Kuliah 3 Exercise Metabolism

Scott K. Powers • Edward T.
Howley
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance

SEVENTH EDITION
Chapter
Exercise Metabolism
Presentation prepared by:

Brian B. Parr, Ph.D.
University of South Carolina Aiken
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display outside of classroom use.
Chapter 4
Objectives
1. Discuss the relationship between exercise

intensity/duration and the bioenergetic pathways
that are most responsible for the production of
ATP during various types of exercise.
2. Define the term oxygen deficit.
3. Define the term lactate threshold.
4. Discuss several possible mechanisms for the
sudden rise in blood-lactate concentration during
incremental exercise.
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1
Chapter 4
Objectives
5. List the factors that regulate fuel selection during

different types of exercise.
6. Explain why fat metabolism is dependent on
carbohydrate metabolism.
7. Define the term oxygen debt.
8. Give the physiological explanation for the
observation that the O2 debt is greater following
intense exercise when compared to the O2 debt
following light exercise.
Chapter 4
Outline
 Energy Requirements  Metabolic Responses  Factors Governing

at Rest to Exercise: Influence Fuel Selection
of Duration and Exercise Intensity and
 Rest-to-Exercise Fuel Selection
Transitions Intensity
Exercise Duration and
 Recovery from Short-Term, Intense Fuel Selection
Exercise Interaction of Fat/
Exercise: Metabolic
Prolonged Exercise Carbohydrate
Responses
Incremental Exercise Metabolism
Body Fuel Sources
 Estimation of Fuel
Utilization During
Exercise
2
Chapter 4 Energy Requirements at Rest
Energy Requirements at Rest
• Almost 100% of ATP produced by aerobic

metabolism
• Blood lactate levels are low (<1.0 mmol/L)
• Resting O2 consumption:
– 0.25 L/min
– 3.5 ml/kg/min
Chapter 4 Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
Rest-to-Exercise Transitions
• ATP production increases immediately

• Oxygen uptake increases rapidly
– Reaches steady state within 1–4 minutes
– After steady state is reached, ATP requirement is
met through aerobic ATP production
• Initial ATP production through anaerobic pathways
– ATP-PC system
– Glycolysis
• Oxygen deficit
– Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
3
The Oxygen Deficit
Figure 4.1
Comparison of Trained and Untrained

Subjects
• Trained subjects have a lower oxygen deficit
– Better-developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity
– Due to cardiovascular or muscular adaptations
• Results in less production of lactic acid
4
Differences in VO2 Between Trained and

Untrained Subjects
Figure 4.2
In Summary
 In the transition from rest to light or moderate exercise,

oxygen uptake increases rapidly, generally reaching a
steady state within one to four minutes.
 The term oxygen deficit applies to the lag in oxygen
uptake in the beginning of exercise.
 The failure of oxygen uptake to increase instantly at the
beginning of exercise suggests that anaerobic pathways
contribute to the overall production on ATP early in
exercise. After a steady state is reached, the body’s ATP
requirement is met via aerobic metabolism.
5
Chapter 4 Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses
Recovery From Exercise
• Oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into

recovery
• Oxygen debt
– Term used by A.V. Hill
 Repayment for O2 deficit at onset of exercise
• Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
– Terminology reflects that only ~20% elevated O2
consumption used to “repay” O2 deficit
• Many scientists use these terms interchangeably
Oxygen Debt
• “Rapid” portion of O2 debt

– Resynthesis of stored PC
– Replenishing muscle and blood O2 stores
• “Slow” portion of O2 debt
– Elevated heart rate and breathing =  energy need
– Elevated body temperature =  metabolic rate
– Elevated epinephrine and norepinephrine = 
metabolic rate
– Conversion of lactic acid to glucose
(gluconeogenesis)
6
EPOC is Greater Following Higher

Intensity Exercise
• Higher body temperature
• Greater depletion of PC
• Greater blood concentrations of lactic acid
• Higher levels of blood epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Oxygen Deficit and Debt During

Light/Moderate and Heavy Exercise

Figure 4.3
7
A Closer Look 4.1
Removal of Lactic Acid Following
Exercise
• Classical theory
– Majority of lactic acid converted to glucose in liver
• Recent evidence
– 70% of lactic acid is oxidized
 Used as a substrate by heart and skeletal muscle
– 20% converted to glucose
– 10% converted to amino acids
• Lactic acid is removed more rapidly with light
exercise in recovery
– Optimal intensity is ~30–40% VO2 max
Blood Lactate Removal Following

Strenuous Exercise
Figure 4.4
8
Factors Contributing to EPOC
Figure 4.5
Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity
Metabolic Responses to Short-Term,

Intense Exercise
• First 1–5 seconds of exercise
– ATP through ATP-PC system
• Intense exercise longer than 5 seconds
– Shift to ATP production via glycolysis
• Events lasting longer than 45 seconds
– ATP production through ATP-PC, glycolysis, and
aerobic systems
– 70% anaerobic/30% aerobic at 60 seconds
– 50% anaerobic/50% aerobic at 2 minutes
9
In Summary
 During high-intensity, short-term exercise (i.e., two to

twenty seconds), the muscle’s ATP production is
dominated by the ATP-PC system.
 Intense exercise lasting more than twenty seconds relies
more on anaerobic glycolysis to produce much of the
needed ATP.
 Finally, high-intensity events lasting longer than forty-five
seconds use a combination of the ATP-PC system,
glycolysis, and the aerobic system to produce the
needed ATP for muscular contraction.
Metabolic Responses to Prolonged

Exercise
• Prolonged exercise (>10 minutes)
– ATP production primarily from aerobic metabolism
– Steady-state oxygen uptake can generally be
maintained during submaximal exercise
• Prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment or
at high intensity
– Upward drift in oxygen uptake over time
– Due to body temperature and rising epinephrine and
norepinephrine
10
Upward Drift in Oxygen Uptake During

Prolonged Exercise
Figure 4.6
Metabolic Responses to Incremental

Exercise
• Oxygen uptake increases linearly until maximal
oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is reached
– No further increase in VO2 with increasing work rate
• VO2 max
– “Physiological ceiling” for delivery of O2 to muscle
– Affected by genetics and training
• Physiological factors influencing VO2 max
– Maximum ability of cardiorespiratory system to
deliver oxygen to the muscle
– Ability of muscles to use oxygen and produce ATP
aerobically
11
Changes in Oxygen Uptake During

Incremental Exercise
Figure 4.7
Lactate Threshold
• The point at which blood lactic acid rises

systematically during incremental exercise
– Appears at ~50–60% VO2 max in untrained subjects
– At higher work rates (65–80% VO2 max) in trained
subjects
• Also called:
– Anaerobic threshold
– Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
 Blood lactate levels reach 4 mmol/L
12
Changes in Blood Lactate Concentration

During Incremental Exercise
Figure 4.8
Explanations for the Lactate Threshold
• Low muscle oxygen (hypoxia)

• Accelerated glycolysis
– NADH produced faster than it is shuttled into
mitochondria
– Excess NADH in cytoplasm converts pyruvic acid to
lactic acid
• Recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers
– LDH isozyme in fast fibers promotes lactic acid
formation
• Reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood
13
Effect of Hydrogen Shuttle on Lactic Acid

Formation
Figure 4.9
Mechanisms to Explain the Lactate

Threshold
Figure 4.10
14
Practical Uses of the Lactate Threshold
• Prediction of performance
– Combined with VO2 max
• Planning training programs
– Marker of training intensity
In Summary
 Oxygen uptake increases in a linear fashion during
incremental exercise until VO2 max is reached.
 The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically
during graded exercise is termed the lactate threshold or
anaerobic threshold.
 Controversy exists over the mechanism to explain the
sudden rise in blood lactic acid concentrations during
incremental exercise. It is possible that any one or a
combination of the following factors might provide an
explanation for the lactate threshold: (1) low muscle
oxygen, (2) accelerated glycolysis, (3) recruitment of fast
fibers, and (4) a reduced rate of lactate removal.
 The lactate threshold has practical uses such as in
performance prediction and as a marker of training
intensity.
15
Chapter 4 Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise
Estimation of Fuel Utilization

During Exercise
• Respiratory exchange ratio (RER or R)
VCO2
R=
VO
2
• R for fat (palmitic acid)
C16H32O2 + 23 O2  16 CO2 + 16 H2O
VCO2 16 CO2
R= = = 0.70
VO 23 O2
2
• R for carbohydrate (glucose)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
VCO2 6 CO2
R= = = 1.00
VO 6 O2
2
Estimation of Fuel Utilization

During Exercise
16
In Summary
 The respiratory exchange ratio (R) is the ratio of carbon

dioxide produced to the oxygen consumed (VCO2/VO2).
 In order for R to be used as an estimate of substrate
utilization during exercise, the subject must have
reached steady state. This is important because only
during steady-state exercise are the VCO2 and VO2
reflective of metabolic exchange of gases in tissues.
Chapter 4 Factors Governing Fuel Selection
Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection
• Low-intensity exercise (<30% VO2 max)

– Fats are primary fuel
• High-intensity exercise (>70% VO2 max)
– Carbohydrates are primary fuel
• “Crossover” concept
– Describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as
exercise intensity increases
– Due to:
 Recruitment of fast muscle fibers
 Increasing blood levels of epinephrine
17
Illustration of the “Crossover” Concept
Figure 4.11

A Closer Look 4.2
The Regulation of Glycogen Breakdown
During Exercise
• Dependent on the enzyme phosphorylase
• Activation of phosphorylase
– Calmodulin activated by calcium released from
sarcoplasmic reticulum
 Active calmodulin activates phosphorylase
– Epinephrine binding to receptor results in formation
of cyclic AMP
 Cyclic AMP activates phosphorylase
18
The Regulation of Muscle Glycogen

Breakdown During Exercise
Figure 4.12

Clinical Applications 4.1
McArdle’s Syndrome: A Genetic Error in
Muscle Glycogen Metabolism
• Cannot synthesize the enzyme phosphorylase
– Due to a gene mutation
• Inability to break down muscle glycogen
• Also prevents lactate production
– Blood lactate levels do not rise during high-intensity
exercise
• Patients complain of exercise intolerance and
muscle pain
19
A Closer Look 4.3
Is Low-Intensity Exercise Best for
Burning Fat?
• At low exercise intensities (~20% VO2 max)
– High percentage of energy expenditure (~60%)
derived from fat
– However, total energy expended is low
 Total fat oxidation is also low
• At higher exercise intensities (~50% VO2 max)
– Lower percentage of energy (~40%) from fat
– Total energy expended is higher
 Total fat oxidation is also higher
Rate of Fat Metabolism at Different

Exercise Intensities
Figure 4.14
20
Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection
• Prolonged, low-intensity exercise

– Shift from carbohydrate metabolism toward fat
metabolism
• Due to an increased rate of lipolysis
– Breakdown of triglycerides  glycerol + FFA
 By enzymes called lipases
– Stimulated by rising blood levels of epinephrine
Shift From Carbohydrate to Fat

Metabolism During Prolonged Exercise
Figure 4.13
21
Interaction of Fat and CHO Metabolism

During Exercise
• “Fats burn in the flame of carbohydrates”
• Glycogen is depleted during prolonged high-
intensity exercise
– Reduced rate of glycolysis and production of
pyruvate
– Reduced Krebs cycle intermediates
– Reduced fat oxidation
 Fats are metabolized by Krebs cycle

The Winning Edge 4.2
Carbohydrate Feeding via Sports Drinks
Improves Endurance Performance
• The depletion of muscle and blood carbohydrate
stores contributes to fatigue
• Ingestion of carbohydrates can improve endurance
performance
– During submaximal (<70% VO2 max), long-duration
(>90 minutes) exercise
– 30–60 g of carbohydrate per hour are required
• May also improve performance in shorter, higher
intensity events
22
Sources of Carbohydrate During

Exercise
• Muscle glycogen
– Primary source of carbohydrate during high-intensity
exercise
– Supplies much of the carbohydrate in the first hour
of exercise
• Blood glucose
– From liver glycogenolysis
– Primary source of carbohydrate during low-intensity
exercise
– Important during long-duration exercise
 As muscle glycogen levels decline
Sources of Fat During Exercise
• Intramuscular triglycerides
– Primary source of fat during higher intensity exercise
• Plasma FFA
– From adipose tissue lipolysis
 Triglycerides  glycerol + FFA
– FFA converted to acetyl-CoA and enters Krebs cycle
– Primary source of fat during low-intensity exercise
– Becomes more important as muscle triglyceride
levels decline in long-duration exercise
23
Influence of Exercise Intensity on Muscle

Fuel Source
Figure 4.15
Effect of Exercise Duration on Muscle

Fuel Source
Figure 4.16
24
Sources of Protein During Exercise
• Proteins broken down into amino acids

– Muscle can directly metabolize branch chain amino
acids and alanine
– Liver can convert alanine to glucose
• Only a small contribution (~2%) to total energy
production during exercise
– May increase to 5–10% late in prolonged-duration
exercise
Lactate as a Fuel Source During Exercise
• Can be used as a fuel source by skeletal muscle

and the heart
– Converted to acetyl-CoA and enters Krebs cycle
• Can be converted to glucose in the liver
– Cori cycle
• Lactate shuttle
– Lactate produced in one tissue and transported to
another
25
A Closer Look 4.4
The Cori Cycle: Lactate as a Fuel
Source
• Lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle is
transported to the liver
• Liver converts lactate to glucose
– Gluconeogenesis
• Glucose is transported back to muscle and used as
a fuel
The Cori Cycle: Lactate As a Fuel

Source
Figure 4.17
26
In Summary
 The regulation of fuel selection during exercise is under

complex control and is dependent upon several factors,
including diet and the intensity and duration of exercise.
 In general, carbohydrates are used as the major fuel
source during high-intensity exercise.
 During prolonged exercise, there is a gradual shift from
carbohydrate metabolism toward fat metabolism.
 Proteins contribute less than 2% of the fuel used during
exercise of less than one hour’s duration. During
prolonged exercise (i.e., three to five hours’ duration),
the total contribution of protein to the fuel supply may
reach 5% to 10% during the final minutes of prolonged
work.
Quantifying Body Fuel Sources
27
Chapter 4
Study Questions
1. Identify the predominant energy systems used to produce

ATP during the following types of exercise:
a. Short-term, intense exercise (i.e., less than ten seconds’
duration)
b. 400-meter dash
c. 20-kilometer race (12.4 miles)
2. Graph the change in oxygen uptake during the transition
from rest to steady-state, submaximal exercise. Label the
oxygen deficit. Where does the ATP come from during the
transition period from rest to steady state?
3. Graph the change in oxygen uptake and blood lactate
concentration during incremental exercise. Label the point
on the graph that might be considered the lactate threshold
or lactate inflection point.
4. Discuss several possible reasons why blood lactate begins
to rise rapidly during incremental exercise.
Chapter 4
Study Questions
5. Briefly, explain how the respiratory exchange ratio is used to

estimate which substrate is being utilized during exercise.
What is meant by the term nonprotein R?
6. List two factors that play a role in the regulation of
carbohydrate metabolism during exercise.
7. List those variables that regulate fat metabolism during
exercise.
8. Define the following terms: (a) triglyceride, (b) lipolysis, and
(c) lipases.
9. Graph the change in oxygen uptake during recovery from
exercise. Label the oxygen debt.
28
Chapter 4
Study Questions
10. How does the modern theory of EPOC differ from the
classical oxygen debt theory proposed by A.V. Hill?
11. Discuss the influence of exercise intensity on muscle fuel
selection.
12. How does the duration of exercise influence muscle fuel
selection?
29

Kuliah 3 Exercise Metabolism

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Kuliah 3 Exercise Metabolism

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Scott K. Powers • Edward T.

Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance

Presentation prepared by:

1. Discuss the relationship between exercise

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. List the factors that regulate fuel selection during

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 Energy Requirements  Metabolic Responses  Factors Governing

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Energy Requirements at Rest

• Almost 100% of ATP produced by aerobic

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 4 Rest-to-Exercise Transitions

• ATP production increases immediately

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Oxygen Deficit

Chapter 4 Rest-to-Exercise Transitions

Comparison of Trained and Untrained

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Differences in VO2 Between Trained and

Chapter 4 Rest-to-Exercise Transitions

 In the transition from rest to light or moderate exercise,

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Recovery From Exercise

• Oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 4 Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses

• “Rapid” portion of O2 debt

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

EPOC is Greater Following Higher

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 4 Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses

Oxygen Deficit and Debt During

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 4 Recovery From Exercise: Metabolic Responses

Blood Lactate Removal Following

Factors Contributing to EPOC

Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity

Metabolic Responses to Short-Term,

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 During high-intensity, short-term exercise (i.e., two to

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity

Metabolic Responses to Prolonged

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Upward Drift in Oxygen Uptake During

Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity

Metabolic Responses to Incremental

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Changes in Oxygen Uptake During

Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity

• The point at which blood lactic acid rises

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Changes in Blood Lactate Concentration

Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity

Explanations for the Lactate Threshold

• Low muscle oxygen (hypoxia)

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Effect of Hydrogen Shuttle on Lactic Acid

Chapter 4 Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity

Mechanisms to Explain the Lactate

Practical Uses of the Lactate Threshold

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.