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Writing of Academic

Research
Nature and characteristics of
academic research writing
 How academic research writing is different
from other academic writings?
 How academic research is different from
creative writing?
 Issues of generalization and sweeping
statements
 Degrees of formality
 Standardization and format issue
Words of caution for a researcher

 Be systematic
 Be logical
 Authenticate what you say
 Synthesize materials, citations, examples etc.
Format of a Research Proposal
 1: Introduction
1.1Background of the Study
1.2 Identification of the Problem/ Research
Problem
1.3 Significance of the Research
1.4 Hypothesis/Research Questions
1.5 Aims / Objectives
1.6 Delimitations of the Study
 Scope/Range in Time and Space
 Population/Sample
 A Specific class, group, gender, age etc.
2: Literature Review
Make sure your proposal has a to some extent comprehensive
review of the literature included. Now this idea, at first
thought, may not seem to make sense. You may hear many
students saying, "This is only the proposal. I'll do a complete
literature search for the dissertation. I don't want to waste the
time now." But, this is the time to do it. The rationale behind
the literature review consists of an argument with two lines of
analysis: 1) this research is needed, and 2) the methodology I
have chosen is most appropriate for the question that is being
asked. Now, why would you want to wait? Later on you can
add to the literature review when you're writing the final
dissertation
3: Research Methodology
3.1 Overall Research Approach/Design/Method
3.2 Instruments of Data Collection (Tests/ Questionnaires/
Interviews, etc.)
3.3 Population and Sample of the Study
3.4 Procedures of Data Collection
3.5 Measures to Analyze Data
3.6 Presentation and analysis (Tabulation, etc.)

4: References
Bibliography
Purpose of a bibliography:
To authenticate
Difference in
 Endnotes
 References
 Bibliography
Introduction to
 APA = American Psychologists Association
 MLA= Modern Languages Association
Why Format?
 It allows readers to cross-
reference your sources easily
and allows readers to locate the
publication information of
source material. This is of great
value for researchers who may
want to locate your sources for
their own research projects
Why Format?

 It provides consistent format


within a discipline which
helps your reader understand
your arguments and the
sources they’re built on.
 It also helps you keep
track of your sources as
you build arguments.
Why Format?
 It gives you credibility as
a writer
 It protects you from
plagiarism
When Should You Use Parenthetical
Citations?
 When quoting any words that are not
your own
 Quoting means to repeat another source
word for word, using quotation marks
When Should You Use Parenthetical
Citations?
 When summarizing facts and ideas from a
source
 Summarizing means to take ideas from a large
passage of another source and condense them,
using your own words
 When paraphrasing a source
 Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another
source but change the phrasing into your own
words
Keys to Parenthetical Citations
Readability
 Keep references brief
 Give only information
needed to identify the
source on your Works
Cited page
 Do not repeat
unnecessary information
Handling Quotes in Your Text
 Author’s last name, year of publication
and page number(s) of quote must appear
in the text
Romantic poetry is characterized by the
“spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”
(Wordsworth: 1958, 263).
Handling Long Quotations
David becomes identified and defined by James Steerforth, a young man
with whom David is acquainted from his days at Salem House. Before
meeting Steerforth, David accepts Steerforth’s name as an authoritative
power:
There was an old door in this playground, on which the boys had a
custom of carving their names. . . . In my dread of the end of the
vacation and their coming back, I could not read a boy’s name,
without inquiring in what tone and with what emphasis he would
read, “Take care of him. He bites.” There was one boy—a certain
J. Steerforth—who cut his name very deep and very often, who I
conceived, would read it in a rather strong voice, and afterwards
pull my hair.
(Writer, year: page)
APA Format of Referencing
What is to be included?
Reference for a book:
 Author’s name (Last name first)

 Date of publication

 Name of the book

 Place of publication

 Publisher

 Rosenthal, R. (1987) Meta-analytic procedures


for social research. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Book Reference: What else?

 If the book is a collection of articles by


different writers:

 Henson, K.T 1996 Teacher as researchers.


In J. Sikula, (ed.). Handbook of Research
on Teacher Education. (2nd edition) New
York: Macmillan
Article Reference

 Mellers, B.A. (2000) Choice and the relative


pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin,
126, 910-924.

 Aside: Notice no place of publication or publisher.


Daily Newspaper Article

 Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30) Obesity


affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Encyclopedia or dictionary

 Sadie, S. (Ed.) (1980) The new Grove


dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed.,
Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan
Reference from Book Reviews

 Kraus, S. J. (1992) Visions of psychology: A


video of classic studies [Review of the motion
picture Discovering Psychology].
Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1146-1147.
Motion picture

 Scorese, M. (Producer), & Longern, K.


(Writer/Director) (2000)
 You can count on me [motion picture] United
States: Paramount Pictures.
Reference from Internet

 Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7) Cultivating


positive emotions to optimize health and well-
being. Retrieved November 20, 2000 from
http:// journals. Apa. Org/
prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Where Do I Find MLA Format?
 MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research
Papers, 5th ed.
 www.mla.org
Works Cited: Some Examples
 Book
Byatt, A. S. Babel Tower. New York: Random House,
1996.
 Article in a Magazine

Klein, Joe. “Dizzy Days.” The New Yorker 5 Oct.


1998: 40-45.
 Web page

Poland, Dave. “The Hot Button.” Roughcut. 26 Oct.


1998. Turner Network Television. 28 Oct. 1998
<www.roughcut.com>.
Good Luck for Your
Research work

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