Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
4
VOLUME
THE
PEOPLE’S
LIBERATION
ARMY OF CHINA:
Its raison d’être,
current
and
state
trajectory
OCCASIONAL
PAPER APRIL 2016
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
02
THE
PEOPLE’S
LIBERATION
ARMY OF CHINA:
Its raison d’être,
current state
and
trajectory
THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY
The guard of honor of the Chinese People's Liberation Army's Three Services
participates in a rehearsal for the military parade in commemoration of the
70th anniversary of end of World War II in Tiananmen Square, Beijing.
With the growing presence and influence of the the growing tension over the territorial and maritime
People’s Republic of China (PRC) as an economic disputes in the South China Sea and East China
heavyweight and political leader in the regional and Sea in recent years lead one to question whether or
global arenas, Filipino academics and policymakers not the PLA, with its rapidly expanding regional and
are beginning to cultivate a keen interest in the global footprint, is going to be a destabilizing force to
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) as China’s hard the international liberal order. This strategic research
instrument of national power. Since its inception in paper sheds light on the PLA—its raison d’être,
1927, the PLA has arguably become a stabilizing current state and trajectory—to gain a balanced
force for China after its so-called Century of perspective on the said military organization and
Humiliation; the PLA has played the pivotal roles of help Filipino academics and policymakers critically
liberating the country from Western and Japanese assess whether continuously tilting towards the
imperialism and of perpetuating the one-party rule US (and allies) and balancing against China is
of the Communist Party of China (CPC). However, the best way forward for the Philippines.
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
04
The PLA is composed of 2,285,000 active troops and 510,000 reserve forces, which far surpasses US military B. Organizational Structure
troop numbers.9 According to the 2013 Defense White Paper, PLAN accounts for 235,000 troops and the and Command Chain
PLAAF for 398,000 troops.10 The PLAA’s mobile operational units comprise 850,000 troops of an estimated
total of 1.6 million PLAA troops. The PLA SAF accounts for about 100,000 personnel.11 Interestingly, China’s Distributed into seven (7) military regions, the PLAA serves
paramilitary forces, such as the People’s Armed Police (PAP), has a total strength of 660,000 staff as well as the as “force employers”, namely: Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou,
militia.12 Since its activation in 1983, the PAP was primarily tasked to address internal security challenges, such Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou, and Chengdu.14 Every region is
as natural disasters and ethnic and social unrest, especially in the restive regions of Xinjiang and Tibet.13 overseen by four (4) general departments, namely: the PLA’s
General Staff Headquarters, the General Political Department,
the General Logistics Department, and the General Armaments
Distribution of the armed forces throughout the Chinese mainland Department.15 The PLAN, PLAAF and PLA SAF
have separate headquarters.16
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
05
Under the Chinese command chain, the CMC plays a crucial role—it
exerts direct organizational control over the PLA. The CMC oversees PLA’s Seven Old Military Regions
military and defense affairs and is a high-profile party body, through
which the CCP exerts control over the PLA since the 1930s.17 The
Ministry of National Defence is subordinated to the State Council and
is outside the PLA’s direct command structure. It serves as a liaison
office with foreign militaries. Meanwhile, the PAP being an auxiliary
force to the PLA and law enforcement body is subject to a different,
dual command structure18 —it is both under the supervision of the
CMC and the State Council through the Ministry of Public Security.
Under the new structure, the CMC will now administer both the PLA
and the PAP, while the battle zone commands will focus on combat
operations.22 Said reform will institutionalize a three-tier “CMC-battle
zone commands-troops” command system and an administration
system that runs from CMC through different services down to the
troops.23 Furthermore, the armed forces will be more professionally
and effectively managed by introducing modern management
techniques, reducing its troops by 300,000, and downsizing its
administrative and non-combatant personnel.24 Lastly, to ensure
party loyalty and curb corruption, a new discipline inspection
commission will be established within the CMC to conduct regular
Source: US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
disciplinary inspections to CMC departments and zone commands.25
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
06
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
07 C. Defense Budget
Summary of Military Budget of the People’s Liberation Army 38
The Chinese defense budget has been on a
constant, upward trajectory.29 Between 1998 and
2007, military expenditure went up by almost 16%
on average, year on year.30 This is comparable to
the surge in the annual state expenditure by about
18%, and the PRC’s average annual GDP growth of
roughly 12%.31 In 2014, PLA defense budget was
registered at US$132 billion, which was a 12.2%
increase over the preceding year. On March 4,
2015, China announced that it would further raise
its defense budget by approximately 10%.32 While
this raise is lower than the previous year’s 12.2%
increase, the budget nonetheless reflects the fifth
consecutive year with a double digit increase in
official military spending.33 This would then
translate to roughly $US145 billion.34
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
08
D. Doctrine and Strategy
China’s Two-Island Chain or Leap East Strategy
China’s national objectives and strategic interests
serve as the bases for its military doctrine and
strategy. Dubbed as “Active Defense/Active Offshore
Defense,”39 the objective of the PLA is to fight “local
wars under high-tech conditions.”40 Said objective
requires smaller, more specialized rapid-reaction
forces, possession of a limited offensive and
force projection capability, and the option
of preemptive military action.41
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
09
E. Force Modernization Goals and Trends upgrading in the quality of PLA recruits and
officer candidates, thereby improving their conditions
Comparison of PLA’s old and new force structure and troop strength
The modernization of the PLA was kick-started in of service, changing promotion practices to
the late 1970s and had three major goals: First, stress professional competence, and
under the political leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the providing new uniforms and insignia.52
military sought to clarify its relationship with the civilian
branch of government.45 The PLA gradually returned The third goal of military modernization was the radical
to its pre-Cultural Revolution relationship with the transformation of the whole defense establishment
CPC and became disengaged from civilian politics.46 into a system capable of independently maintaining
Deng reasserted civilian control over the military by a modern military force.53 As military expenditures
undertaking the following measures: (a) appointment remained relatively constant, reforms focused on
of his supporters to key military leadership positions; the reorganization of the defense research-and-
(b) reduction of the scope of the PLA’s domestic development and industrial base to better integrate
nonmilitary role; and (c) revitalization of the civilian and military science and industry more closely.54
party political structure and ideological Foreign technology was used selectively in the
control system within the PLA.47 upgrading of weapons.55 Defense industry reforms also
transformed the Chinese defense economy from being
Second, modernization required the reform of military import-driven to export-driven, thereby allowing its full
organization, doctrine, education and training, and entry into the international arms market and paving
personnel policies to improve combat effectiveness in the way for the increased production of civilian goods
combined-arms warfare.48 To achieve organizational by local defense industries.56 The scope of PLA local
reforms, the Chinese government created the CMC, economic engagements was reduced, but the military
reduced and streamlined the PLA forces, civilianized continued to participate in infrastructure development
many of the PLA units, reorganized military regions, projects and initiated a reintegration program to provide
formed group armies, and enacted the new Military demobilized soldiers with technical skills deemed
Service Law in 1984.49 Doctrine, strategy, and tactics beneficial in the civilian economy.57
were revised under the rubric of “people’s war based
on the contemporary security environment,” which The latest “China’s Military Strategy” dated May
envisaged a forward defense at selected locations 2015 is a pertinent document that sheds light on the
near China’s borders, to prevent attack on Chinese PLA’s modernization trends based on the country’s
cities and industrial sites, and emphasized operations framing of the national security situation. From
using combined-arms tactics.50 Furthermore, reforms the Chinese perspective, the US rebalancing and
in education and training gave strong emphasis on Japan’s normalization, both fostered by the shift in
improving the military skills and raising the education the economic and strategic center of gravity towards
levels of officers and troops and conducting combined the Asia-Pacific, are some of the latest security
Source: South China Morning Post
arms operations.51 New personnel policies fostered the developments to pose a direct threat to Beijing’s
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
10
sovereignty and territorial integrity.58 These developments transpire against the PLA.68 According to You Ji, overseer of the Department of Government and Public Administration at the
backdrop of China’s growing economic and strategic interests abroad University of Macau, the new title symbolizes that Xi will exert a more direct role in the command and
in accordance with its New Silk Road Strategy.59 As a response to control of the joint battle command systems with the aim of strengthening inter-service
the changing security situation, the PLA seeks to implement the coordination and raising the prospects of military victory.69
military strategic guideline of active defense.60
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
11
2015 PLA Capabilities and Trajectories
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
12
Critical Analysis the CMC, amid allegations of accepting bribes for principle of 9-dashed line as China’s legal basis
promotion as well as the punishment of more than of ownership over the entire South China Sea as
Overall, the PLA under Xi is undergoing radical 200 officers of lieutenant-colonel rank and above well as raise China’s reputational costs for non-
force restructuring, transforming from an army- since 201371 has not only sent a strong message compliance.
centric to a navy/air force-centric military with against other military personnel who are embroiled
a greater qualitative edge at an unprecedented in various corruption activities. Over and above, the (b) On the political front, the reelection of Shinzo
pace. This restructuring can be explained by arrest has raised the question on what constitutes Abe (Japan),73 reappointment of Nguyen Phu
recent developments in China’s domestic, regional the threshold for labeling certain activities as corrupt Trong (Vietnam),74 and election of Tsai Ing-wen
and global strategic and economic landscapes. and how loyalty to Xi could factor in into (Taiwan)75 raises the possibility of strategic
Domestically, the relatively stable internal security the determination of that threshold. Nevertheless, convergence of the said countries’ foreign
situation, the civilianization of law enforcement once Xi overplays his scare tactics, the PLA may policies which, in turn, will lead to greater bilateral
agencies and the looming cost of maintaining huge soon find itself deeply polarized as the beneficiaries security pacts with the US.
personnel disincentivize the PLA’s sustainment of of the old military command structure may
massive ground forces. Regionally, the perception of opt to band together to protect their (c) On the military front, the US together with
containment by the US and its network of security vested interests and reputations. its allies, Japan and Australia, is very much
allies in the Asia-Pacific region—the Philippines likely to up the ante on its freedom of navigation
included—necessitates the PLA to strengthen its Externally, the convergence of territorial and operations (FONOPS)76 to protect the global
naval and aerial capabilities for better deterrence maritime disputes between China and its commons.
and force projection. Globally, the internationalization neighboring ASEAN countries, on the one hand,
of its developmental interests as shown in One Belt- and the growing concern of extra-regional powers,
One Road Initiative (OBOR) creates the imperative namely the US, Japan, South Korea, and Australia Tightening Grip within the US-led Security
for the PLA to develop more advanced capabilities to preserve freedom of navigation, on the other Alliance: Is this the Best Way Forward?
to protect China’s sea lanes of communications hand, is further raising the risk calculus for the
(SLOCs) and transcontinental roads and railways. PLA—along with China maritime coast guard—to The massive withdrawal of US forward-deployment
achieve uncontested supremacy over China’s near forces from Subic Bay naval base and Clark air base
It is highly unlikely, however, that the PLA will be seas. In the foreseeable future, the PLA will in 1992 brought the Philippines into a precarious
able to proceed smoothly with its radical force then have to contend with three (3) major position within the US-led security alliance. Having
restructuring in the coming years. Internally, the challenges in line with China’s bid for regional been sheltered by the US forces from without
ongoing anti-corruption campaign of Xi in the military supremacyand global presence: and dragged into low-level, counterinsurgency
is opening up a Pandora’s box that could create operations from within throughout the Cold War,
more instability within China’s defense and security (a) On the legal front, the much-anticipated United the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) then
establishment. The arrest last year of Xu Caihou, Nations (UN) arbitral tribunal ruling expected lagged behind vis-à-vis its counterparts in the
former general of the PLA and vice-chairman of for May 201672 is highly likely to undermine the region in fully developing its territorial and maritime
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
13
defense capabilities. This has rendered Manila highly
vulnerable against gradual Chinese assertion of
sovereignty over West Philippine Sea which began
with the occupation of Mischief Reef in 1995
and intensified with the seizure of Scarborough
Shoal in 2012 as well as island construction
in Spratlys from 2014 up to present.
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
14
deterrence capability as it simultaneously pursues to take a more proactive stance in jointly supporting render the resolution or shelving of territorial and
internal and external balancing: Internally, as the the US in protecting the sea lanes of communication maritime disputes between the Philippines and
AFP is undertaking force restructuring and strategic (SLOCS). In the short- and medium-term, the China much more difficult to attain. Given that
reorientation from internal security towards territorial formation of a triangulated defense of SLOCS China rejects external interference in resolving
defense, closer military ties with the US (and (de facto US-Japan-Australia alliance) will provide what it perceives as bilateral territorial and maritime
allies) will allow Manila greater preferential access a firm layer of external deterrence for the disputes, the Philippines could then find it tough to
to Western armaments, capital, technology and Philippines while the latter is boosting its re-explore critical areas of political, economic and
interoperability training to accelerate its capability coast guard and naval capabilities. socio-cultural cooperation with China and restore
upgrade programs and possibly pump prime its mutual trust and confidence akin to the time of the
defense manufacturing industry. Externally, the On the other hand, putting all eggs in Washington’s Gloria Arroyo and Hu Jintao administrations. This
enhancement of formal alliance with Washington basket risks diminishing Manila’s foreign policy could also narrow the window of opportunity for
and informal military alliances with Tokyo, Canberra flexibility in exploring alternative avenues for long- greater military-to-military cooperation between
and Seoul will significantly raise the risk calculus term political resolution of the territorial and maritime the AFP and PLA, especially in humanitarian
for the PLA to assert full sovereignty over the West disputes in West Philippine Sea. By invoking greater assistance and disaster response operations
Philippine Sea and disrupt freedom of navigation US as well as Japanese and Australian military (HADRO), peacekeeping operations (PKO),
and overflight which is the shared interest presence in the contested seas, the Philippines and internal security operations (ISO).
among all members of the alliance. could contribute to China hardening its antagonistic
stance toward the Philippines at a time when Continued deterioration of Philippines-China
Over time, the Philippine national interest to China’s foreign policy thrust is otherwise that of bilateral relations could well spill over into multilateral
defend its territories in the disputed waters and US improving relations with its neighbors. By further institutions and frameworks, such as ASEAN plus
national interest to defend freedom of navigation drawing the US (and allies) into the equation, Manila China and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).
and overflight would see greater convergence. The may narrow the space for China to be able to The Philippine government should be careful, lest
ongoing militarization of China’s artificial islands in exercise pragmatism—which it showed when it this further contribute to a down spiraling of any
the Kalayaan Island Group—construction of network agreed to pull out the Haiyang Shiyou-981 prospect for the formation of a collective security
of airstrips, deep-water ports and other military- oil rig last year after fierce standoff arrangement that includes both the US and China or
capable infrastructure—is necessitating the US and mass protests in Vietnam. new regional security architecture in the Asia-Pacific.
Seventh Fleet to raise the quantity of its naval and
aerial assets as well as increase the frequency of In the long-term, however, the prevalence of such
its patrol activities of in West Philippine Sea. This is defense posturing by the US, Japanese and
providing a stronger impetus for Japan and Australia Australian armed forces vis-à-vis the PLA could
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
15
Conclusion
The People’s Liberation Army has gone a long way from being a
small ragtag guerrilla force in Nanchang into the Communist Party
of China’s colossal modern armed forces, promoting the security
and developmental interests of the world’s nascent economic
and political power, the People’s Republic of China. The PLA’s
growing regional and global footprint is, in effect, altering threat
perceptions, the regional balance of military power, and risk
calculi in the greater geopolitical game. For this reason, it is
imperative for the Philippines to transcend the amorphous “China
threat” metanarrative that has dominated the political-security
discourse in the Philippines and objectively re-examine
what the PLA is, why it exists and where it is headed.
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
OCCASIONAL PAPER APRIL 2016
16
Endnotes:
1
Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Re- focus is on winning wars”, The Straits Times, 03 February 43
Ibid. 64
Ibid.
public of India, White Paper: China’s Peaceful Development, 2016, accessed 09 February 2016, http://www.straitstimes.
2011, Chinese Government. com/asia/east-asia/military-rezoning-shows-chinas-focus- 44
Ibid. 65
Ibid.
is-on-winning-wars.
2
Ibid. 45
“China Military Organization”, The Library of Congress 66
Shannon Tiezzi, “The Real Reason China is Cutting
21
Ibid. Country Studies and CIA World Factbook in Photius.com, 300, 000 Troops”, The Diplomat, 08 September 2015, ac-
3
Grieger, Gisela, “The Role of the Army in China’s Poli- accessed 27 October 2015, http://www.photius.com/ cessed 27 October 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/
tics”, European Parliamentary Research Service, 29 June 22
“Xi urges breakthroughs in military structural reform”, countries/china/economy/china_economy_military_organi- the-real-reason-china-is-cutting-300000-troops/.
2015, accessed 26 October 2015, http://www.europarl. Xinhuanet. zatio~7400.html.
europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564375/EPRS_ 67
Ibid.
BRI(2015)564375_EN.pdf. 23
Ibid. 46
Ibid.
68
Austin Ramzy, “China’s President, Xi Xinping, Gains
4
Ibid. 24
Ibid. 47
Ibid. a New Title: Commander in Chief”, The New York Times,
21 April 2016, accessed 18 May 2016, http://www.nytimes.
5
Ibid. 25
Ibid. 48
Ibid. com/2016/04/22/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-military-com-
mander.html?_r=0,
6
Ibid. 26
“China’s military regrouped into five PLA theater 49
Ibid. 69
Ibid.
commands”, Xinhuanet, 01 February 2016, accessed 09
7
Ibid. February 2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016- 50
Ibid. 70
US Department of Defense, Annual Report to Con-
02/01/c_135065429.htm. gress: Military and Security Developments Involving the
8
Chinese Strategy and Military Power in 2014, op. cit., 51
Ibid. People’s Republic of China, 2015, US Government.
p. 162. 27
Ibid.
52
Ibid. 71
Charles Clover, “Xi warns China military amid anti-
9
“The Military Balance,” International Institute of Stra- 28
Ibid. corruption purge”, Financial Times, 20 July 2015, accessed
tegic Studies, 2013, p. 287, cited in Chinese Strategy and 53
Ibid. 28 October 2015, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5e531480-
Military Power in 2014, op. cit, p. 159. 29
Gisela Grieger, “The Role of the Army in China’s Poli- 2eb8-11e5-91ac-a5e17d9b4cff.html#axzz3ppAkoeMJ.
tics”, European Parliamentary Research Service. 54
Ibid.
10
Gisela Grieger, “The Role of the Army in China’s Poli- 72
Patricia Lourdes Viray, “UN tribunal to issue Philip-
tics”, European Parliamentary Research Service. 30
Ibid. 55
Ibid. pines vs China decision by 2016”, Philippine Star Global, 01
December 2015, accessed 10 February 2016, http://www.
11
D.J. Blasko, “The 2013 Defense White Paper in Per- 31
Ibid. 56
Ibid. philstar.com/headlines/2015/12/01/1527874/un-tribunal-
spective”, China Brief, Vol. XIII, issue 9, 25 April 2013, pp. issue-philippines-vs-china-decision-2016.
6-10. 32
“China’s Defense Budget”, GlobalSecurity,org, ac- 57
Ibid.
cessed 27 October 2015, http://www.globalsecurity.org/ 73
Shinzo Abe re-elected as Japan’s prime minister, BBC
12
Gisela Grieger, “The Role of the Army in China’s Poli- military/world/china/budget.htm. 58
“China’s Military Strategy”, Ministry of National De- News, 24 December 2014, accessed 10 February 2016,
tics”, European Parliamentary Research Service. fense: The People’s Republic of China, May 2015, accessed http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30595376.
33
Ibid. 27 October 2015, http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Database/White-
13
Ibid. Papers/. 74
Mike Ives, “Vietnam’s Communist Party Gives Old-
34
Ibid. Guard Leader a New 5-Year Term”, The New York Times,
14
Ibid. 59
Ibid. 27 January 2016, accessed 10 February 2016, http://www.
35
Ibid. nytimes.com/2016/01/28/world/asia/vietnam-communist-
15
Ibid. 60
Ibid. party-nguyen-phu-trong.html?_r=0.
36
Ibid.
16
Ibid. 61
“How China will rebuild its People’s Liberation Army”, 75
“Tsai Ing-wen elected Taiwan’s first female president”,
37
Ibid. South China Morning Post, 02 September 2015, accessed BBC News, 17 January 2016, accessed 10 February 2016,
17
J.C Mulvenon and N.D. Yang, “The People’s Liber- 27 October 2015, http://www.scmp.com/infographics/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35333647.
alization Army as Organization”, RAND National Security 38
Ibid. article/1854629/infographic-how-china-will-rebuild-its-peo-
Research Division, 2002, pp. 45-121. ples-liberation-army?comment-sort=recommended. 76
Dan de Luce and Keith Johnson, “US dispatches
39
Bernard Cole, “The PLA Navy and Active Defense,” warship to challenge China’s artificial islands”, Foreign Pol-
18
Gisela Grieger, “The Role of the Army in China’s Poli- Global Security.org, accessed 06 May 2015, http://www. 62
Ibid. icy, 26 October 2015, accessed 28 October 2015, https://
tics”, European Parliamentary Research Service. globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2003/pla-china_ foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/26/u-s-dispatches-warship-to-
transition_11_ch07.htm. 63
Edward Wong, Jane Perlez and Chris Buckley, “Chi- challenge-chinas-fake-islands/.
19
“Xi urges breakthroughs in military structural re- na Announces Cuts of 300,000 Troops at Military Parade
form”, Xinhuanet, 26 November 2015, accessed 09 Feb- 40
Ibid. Showing Its Might”, The New York Times, 02 September 77
Bong Lozada, “AFP nears ‘minimum defense pos-
ruary 2016, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015- 2015, accessed 27 October 2015, http://www.nytimes. ture’, Inquirer.net, 21 July 2014, accessed 22 April 2015,
11/26/c_134859089.htm. 41
Ibid. com/2015/09/03/world/asia/beijing-turns-into-ghost-town- http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/622005/afp-nears-minimum-
as-it-gears-up-for-military-parade.html?_r=0. defense-posture.
20
Teo Cheng Wee, “Military rezoning shows China’s 42
Ibid.
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. www.stratbase.com.ph
9.4
VOLUME
ABOUT
Mark Davis M. Pablo
is a Research Analyst at the ADR Institute. He graduated Cum
Laude from the Ateneo de Manila University in 2012 with a
bachelor’s degree in Political Science and Philosophy. Prior to
joining the ADR Institute, Mr. Pablo specialized in Strategic Studies.
He began his career as a Defence Researcher/Analyst in the
Office for Strategic Studies and Strategy Management (OSSSM),
the think tank of the General Headquarters, Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) from 2013 to 2015. During his two-and-a-half
year stint, he engaged in strategic research, analysis and
assessment, policy formulation, event organizing, academic
lecturing, and public relations for the armed forces. His fields of
interest include: China’s defence and foreign policy; South China
Sea conflict; maritime security; ASEAN multilateral security
and defence cooperation; and terrorism and political
violence in Southeast Asia and the Middle East.
C 2016 ADRiNSTITUTE for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved. Image Credit:wired.com