inside temperature = 78°F and 52,500 Btu/h (latent)
Summer design heat gains = 124,000 Btu/h (sensible)
and 31,000 Btu/h (latent)
1. Determine required airflow rates [ Q s = 1.10 × CFM s × Δt ]
124000
CFM 1 = --------------------------------- = 4901
1.10 ( 78 – 55 )
220000
CFM 2 = --------------------------------- = 8696
1.10 ( 78 – 55 )
140000 115000
CFM 3 = --------------------------------- = 5534 [check CFM 3 = --------------------------------- = 5288]
1.10 ( 78 – 55 ) 1.10 ( 78 – 58 )
210000
CFM 4 = --------------------------------- = 8300
1.10 ( 78 – 55 )
FAN → 27431 SCFM ⇒ 123750 lb/h
2. Summer (55°F, 90%)
Σm w
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( 31000 + 71000 + 42000 + 51500 ) ⁄ 1100
W r = W s + ----------- = 0.0083 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.0097
ma 123750
t r = 78°F ⇒ φ r = 48% [Plenty low, could reset t s to higher value]
t m = [ 4000 ( 94 ) + ( 27431 – 4000 ) ( 78 ) ] ⁄ 27431 = 80.3
W m = [ 4000 ( 0.0144 ) + ( 27431 – 4000 ) ( 0.0097 ) ] ⁄ 27431 = 0.0104
Q cc = 27431 [ 1.10 ( 80.3 – 55 ) + 4840 ( 0.0104 – 0.0083 ) ] = 27431 [ 27.83 + 10.16 ] = 1042000 Btu/h
Cooling coil → 1042 Mbh
* Note:Other outdoor design conditions could be selected.
3. Winter reheater discharge temperature
55000
( t m ) 1 = 72 + ----------------------------------------- = 92.4°F
1.10 ( 4901 × 0.5 )
– 40000
( t m ) 2 = 78 + ----------------------------------------- = 69.6°F
1.10 ( 8696 × 0.5 )
– 115000
( t m ) 3 = 78 + ----------------------------------------- = 40.2°F < 58 ∴ no reheating
1.10 ( 5534 × 0.5 )
180000
( t m ) 4 = 72 + ----------------------------------------- = 111.4°F
1.10 ( 8300 × 0.5 )
REHEATERS
( Q m ) 1 = 1.10 ( 4901 × 0.5 ) ( 92.4 – 58 ) = 93000 Btu/h
( Q m ) 2 = 1.10 ( 8696 × 0.5 ) ( 69.6 – 58 ) = 55700 Btu/h
( Qm )3 = 0 none needed
( Q m ) 4 = 1.10 ( 8300 × 0.5 ) ( 111.4 – 58 ) = 244000 Btu/h
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Chapter 12—System Configurations⏐161
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USE
116000 215000
CFM 1s = --------------------------------- = 5270 CFM 1w = ------------------------------------ = 3370 CFM = 5270
1.10 ( 78 – 58 ) 1.10 ( 130 – 72 )
290000 110000
CFM 2s = --------------------------------- = 13180 CFM 2w = --------------------------------- = 5000 CFM = 13180
1.10 ( 78 – 58 ) 1.10 ( 72 – 58 )
190000 171000
CFM 3s = --------------------------------- = 8640 CFM 3w = ------------------------------------ = 2620 CFM = 8640
1.10 ( 78 – 58 ) 1.10 ( 130 – 72 )
Fan CFM = 27090
27090
M a = --------------- 60 = 122000 lb/h
13.33
27090 ( 2 ) ( 0.0361 )144 ( 60 )
W = ----------------------------------------------------------------- = 13.1 Hp
778 ( 0.65 )2545
Summer t o = 94 ;to W o = 0.0144 ;to t r = 78 ;to t s = 58, φ s = 100% (max) ⇒ W s = 0.0104
( 43000 + 59000 + 39000 ) ⁄ 1100
W r = 0.0104 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = 0.0115 and 78° ⇒ φ r ≅ 55% ok
122000
6000 ( 94 ) + 21090 ( 78 ) 6000 ( 0.0144 ) + 21090 ( 0.0115 )
t m = ------------------------------------------------------- = 81.5°F W m = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.0121
27090 27090
13.1 ( 2545 )
t f = 81.5 + ------------------------------------ = 82.6°F W f = 0.0121
122000 ( 0.244 )
CFM cc ( max ) = 27090 ( since all zones peak at same time ) Problem 12.16
continued on
Q cc = 27090 [ 1.10 ( 82.6 – 58 ) + 4840 ( 0.0121 – 0.0104 ) ] = 956000 Btu/h next page.
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162⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Winter zone 1 1.10CFMh1 ( 130 – 72 ) = 215000 + 1.10 ( 5270 – CFM h1 ) ( 72 – 58 ) ; CFMh1 = 3739
zone 2 1.10CFMh2 ( 130 – 72 ) = 1.10 ( 13180 – CFM h2 ) ( 72 – 58 ) – 110000 ; CFM h2 = 1174
zone 3 1.10CFMh3 ( 130 – 72 ) = 171000 + 1.10 ( 8640 – CFM h3 ) ( 72 – 58 ) ; CFMh3 = 3839
CFM h = 8752
6000 ( 3 ) + 21090 ( 72 )
t m = ---------------------------------------------------- = 56.7 ; t f = 56.7 + 1.1 = 57.8°F
27090
Humidification: W o = 0.00092 ( 3°, 100% ) ; W r = 0.005 ( 72 ;to 30% )
6000 ( 60 ) 1
M c = ----------------------- ( 0.005 – 0.00092 ) = 100 lb/h ÷ 8 --- = 13gph
13.33 3
Q h = 110 ( 1076 ) + 1.10 ( 8752 ) ( 130 – 57.8 ) = 118400 + 695100 = 813500 Btu/h
c
OA: 95°Fdb, 76°Fwb, 2000 cfm; W = 0.015, h = 39.4, v = 14.3 ; m· = 8392 lb/h
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r: 78°Fdb, 50% RH, 6000 cfm; W = 0.0102, h = 30.0, v = 13.8 ; m· = 26087 lb/h
s: 52°Fdb, 90% RH, W = 0.00745, h = 20.6, v = 13.07 ; m· = 34479 lb/h
m: 8392 ( 0.015 ) + 26087 ( 0.0102 ) = 34479 W m ; W m = 0.0114 lb/h
h m = 32.3, t m = 82°F
a) m da [ h m – h s – ( W m – W s )h f ] = q c
c
(---------------------------
4000 ) ( 60 )-
= 17391 lb/h
13.8
(---------------------------
2000 ) ( 60 -)
= 8696 lb/h
13.8
12.19 For the building and reheat system shown below, Latent design loads (moisture produced)
determine Space 1: 38 lb/h
a. Fan rating, scfm Space 2: 26 lb/h
b. Return air relative humidity at summer design
conditions, % Year-round: 10% by mass outside air required for
c. Size cooling coil, Btu/h ventilation.
d. Size reheat coils, Btu/h and scfm for each Conditions of cooling coil: 58°F, 90% RH.
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Sensible design heating loads
Space 1: 162,000 Btu/h
Space 2: 143,000 Btu/h
Summer: Outdoor 95°F dry bulb, 78°F wet bulb;
indoor 78°F.
Sensible design cooling loads
Space 1: 64,500 Btu/h
Space 2: 55,000 Btu/h
64500 55000
SCFM 1 = --------------------------------- = 2932 SCFM 2 = --------------------------------- = 2500
1.10 ( 78 – 58 ) 1.10 ( 78 – 58 )
a. Fan SCFM = 2932 + 2500 = 5432 cfm ( = 24444 lb/h )
b. 24444 ( 0.0093 ) + 38 + 26 = 24444 W r ; W r = 0.0119 ; φ r, s ≅ 58%,h r, s = 31.8
av av
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Solutions to
Chapter 13
HYDRONIC HEATING AND
COOLING SYSTEM DESIGN
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Chapter 13—Hydronic Heating and Cooling System Design⏐167
a) q = GPM ( 500 ) ( Δt )
GPM = q ⁄ 500 ( Δt )
GPM = 100 ( 12000 ) ⁄ ( 500 × 12 ) = 200 gpm
GPM ( ΔH ) 200 ( 60 )
b) Hp = -------------------------- = ------------------------ = 3.79 hp
3960 η r 3960 ( 0.8 )
Motor Hp = 5 Hp
kW 1
c) Annual Energy (kWh) = Hp × hours × 0.746 -------- × -------
Hp η m
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13.3 Calculate the size of the expansion tank for a hot Supply water temperature 210°F
water heating system of 1,200,000 Btu/h heating capacity Ambient temperature 60°F
if the tank is a closed tank with an air/water interface and Fill pressure (at tank) 30 psig
the following system parameters are known: Max. operating pressure (at tank) 35 psig
System water volume 6,000 gallons
Steel piping system material
3
v 2 = v f @ 210°F = 0.01670 ft ⁄ lb
3
v 1 = v f @ 60°F = 0.01604 ft ⁄ lb
–6
α = 6.5 × 10 in./in.°F
Δt = 210 – 60 = 150°F
Pa = 14.7 psia
P 1 = 30 + 14.7 = 44.7 psia
P 2 = 35 + 14.7 = 49.7 psia
[ ( v 2 ⁄ v 1 ) – 1 ] – 3αΔt
V t = V s ---------------------------------------------------- (from Equation 13.12)
Pa ⁄ P 1 – Pa ⁄ P2
–6
[ 0.01670 ⁄ 0.01604 – 1 ] – 3 × 6.5 × 10 × ( 150 )
V t = 6000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( 14.7 ⁄ 44.7 ) – ( 14.7 ⁄ 49.7 )
V t = 6930 gallons
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168⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
[ ( v 2 ⁄ v 1 ) – 1 ] – 3αΔt
From Equation 13.14 V t = V s ----------------------------------------------------
1 – P1 ⁄ P2
–6
[ ( 0.01670 ⁄ 0.01604 ) – 1 ] – 3 × 6.5 × 10 × 150
V t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 – 44.7 ⁄ 49.7
V t = 2280 gallons
Q ΔH Q ΔH
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0 0 400 31.21
50 .49 450 39.50
100 1.95 500 48.77
150 4.39 550 59.01
From Equation 13.16
200 7.80 600 70.22
Q = C s ΔH 250 12.19 650 82.01
Q 640 gpm 300 17.56 700 95.58
C s = ------------ = ---------- = 71.6 ----------
ΔH 80 ft 350 23.90 750 108.72
2
ΔH = ( Q ⁄ 71.6 ) 800 124.84
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Chapter 13—Hydronic Heating and Cooling System Design⏐169
13.6 In a chilled-water system, the pump is located in a est point in the system which will reduce to 5 psig when
basement equipment room with the expansion tank the water temperature reduces to 45°F.
connected to the pump suction. The pump is the lowest a. What operating pressures (p1, p2) should the expan-
point in the system and the highest point is a pipe in the sion tank be designed for?
penthouse, which is 115 feet above the pump. The b. What pump head is required?
dynamic head losses in the system are c. With the pump off and a cold (45°F) system, what is
Piping and fittings 30 ft the pressure at the pump suction? The pump dis-
Chiller 20 ft charge?
Control valve 10 ft d. With the pump on and a cold (45°F) system, what is
Cooling coil 10 ft the pressure at the pump suction? The pump dis-
charge?
When the system is filled (at 95°F ambient tempera-
ture) it is desired to have a pressure of 10 psig at the high-
P i = 10 psig @ 95°F
P f = 5 psig @ 45°F
3
P 2 = P t @ 95°F w = 62.05 lb/ft
3
P 1 = P t @ 45°F w = 62.42 lb/ft
62.05 ( 115 )
P 2 = 10 + w ( 115 ) = 10 + ---------------------------
144
P 2 = 59.5 psig ≈ 60 psig
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62.42 ( 115 )
P 1 = 5 + --------------------------- = 54.85 psig ≈ 55 psig
144
b) H = ΣH = 30 + 20 + 10 + 10 = 70 ft
c) Assume pressure at pump inlet equals the tank pressure.
(Pump off)
P x = P x = P 1 = 55 psig
2 1
d) P x = P 1 = 55 psig
1
P x = P x + wH = P x + 62.4 ⎛⎝ ---------⎞⎠
70
2 1 1 144
P x = 55 + 30.3 85 psig
2
Both vary the flow (gpm) through the controlled load as they modulate. However, from the
system perspective, the three-way valve provides a constant flow variable Δt in the system
as it modulates and the two-way valve provides a variable flow as it modulates.
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170⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
GPM = C v ΔP
C v = GPM ⁄ ΔP
q = GPM ( 500 ) ( Δt )
8 360000
GPM = ------------------- = -------------------- = 60 gpm
500 ( Δt ) 500 ( 12 )
C v = 60 ⁄ Δ5 = 26.83
( β – 3α )Δt
ΔP = ------------------------------------------------
5 ⁄ 4 ( D ⁄ ( EΔr ) ) + α
solving for 1 in. steel pipe
from Figure 13.28 ΔP @ 50°Δt = 1380 psi
P 2 = P 1 + ΔP
P 2 = 50 + 1380
P 2 = 1430 psig
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Solutions to
Chapter 14
UNITARY AND ROOM
AIR CONDITIONERS
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Chapter 14—Unitary and Room Air Conditioners⏐173
= 36,000 + ( 3 ) ( 3413 )
q rej = 46,239Btu/h
CFM = m × v
v = 14.37 ft 3 /lb ( at 95°F db and 78°F wb )
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ity of 800 ft/min, what would be the cross-sectional area
of the ductwork?
a. From the outdoors to the condenser?
b. From the condenser back to the outdoors?
a.)
A i = CFM i /v
= 4595.12/800
A i = 5.74 ft 2
CFM o = m· 2
= ( 319.77 ) ( 14.88 )
CFM o = 4758.18 ft 3 /min
A o = CFM o /v
= 4758.18/800
A o = 5.95ft 2
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174⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
a.)
To
COP a = ---------------
T – To
T o = 40 + 460 = 500°R
T = 105 + 460 = 565°R
500
COP a = ------------------------
565 – 500
COP a = 7.69 (water-cooled)
b.)
T o = 40 + 460 = 500°R
T = 105 + 460 = 575°R
500
COP a = ------------------------
575 – 500
COP a = 6.67 (air-cooled)
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cooling cycles of Problems 14.1 and 14.3 were propor-
tioned in the same relationship as the Carnot COPs of
Problem 14.3, what would be the kW per ton for the
water-cooled unit of Problem 14.3?
Short Solution:
( 1 )COP a ( air-cooled )
kW/J on = -----------------------------------------------------
COP a ( water-cooled )
6.67
= ----------
7.69
kW/J on = 0.867kW/Jon
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Chapter 14—Unitary and Room Air Conditioners⏐175
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Solutions to
Chapter 15
PANEL HEATING
AND COOLING SYSTEMS
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Chapter 15—Panel Heating and Cooling Systems⏐179
15.1 A room has a net outside wall area of 300 ft2 that has
a surface temperature of 55°F; 50 ft2 of glass with a
surface temperature of 30°F; 560 ft2 of ceiling with a
surface temperature of 70°F; and 560 ft2 with a surface
temperature of 70°F. Estimate the average unheated
surface temperature or the area-weighted mean radiant
temperature.
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Btu 2
17.5 ------------2- × 100 ft = 1750 Btu/h
h ⋅ ft
15.3 A room has 1500 ft2 of surface area and 320 ft2 is to
be heated. The average unheated surface temperature in
the room is 67°F. The air temperature in the room is 75°F.
The room is occupied by adults in light clothing at a
sedentary activity. Determine the surface temperature of
the heated panel necessary to produce comfort if the air
velocity is 20 fpm.
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Solutions to
Chapter 16
HEAT PUMP,
COGENERATION, AND
HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS
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Chapter 16—Heat Pump, Cogeneration, and Heat Recovery Systems⏐183
TH 530°R
COP h, Carnot = ------------------- = ------------------------------------- = 9.64
TH – TL 530°R – 475°R
Qh 100000 Btu/h
a. W Carnot = -------------------------------- = ---------------------------------
COP h, Carnot 9.64
Btu
= 10373 -------- = 3.0 kW
h
Qh 100000 Btu/h
W = ------------ = ---------------------------------
b. COP 3
= 33333 Btu/h = 9.8 kW
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From the table in Problem 8.13, a cooling load of 36000 Btu/h at 95°F outdoor
requires an A036 heat pump. At 2°F outdoor, this heat pump has an output of
15100 Btu/h. The heating load is 52000 Btu/h.
Supplemental heat = 52000 Btu/h – 15100 Btu/h
= 36900 Btu/h = 10.8 kW
16.3 A 100,000 ft2 building design has a design electrical must be made up by a boiler. Any shortfall in cooling by
load of 5 W/ft2. A reciprocating natural gas engine cogen- the absorber with recovered heat must be made up by the
eration plant is to serve the building. The engine-genera- boiler as input to the absorber.
tor is sized for the electrical load, with salvaged heat Compare design operating costs with hourly design
being used for heating and for driving a single-effect operating costs using conventional equipment (purchased
absorption chiller. The design heating load is 3,000,000 electricity for the building and for cooling with an electric
Btu/h. The design cooling load is 250 tons; the absorber chiller at 1.0 kW/ton, purchased gas for a boiler for heat-
requires 20,000 Btu/ton⋅h input. ing). Use $1.00 per therm, boiler efficiency of 80% for
Calculate hourly design operating costs for heating fuel cost, $0.10/kWh for purchased electricity cost.
and cooling. Any shortfall in heating from recovered heat
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Conventional Plant
Electricity ⎛ 500 kWh
-----------⎞ ( $0.10/kWh ) = $50.00/h
⎝ h ⎠
⎛ 3000000 Btu --------⎞
⎜ h ⎟
Heating ⎜ ------------------------------⎟ ( $1.00/therm ) = $30.00/h
⎜ 10 -------------- ⎟
5 Btu
⎝ therm ⎠
$80.00/h
Solutions to
Chapter 17
AIR-PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT
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Chapter 17—Air-Processing Equipment⏐187
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2. 62 db, 90% RH : w 2 = 0.0107
a) q s = 0.244 ( 85 – 62 ) = 5.61 B/lb
q L = ( 0.0124 – 0.0107 )1076 = 1.83 B/lb
b) m c = ( 0.0124 – 0.107 ) = 0.0017 lb/lb air
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r : 65 db, 40% RH; w r = 0.006, h r = 23.2 = v r = 13.45
m r = ( 18900 ( 60 ) ) ⁄ 13.45 = 84132 lb/h
m : W: 38725 ( 0.003 ) + 84312 ( 0.006 ) = ( 38725 + 84312 )w m
w m = 0.005
h f = 28 water @ 60°F
= 123037 [ ( 41.9 – 33.2 ) – ( 0.0128 – 0.005 )28 ]
1043500
= – 1043500 Btuh = m s h fg ⇒ m s = ---------------------
1000
m s = 1043 lb/h
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Chapter 17—Air-Processing Equipment⏐189
17.6 Outdoor air (8000 cfm) at 10°F dry bulb and 50%
RH enters the central apparatus of a split heating system.
It is tempered to 55°F dry bulb. Then, it flows through a
spray humidifier where the leaving sump water is main-
tained at 50°F. The spray humidifier has a performance
factor of 0.80. After leaving the humidifier, the air flows
through a steam heating coil and is heated to 70°F dry
bulb.
a. What is the final relative humidity and humidity ratio
of the air as it leaves the heating coil?
b. Assume steam at 2 psig and 90% quality is supplied
to the tempering coil, the sump water heat exchanger,
and the heating coil. How many pounds of steam per
hour should be supplied to each?
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at :10°F, 50%; W 1 = 0.00064, h 1 = 3, v 1 = 11.82
: 55°F, W 2 = 0.00064; h 2 = 14
h2 – h3 14 – h 3
E = -------------------------- = 0.80 = ------------------ ; h 3 = 17
h 2 – h f50°F 14 – 18
: W 3 = 0.00628
(a) : 70°F, W = 0.00628; h = 23.6, = 40% RH
(b) h steam = 1056 Btu/lb; Δh H O = 1056 – 18 = 1038 Btu/lb
2
60
Tempering Coil: 676.8 ( 14 – 3 ) = 7445 Btu/min × ------------ = 430 lb/h
1038
60
Sump: 676.8 ( 17 – 14 ) = 2030 Btu/min × ------------ = 117.4 lb/h
1038
60
Heat Coil: 676.8 ( 23.6 – 17 ) = 4462 × ------------ = 257.9 lb/h
1038
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190⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
h1 = 3 h 2 = 14
w 1 = 0.00064 w 2 = 0.00064
55 – t 3
E = 0.8 = ---------------------- ; t sat = 37.5
55 – 37.5
t 3 = 41°F
w 3 = w 4 = 0.00386 ; t 4 = 70°F; RH 4 = 25%
(b) Tempering Coils:to 430 lb/h from Problem 17.8
60
Heating Coil: 676.8 ( 21.2 – 14 ) = 4873 Btu/min × ------------ = 267 lb/h
1038
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17.8 Air at 105°F dry bulb (40.6°C) and 75% RH passes
through a chilled water spray. Air leaves the spray cham-
ber at 45°F dry bulb (7.2°C) saturated. How many grains
of moisture per pound of entering air are condensed?
Pv
1. 105°F db, 75% RH; φ = ----- ; P v = 0.75 ( 1.1021 ) = 0.8266
Ps
Pv
w 1 = 0.622 ---------------------- = 0.0371 lb/lb
14.7 – P v
2. 45°F db, 100% RH; w 2 = 0.0063 lb/lb
Δw = ( 0.0371 – 0.0063 ) = 0.0308 lb s /lb da × 7000 = 215.6 grains/lb da
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Chapter 17—Air-Processing Equipment⏐191
17.10 A building space is to be maintained at 70°F and b. the capacity of the heating coil, Btu/h, if
35% RH when outdoor design temperature is 10°F. 1.to the humidifier is a spray washer using recirculated
Design heat losses from the space are 250,000 Btu/h, spray water with makeup water provided at 60°F
sensible, and 45,000 Btu/h, latent. Ventilation requires 2.to the humidifier is a steam humidifier using dry,
that 1500 cfm of outdoor air be used. Supply air is to be saturated steam at 17.2 psia
at 120°F. Determine: c. the capacity of the humidifier, lb/h.
a. the amount of supply air required, lb/h, and cfm The conditioning equipment and nomenclature are
shown in the following sketch.
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250000 250000
CFM s = ------------------------------------ = 4545 cfm m a = --------------------------------------- = 20492 lb/h
1.10 ( 120 – 70 ) 0.244 ( 120 – 70 )
1500 ( 3.803 ) + 3045 ( 22.8 ) 1500 ( 0.001315 ) + 3045 ( 0.0054 )
h 1 = ---------------------------------------------------------------- = 16.5 ; w 1 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.0040 ; t 1 ≅ 51°F
4545 4545
mw 45000 ⁄ 1100
w s = w r + ------- = 0.0054 + ------------------------------- = 0.0074 ; t s = 120 ; h s = 37.1
ma 20492
h 2 + ( w 3 – w 2 )h h – h 3 = 0
(b)1. h 2 = 37.1 – ( 0.0074 – 0.00405 ) ( 28 ) = 37.0
t 2 = 135.2°F
(b)2. h 2 = 37.1 – ( 0.0074 – 0.00405 ) ( 1153.4 ) = 33.2
t 2 = 119°F
(b)1. Q = m ( h 2 – h 1 ) = 20492 ( 37 – 16.5 ) = 420000 Btuh
(b)2. Q = m ( h 2 – h 1 ) = 20492 ( 33.2 – 16.5 ) = 342000 Btuh
(c) H = m ( w 3 – w 2 ) = 20492 ( 0.0074 – 0.00405 ) = 68.6 lb/h
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40 – ( – 2 )
(b) E s = ----------------------- x100 = 57%
72 – ( – 2 )
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Chapter 17—Air-Processing Equipment⏐193
17.13 The HVAC system for a hospital operating room mine: (a) the necessary size of heating unit (Btu/h) both
which requires 100% outside air is shown in the follow- with and without the energy recovery unit and (b) the
ing figure and includes an air-to-air heat pipe energy humidifier size (gallons/ day). Neglect fan effects.
recovery unit having a sensible effectiveness of 73%. The 2. At summer design conditions (Indoor: 78°F;
air leaving the cooling coil is maintained at 58°F, 90% Outdoor: 95°F db/76°F wb), the space cooling loads
RH, all year long. During winter operation, air leaves the are 146,000 Btu/h (sensible) and 79,000 Btu/h
heater at 130°F. Fan speed is changed between summer (latent). Determine: (a) fan size (hp & scfm), (b)
and winter operation. Design duct system pressure drop sensible coil load, Btu/h, (c) latent coil load, Btu/h,
(summer) is 3.25 in. water. and (d) necessary size of cooling unit, Btu/h, both
1. At winter design conditions (Indoor: 72°F & 30% RH; with and without the energy recovery unit. Include
Outdoor: 5°F & 100% RH) the space load is 235,000 fan effects.
Btu/h (sensible) with negligible latent load. Deter-
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same with heat pipe since cooling coil discharge is same
(b) m h = m a ( w r – w o ) = 16600 ( 0.005 – 0.00102 ) = 66 lb/h ≈ 190 gal/day
13.33
2.(a) 146000 = 0.224m a ( 78 – 58 ); m a = 29900 lb/h × ------------- ⇒ 6650 scfm
60
( 3.25 ) ( 0.036 ) ( 144 )60
W = V· ΔP = 6650 ------------------------------------------------------ = 3.4 HP
778 ( 2545 )
(b) without heat pipe unit:
3.4 ( 2545 )
t 1 = t o = 95°F; t f = 95 + ------------------------------------ = 96.2°F = t 2
29900 ( 0.0244 )
w 1 = w f = w 2 = w o = 0.015
Q s = 6650 ( 1.10 ) ( 96.2 – 58 ) = 279400 Btu/h
with
3.4 ( 2545 )
t 1 = 95 – 0.73 ( 95 – 78 ) = 82.6 ; t 2 = 82.6 + --------------------------------- = 83.8°F
29900 ( 0.244 )
Q s = 6650 ( 1.10 ) ( 83.8 – 58 ) = 188700 Btu/h
(c) with/without :w 2 = 0.015
Q L = 4840 ( 6650 ) ( 0.015 – 0.0093 ) = 183500 Btu/h
(d) with: Q T = 188700 + 183500 = 372200 Btu/h
without: Q T = 279400 + 183500 = 462400 Btu/h
19.5% savings
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Solutions to
Chapter 18
REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT
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Chapter 18—Refrigeration Equipment⏐197
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P 2 = P 3 = 158.33 psia
P 4 = P 1 = 57.795 psia
TL 460
Ideal COP = ------------------- = --------- = 6.14
TH – TL 75
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12000 ⁄ 90.82 = 132.1 lb/h/ton = 2.2 lb/min
v· = 132.1 ( 18.43 ) = 2435 cfh = 40.6 cfm
1
1) + 10°F; h f = 15.328, h g = 104.617, v f = ------------- , v g = 1.7357
83.29
3) 100°F; x = 0, h 3 = 45.155
4) h 4 = h 3 = 45.155 = 15.328 + x ( 104.617 – 15.328 ); → x = 0.334
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R-134a system to cool liquid that comes from the
condenser with vapor that flows from the evaporator. The
evaporator generates 10 tons (35.17 kW) of refrigeration
at 30°F (−1.1°C). Liquid leaves the condenser saturated at
100°F (37.8°C), vapor leaves the evaporator saturated,
and vapor leaves the heat exchanger at a temperature of
50°F (10°C). What is the flow rate of the refrigerant?
1
( 112 – 107.32 ) = ( 44.94 – h 3 )
1
h 3 = 40.26 Btu/lb
10 ( 12000 )
m = ----------------------------------------------- = 29.82 lb/min
( 107.32 – 40.26 )60
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200⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
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expected U-factor of the condenser is 130 Btu/h⋅ft2·°F
[738 W/(m2·K)], calculate the condensing area required.
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11 – 2
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Solutions to
Chapter 19
HEATING EQUIPMENT
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Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐205
⎛ ----- x-⎞
x- -----
⎝ 28 + 44⎠ 12 = 0.45 kg C; x = 0.642 kg CO, CO 2
⎛ n CO ⎞
b. P CO = P mix ⎜ -----------2⎟ = 3 ( 0.2555 ) = 0.7665 psia (5.28 kPa)
2
⎝ n mix ⎠
P O = 3 ( 0.5995 ) = 1.7985 psia (12.39 kPa)
2
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206⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
19.3 A liquid petroleum fuel, C2H6OH is burned in a b. For combustion with 80% theoretical air, determine
space heater at atmospheric pressure. the dry analysis of the exhaust gases in percentage by
a. For combustion with 20% excess air, determine the volume. [Ans: 5.94% C02, 11.04% CO, 83.02% N2]
air/fuel ratio by mass, the mass of water formed by
combustion per pound of fuel, and the dew point of
the combustion products. [Ans: 11.45, 1.34, 133.9°F]
a. Theoretical: C 2 H 6 OH + 3.25O 2 + ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 )N 2 → 2CO 2 + 3.5H 2 O + ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 )N 2
20% Excess (12.0% Theroretical):
C 2 H 6 OH + ( 1.2 ) ( 3.25 )O 2 + ( 1.2 ) ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 )N 2 → 2CO 2 + 3.5H 2 O + ( 1.2 ) ( 12.22 )N 2 + 0.65O 2
A ( 1.2 ) ( 3.25 ) ( 4.76 ) ( 29 )
--- = ------------------------------------------------------- = 11.45 lb air ⁄ lb fuel
F 2 × 12 + 6 + 16 + 1
( 3.5 ) ( 18 )
m H O = ----------------------- = 1.34 lb H O ⁄ lb fuel
2 47 2
3.5
P w = ----------------------------------------------------- ( 14.7 ) = 2.47 psia
2 + 3.5 + 14.66 + 0.65
DP = 133.9°F
b. 80% Theoretical Air:
C 2 H 6 OH + ( 0.8 ) ( 3.25 )O 2 + ( 0.8 ) ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 )N 2 → 0.7CO 2 + 1.3CO + 3.5H 2 O + ( 8.0 ) ( 3.25 ) ( 3.76 )N 2
CO 2 0.7 ÷ 11.78 = 5.94% CO 2
CO 1.3 ÷ 11.78 = 11.04% CO
9.78
N2 ------------- ÷ 11.78 = 83.02%
------------------ N 2
11.78
100.0%
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C 6 H 6 + 7.5O 2 + ( 7.5 ) ( 3.76 )N 2 → 6CO 2 + 3H 2 O + ( 7.5 ) ( 3.76 )N 2
Mol Air × lb air ⁄ mol air lb air ( 7.5 ) ( 32 ) + ( 7.5 ) ( 3.76 ) ( 28 ) lb air
------------------------------------------------------------
- = -----------
- = --------------------------------------------------------------------- = 13.25 -----------
-
Mol Fuel × lb fuel ⁄ mol fuel lb fuel ( 1 ) ( 78 ) lb fuel
Mol Air × 29- Mol Air 78 × 20
--------------------------------- = 20, ∴---------------------- = ------------------ = 53.8
Mol Fuel × 78 Mol Fuel 29
Actual Mols Air ………………………53.8
Theorical Mols Air ( 7.5 + 7.5 × 3.76 )…35.7
----------
18.1 mols excess air
C 6 H 6 + 53.8 Air → 6CO 2 + 3H 2 O + 28.2N 2 + 18.1 Air
Mol H 2 O 3
----------------------- = ---------------------------------------------- = 0.054
Mol Exh. 6 + 3 + 28.2 + 18.1
P v = 0.054 ( 14.7 ) = 0.797 psia, ΔP = 94°F
19.5 A diesel engine uses 30 lbm of fuel per hour (3.8 g/s)
when the brake output is 75 hp. If the heating value of the
fuel is 19,600 Btu/lb (45 600 kJ/kg), what is the brake
thermal efficiency of the engine?
75 hp × 2545 Btu/hp·h
η 6 = --------------------------------------------------------- × 100 = 32.5%
30 lb/h × 19 ,600 Btu/lb
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Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐207
--c- = 79 82.07
Since nitrogen is from air: ------ = 3.76, b = ------------- = 23.16
b 21 3.76
C: a = 10 + 0.52 = 10.52
H: 4a = 2d = 4 ( 10.52 ) → d = 21.04
10.52CH 4 + 23.16O 2 + 87.07N 2 → 10.0CO 2 + 0.52CO + 2.41O 2 + 21.04H 2 O + 87.07N 2
moles air ft 3 air
A ⁄ F ( by volume ) = ( 23.16 + 87.07 ) ⁄ 10.52 = 10.48 ---------------------- or ----------------
-
mole fuel ft 3 fuel
lb air
A ⁄ F ( by mass ) = [ 23.16 ( 32 ) + 87.07 ( 28 ) ] ⁄ ( 10.52 ) ( 16 ) = 18.89 ------------
lb fuel
Theoretical: CH 4 + 2O 2 + 2 ( 3.76 )N 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O + 7.52 N 2
2 ( 32 ) + 7.52 ( 28 )
A ⁄ F ( by mass ) = ------------------------------------------ = 17.16 lb a ⁄ lb f
16
18.89
% Theoretical Air = ------------- × 100 = 110.1%
17.16
18.89 – 17.16
% Excess Air = --------------------------------- × 100 = 10.1%
17.16
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chemically correct air-fuel ratio. Find
a. Moisture formed per kg of fuel; moisture formed per
lb of fuel
b. Partial pressure of the water vapor, kPa; water vapor
psia
c. Percentage of CO2 in the stack gases on an Orsat
basis
d. Volume of exhaust gases per unit mass of oil, if the
gas is at 260°C (500°F) and 102 kPa (14.8 psia).
C 16 H 32 + 24O 2 + ( 24 ) ( 3.76 )N 2 → 16CO 2 + 16H 2 O + 90.24N 2
1 mol 24 moles 90.24 moles 16 moles 16 moles 90.24 moles
224 lb or kg 768 lb 2527 lb 704 lb 288 lb 2527 lb
a. M ⁄ F = 288 ⁄ 224 = 1.286 lb m /lb fuel also 1.286 kg/kg
PH O 16
b. ------------
2
= -------------------------------------- = 0.13; PH = 0.13 ( 14.8 ) = 1.924 psia ( 133 kPa )
PT 16 + 16 + 90.24 2O
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19.10 Compute the compositions of the flue gases on a
percent by volume on dry basis (same as Orsat) resulting
from the combustion of C8H18 with 85% theoretical air.
H H
---- = 0.169 ---- = 0.169 × 12 = 2.028 = 2.03
C C
CH 2.03 + 1.5075O 2 + 5.67N 2 → CO 2 + 1.015H 2 O + 5.670N 2
x ( 1.5075 + 5.6700 )29
----------------------------------------------------- = 17; x = 1.145 or 14.5% excess
1 ( 12 + 2.03 )
CH 2.03 + 1.725O 2 + 6.49N 2 → CO 2 + 1.015H 2 O + 0.2175O 2 + 6.59N 2
1 1
a. wet CO 2 = ---------------- = 11.50% dry CO 2 = ---------------- = 12.95%
8.7225 7.7075
1.015
H 2 O = ---------------- = 11.65%
8.7225
0.2175 0.2175
O 2 = ---------------- = 2.49% O 2 = ---------------- = 2.82%
8.7225 7.7075
6.4900 6.490
N 2 = ---------------- = 74.40% N 2 = ---------------- = 24.20%
8.7225 7.7075
b. P w = 0.1165 ( 14.7 ) = 1.71 psia ( 11.8 kPa ); Dew Point = 120°F ( 49°C )
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HV = 13 ,600 Btu/lb
O2 = 5 ; H 2 = 3.9; C = 80.4; N 2 = 1.1; S = 1.1; Ash = 8.5
Dulong: HHV = 14 ,544C + 62 ,028 [ H – ( 0 ⁄ 8 ) ] + 4050S
= 14 ,544 ( 0.804 ) + 62 ,028 [ 0.39 – ( 0.05 ⁄ 8 ) ] + 4050 ( 0.011 ) = 13 ,769 Btu/lb
13 ,769 – 13 ,600
Difference: --------------------------------------- × 100 = 1.24%
13 ,600
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210⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
Table 1, pg. 28.2, 2009 HBF Natural Gas; 30% Excess Air
Methane (CH4) 93.32; Ethane (C2H6) 4.17; Propane (C3H7) 0.69
Butanes (C4H10) 0.19; Pentanes (C5H12) 0.05; CO2 0.98; N2 0.61
A ⁄ F = ( 9.57 ) ( 0.9332 ) + ( 16.75 ) ( 0.0417 ) + ( 23.95 ) ( 0.0069 ) + ( 31.14 ) ( 0.0019 ) + 38.29 ( 0.0005 )
3 3 3 3
= 9.88 ft air /ftgas at 68°F, 29.92 in. Hg = 9880 ft air /1000 ft gas
3 3 3 3
A ⁄ F at 30% excess air → A ⁄ Fa = 1.3 × 9.88 = 12.89ft air /ft gas or 12 ,890 ft air /1000 ftgas
V1 ( RT 1 ) ⁄ ( MP 1 ) T1 P2
------ = ----------------------------------
- = -----------
-
V2 ( RT 2 ) ⁄ ( MP 2 ) T2 P1
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9.7% 1.8% 71.5%
With 30% excess air 2.018 1.047CO 2 2.019H 2 O 10.0N 2 + 2.047O 2 = 15.11 Total
P w = 15.11 ( 30 in. Hg ) = 4.0 in. Hg; Dew Point = 126°F
141.5
25 = ------------------------ – 131.5
S.G./60°F Eq. (2), pg. 28.7, 2009 HBF
S.G./60°F = 0.904
No. 4 fuel oil, 25°API
C = 87.4; H = 10.7; S = 1.2; N = 0.2; Solids = 0.5
a. HHV, Btu/lb = 22 ,320 – 37 ( S.G. ) = 18 ,903 Btu/lb Eq. (3), pg. 28.7, 2009 HBF
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Table 6: No. 4 1 gal = 7.5 lb ; HV = 145 ,000 Btu/gal
b. A ⁄ F = 0.0144 ( 8C + 24H + 3S – 30 ) Eq. (6), pg. 28.10, 2009 HBF
= 0.0144 [ 8 ( 87.4 ) + 24 ( 10.7 ) + 3 ( 1.2 ) ] = 13.82 lb a /lb f
lb a ⁄ gal fuel = ( 13.82 ) ( 7.5 ) = 103.6lb a ⁄ galf
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212⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
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per gallon.
Assume that the conversion efficiency is 75% for the
oil and 61% for the coal.
2 ,750 ,000 ,000 Btu
a. - × $70.00/ton = $11, 680 coal
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13 ,500 Btu/lb × 2000 lb/ton × 0.61
2 ,750 ,000 ,000-
b. ----------------------------------- × $2.75/gal = $73 ,067 oil
138 ,000 × 0.75
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐213
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of water per hour?
Makeup air system for ventilation:
OA: –1°F db; 50% RH; Pv = 0.5(1.754 × 10–2) = 0.009; ν = 11.6
0.009
w = 0.622 ------------------------------ = 0.0004 lb ν /lb a
14.7 – 0.009
r: 70°F db; 60% RH; w = 0.0094
m w = 325 ( 475 ) ⁄ 1100 = 140.3 lb w /h lightbench work
m a = 10 ,127 ( 60 ) ⁄ 11.6 = 52 ,380 lb da /h
140.3
w s = 0.0094 – ---------------- = 0.0067 lb v /lb a
52 ,380
a. q = 52 ,380 { 0.240 [ 70 – ( – 1 ) ] + 1060 ( 0.0067 – 0.0004 ) } = 1 ,242 ,300 Btu/h
b. m H = 52 ,380 ( 0.0067 – 0.0004 ) = 330 lb/h
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214⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
a. 135°F
b. q s = 1.10 ( cfm ) ( t s – t r ) ; 89 ,000 = 1.10 ( cfm ) ( 135 – 72 )
Airflow = 1280 cfm
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b. q s = 490 ( gpm ) Δt ; 55 ,000 = 490 ( gpm )20
gpm = 5.6
c. L ≅ 90 ft from catalog for t av = 180°F
55 ,000
a. P = ---------------- = 16.1 = 16 kW
3413
b. from catalog: ∼ 250 W/ft = 852 Btu/h/ft
55 ,000
L ≅ ---------------- = 64.5 ft
852
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Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐215
q s = 1.10 ( cfm ) ( t s – t r )
a. t s = 135°F (selected)
b. 89 ,000 = 1.10 ( cfm ) ( 135 – 74 )
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Airflow rate = 1330 cfm
Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Thomson Scientific, Inc. (www.techstreet.com).
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216⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual
· · qs
a. Hot air: q s = 1.2V ( t r – t s ); V ( l ⁄ s ) = --------------------------
1.2 ( t s – t r )
·
b. Hydronic: q s = m w c p ( t in – t out ) w = ρ w V w c p ( t in – t out ) w
w w
· qs
Vw = -------------------------------------------
ρ w c p ( t in – t out ) w
w
qs
c. Steam: q s = m st h f ; m st = ------
g hf
g
P ( watt )
d. Electric: q s ( kW ) = ------------------- ; P = 1000 q s
1000
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5. Find ΔP/ft capacity of pump.
6. Select pipe sizes required.
–6
α = 6.5 ×10 in./in.
–6
ΔL = αL Δt = 6.5 ×10 ( 93 ) ( 235 – 60 ) = 0.106 ft = 1.27 in.
Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Thomson Scientific, Inc. (www.techstreet.com).
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Chapter 19—Heating Equipment⏐217
q a γ = m H O C H O Δt + m s C s Δt = ( m H O C H + m s C s ) Δt
2 2 2 2O
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
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Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Thomson Scientific, Inc. (www.techstreet.com).
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not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Solutions to
Chapter 20
HEAT EXCHANGE
EQUIPMENT
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Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Thomson Scientific, Inc. (www.techstreet.com).
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For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.
Chapter 20—Heat Exchange Equipment⏐221
NOTE: All of the problems in this chapter are open-ended design problems and require the reader to make
certain design assumptions. There are a number of possible solutions. A possible solution for 20.5 is provided below
to illustrate the open-ended nature of these design problems.
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Governing Relations:
Q = m c ( h co – h ci ) = m h ( h hi – h ho )
FΔ m, cf
Q = UAFΔt m, cf = -----------------
ΣR
where:
1
U = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
do
A ln -----
-
A - AR fi di AR fo AR c A
--------- + ---------- + ---------------- + ----------- + --------- + ---------------------------------------------
hi Ai Ai 2πkl Ao A o h o ( A plane + φA fin )
Δt a – Δt b
Δt m, cf = ----------------------
Δta
ln ⎛ ---------⎞
⎝ Δtb⎠
= 24,000 kW
Δta – Δtb
Δt m = ------------------------ or Δt avg = 293 – 283 = 10°C
Δta
ln ⎛ ---------⎞
⎝ Δtb⎠
m i = N T ρA T V
Select:
5---
in. OD
8
( D i = 13.4 mm )
( D o = 15.9 mm )
πD i2
A T = ---------- = 0.00014 m 2
4
at x = 0.1
Select:
D i VP
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Rev = 40,000 = -------------
μ
1
v x = 0.1 0.026 + 0.9 ------------ = 0.0034
1200
μ = [ 0.1 ( 12.4 + 0.9 ( 175 ) ) ]10 – 6
= 159 × 10 – 6
Inside:
⎛ h---------
i Di ρ 1/2 0.8
- = 0.26Pr l1 / 3 Re l + Rev ⎛ -----l ⎞ ⎞
⎝ K ⎝ ρ v⎠ ⎠
h i = 30,000 W/ ( m 2 ⋅ K )
Assume:
ΔT = 5
h o = 14, 500 W/ ( m 2 ⋅ K )
( 30,000 ( 20 – T s ) = 14,500 ( T s – 10 ) )
→ T s = 16.7°C
ΔT = 6.7°C
h i = 26,000 W/ ( m 2 ⋅ K )
R fo = 0.00035
1
U dirty = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1 1 -
---------------- + 0.00035 + 0.00018 + ---------------
30,000 26,000
U = 1660 w/m 2 °C
dirty
1
U clean = --------------------------------------- = 14,000 W/ ( m 2 ⋅ K )
1 1 -
---------------- + ---------------
30,000 26,000
U avg = 7800 W/ ( m 2 ⋅ K )
Use two passes where a pass equals 1.6 m; use two tubes for each pass where a tube is 5/8 in. OD.
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