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ABSTRACT: Three full scale field experiments reported by De Beer & Wallays (1972) and Esu & D’Elia
(1974) have been modeled using 3D finite element method with PLAXIS 3D. Shear box models were estab-
lished to eliminate the effect of site geometries and slope angles which were not reported in these cases. Lat-
eral movement of an unstable soil and loading of passive piles were generated by prescribed horizontal sur-
face displacements in the upper half of the shear box model. Measured field values of pile deflection, bending
moment and shear force distributions through the pile shafts were obtained with these models. In addition, the
accuracy of the 3D finite element method was compared with the accuracy of the other researchers’ predic-
tions for these field experiments. According to the analyses results in this study, it can be stated that the pro-
posed 3D models can realistically predict the measured field values. Calculation accuracy of the methodology
is verified for uniform and non-uniform horizontal soil movement profiles, different pile rigidity and pile ma-
terials, granular and cohesive soil material alternatives and different drainage conditions.
In embedded pile option of Plaxis 3D, special in- 2.2 Size of the model
terface elements are automatically defined to model In all model geometry/size/boundary determination
the interaction between the pile and the surrounding analyses, lateral deformation of the pile head was al-
soil. In this default property, Dao (2011) indicated lowed and full embedment of the pile into stable lay-
er was provided. Additionally, sufficient vertical dis- ments through the model length were evaluated as
tance was left between the end of the pile and the the percentage of residual (remaining) horizontal
bottom surface of the box to prevent the develop- displacements according to the dimension ratio
ment of undesired forces and moments at the end of (model length divided by unstable soil depth, W/H).
the pile (Fig. 3). Residual displacements were obtained as the ratio of
the horizontal movement of a point to the prescribed
horizontal movement input at the left side (Fig. 4).
In Figure 4, in the vertical axis, 100 % indicates the
prescribed movement at the left side, 0 % indicates
the fixed boundary at the right side, and as we move
at the ground surface of the model to the right, the
horizontal movements at the ground surface decrease
to some percentage of the movement prescribed at
the left side surface.
3 CASE HISTORIES
3.1 De Beer & Wallays (1972) Three dimensional model box analyses were con-
Two case studies were reported by De Beer and ducted for steel pipe pile case according to the given
Wallays (1972) in Belgium for the investigation of information and additional assumptions regarding
laterally loaded adjacent pile foundations in sandy the approximations of Chen & Poulos (1997).
soils. In one of the cases, a steel pipe pile having 28 According to the analyses results, deflection and
m length, 0.9 m diameter and 1.5 cm wall thickness bending moment distributions through pile length of
was used. Reinforced concrete pile with 23.2 m steel pipe pile case is presented in Figure 6.
length and 0.6 m diameter was used in the other
case. Spacing between the adjacent piles has not
Maximum bending moment was observed as 400
kN.m at 2 m depth. As it is seen in Figure 7, this
value is overestimating the measured field data and
also Chen & Poulos (1997) approximation. Howev-
er, more similar pile response was observed again in
lower portions of the pile with the measured data
than Chen & Poulos (1997).
5 REFERENCES