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Research
Nature and characteristics of
academic research writing
How academic research writing is different
from other academic writings?
How academic research is different from
creative writing?
Issues of generalization and sweeping
statements
Degrees of formality
Standardization and format issue
Words of caution for a researcher
Be systematic
Be logical
Authenticate what you say
Synthesize materials, citations, examples etc.
Format of a Research Proposal
1: Introduction
1.1Background of the Study
1.2 Identification of the Problem/ Research
Problem
1.3 Significance of the Research
1.4 Hypothesis/Research Questions
1.5 Aims / Objectives
1.6 Delimitations of the Study
Scope/Range in Time and Space
Population/Sample
A Specific class, group, gender, age etc.
2: Literature Review
Make sure your proposal has a to some extent comprehensive
review of the literature included. Now this idea, at first
thought, may not seem to make sense. You may hear many
students saying, "This is only the proposal. I'll do a complete
literature search for the dissertation. I don't want to waste the
time now." But, this is the time to do it. The rationale behind
the literature review consists of an argument with two lines of
analysis: 1) this research is needed, and 2) the methodology I
have chosen is most appropriate for the question that is being
asked. Now, why would you want to wait? Later on you can
add to the literature review when you're writing the final
dissertation
3: Research Methodology
3.1 Overall Research Approach/Design/Method
3.2 Instruments of Data Collection (Tests/ Questionnaires/
Interviews, etc.)
3.3 Population and Sample of the Study
3.4 Procedures of Data Collection
3.5 Measures to Analyze Data
3.6 Presentation and analysis (Tabulation, etc.)
4: References
Bibliography
Purpose of a bibliography:
To authenticate
Difference in
Endnotes
References
Bibliography
Introduction to
APA = American Psychologists Association
MLA= Modern Languages Association
Why Format?
It allows readers to cross-
reference your sources easily
and allows readers to locate the
publication information of
source material. This is of great
value for researchers who may
want to locate your sources for
their own research projects
Why Format?
Date of publication
Place of publication
Publisher