526 Material transport during metamorphism

𝜕𝑚𝑠 𝜕(𝜙𝐶𝑠 )
∆𝑥𝐴 = ∆𝑥𝐴 (21.40)
𝜕 𝜕𝑡

Equation (21.40) gives the rate of mass accumulation or loss within

the block, and is thus equivalent to Eq. (21.38). Setting these two
equations equal yields the final result

𝜕(∅𝐶𝑠 ) 𝜕(𝑣̅𝑥 𝜙𝐶𝑠 )

= (21.41)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

Which we can solve to investigate how the mass of species s

changes with time due to advection of fluid through rock. For
Fig.21.13 control volume of length Δx and cross-sectional area A, advection in three dimensions, we write an expressions analogous
𝑀𝐿 is the total mass flux of chemical species (mole 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 −1 ) to Eq. (5.11)
entering the volume from the left due to fluid advection, and 𝑀𝑔 is
𝜕(𝜙𝐶𝑠 ) 𝜕(𝑣̅𝑥 𝜙𝐶𝑠 ) 𝜕(𝑣̅𝑦 𝜙𝐶𝑠 ) 𝜕(𝑣̅𝑧 𝜙𝐶𝑠 )
the mass flux leaving on the right. The flux per area across the = − − (21.42)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
plane in the center of the volume (dashed outline) is given by
𝑣̅𝑥 ∅𝐶𝑠 (mole 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎−1 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 −1 ). The total mass flux across this plane To avoid having to list all the terms, the right hand side of this
is thus given by 𝑣̅𝑥 ∅𝐶𝑠 − 𝐴 (mole 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 −1 ). See text for further equation is usually written as
discussion.
𝜕(𝜙𝐶𝑠 )
= −∇. (𝑣̅ 𝜙𝐶𝑠 ) (21.43)
𝜕𝑡
We begin by deriving an expression that describes how
the concentration of some species s in the fluid evolves in space In which ∇. Is the divergence from multivariable calculus (also
and time during advective flow through a porous rock. This can be written as: div), and 𝑣̅ is the pore velocity vector.
done using a derivation very similar to that used for Fourier’s
equation (Eq. (5.11)). Fourier’s equation is based on the Relationships similar to Eq.(21.41) hold for diffusion and
conservation of energy, whereas here we consider conservation of mechanical dispersion transport as well, so we can write the
mass. Consider a tiny block of porous rock with length Δx and cross general equation for mass conservation due to transport in the x
– sectional area. A through which fluid flows only in the x direction direction as
(Fig. 21.13). The flux of some species s at the center of the block is
𝜕(𝜙𝐶𝑠 ) 𝜕(𝐽𝑠, 𝑥 )
𝑣̅𝑥 ∅𝐶𝑠 (mole 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎−1 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 −1 ; Eq. (21.5)), and there is gradient in = (21.44)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
the flux through the block given by𝛿(𝑣̅𝑥 ∅𝐶𝑠 )/𝛿𝑥 . The total mass
flux of s (mole 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 −1 ) in through the left side of the block, 𝑀𝐿 , is Where 𝐽𝑠, 𝑥 is the flux of s due to advection, diffusion, and/or
thus mechanical dispersion (Heaase, 1990). The total flux due to these
processes is simply their sum /Eqs. (21.5), (21.12))
1 𝜕(𝑣̅𝑥 𝜙𝐶𝑠 )
𝑀𝐿 = (𝑣̅𝑥 𝜙𝐶𝑠 − ∆𝑥 )𝐴 (21.36)
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝐶𝑠
𝐽𝑠, 𝑥 = ̅̅̅𝜙𝐶
𝑣𝑥 𝑠 − 𝜙𝐷𝐻𝐷 (21.45)
𝜕𝑥
And the total mass flux out through the right side is
Where 𝐷𝐻𝐷 is the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion
1 𝜕(𝑣̅𝑥 𝜙𝐶𝑠 )
𝑀𝑅 = (𝑣̅𝑥 𝜙𝐶𝑠 − ∆𝑥 )𝐴 (21.37) incorporating the effects of both diffusion and mechanical
2 𝜕𝑥
dispersion. Substituting this equation into Eq. (21.44) yields
The amount of mass of s that accumulates in, or is lost from, the
𝜕𝐶𝑠
𝜕(𝑣̅𝑥 𝜙𝐶𝑠 ) 𝜕(𝜙𝐷𝐻𝐷 )
block per time is then given by difference between the inflow and 𝜕(𝜙𝐶𝑠 )
= − 𝜕𝑥
(21.46)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
the outflow

𝜕(𝑣̅𝑥 𝜙𝐶𝑠 )
Which is the full expression for conservation of mass due to
𝑀𝐿 − 𝑀𝑅 = −∆𝑥 𝐴 (21.38) transport in the x direction. Note, however, that chemical reaction
𝜕𝑥
is not included, a point we will return to below.
Where mass gain is positive and mass loss is negative. We can
come at the problem another way by remembering that the mass If porosity, pore velocity, and the coefficient of
of s in the fluid per unit volume rock,𝑚𝑠 , is equal to porosity times hydrodynamic dispersion don’t vary, then (21.46) simplifies
the concentration: 𝑚𝑠 = ∅𝐶𝑠 . Taking the time derivative of this the considerably to
relationship yields
𝜕𝐶𝑠 𝜕𝐶𝑠 𝜕2 𝐶𝑠
= −𝑣̅𝑥 + 𝐷𝐻𝐷 (21.47)
𝜕𝑚𝑠 𝜕(𝜙𝐶𝑠 ) 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
= (21.39)
𝜕 𝜕𝑡
As we saw in Chapter 5, in order to solve partial differential
Equation (21.39) is written per unit volume rock; we can also write equations like Eq. (21.47), we need to specify initial and boundary
it specifically in terms of our model block (Fig. 21.13) by just conditions. Consider a rock mass whose pore
multiplying by the block’s volume