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Elementos de matriz
i) Operadores de un cuerpo:
X
O= hµτµ | O |ντν i a†µτµ aντν (1.1)
µτµ ντν
X
P= hβγ| P |µνi a†βτβ a†γτγ aντν aµτµ
βγµν
(1.2)
τβ τγ τµ τ ν
i)
αi ταi αj ταj O |αk ταk αl ταl i =
X
hµτµ | O |ντν i hαi ταi αj ταj a†µτµ aντν |αk ταk αl ταl i =
ii)
αi ταi αj ταj P |αk ταk αl ταl i =
X
hβτβ γτγ | P |µτµ ντν i αi ταi αj ταj a†βτβ a†γτγ aντν aµτµ |αk ταk αl ταl i =
βγµν
τ β τγ τµ τν
X
hβτβ γτγ | P |µτµ ντν i h| aαi ταi aαj ταj a†βτβ a†γτγ aντν aµτµ a†αl τα a†αk τα |i
l k
βγµν
τβ τγ τµ τν
(1.4)
i)
h| δαj µ δταj τµ δναl δτν ταl aαi ταi a†αk τα − δαj µ δταj τµ δναk δτν ταk aαi ταi a†αl τα
k l
− δαi µ δταi τµ δναl δτν ταl aαj ταj a†αk τα + δαi µ δταi τµ δναk δτν ταk aαj ταj a†αl τα |i =
k l
δαj µ δταj τµ δναl δτν ταl δαi αk δταi ταk − δαj µ δταj τµ δναk δτν ταk δαi αl δταi ταl
− δαi µ δταi τµ δναl δτν ταl δαj αk δταj ταk + δαi µ δταi τµ δναk δτν ταk δαj αl δταj ταl
(1.5)
3
ii)
h| aαi ταi aαj ταj a†βτβ a†γτγ aντν aµτµ a†αl τα a†αk τα |i =
l k
†
h| aαi ταi δαj β δτβ ταj −aβτβ aαj ταj aγτγ aντν δµαl δτµ ταl − a†αl τα aµτµ a†αk τα |i =
†
l k
h
h| δαj β δτβ ταj (δγαi δτγ ταi − a†γτγ aαi ταi −
i
δβαi δτβ ταi − a†βτβ aαi ταi δγαj δτγ ταj − a†γτγ aαj ταj
h
†
δµαl δτµ ταl (δαk ν δταk τν − aαk τα aντν −
k
i
δαl ν δταl τν − a†αl τα aντν δαk µ δταk τµ − a†αk τα aµτµ |i =
l k
δαj β δτβ ταj δγαi δτγ ταi δµαl δτµ ταl δαk ν δταk τν − δαj β δτβ ταj δγαi δτγ ταi δαl ν δταl τν δαk µ δταk τµ
−δβαi δτβ ταi δγαj δτγ ταj δµαl δτµ ταl δαk ν δταk τν + δβαi δτβ ταi δγαj δτγ ταj δαl ν δταl τν δαk µ δταk τµ
(1.6)
i)
αi ταi αj ταj O |αk ταk αl ταl i =
αj ταj O |αl ταl i δαi αk δταi ταk − αj ταj O |αk ταk i δαi αl δταi ταl − (1.7)
hαi ταi | O |αl ταl i δαj αk δταj ταk + hαi ταi | O |αk ταk i δαj αl δταj ταl
ii)
αi ταi αj ταj P |αk ταk αl ταl i =
αj ταj αi ταi P |αl ταl αk ταk i − αj ταj αi ταi P |αk ταk αl ταl i − (1.8)
αi ταi αj ταj P |αl ταl αk ταk i + αi ταi αj ταj P |αk ταk αl ταl i
i)
αi ταi αj ταj O |αk ταk αl ταl i =
(1.9)
αj ταj O |αl ταl i δαi αk δταi ταk + hαi ταi | O |αk ταk i δαj αl δταj ταl
ii)
αi ταi αj ταj P |αk ταk αl ταl i =
αj ταj αi ταi P |αl ταl αk ταk i − αj ταj αi ταi P |αk ταk αl ταl i −
αi ταi αj ταj P |αl ταl αk ταk i + αi ταi αj ταj P |αk ταk αl ταl i
(1.10)
X1 3
l·s= jα (jα + 1) − lα (lα + 1) − δα0 α a†α0 τα0 aατα (1.11)
α0 α
2 4
αi ταi αj ταj l · s |αk ταk αl ταl i =
1 h 3
jαj (jαj + 1) − lαj (lαj + 1) − δαi αk δταi ταk + (1.12)
2 4
3 i
jαi (jαi + 1) − lαi (lαi + 1) − δαj αl δταj ταl
4
1h X 3
l · s = Xπ jπ (jπ + 1) − lπ (lπ + 1) − a†π aπ
2 π
4
X (1.13)
3 i
+ Xν jν (jν + 1) − lν (lν + 1) − a†ν aν
ν
4
hπi πj | l · s |πk πl i =
1 h 3
jπj (jπj + 1) − lπj (lπj + 1) − δπi πk (1.14)
2 4
3 i
+ jπi (jπi + 1) − lπi (lπi + 1) − δπj πl
4
hνi νj | l · s |νk νl i =
1 h 3
jνj (jνj + 1) − lνj (lνj + 1) − δν ν (1.15)
2 4 ik
3 i
+ jνi (jνi + 1) − lνi (lνi + 1) − δν ν
4 j l
hπi νj | l · s |πk νl i =
1 h 3
jνj (jνj + 1) − lνj (lνj + 1) − δπi πk (1.16)
2 4
3 i
+ jπi (jπi + 1) − lπi (lπi + 1) − δνj νl
4
1.2. Cuadrupolo-cuadrupolo
A continuación se realiza un procedimiento similar al hecho en la sección
anterior con el operador espı́n-órbita, pero aquı́ también se tiene en consideración
6 CAPÍTULO 1. ELEMENTOS DE MATRIZ
X X
Qτ · Qτ 0 = (−1)µ δτ τ 0 q2µ (α0 α)q2−µ (αα00 )a†α0 τ aα00 τ 0 +
µ αα0 α00
X X
(−1)µ+1 q2µ (α0 α)q2−µ (α000 α00 )a†α0 τ a†α000 τ 0 aατ aα00 τ 0 = (1.17)
µ αα0 α00 α000
Donde
Ahora se actúan estados de dos partı́culas en este operador. Para una realiza-
ción más simple de esto separaremos el operador cuádruplo en su componente de
un cuerpo y de dos, tal como lo indican los superı́ndices en el operador cuádruplo.
P
Con lo anterior y considerando que Q · Q = ττ0 Qτ · Qτ 0 , se tiene:
αi ταi αj ταj Q · Q |αk ταk αl ταl i =
Xh (1) (2)
i
αi ταi αj ταj (Qτ · Qτ ) + (Qτ · Qτ )
0 0 |αk ταk αl ταl i =
0
X h Xτ
τ
(−1)µ δταj ταl δταi ταk δαi αk q2µ (αj α)q2−µ (ααl )
µ α (1.21)
+ δταi ταk δταj ταl δαj αl q2µ (αi α)q2−µ (ααk )
− δταj ταk δταi ταl q2µ (αj αk )q2−µ (αi αl ) + δταj ταl δταi ταk q2µ (αj αl )q2−µ (αi αk )
i
+ δταi ταk δταj ταl q2µ (αi αk )q2−µ (αj αl ) − δταi ταl δταj ταk q2µ (αi αl )q2−µ (αj αk )
αi ταi αj ταj Q · Q |αk ταk αl ταl i =
Xh i
(Qτ · Qτ 0 )(1) + (Qτ · Qτ 0 )(2) |αk ταk αl ταl i =
αi ταi αj ταj
0
X h Xτ
τ
(−1)µ δταj ταl δταi ταk δαi αk q2µ (αj α)q2−µ (ααl ) (1.22)
µ α
+ δταi ταk δταj ταl δαj αl q2µ (αi α)q2−µ (ααk )
i
+ δταj ταl δταi ταk q2µ (αj αl )q2−µ (αi αk ) + δταi ταk δταj ταl q2µ (αi αk )q2−µ (αj αl )
8 CAPÍTULO 1. ELEMENTOS DE MATRIZ
Q · Q = Qπ · Qπ + Qπ · Qν + Qν · Qπ + Qν · Qν (1.23)
X X
Qπ · Qπ = (−1)µ q2µ (π 0 π)q2−µ (ππ 00 )a†π0 aπ00 +
µ ππ 0 π 00
X X (1.24)
(−1)µ+1 q2µ (π 0 π)q2−µ (π 000 π 00 )a†π0 a†π000 aπ aπ00
µ ππ 0 π 00 π 000
X X
Qπ · Qν = (−1)µ+1 q2µ (π 0 π)q2−µ (ν 000 ν 00 )a†π0 a†ν 000 aπ aν 00 (1.25)
µ ππ 0 ν 00 ν 000
X X
Qν · Qπ = (−1)µ+1 q2µ (ν 0 ν)q2−µ (π 000 π 00 )a†ν 0 a†π000 aν aπ00 (1.26)
µ νν 0 π 00 π 000
X X
Qν · Qν = (−1)µ q2µ (ν 0 ν)q2−µ (νν 00 )a†ν 0 aν 00 +
µ νν 0 ν 00
X X (1.27)
(−1)µ+1 q2µ (ν 0 ν)q2−µ (ν 000 ν 00 )a†ν 0 a†ν 000 aν aν 00
µ νν 0 ν 00 ν 000
hπi πj | Q · Q |πk πl i =
X hX
µ
(−1) δπi πk q2µ (πj π)q2−µ (ππl ) + δπj πl q2µ (πi π)q2−µ (ππk )
(1.28)
µ π
i
+ q2µ (πj πl )q2−µ (πi πk ) + q2µ (πi πk )q2−µ (πj πl )
hνi νj | Q · Q |νk νl i =
X hX
µ
(−1) δνi νk q2µ (νj ν)q2−µ (ννl ) + δνj νl q2µ (νi ν)q2−µ (ννk )
(1.29)
µ ν
i
+ q2µ (νj νl )q2−µ (νi νk ) + q2µ (νi νk )q2−µ (νj νl )
hπi νj | Q · Q |πk νl i =
X hX X
µ
(−1) δπi πk q2µ (νj ν)q2−µ (ννl ) + δνj νl q2µ (πi π)q2−µ (ππk )
(1.30)
µ ν π
i
+ q2µ (νj νl )q2−µ (πi πk ) + q2µ (πi πk )q2−µ (νj νl )
†
X †
PM · PM = (−1)1−M PM P−M =
M
†
X X
(−1)1−M 00
P1M (j, j 0 ) P1−M
00
(j 00 , j 000 ) =
M jj 0 j 00 j 000
X X †
1−M †
(−1)1−M 1M
Cjm j 0 m0 Cj 00 m00
00 00
j 000 m000 C 12 τ 21 τ 0 C 12 τ 00 12 τ 000 aατ aα0 τ 0 aα000 τ 000 aα00 τ 00
M jj 0 j 00 j 000
mm0 m00 m000
τ τ 0 τ 00 τ 000
(1.31)
X
ST† z · STz = (−1)1−Tz ST† z S−Tz =
Tz
X X † 1−Tz 00 000
(−1)1−Tz 1Tz
P00 (j, j 0 ) P00 (j , j ) =
Tz jj 0 j 00 j 000
X X †
1Tz 1−Tz †
(−1)1−Tz 00
Cjm 00
j 0 m0 Cj 00 m00 j 000 m000 C 1 τ 1 τ 0 C 1 τ 00 1 τ 000 aατ aα0 τ 0 aα000 τ 000 aα00 τ 00
2 2 2 2
Tz jj 0 j 00 j 000
mm0 m00 m000
τ τ 0 τ 00 τ 000
(1.32)
Con esto se procede a aplicar estados de dos partı́culas tal como se hizo an-
teriormente para el operador espı́n-órbita y la interacción cuadupolo-cuadrupolo.
Entonces:
i) Apareamiento isoescalar
1.3. APAREAMIENTO ISOESCALAR E ISOVECTORIAL 11
†
α i τ αi α j τ αj P M · PM |αk ταk αl ταl i =
X h
(−1)1−M Cj1M αj mαj jαi mαi
Cj1−M
α mα jα mα
C 00
1
τα 1 C 00
1 1
l l k k 2 j 2 τ αi 2
τα τ
l 2 αk
M
1−M
− Cj1M
αj mαj
00 00
jαi mαi Cjαk mαk jαl mαl C 1 τα 1 τα C 1 τα 1 τα
(1.33)
2 j 2 i 2 k2 l
1−M
− Cj1M
αi mαi
00 00
jαj mαj Cjαl mαl jαk mαk C 1 τα 1 τα C 1 τα 1
τ
i j 2 2 2 l 2 αk
i
1−M
+ Cj1M
αi mαi jαj mαj Cjα mα jαl mαl C 00
1
τα 1 C 00
1 1
k k 2 i 2 τ αj τα
2
τ
k 2 αl
1Tz
− Cj00αi mαi 00
jαj mαj Cjαl mαl jαk mαk C 1 τα 1 C 1−T
1
z
τα 1 τ α
2 i 2 τ αj 2 l2 k
i
+ Cj00αi mαi 00
jαj mαj Cjα mαk jαl mαl C 1T
1
z
τα 1 C 1−−T
1
z
τ α 1 τα
k 2 i 2 τ αj 2 k2 l
00 δab δα−β
Caα bβ = (−1)a−α √ (1.35)
2a + 1
Lo anterior se reduce a:
i) Apareamiento isoescalar
12 CAPÍTULO 1. ELEMENTOS DE MATRIZ
†
αi ταi αj ταj PM · PM |αk ταk αl ταl i =
X h δτα −τα δτα −τα
(−1)1−M (−1)1−ταj −ταl j i l k Cj1M αj mαj
1−M
jαi mαi Cjαl mαl jαk mαk
M
2
δταj −ταi δταk −ταl
− (−1)1−ταj −ταk Cj1M
α j m αj
1−M
jαi mαi Cjαk mαk jαl mαl
2
δταi −ταj δταl −ταk
− (−1)1−ταi −ταl Cj1M
αi m αi
1−M
jαj mαj Cjαl mαl jαk mαk
2
1−ταi −ταk
δταi −ταj δταk −ταl i
+ (−1) Cj1M
αi mαi jαj mαj
Cj1−M
αk mαk jαl mαl
2
(1.36)
(2jαj + 1)(2jαk + 1) 2 j 2 i 2 αk 2 αl
(2jαi + 1)(2jαk + 1) 2 i2 j 2 αk 2 αl
(1.37)
i) apareamiento isoescalar
†
hαi πi (νi )αj πj (νj )| PM · PM |αk πk (νk )αl πl (νl )i = 0 (1.38)
1.3. APAREAMIENTO ISOESCALAR E ISOVECTORIAL 13
hαi πi (νi )αj πj (νj )| ST† z · STz |αk πk (νk )αl πl (νl )i = 0 (1.39)
i) apareamiento isoescalar
†
hαi πi αj νj | PM ·PM |αk πk αl νl i =
1X h
(−1)1−M (Cj1M αj mαj jαi mαi
Cj1−M
αl mαl jαk mαk
)
2 M
+ (Cj1M
αj mαj jαi mαi
Cj1−M
αk mα j m )
k αl αl
+ (Cj1M
αi mαi jαj mαj
Cj1−M
αl mα jαk mα
)
l k
i
+ (Cj1M
αi mαi jαj mαj
Cj1−M =
αk mαk jαl mαl
)
1h i
1 − (−1)jαi +jαj − (−1)jαk +jαl + (−1)jαi +jαj +jαk +jαl ×
2X
(−1)1−M Cj1Mαi mαi jαj mαj
Cj1−M
αk mα jαl mα k l
M
(1.40)
14 CAPÍTULO 1. ELEMENTOS DE MATRIZ
†
†
X X †
PM = 00
P1M (j, j 0 ) = 1M
Cjm 00 †
j 0 m0 C 1 τ 1 τ 0 aατ aα0 τ 0
2 2
jj 0 jj 0 (1.42)
mm0
ττ0
†
PM =
X h
Cjm j 0 m0 C 00
1M
1 a† a†
− 1 1 − 1 α− 1 α0 − 1
+ C 00
1 a† a†
− 1 1 1 α− 1 α0 1
jj 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (1.43)
mm0
i
+ C 00
1 1 1 a† a†
− 1 α 1 α0 − 1
+ C 00 † †
1 1 1 1a 1a 01
α α
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
†
PM =
X
1M
h 1 † † 1 † †i 1 X 1M h
† † † †
i
Cjm j 0 m0 − √ aν aπ 0 + √ aπ aν 0 = √ Cjm j 0 m0 aπ aν 0 − aν aπ0
jj 0
2 2 2 jj 0
mm0 mm0
(1.44)
X † X
ST† z = 1Tz
P00 (j, j 0 ) = 00
Cjm 1Tz † †
j 0 m0 C 1 τ 1 τ 0 aατ aα0 τ 0
2 2
jj 0 jj 0 (1.45)
mm0
ττ0
ST† z =
X h
00 1Tz † † 1Tz † †
Cjm j 0 m0 C 1 − 1 1 − 1 aα− 1 aα0 − 1 + C 1 − 1 1 1 aα− 1 aα0 1
jj 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (1.46)
mm0
i
+ C 1T z
1 1 1 a† a†
− 1 α 1 α0 − 1
+ C 1T z †
α
†
1 1 1 1a 1a 01
α
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Entonces
16 CAPÍTULO 1. ELEMENTOS DE MATRIZ
ST† z =
X h
00 1Tz † † 1Tz † †
Cjm j 0 m0 C 1 − 1 1 − 1 aν aν 0 + C 1 − 1 1 1 aν aπ 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
jj 0
mm0
i
† † † †
+ C 1T z
1 1 1 a a
− 21 π ν 0 + C 1Tz
a
1 1 11 π πa 0 = (1.47)
2 2 2 2 2 22
X δjj 0 δm−m0 h 1Tz
(−1)j−m √ C 1 − 1 1 − 1 a†ν a†ν 0 + C 1T
1
z
a† a†
− 12 12 12 ν π 0
0
2j + 1 2 2 2 2 2
jj
mm0
i
+ C1 1 1Tz
1 a† a†
− 1 π ν0
+ C1 1 1Tz † †
1 1 aπ aπ 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 22
†
X † †
PM · PM = (−1)1−M PM P−M = P−1 P+1 − P0† P0 + P+1
†
P−1 (1.48)
M
X
ST† z · STz = †
(−1)1−Tz ST† z S−Tz = S−1 S+1 − S0† S0 + S+1
†
S−1 (1.49)
Tz
† †
PM · PM = P−1 P+1 − P0† P0 + P+1 †
P−1 =
1 X n
1−1 11
Cjm j 0 m0 Cj 00 m00 j 000 m000
2 0 00 000
jj j j
mm0 m00 m000 (1.50)
o
10 10 11 1−1
− Cjm j 0 m0 Cj 00 m00 j 000 m000 + Cjm j 0 m0 Cj 00 m00 j 000 m000 ×
h i
a†π a†ν 0 aν 000 aπ00 − a†π a†ν 0 aπ000 aν 00 − a†ν a†π0 aν 000 aπ00 + a†ν a†π0 aπ000 aν 00
1.3. APAREAMIENTO ISOESCALAR E ISOVECTORIAL 17
i) Caso isoescalar
†
hπi πj | PM · PM |πk πl i = 0 (1.52)
i) Caso isoescalar
†
hνi νj | PM · PM |νk νl i = 0 (1.54)
i) Caso isoescalar
†
hπi νj | PM ·PM |πk νl i =
1h jπi +jπj jνk +jνl jπi +jπj +jνk +jνl
i
1 − (−1) − (−1) + (−1) ×
2X
(−1)1−M Cj1M πi mπi jπj mπj
Cj1−M
ν m ν jν m ν
k k l l
M
(1.56)