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Abstract
Statement of the problem
Introduction to microwave
(i) Microwave frequency bands in radio spectrum
Microwave transmission
Introduction to wave guides
(i) Methods of propagation
(ii) Principle of operation
(iii) Propagation modes and cut-off frequencies
Out of all the frequency ranges I find microwave to be the most interesting
microwaves? What do these have to offer, and how are they advantageous?
makes use of microwaves. Then again, what do microwaves have that makes
high frequency optical wave, although they all are based upon the same
communication.
Microwave transmission
The principles of microwave transmission cannot be derived by mere
electromagnetism.
that fall outside the scope of problems examined by the classical theory of
two dimensions.
Various Types of Wave guides
There is a similar effect in water waves constrained within a canal, or why guns
have barrels that restrict hot gas expansion to maximize energy transfer to their
bullets.
according to the inverse square law as they expand into three dimensional
Propagation
reflection, hence the interior surface of the guide should be smooth and
There are different types of waveguides for each type of wave. The
dimensions.
The power of the wave falls with the distance R from the source as the
in other words, a form of the wave. Due to the constraints of the boundary
conditions, there are only limited frequencies and forms for the wave function
certain mode can propagate is the cut off frequency of that mode.
The mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is the fundamental mode of the
shape and materials bounding the region. The usual assumption for infinitely
constant (still unknown) along the direction along which the waveguide
extends to infinity.
For a lossless case, the propagation constant might be found to take on either real
or imaginary values:-
When γ is purely real, the mode is said to be "below cutoff", since the
propagation;
"above cutoff", as the complex amplitude of the phasors does not change
with ’z’.
from the source to the load is called the transmission line. Wave propagation in
uniform plane waves exists throughout all space and the electromagnetic energy
associated with the wave spreads over a wide area. Wave propagation in the
person. The use of particular type of transmission line depends upon the
frequency, the power to be transmitted and the type of insulation. However, at
around 1 GHz and above. Wave guides have certain advantages over the co axial
It is because of the low loss factor, wave guides have edge over other kinds of
There are three transmission modes (how the wave is transmitted through the
waveguide)
1. TEM:- Transverse Electric and Magnetic waves
Uses:-
Optical fibers transmit light and signals for long distances with low
attenuation and a wide usable range of wavelengths.
Drawbacks
However, it has some problems; it is bulky, expensive to produce, and
devices.
cutoff frequency.
Conclusion
If a waveguide is compared to the microwave transmission line it is seen that
the transmission line consists of two or more conductors when waveguide
often consists of a single conductor. A transmission line supports the
transverse electromagnetic wave with zero longitudinal field components.
The transverse electromagnetic waves have a uniquely defined voltage
current and characteristics impedance. A waveguide supports the transverse
electric or transverse magnetic field along with one or both longitudinal
components.
The frequency for which the wave propagation ceases is called the cut off
frequency of the conducting plane wave guide. The cut off frequency depends
on the mode number, the separation between the two planes of the plane
waveguide and the velocity in the medium.
In case of a plane waveguide the phase velocity varies from the velocity of
the light in free space up to infinity as the frequency decreases below the
cutoff frequency.
The velocity of propagation in the waveguide is thus greater than the phase
velocity in free space. As the frequency increases over the cut off, the phase
velocity decreases from infinity and approaches to the velocity of light in free
space.
Han, CC; Hwang, Y, "Satellite antennas", in, Lo, Y T; Lee, SW, Antenna
Handbook: Volume III Applications, chapter 21, Springer, 1993 ISBN
0442015941.
Ramo, Simon; Whinnery, John R.; Van Duzer, Theodore (1994). Fields and
Waves in Communication Electronics. New York: Joh Wiley and Sons. pp.
321–324. ISBN 0-471-58551-3.