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df}lns af}l4s ;Ldfx?eGbf aflx/ cfP/ Joj;fo
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 6
k|1f–ultljlw
jf k|z+;fnfO{ jf:tf gu/L, lghL nfe gvf]hL
;ª\3if{ u/] . jf:tjdf cfk"mnfO{ vt/fdf kf/]/ eP
klg pgL o; ;ª\3if{af6 kl5 x6]gg\ . /fli6«o Wo]o–
p2]Zok|lt cy{k0" f{ tyf cbDo k|lta4tf hgfPsf
sf/0f pgn] cfk"mnfO{ dfg{] wDsL ;d]t ef]u,] o:tf
cg]sf}F Kofn]l:6gL /fi6«jfbLx?nfO{ dfl/Psf] xfdLn]
b]vs ] f 5f},F of] pgsf] hLjgsf] clt d"Nojfg\ kf6f]
xf] -x]gx'{ f];,\ Og lyof]/L M g];G;, Snf;];, ln6/]r/sf]
cf]l/oG6flnHd PG8 ck\m6/ M PlDaEofn]G; PG8
d]6f« k] f]ln6g nf]s;] g Og lb jS;{ ckm P8jf8{ ;Ob
zLif{ssf] n]v, e;f{], !((@_ . P8jf8{ ;Obn]
Kofn]l:6gL hgclwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu
;fx;sf ;fy ;ª\3if{df efu lnPsfn] ;du|
;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL jfdkGyLx?åf/f pgL k|zl+ ;t
lyP . o;sf/0f pgsf] k|f/lDes n]vg–ljz]iftM
cf]l/oG6flnHdnfO{ w]/n } ] ;+:s[ltdfly ;fd|fHojfbsf]
k|efjsf] k/LIf0fsf b[li6n] dfgs ;Gbe{sf ¿kdf
lng] u/]sf 5g\ / sltko slyt dfS;{jfbL;d]t
o;sf] e|dhfndf kFm;]sf b]lvG5g\ . o; lstfasf]
s]Gb|Lo sYo s] 5 eg] Pl;of / pQ/ clk|msf
-k"j_{ sf af/]df n]lvPsf] k|frLg u|Lsx?sf] ;dob]lv
dfS;{sf /rgf;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ klZrdL af}l4s
cEof; slxNo} ;'wfg{ g;lsg], unt, k"jf{u|xL
…k"jj{ fbÚåf/f u|:t 5 . t/ ;Obsf] of] sYo lsg
;xL 5}g eg] klZrdsf sltko af}l4s lqmofsnfkn]
o;sf] k|ToIftof v08g ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . ;Obsf]
n]vgsf] cGo kIf a'l4hLjLl;t ;DalGwt 5 .
a'l4hLjLsf af/]df cleJoQm ;Obsf ljrf/f]Qh ] s
n]vgaf6 clxn] klg ljZjsf clwsf+z af}l4sx?
k|efljt 5g\ . aLaL;Laf6 –k|l;4 l/y n]Sr;{–
JofVofgsf ¿kdf lbOPsf ^ j6f k|jrgx?sf]
;ª\ux| /]k] h ]| G] 6];g ckm lb OG6]nS] r'cn -!((#_ df
pgsf a'l4hLjL;DaGwL ljrf/x? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
k"j{jfb
…k"jj{ fbÚnfO{ cf]l/oG6flnHd s[lt k|sfzg x'ge' Gbf
cl3;Dd k"jL{o efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] 1fg / ljåQf
-cS:kmf]8{ cª\uh ]| L zAbsf]z_ eg]/ a'‰g] ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;Obn] eg]h:tf] o:tf] 1fg k"js { f af/]sf]
klZrdL ljåQfdf dfq ;Lldt lyPg . s;}s;}n]
…k"jL{oÚ ljifodf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf pGgfO;f}F
ztfAbLsf klZrdL snfsf/sf s[ltx?nfO{ hgfpg
klg o; zAbsf] pkof]u ug{] u/]sf lyP . o; k|sl[ tsf
s[ltn] pQ/ clk|msf / klZrd Pl;ofsf ofqfsf
qmddf snfsf/åf/f xfl;n u/]sf cg'ej tyf
ljj/0fnfO{ k|:t't ub{y] . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLdf, vf;u/L
k|mfG;df o:tf] lrq0f ug{] snfsf/ / ljåfg\x?nfO{
…k"jj{ fbLÚ eGg] rng lyof] . Kofn]l:6gL–cd]l/sL ljåfg\
P8jf8{ ;Obn] cfˆgf] k|efjsf/L t/ ljjfbf:kb
k':ts cf]l/oG6flnHddf k"jj{ fbsf] o; kl/efiffnfO{
kl/jt{g ug{] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . k"jj{ fbn] d'VotM
;Obsf] cfˆg} zAbdf d'n kf7sf] ;Dkfbg ug{,]
cg'jfb ug{,] Jofs/0f lgdf{0f ug{,] zAbsf]z /rgf
ug{,] hLjgxLg o'unfO{ k'glg{df{0f ug{] / k|ToIfjfbL
tl/sfn] k|df0f of]Uo 1fg pTkfbg ug{] c;ª\Vo
;dlk{t ljåfg\x?sf sfo{nfO{ ;dfj]z ub{5 -!(&( M
@)# _ . k"jj{ fbsf] ;Obsf] kl/efiffleq k"js { f af/]df
cWofkg jf zf]w ug{] sfo{;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5 . o;/L zf]w jf cWofkg ug{] JolQm dfgjzf:qL,
;dfhzf:qL, Oltxf;sf/ jf efiffzf:qL hf] sf]xL
x'g ;S5 / p;sf] If]q ljlzi6 jf ;fdfGo h] klg x'g
;S5 . o:tf] JolQmnfO{ …k"jj{ fbLÚ / p;n] ug{] sfo{nfO{
…k"jj{ fbÚ elgG5 -k[=@_ . cgf}7f] s'/f] s] 5 eg] ;Obn]
oxfF lzIfs tyf zf]wfyL{sf] Jofj;flos ;LdfnfO{
;d]t ;j{yf pk]Iff u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] c7f/f}F /
pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] klZrd]nL b[li6sf]0faf6 k"jn { fO{
k"jf{ux| sf ;fy x]g]{ / JofVof ug{] af}l4s ultljlwdf
JoQm k/Dk/fnfO{ hgfpg of] zAb pkof]udf NofPsf
5g\ . pgsf] b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df x]bf{ k"jj{ fb klZrdL
ljåfg\, n]vs, lrGts, /fhgLlts / Jofks ¿kdf
eGbf ;dfhn] u}/ klZrdL -vf;u/L Pl;ofnL_
;+:s[ltnfO{ af]w Pjd\ JoQm ug{] tl/sf xf] . pGgfO;f}F
ztfAbLdf klZrdsf] cf}klgj]lzs cfsfª\IffnfO{
lj:tf/ ug{ Pl;ofsf] /fd|f] 1fg cfjZos 5 eGg]
cg'el" t klZrd]nL ljåfg\x?n] u/]kl5 k"jj{ fbsf] pbo
ePsf] xf] . ;Obsf] ts{ cg';f/ o; lsl;dsf] lrGtgn]
k" j { s f eGbf a9L klZrdL ;dfhsf d" N o /
k"jf{u|xx?nfO{ JoQm ub{5 . k"j{jfbdf Pl;ofnL
k'?ifx?nfO{ clxn] klg Jofks dfqfdf gf/L;/x,
sdhf]/ t/ uf]/f, klZrdL dlxnfsf nflu vt/fhgs
¿kdf lnOG5 . gful/s clwsf/ cfGbf]ngeGbf cl3sf]
cjlwdf clwsf+z cd]l/sL k':ts / lkmNdx?df
clk|msL cd]l/sL k'?ifsf ;fy} ;+oQ ' m /fHo cd]l/sf
/ Sofg8fsf cflbjf;L k'?ifnfO{ klg o;/L g} lrq0f
ug{] ul/Psf] lyof] . k"jj{ fbL lrGtsx?n] k"jn { fO{
Ot/ k|sl[ tsf] eg]/ a'em] cg'¿k k"jj{ fbn] To;nfO{
;fdfGoLs/0f ub{5 / l:y/ ¿k k|bfg ub{5 . ;Obsf]
wf/0ff cg';f/ k"js { f nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] cf1fTds,
b[li6sf]0ffTds tyf ljrf/wf/fTds k"jf{u|xåf/f
lgolGqt n]vg, b[li6sf]0f / cWoogsf] lgoldt
tl/sfnfO{ k"jj{ fb elgG5 . of] lrGtg / ljåQfsf]
;du| k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf cleJoQm …k"jÚ{ sf] ljDa xf] .
;Obsf] b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ ;du| o'/f]kn ] L tyf
cd]l/sL ljåQf, ;flxTo Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts k|:t'lt /
¿l9a4tfn] u}/ klZrdL ;+:s[ltnfO{ k"jj{ fbL jf
…cGoÚdf juL{s/0f u/]/ o;k|lt k"jf{ux| /fVg] ub{5 .
k"jj{ fbsf] s]Gb|df zlQm ;DaGwn] sfd u/]sf] x'G5 .
klZrdn] k"jn { fO{ cfˆg} tl/sfn] pkof]u, cWoog
/ af]w ub{} cfPsf] 5 . k"js { f] vf; ljDa / k"j{
;DaGwL 1fgsf] zfvf ;[hgf ug{] / o; cWoognfO{
k|0ffnLa4 ¿k lbg] sfdn] k"jn { fO{ lgoGq0f ug{]
sfo{df ljz]if e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . k"j{sf]
af}l4stfdfly lgoGq0f u/]/ klZrdn] /fhgLlts
Pjd\ cfly{s lgoGq0f ;d]t sfod ub{5 . k"jj{ fbn]
Pl;ofnfO{ nx8L, ljkyufdL, ctfls{s, ;fdfGotof
nf]stflGqs klZrdL ;+;f/eGbf leGg, k5f}6,] k[ys\,
ljifd, ljifof;Qm, cr]tg, c5't / lgliqmosf ¿kdf
x]5{ . o;sf] k|sl[ tnfO{ k|ult lj/f]wL / :j]R5frf/L
dfG5 . k"js { f] k|ult / d"NonfO{ klZrdsf cfwf/df
tf}nbF } o;nfO{ ;w}F cGo, ljlht / tNnf] txsf]
dfGb5 . ;Obsf] egfOdf …c/aÚ ;+:s[ltsf] xfnsf]
klZrdL JofVofdf k"j{jfb kfOG5 . ctfls{s,
eof]Tkfbs, cljZj;gLo, klZrd lj/f]wL, a]Odfg /
cflbdsf ¿kdf …c/aÚ jf k"js { f] JofVof ul/G5 /
o;df g} k"jj{ fbL ljåQf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .
dflysf] ljj/0fn] ;ª\st] u/]h:t} ;Obn] cfˆgf]
s[ltdf …klZrdÚ / …k"jÚ{ nfO{ k/:k/ lj/f]wdf pEofPsf
5g\ . ;Obsf cg';f/ klZrdn] k"js { f] jf:tljstf /
…k"jÚ{ sf] /f]dflG6s cjwf/0ffsf lardf lj/f]w ;[hgf
u/]sf] 5 . dWok"j{ / Pl;ofnfO{ k"jf{ux| / hfltjfbsf
cfwf/df x]g]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] x]/fOdf oL d'ns '
k5f}6] 5g\ / cfˆgf] Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltsf af/]df
oxfFsf hgtf cgle1 5g\ . o; sdL / cefjnfO{
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 7
k'g{ klZrdn] logsf nflu ;+:s[lt, Oltxf; Pjd\
eljiosf] lgdf{0f ug{] lhDdf lnPsf] 5 . o;df k"js { f]
cWoog dfq 5}g, o'/f]kn ] L /fhgLlts ;fd|fHojfbsf]
;+nUgtf ;d]t 5 . k"j{ o'/f]kl;t hf]l8Psf] dfq
5}g, of] o'/f]ksf] dxfgtd\ tyf ;d[4td\ / k|frLgtd\
pklgj]zsf] :yfg xf] . o;sf] ;Eotfsf] tyf
efiffx?sf], ;f+:s[lts k|ltåGbLsf] / cGosf] uxgtd\
/ ;jf{lws k'g/fj[Q eO{ /xg] ljDasf] ;|ft] klg xf] .
o;sf ;fy}, k"jn { ] ljDa, ljrf/, JolQmTj / cg'ejdf
o'/f]k -klZrd_nfO{ cfˆgf] k|ltkIfLsf ¿kdf kl/eflift
ug{ d2t u/]sf] 5 . k"j{ sfNklgs dfq 5}g . k"j{
] L ef}lts ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] cleGg c¨ xf] .
o'/f]kn
ljdz{sf] ljlwsf ¿kdf k"jj{ fbn] ;xof]uL ;ª\3–
;+:yfx?, zAbe08f/, ljåQf, ljDaljwfg, l;4fGtx?
;lxt cf}klgj]lzs sd{rf/LtGq / cf}klgj]lzs
z}nLnfO{ ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ ljrf/wf/fTds ¿kn] JoQm
/ k|ltlglwTj;d]t ub{5 . ;Obn] o; qmddf s]
eg]sf 5g\ eg]
…k"jj{ fbaf6 d}n] y'k}| s'/f eGg vf]hs ] f] 5'
===;jf{k] l/ s'/f d]/f] b[li6df cGtlg{e/{ tf xf] . k"jj{ fbsf]
lgM;ª\sf]r ¿kn] ;jf{lws :jLs[t cy{ k|fl1s 5
/ jf:tjdf o; gfdk§af6 cBfjlw y'k}| k|fl1s
;+:yfx?n] nfe p7fPsf 5g\ . k"js { f af/]df o;sf]
ljlzi6 jf ;fdfGo kIfsf af/]df cWofkg ug{,]
n]Vg] jf zf]w ug{] dfgjzf:qL, ;dfhzf:qL,
Oltxf;sf/ jf efiffzf:qL hf] sf]xL / o;nfO{
k|of]u ug{] hf] sf]xL k|fRojfbL xf] / p;n] h] eG5
jf u5{ Tof] k"jj{ fb xf] .==o; k|fl1s k/Dk/fl;t
;Da4x?sf] efUo, k|jf;g, ljz]if1tf / k|;f/0f
cflb o; cWoogs} c+z x'g\ / of] k|fl1s k/Dk/f
k"jj{ fbsf] cem ;fdfGo cy{ xf] . k"jj{ fb …k"jÚ{ /
-cTolws ;do_ …klZrdÚsf larsf] tŒjdLdf+;Lo
/ 1fgdLdf+;Lo lje]bdf cfwfl/t lrGtg z}nL xf] .
slj, pkGof;sf/, bfz{lgs, /fhgLlts l;4fGtsf/,
cy{zf:qL / ;fd|fHojfbL k|zf;sdWo]sf clwsf+z
n]vsx?n] k"js { f dflg;, rfnrng, …dfgl;stfÚ,
lgolt / cflb cflb k"js { f ljj/0fx?nfO{ lj:tf/
ug{ k|:yfglaGb'sf ¿kdf k"j{ / klZrdsf lar
cfwf/e"t lje]b 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g\ .
===d}n] oxfF cWoog ug{ nfu]sf] k"jj{ fbsf] ;ª\36gfn]
d'Votof k"jj{ fb / k"jL{o b]zsf lar cg'¿ktf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 8
k|1f–ultljlw
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b]vfpFbg} , k"jL{o b]zsf af/]df k"jj{ fb tyf o;sf
ljrf/x?sf] cfGtl/s cg'¿ktfnfO{ b]vfpF5,== oBlk
…jf:tljsÚ k"jj{ fbl;t o;sf] cg'¿ktf 5}g -;Ob,
!(($ M !–# / %_ .
…klZrdsf] k"jk{ l| tsf] pkfudÚ -Approach_
nfO{ JofVof ug{ -;Ob, !(&( M &#_ ;Obn] k"jj{ fb
kbfjnL k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . k"jj{ fbsf] k|:yfglaGb'
o'/f]kn
] Lx? ;Eo / k"js { fx? c;Eo, o'/f]kn] Lx? ;d'Ggt
/ k"jn ]{ Lx? k5f}6] x'G5g\ eGg] unt wf/0ff xf] .
klZrd]nLx? k"jn ]{ LnfO{ gful/s / hgtf b'j} dfGg
tof/ 5}gg\ . pgLx?sf] b[li6df …k"j{]nLx?df
:jtGqtfsf] k/Dk/f g} 5}g . To;sf/0f hLjgxLg,
;doxLg, anxLg pgLx?nfO{ cfGbf]ngdf k|fT] ;flxt
ug{] Pp6f dfq tl/sf klZrdL cfsf/ lbg' xf]Ú -;Ob,
!(&( M @)^–& / @$! _ . k"jj{ fb pklgj]zjfbL
ljdz{ dfq xf] . o;sf] p2]Zo k"j{ jf:tjdf h:tf] 5
To:tf] b]vfpg' geP/ klZrdf k|eT' jzfnL ;Qfsf]
lxtsf] cg's"n x'g] lsl;dn] o;nfO{ b]vfpg' xf] .
klZrdL ljåfg\x? k"jd{ fly k|eT' j hdfpg k"js { f
af/]df ;s];Dd a9L hfGg' pQd pkfo xf] eGg]
7fGb5g\ . hlt k"0f{ 1fg x'G5 Tolt g} o;nfO{ :yfoL
¿kn] kqmg] ;fdYo{ k|fKt x'G5 . o;}af6 pgLx?
k"jj{ fb elgg] gofF zfvfsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ k|l] /t
ePsf x'g\ . …klZrd / k"js { f larsf] ;DaGw ;Qf,
k|eT' j, hl6n k|eT' jsf] kl/jlt{t dfqfsf] ;DaGw xf],
k"jn{ ] cfˆgf] k|ltlglwTj cfkm}F ug{ ;St}g, To;}n]
klZrdn] o;sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/ lbg' kb{5Ú -;Ob,
!(&( M %–^_ . ;Obsf] b[li6df klZrdL ljåfg\x?åf/f
ePsf] k|fl1s cWoog cfkm" k|eT' jzfnL zlQm ePsf]
klZrdL k"jf{ux| af6 b"lift 5 . pgn] pbfx/0fsf]
¿kdf ldnnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . cª\uh ]| bfz{lgs
Pjd\ /fhgLlts cy{zf:qL hf]g :6'cf6{ ldnn] cfˆgf]
s[lt slG;8/];G; cg ln6/]/L PG8 /]kh ]| G] 6]l6e
ueg{dG] 6df …pgsf ljrf/x? ef/tdf pkof]u x'g
;St}gg\, ef/t]nLx? hftLo ¿kdf dfq xf]Og
;Eotfsf b[li6n] klg tNnf] :t/df 5g\Ú -;Ob,
!(&( M !! / !$_ eg]sf 5g\ . l7s a]l7s s] xf]
lje]b ug{] Ifdtfsf] cefj k"jL{ox?df ePsfn]
pgLx?nfO{ ;Eo aGg d2t ug{ cfjZos 5 . oxL
g} ;Obsf] k"jj{ fbL ljdz{sf] ;f/ xf] .
;Ob klZrdsf] ;flxTo ;Qf -;fd|fHojfbL_
/fhgLltl;t ufFl;Psf] 5 eGg] dfGb5g\ . klZrdL
;+:s[ltnfO{ a'‰g klZrdL ;Qf;Fusf] To;sf]
;DaGwdfly Wofg s]lGb|t ug{' clgjfo{ x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf
pgn] dxŒj lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . k"jj{ fbL s[ltx? !*))
b]lv af}l4s pklgj]zjfbL k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f efu aGb}
cfPsf 5g\ eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 . klZrdl;t hLjge/
;fxro{ u/]sf ;Obn] cfˆgf] dg ;w}F k"j; { uF lyof]
eGg] b]vfpg lgs} k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pgL n]V5g\, …o;
cWoogsf] clwstd JolQmut vf]hL b'O{ la|l6;
pklgj]zdf x'ls{b+ } u/]s
] f] afnssf] ¿kdf …k"jL{oÚ x'gs
' f]
d]/f] ;r]ttfaf6 pTkGg ePsf] xf] . tL pklgj]z
Kofn]:6fOg / OlhK6 x'g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;+oQ' m /fHodf
ePsf] d]/f] ;a} cWoog klZrdL lyof] tyflk Tof]
ulx/f] k|f/lDes ;r]ttfn] lg/Gt/ k5\ofO/Xof]== Ps
…k"jL{oÚ ePsf] ;f+:s[lts oyfy{nfO{ / To;;Fusf]
JolQmut ;+nUgtfnfO{ kqmg d}n] slxNo} 5fl8gF .
===oxL sf/0f O:nflds k"j{ d]/f nflu lrGtgsf] s]Gb|
ag]sf] 5Ú -;Ob, !(&( M @%–@^_ . ;Obsf] b[li6sf]0f
cg';f/ ;f/df k"jj{ fb pklgj]zjfbsf] ;]js xf] . c;Eo
Pl;ofnfO{ ;Eo agfpg' ;Eo o'/f]ksf] bfloTj xf] eGg]
ljrf/ k"jj{ fbLx?n] /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ . o; lgx'dF f
o'/f]ksf] lrGtg tyf ;+:s[lt k"jd{ fly yf]kg{' pgLx?sf]
p2]Zo xf] .
k"jj{ fbsf] k[i7e"ld
k"jj{ fb h:tf ljrf/sf] pbosf nflu ljZjJofkL
;fdflhs kl/l:yltn] klg Ps xb;Dd ;3fPsf]
b]lvG5 . Toltv]/sf] af}l4s pTkfbg / To;sf] u|x0fsf]
ljZn]if0fsf nflu blIf0fkGysf] ljZjJofkL cfqmd0f,
jfdkGysf] ljZjJofkL kZrudg / zf:qLo /fi6«jfbdf
lglxt k|ultzLntfaf6 ;d]t kZrudg h:tf
s'/fx?dfly Wofg lbg' clgjfo{ h:t} x'G5 . ;g\
!(&* tfsf cNh]l/ofnL o'4 -!(%$_ åf/f pb\3fl6t
Pjd\ ;fOuf]gsf] d'lQmtfsf -!(&%_ pTsif{df k'us ] f]
qmflGtsf/L bzssf] cGTo eO{ ;s]sf] lyof] .
qmflGtsf/L bzssf] cGTon] ;j{ky| d pRr ljsl;t
b]zx?sf] ;du| zlQm ;Gt'ngdf x]/k]m/ Nofof] /
To;nfO{ cem a9L blIf0fkGyL lbzf lbof] . ef/tLo
pkdxfb]zdf klg o:t} k|sl[ tsf 36gfx? xfaL eP .
of] k'gu{l7t ljZjJofkL l:yltdf ;a} a'hc '{ f b]zx?df
jfdkGyL elgg] ¿k/]vfleq ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] gofF
lsl;dsf] a'l4hLjLsf] cflwkTo :yflkt eof] . t];f| ]
ljZj, So'af, /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ng h:tf s'/fx?sf]
rrf{ lg/Gt/ / pTs6 ¿kn] u/]sf] sf/0f o; gofF
a'l4hLjLn] jfdkGydf j}wflgstf kfPsf] lyof] . t/
/dfOnf] s'/f] s] lyof] eg] of] jfdkGy v'Nnf ¿kn]
/ 3[0ffs} :t/df sDo'lg:6 lj/f]wL lyof] . zf:qLo
dfS;{jfbaf6 pTkGg csf{] k/Dk/f ;fdflhs
hgjfbl;t klg o;sf] ;DaGw geP ;/x lyof] /
>lds cfGbf]ngl;t t o;sf] s'g} ;DaGw lyPg .
tyflk o;n] k|:6 ¿kn] k|ltlqmofjfbL dfgjtfjfb
lj/f]wL lgT;]nL k/Dk/fdf bLlIft / cg'ejjfb lj/f]wL,
Oltxf; lj/f]wL, ;+/rgfjfb / pQ/ ;+/rgfjfb, ljz]if
u/L n]eL :qf;, k'msf], b]l/bf, Un'S:dfg lv|:6]ef cflb
cflbsf] ljrf/leq /x]/ a'hc '{ f lj/f]wL /j}of cjnDag
u/]sf] lyof] -cxdb, !((@ M !(@–!(#_ . ;Obsf]
k"jj{ fb oxL sf]l6df kb{5 . cd]l/sL /fi6«klt /f]gfN8
/]ug / la|l6; k|wfgdGqL dfu{/]6 Yofr/sf]
zf;gsfnsf] a]nfdf cyf{t\ cf]l/oG6flnHd k|sfzg
ePsf] cjlwtfsf clt ljsl;t d'ns ' sf a'l4hLjLsf]
clt k|a4' c+znfO{ sDo'lgHd lj/f]wL ljleGg wf/f
tyf pQ/ dfS;{jfbn] ufFHb} u/]sf] cjlw lyof] .
P8jf8{ ;Ob klg o;af6 c5'tf lyPgg\ . pgsf]
s[lt cf]l/oG6flnHd log} wf/f / k+lQmdf cfpF5 .
Psflt/ o; cjlwdf cfPsf] ljzfn ;}4flGts tyf
/fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] / csf{lt/ k"j{ cfk"m eGbf
leGg 5 eGg] b]vfP/ cfˆgf] lghL kl/ro :yflkt
u/]sf] o'/f]ksf] Py]lgog gf6ssf] ;dob]lv u}/o'/f]knfO{
xLg b]vfpg] / To;dfly ljho xfl;n ug{] cfsfª\Iff
lyof] eGg] bfaLsf] ljlzi6 Oltxf;ftLttfn] ;ObnfO{
u}/o'/f]ksf af/]sf o'/f]ksf ;Dk"0f{ 1fgx? v/fa 1fg
x'g\ eGg] d"NofÍg ug{] cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . of]
jf:tjd} gofF ljrf/ lyof] . o;eGbf cl3 w]/}
n]vsx?n] cf}klgj]lzs pBddf o'/f]kn ] L ;f+:s[lts
pTkfbgsf] ck/fw–;+nUgtfnfO{ pb\3fl6t u/]sf lyP .
;a}eGbf cg'bf/jfbL tyf ;f+:s[lts /fi6«jfbLx?n]
dfq o'/f]kn ] Lx? u}/o'/f]ksf af/]df ;xL 1fg pTkfbg
ug{ ;St}gg\ eGg] ts{ ug{] ub{y] . ;r]t af}l4sn]
o:tf] ts{ :jLsf/ ug{' ;Dej lyPg . t/ ;Ob
To:tf] ljrf/k|lt ;xfg'el" t /fVty] / o;nfO{ :yflkt
ug{sf nflu pgn] ;a} lsl;dsf ;f/;ª\ux| jfbL
sfo{ljlw ckgfPsf 5g\ -cxdb, !((@ M !&*–!&(_ .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 9
k"jj{ fbsf] ljj]rgf
lat]sf] b'O{ ztfAbLdf o'/f]kn] Pl;ofnfO{ xLg
b]vfpg] p2]Zon] cfˆgf] ljrf/wf/fsf] …lgdf{0fÚ u/]sf]
5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;Ob]nL k"jj{ fbn] k|df0f ljgf g}
:jLsfg{] u/]sf] 5 . ;Obsf] egfOdf Pl;ofsf
t'ngfdf cfk"mnfO{ ts{a'l4k/s, kl/jt{gzLn,
k|ultzLn / >]i7 ePsf] b]vfpgsf nflu of] ;a
sfd o'/f]kn] u/]sf] xf] . o'/f]ksf b[li6df Pl;of
…cGoÚ xf], of] cts{al' 4k/s, ckl/jt{gLo, l:y/,
3l6of bhf{sf] / :j]R5frf/L 5 . ;Ob k"jj{ fbsf] of]
ljrf/wf/fTds lgld{lt …;+:s[ltdf hxfF;s ' s
} f] af}l4s
ljsf;sf] k[ySs/0fdfÚ cl:tTjdf /xG5 eGg]
oyfy{jfb lj/f]wL unt wf/0ff /fVt5g\ . ;Ob]nL
ljdz{ ef}lts oyfy{af6 k[ys\ /x]/ :j]R5frf/L
¿kn] ljrf/wf/fsf] lgdf{0f ;Dej 5 eGg] sfNklgs
dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; cltl/Qm o;n] cfˆgf]
rl/qnfO{ kl/eflift ug{] juL{o tŒj ljgf g}
/fli6«otfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lg/k]IfLs/0f u/]sf] 5 .
;fdflhs agf]6sf] cjwf/0ff ;Ob]nL k"j{jfbsf
nflu lj/fgf] ljifo xf], o;n] /fli6«otfsf] lg/k]IfLs[t
wf/0ffåf/f ju{nfO{ lj:yflkt ub{5 . ju{, hflt,
ln¨, cfly{s l:ylt h:tf ;fdflhs lje]bsf
cfwf/df klZrddf dfq xf]Og, k"jd { f klg Psy/Ln]
csf{y/LnfO{ xLg 7fGg], tNnf] txdf /fv]/ Jojxf/
ug{] kl/kf6L ju{ ljefhgsf] ;dob]lv g} x'bF } cfPsf]
5 . To;nfO{ ;Obn] k"0f{tof a]jf:tf u/]sf 5g\ /
klZrdn] k"jn { fO{ dfq o;/L Jojxf/ ub{5 eGg]
unt wf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . lgZro g} klZrdsf]
zf;s ju{n] k"j{sf zf;s Pjd\ zfl;tx?nfO{
o:tf] Jojxf/ sltko ;Gbe{df u/]s} 5 . t/ To;nfO{
lg/k]IfLs/0f u/]/ ;w},F ;a} l:yltdf To:tf] ePsf]
5 eg]/ b]vfpg] sfo{ ;j{yf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . Tolt dfq
xf]Og, Pl;ofnL ;dfhx?nfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf
tNnf] txsf] gb]vfpg], a? ltgsf ljlzi6 ;fdflhs
agf]6sf cfwf/df cWoog ug{] ;f]leot ;flxTosf]
;du| If]qnfO{ cfˆgf] kl/lwaf6 gfd]6 kfg{] sfd
;Ob]nL k"jj{ fbn] u/]sf] 5 / of] ;+of]usf] s'/f] dfq
xf]Og eGg] lbNnL ljZjljBfnosf Oltxf;sf
k|fWofks t[Kt jfxLsf] wf/0ff 5 .
k"jj{ fb o'/f]kn
] L ljåfg\x?af6 ePsf] Pl;ofnL
;dfhx?sf] cWoogdf ljrf/wf/fTds leGgtf 5}g
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 10
k|1f–ultljlw
eGg] 7fGg' unt x'G5 . ;Obn] b]vfpg vf]h] h:tf]
of] ;f]nf]8f]nf], clje]bLs[t k|0ffnL k6Ss} xf]Og .
juL{o rl/qsf] k|ltljDag ePsf] sf/0fn] cGo
ljrf/k|0ffnL h:t} o;df klg cGt/ / cGtlj{/f]wx?
5g\ . c¿ 1fgk|0ffnL h:t} k"jj{ fb ljleGg k|jl[ Q
/ k| l t k| j [ l Qx?sf] , ljljwtfnfO{ JoQm ug{ ]
Pscsf{l;t lqmof cGtlqm{of ug{] kl/l:yltsf
k|lqmofx?sf] pTkfb xf] . of] Pl;ofnL ;dfhx?l;t
;DalGwt P]ltxfl;s ;ª\36gfsf] åGå/t JofVof
;d]t xf] . ljåfg\x?sf cg';Gwfg, pknAw ;"rgf
/ cf–cfˆgf /fhgLlts wf/0ffsf ¿k/]vf, pks/0f
/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t eP/ klg oL b[li6sf]0fx? sd
a];L j:t'ut oyfy{sf cg'¿k x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
k"jj{ fbsf] kl/efiff, wf/0ff, pb\ej cflbsf
af/]df ;Obsf ljrf/x?n] Pscsf{nfO{ v08g
ub{5g\ . ;Obn] k"jj{ fb ;DaGwL cfˆgf wf/0ffx?nfO{
k'li6 ug{ ;f/;ª\ux| jfbL tl/sf ckgfpg] u/]sf
5g\ . cf]l/oG6flnHdsf] yfngLd} ;Obn] k"jj{ fbsf
tLgj6f k/:k/ lj/f]wL kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\ / of]
k/:k/ lj/f]wL wf/0ff lstfael/ k}mlnPsf] 5 . pgsf
k/:k/ lj/f]wL wf/0ffsf sf/0f pgn] eGg vf]hs ] f
s'/fdWo] s'g rflxF l7s xf] eGg g;lsg] l:ylt
;[hgf x'G5 / pgsf] wf/0ff cljZj;gLo aGg
k'U5 . P8jf8{ ;Obsf k/:k/ lj/f]wL ljrf/x?
pgsf cfwf/e"t k|:yfkgfdf g} kl/nlIft x'g] u/]sf
5g\ . k"jj{ fbsf] kl/efiff, wf/0ff / o;sf] pbosf]
cjlw oL ;a}df Pscsf{nfO{ v08g–d08g ug{]
ljrf/ pgn] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . of] xf] ls pm xf]
h:tf] nfUg] ;Obsf] sfo{ljlwsf sf/0f y'k}| ;}4flGts
tyf /fhgLlts sl7gfO / cGof}nx? ;[hgf x'G5g\ .
kl/0ffd:j¿k pgsf] ljrf/wf/f / /fhgLlt k|:6
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pgn] k"jj{ fbsf] kl/efiff lbg]
qmddf eg]sf 5g\ …k"js { f af/]df k9fpg], n]Vg] jf
cg';Gwfg ug{] hf] sf]xL, dfgjzf:qL, ;dfhzf:qL,
Oltxf;sf/ jf efiffzf:qL hf];s ' } ;fdfGo jf ljlzi6
h]h:tf] kIf eP klg pm k"jj{ fbL xf], p;n] h] ub{5
Tof] k"jj{ fb xf] -;Ob, !(&( M @_ . o;/L pgn]
k"jj{ fbnfO{ k|fl1s 1fgsf] cGt/ljifos If]qsf ¿kdf
k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ / dfgjzf:q, ;dfhzf:q,
efiffzf:q cflb oxfF k|oQ ' m 1fgsf zfvfsf cfwf/df
of] 1fgsf] cfw'lgs zfvf xf] eGg] b]vfpg vf]hs ] f
5g\ . pgsf] bf];|f] kl/efiffn] o;nfO{ sf6\5 /
k"j{jfbnfO{ ztfAbLof}F cl3b]lv rNb} cfPsf]
dfgl;stfsf ¿kdf k|:t't ub{5 . o; kl/efiff
cg';f/ …k"jj{ fb k"j{ / klZrdsf larsf] tŒjdLdf+;Lo
tyf 1fgdLdf+;Lo lje]bdf cfwfl/t lrGtgz}nL
xf] . ==k"jj{ fbn] Plrn;, leS6/ Xo'uf], bfFt] / sfn{
dfS;{nfO{ ;fd]n ug{ ;St5 -;Ob, !(&( M # _ .
o; kl/efiffdf ;Obn] k"j{jfbnfO{ k"j{ /
klZrdsf lar ljBdfg tŒjdLdf+ ; f /
1fgdLdf+;fsf lje]bdf cfwfl/t …lrGtgz}nLÚ eg]sf
5g\ . pNn]vgLo s'/f] s] 5 eg] o; jfSodf dfq
xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{ lstfael/ g} ;Obn] lg/Gt/ / ;xh
¿kn] ;w}e F l/ Pp6} ;f/, Pp6} of]hgf, Pp6} sNkgf,
Pp6} OR5f ePsf] Ps o'/f]k jf klZrdsf] s'/f]
u/]sf 5g\ / k"jn { fO{ kf7Lo, ;}lgs cflb ¿kn]
o'/f]ksf] ljifo dfg]sf 5g\ . pgn] klZrd jf o'/f]knfO{
1fg pTkfbg ug{s ] f ¿kdf / k"jn { fO{ To; 1fgsf]
ljifosf ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . csf{] zAbdf
pgL oL b'Os { f lardf l:y/ stf{–sd{sf] cl:dtfsf
;fy} tŒjdLdf+;Lo / 1fgdLdf+;Lo lje]b :yflkt
ug{ rfxG5g\ . To;f] xf] eg] ;Ob :jod\ klg
k"jj{ fbLdf kb{5g\ . bdf:s; o'lgel;{6L, l;l/ofsf
k|fWofks ;flbs cn chdn] eg]h:t} …ljk/Ltfy{df
pgL k"j{jfbLÚ lsg / s;/L xf]Ogg\ < -chd,
!(*! M <_ o;sf] pQ/ jf:tjdf pgLl;t 5}g .
oxfFlg/ …k"jj{ fbnfO{ k"j{ / clwsf+z ;do
klZrdsf lar ljBdfg tŒjdLdf+ ; f /
1fgdLdf+;fsf lje]bdf cfwfl/t …lrGtgz}nLÚ eGg]
pgsf] wf/0ffdf k|ZglrXg nufpg' kg{] l:ylt ;Ob
cfkm}nF ] ;[hgf u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] Psflt/ cfˆgf]
s[ltdf …klZrdÚ / …k"jÚ{ nfO{ k/:k/ lj/f]wdf pEofPsf
5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ;Obn] cfˆgf] k"jj{ fbsf] cWoognfO{
la|l6; / k|mfG;]nL k/Dk/fdf dfq ;Lldt u/]sf
5g\ / hd{g / cGo o'/f]kn ] L k|fRojfbLx?nfO{ o;eGbf
aflx/ /fv]sf 5g\ -;Ob, !(&( M #–$_ . o;
alxis/0fsf nflu la|6g] / k|mfG;sf] k"jl{ ;t d'Vo
cf}klgj]lzs ;+nUgtf ePsf] x'gfn] ltgsf] k"jj{ fbL
af}l4stf cGo o'/f]kn ] L b]zx?sf] eGbf km/s 5
eGg] sf/0f lbOPsf] 5 . t/ o'/f]kn ] L k"jj{ fbsf]
o:tf] cg'ej lg/k]If -a priori_ ljefhgsf nflu
;d'lrt / ljZj;gLo sf/0f pgn] lbg ;s]sf
5}gg\ . pgn] klZrdsf] k"jj{ fbdf ;d]t ljefhg
u/]/ csf{] hl6ntf yk]sf 5g\ . ;Ob eG5g\ – …d}n]
eGg] u/]sf] k"jj{ fb cyf{t\ o'/f]kn
] L klZrdL cg'ejdf
k"jn { fO{ tNnf] :yfgdf /fv]/ Jojxf/ ug{] tl/sfsf]
nfdf] k/Dk/f cd]l/sLx?sf ljk/Lt k|m] Gr, la|l6;l;t
a9L, To;eGbf s]xL sd hd{g, ?;L, :k]lg;,
kf]t'{luh, O6flnog / l:j;x?l;t 5 .Ú k"j{ /
klZrdsf] k|:6 lj/f]wnfO{ dfGotf lbg] pgL cfkm}n F ]
:yflkt u/]sf] :jfefljs ljnf]dsf] ;§fdf …klZrdLÚ
-;Ob, !(&( M **!_ / …o'/f]kn ] LÚ -;Ob, !(&( M
**)_ b'js } f] pNn]v u/]/ o; ljifonfO{ ckTofl/nf]
agfPsf 5g\ . …klZrdLÚ / …o'/f]k]nLÚsf lar
kof{ojflrtfsf] cefj x'g' eg]sf] k"jL{o h]sf] lj/f]wdf
kl/eflift ul/Psf] xf], Tof] 5}g eGg] x'G5 . k"jL{o /
klZrdLsf larsf] ;Obsf] lje]bnfO{ pgsf] hd{g
k"jj{ fb, Pª\Unf]–k|mfG;]nL k"jj{ fb / cd]l/sL k"jj{ fb
-;Ob, !(&( M=*&$_ sf] ax;n] Iflt k'¥ofPsf]
5 . o;/L klZrdL k"jj{ fbnfO{ cnu cnu pNn]v
u/]/ / logsf lar ;fdfGotfsf ;fy} leGgtf 5g\
eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbP/ ;Ob cfkm}n F ] k"jj{ fbnfO{
cGoq klZrdL lrGtgsf] Psn PsLs[t k|0ffnL xf]
eg]/ h;/L kl/efiff u/]sf x'g,\ To;nfO{ v08g ub{}
ax'ljw k"jj{ fbsf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] b]vfPsf 5g\ .
o'/f]kn] L lrGtgleq / cem a9L o'/f]kn ] L / cd]l/sL
lrGtgsf lar ljefhg u/]/ o'/f]k tyf klZrd
h:tf Jofks kbfjnLs} k'gk{l/efiff ug{' kg{] ;d:of
pgn] v8f u/]sf 5g\ . k"jn { fO{ tNnf] txdf /fv]/
x]g]{ k/Dk/f k|mG] r / la|l6;x?l;t a9L 5 eGg]
;Obsf] ljrf/ klg k"0f{tof a]l7s 5 . lbNnL
ljZjljBfnosf Oltxf;sf k|fWofks t[Kt jfxLn]
…k|fRojfb M Ps cfnf]rgfÚ zLif{ssf] Pp6f n]vdf
;Obsf] of] ljrf/sf] ts{;ª\ut ¿kaf6, k|fdfl0fs
tl/sfn] v08g u/]sL 5g\ . pgn] ljz]if ¿kn]
la|6g] df n]lvPsf] Oltxf; / ;flxTonfO{ ;Gble{t
u/]/ ToxfF /rgf ul/Psf ;a}nfO{ Pp6} >]0fLdf
/fVg ;lsGg eGg] k'li6 u/]sL 5g\ . pgsf] cWoog
d"ntM ef/t s]lGb|t 5 . 5 hgf la|l6; ljåfg\åf/f
lnlvt dWosfnLg ef/tLo Oltxf;sf] cWoog ub{}
pgn] ef/tsf] dWosfnsf] Oltxf;af/]df pGgfO;f}F
ztfAbLsf] la|l6; Oltxf; n]vg ;an / b'an { b'j}
kIfdf pgLx?sf leGg leGg /fhgLlts wf/0ffaf6
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 11
cg'kf| l0ft 5, To;df ;dfg b[li6sf]0f kfOFbg} eGg]
k|df0f lbPsL 5g\ . pgLx?n] p7fPsf k|Zg / cfˆgf
k|df0fx?af6 lbg vf]hs ] f pQ/x? pgLx?sf] ;dfh
ljsf;;DaGwL wf/0ffl;t cleGg ¿kn] ufFl;Psf
5g\ . dWosfnLg ef/tLo ;dfhn] …l;sf/L o'u,
kz'kfng o'u, s[lif o'u / Jofkf/ o'uÚ h:tf rf/
r/0f eP/ …cflbdtfaf6 ;Eotflt/Ú k|ult u/]sf]
xf] eGg] wf/0ff /fVg] ljlnod Pl:s{g -!&&#–!*%@_,
…o'/f]kdf k"jn]{ L d'bf| zf:qsf /fhs'df/ eg]/ gfd
sdfPsfÚ P8jf8{ yf]d; -!*!#–!**^_, ef/tsf]
dWoo'usf] P]ltxfl;s ;|ft] sf] cg';Gwfg la|6g] /
pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf cGo o'/f]k]nL b]zx?sf]
P]ltxfl;s ;|ft] sf] vf]hLsf] ;dfgfGt/ :t/df /fv]/
ug{] x]G/L ldo;{ Olno6 -!*)*–!*%#_, ef/tsf]
eljiok|lt rf;f] /fVg] k|ToIfjfbL x]G/L hh{ sLg
-!*@%–!(!%_sf ljrf/x? Oltxf;;DaGwL leGg
leGg b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t 5g\ / ltgsf cf–cfˆgf
juL{o b[li6sf]0faf6 k|efljt 5g\ . tL ;anfO{ Pp6}
8fnfdf /fv]/ x]g{ ldNb}g . dWosfnLg ef/tsf]
la|l6; Oltxf; n]vgdf afx'No /x]sf] ;ª\sL0f{
/fhgLlts cGtj{:t'n] pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] la|l6;
Oltxf; n]vgsf wf/0ffut ;Ldfx?nfO{ k|ltlalDat
ub{5 . o'/f]k]nL …cfTdÚ h:t} …cGoÚnfO{ x]g{]
b[li6sf]0fdf klg ;du|df Pp6} wf/0ff la|l6;x?sf]
lyPg . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ la|l6; slj,
pkGof;sf/ cg{:] 6 rfN;{ hf]G;n] ef/tsf o'uf}bF l] v
…k/nf]sÚdf ;d]t …tNnf]Ú txdf /x]sf c5't / cGo
pTkLl8t hfltx?sf af/]df n]vs ] f lyP . hf]G;n]
z"bx| ?nfO{ zfZjt bf; agfpg] / hfltRo"tx?nfO{
dfgjsf] :t/ lbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ] lg/ª\ s ' z
hfltJoj:yfsf] lj/f]wdf :j/ lgsfn]sf 5g\ . ;Obsf]
…cGoÚ / …cfTdÚsf] JofVofnfO{ o;n] 7f8f] r'gf}tL
lbPsf] 5 . la|l6; ljåfg\x?df /x]sf leGg b[li6–
sf]0fx?n] km/s km/s ;d"xut / juL{o :jfy{x?nfO{
k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . logn] o'/f]kn ] Lx? >]i7 x'G5g\
/ Pl;ofnLx? lgDg txsf x'G5g\ eGg] ;Obsf]
;f]nf]8f]nf] wf/0ffdfly k|:6 ¿kn] k|Zg p7fPsf
5g\ . ef/tdflysf] la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] k|sl[ tb]lv
ef/tl;t ;DalGwt emG8} ;a} h ;f] ljifodf
Pscsf{l;t gldNg] tLj| leGgtf la|l6; cWoogdf
kfOG5 . r/d k|ltlqmofjfbL b[li6sf]0fb]lv ;dfhjfbL
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 12
k|1f–ultljlw
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lrGtg;Dd o;leq 5g\ . ToxfF pbf/ ;dfhjfbL
h]D; dfNsf]d n'8\nf] 5g\ . ef/tsf] d'l:nd
zf;gnfO{ clt gsf/fTds ¿kn] lrq0f ug{] Psbd}
k|ltlqmofjfbL /fi6«jfbL Pjd\ ;fd|fHojfbL lrGtg
ePsf x]G/L dfo;{ Olno6 5g\, la|l6; ;fd|fHojfbsf]
s'¿k cg'xf/nfO{ cgfj/0f ug{] ;dfhjfbL lqmlZrog
klg 5g\ . /fh3ftL kl/jf/l;t ;DalGwt ef/tdf
hGd]sf / k|mfG;df lzIff k|fKt u/]sf, a'rh ] sf]
;dfhjfbL k|ToojfbL wf/0ffaf6 k|lzlIft n'8n \ f]sf]
la|l6; ;fd|fHo / To;n] ef/t tyf ef/tLo
hgtfdfly kf/]sf gsf/fTds k|efjx?sf] ljZn]if0fn]
…k"jj{ fbÚsf ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/e"t dfGotfx?nfO{ unt
;fljt ub{5 . SnfOe jf xfl:6¨nfO{ …cfˆgf]
kmfObfsf nflu u/]sf ck/fwÚ sd{sf nflu alnsf]
af]sf] agfpg] ;du| …s'¿kÚ k|lqmofsf] pgn] lj/f]w
u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] wf/0ff cg';f/ To; cjlwdf
la|l6;x?n] ef/tdfly u/]sf ck/fwx? /fli6«o
ck/fw x'g\ / oL ck/fw SnfOe jf jf/]g xfl:6¨sf]
sfF w df dfq yf] k g{ ;lsGg . o; ck/fwsf]
pQ/bfloTj la|l6; ;+;b\n] lng' k5{ . n'8n \ f] /
Olno6sf] k/:k/ lj/f]wL b[li6sf]0f ltgsf] leGg
/fhgLltsf] kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] lyof] .
Olno6 s§/ cg'bf/jfbL lyP eg] n'8n \ f] cfˆgf]
b[li6sf]0fdf pbf/ lyP . Olno6n] bf;k|yf pGdFngsf]
lj/f]w u/]sf lyP eg] n'8n \ f] o;sf ljkIfdf /
pTkLl8t hgtfsf] kIfdf lyP . n'8n \ f] la|6g] sf]
Jofkstd ;'wf/sf] kIfdf lyP eg] Olno6 la|6g] sf]
gu/kflnsfsf] ;'wf/sf] ;d]t ljkIfdf lyP . Olno6
;fd|fHosf] pbf/jfbL cfnf]rgf ug{;Dd ?rfpFbg} y]
eg] n'8n \ f] rflxF pbf/tfjfbL cfnf]rgfnfO{ ckof{Kt
7fGby] . n'8n \ f]n] la|l6;/fh lj/f]wL ef/tLo hgtfsf]
ljb|fx] sf] ;dy{g u/]sf lyP . ef/tLo hgtfsf]
ljb|fx] nfO{ pgL la|l6; zf;sx?n] ef/tLo hgtfdfly
u/]sf] pTkL8gsf] kl/0ffd dfGby] . n'8n \ f]sf b[li6df
la|l6; ;+;b\ / /fi6« sDkgL ;/sf/sf] s'zf;g,
ef/tsf] a9\bf] ul/aL / pTkL8gk|lt …/fhLv';Ln]
alx/f]Ú / …/fhLv';Ln] cGwf]Ú ag]sf lyP . h'nfO{
!*%& df cfˆgf] dfOnf] 5f]/f] ef/t cfpFbf
pkGof;sf/ rfN;{ l8s]G;n] lxGb':tfgsf ;Dk"0f{
hgtfsf] ;d'n gfz xf];\ eg]sf lyP . ef/tLo
l;kfxLn] u/]sf] la|l6; zf;ssf] k|ltzf]wsf lj?4
o:tf efjgfx? Toltv]/ la|6g] df lgs} k|rlnt lyP .
t/ la|6g] df o; lsl;dsf efjgfsf lj?4 rsf{]
cfjfh klg kof{Kt k|rngdf lyP . l:jˆ6n] eg]sf
lyP M oL -ef/tLox?n] u/]sf g[z; + tfx?_ la|l6;x?sf]
TolQs} h¨nL / lgGbgLo nfdf] / lg/Gt/sf] Jojxf/sf
kl/0ffd xf]Ogg\ / < oL dtleGgtfx? ;flxTosf ;a}
ljwfdf kfpg ;lsG5 . z]nLsf] sfJofTds k/Dk/fnfO{
pkof]u u/]/ 6]lg;gn] z]nLsf ef/t;DaGwL
ljrf/nfO{ pN6\ofPsf 5g\ . z]nLn] ef/tsf] ljhonfO{
af]gfkf6{sf] ljhoeGbf sd ;Ddfghgs dfg]sf 5}gg\
/ pgn] SnfOeåf/f g]tT[ j ul/Psf] la|l6; ;]gfsf]
…c;EotfÚsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . 6]lg;gn] z]nLsf]
sfJofTds z}nLnfO{ ;fd|fHo / ljb|fx] Lx?sf] k/fhonfO{
k|z; + f ug{ pkof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . 6]lg;gsf sljtfsf]
k|To'Q/ rfl6{:6 cfGbf]ngsf g]tf, ;fDojfbL slj
cg{:] 6 hf]G;n] lbPsf 5g\ . lxGb':tfg :jtGq x'G5
eGg] cfzf / ljZjf; hf]G;sf] lyof] . …lxGb':tfgsf]
ljb|fx] Ú zLif{ssf] sljtf pgn] ef/tdf ljb|fx] x'g'
cufj} n]vs ] f lyP . of] sljtf ;g\ !*$* b]lv
!*%) ;Dd PSn} sf/fuf/df aGb /flvPsf] a]nfdf
n]lvPsf] …gofF ljZj, Pp6f nf]stflGqs sljtfÚsf]
Ps efu lyof] . sljtfn] ef/tdf la|l6; cflwkTosf]
ktg / ;dflKtsf] sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . ef/tdf ljb|fx] L
lqmofsnfk cl3 a9] k l5 hf] G ;n] ;Dk" 0 f{
ef/tLox?nfO{ /QmHjfnfsf ¿kdf clejfbg /
ef/tLo b]zeQmx?sf] k|z; + f u/]sf 5g\ . la|l6;
ljåfg\ hf];k] m gL8xfd ;Ob]nL k"jj{ fbLsf] k+lQmaf6
alxis[t 5g\ . pgsf] rLg;DaGwL lj1fg / ;Eotfsf
ef] n dx?n] rLgsf] j} 1 flgs / k| f ljlws
pknlAwx?dfly dfq k|sfz kf/]sf 5}gg\ c/a–
O:nflds ;Eotf / ef/tsf] ;Eotfsf pknlAwx?nfO{
klg ;zQmtfsf ;fy k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf]
s[ltdf ;Obn] …k"jj{ fbÚsf] s]Gb|Lo ljifosf ¿kdf
lnPsf] k"j{dfly klZrdsf] cfGtl/s >]i7tfsf]
pkl:ylt / ;ª\st] st} km]nf kb{g} . clg ;Obn]
JofVof u/]h:tf] ;du| la|l6; n]vgnfO{ s;/L k"jn { fO{
xf]Rofpg] n]vgsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 < la|l6;
Oltxf;sf/ tyf pkGof;sf/ /a6{ Olj{gn] s]
cf}NF ofPsf 5g\ eg] k|fl1s hut\df t];f| ] ljZjjfb
tyf pQ/ pklgj]zjfb h:tf cjwf/0ffn] k|jz ] ljj/0fn] jf:tjd} c;To ;fljt u/]sf] 5 . la|6g] sf
kfpg'eGbf w]/} cl3 y'k}| k"jj{ fbLx?n] c/a tyf
O:nflds /fhgLlts Wo]osf] kIfkf]if0f u/]sf lyP .
uf]N8hfx/n] OlhK6sf] ljb]zL lgoGq0f lj/f]wL p/faL
ljb|fx] nfO{ ;dy{g hgfPsf lyP . xª\ul] /ofnL ljåfg\
cfO uf]N8hfOx/ h:tf cTolws k|efjzfnL JolQmTj
;Obsf b[li6df k"jj{ fbleq kg{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;Obsf]
x]/fO cg';f/ pgnfO{ …k"jj{ fbLÚ eGg klg ldNb}g .
xflb; cfnf]rgfsf zf:qLo ljåfg\, uf]N8fhfOx/
hfltjfb lj/f]wL ox'bL lyP . pgn] O;nfd, ox'bL /
lqmlZrog wd{af/] ;Ddfgsf ;fy cfnf]rgf u/]sf
lyP . ;Obsf] b[li6df o:tf dflg; sxfF kb{5g\ <
SoflDa|hsf O/fg ljz]if1 P8jf8{ u|flGen] a|fpg
la;f}F ztfAbLsf] O/fgsf] ;+jw} flgs qmflGtsf] cjlwdf
kl;{og :jtGqtfsf kIfdf PSn} plePsf lyP .
O6fnLsf O;nfdjfbL lk|G; n]cf]g] SoftfgLn]
lnlaofdfly ePsf] cfˆgf] b]zsf] cflwkTosf] lj/f]w
u/]sf lyP . o; afkt pgnfO{ …t'sÚ{ eg]/ bf]iff/f]k0f
ul/of] . To:t} n'O; Dofl;Ugg Kofn]l:6gL c/asf]
kIf lng] ;DejtM klxnf] k|mfG;]nL lyP . sltko
klZrdL ljåfg\x? k"js { f] ;Ddfg ub{y] / k"jn { fO{
xf]Rofpg pgLx? tof/ lyPgg\ eGg] oL s]xL pbfx/0f
dfq x'g\ .
olt dfq xf]Og, la|l6; slj hf]gfyg n]km]es ]| f]
sljtf …lb PG:n]E8Ún] o'/f]kn ] L cfTdleq ljBdfg
;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ /]vflÍt u/]sf] 5 . sDo'lg:6
3f]if0ffkq k|sfzg x'g' eGbf cf7 jif{cl3 n]lvPsf]
o; sljtfdf rfl6{:6 sljn] cfd hgtf >dsf]
bf;tfdf /x]sf] tYonfO{ l:jsf/]sf dfq 5}gg\,
;dfhsf zf]ifs / zf]lift b'O{ 5'§} ¿kx?nfO{ dfGotf
;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf P8jf8{ ;Obsf] d'Vo
sfd g} o; ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ n'sfpg' /x]sf] 5 .
a'hc '{ f ju{ / ;j{xf/f ju{sf larsf], dfS;{jfb /
a'hc '{ f lrGtgsf larsf] / k'h F Ljfb / ;dfhjfbL
;dfhsf lar /x]sf leGgtfnfO{ n'sfpg] k|of;
a'hc '{ f lrGtsx?n] w]/} cl3b]lv ub{} cfPsf 5g\ .
P8jf8{ ;Obsf ljrf/x?n] o; sfo{nfO{ g} ;3fp
k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . o; cy{df pgnfO{ a'hc '{ f ju{sf
Ps ;fx;L of]4fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . k|mfG; /
la|6g] nfO{ klZrdsf cGo d'ns ' eGbf a9L k|fRo–
jfbLsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{] ;Obsf] lrGtgnfO{ o;
Oltxf;sf/sf] cWoog pbfx/0f dfq xf], oxL s'/f]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 13
k|mfG;sf af/]df klg nfu' x'G5 .
pNn]v ug{} kg{] s'/f] s] 5 eg] ef/t nufot
k"js { f af/]df la|l6; jf klZrdL lrGtgsf] If]q k"j{
/ klZrdsf] ;fdflhs oyfy{ h:t} ljljwtfdo 5 .
o; ljljwtfsf] Jofkstd ¿knfO{ ;Obn] h:t}
vfln …k|eT' jzfnLÚ / …cNkdtÚ h:tf k|ju{df ck3l6t
ug{' klZrdsf] k"js { f] 1fg / ;fdflhs oyfy{aLrsf]
;DaGwsf] P]ltxfl;s dxŒjnfO{ pk]Iff ug{' xf] .
Olno6b]lv cg{:] 6 hf]G;;Ddsf x/]s dtx?n] j:t'ut
oyfy{sf ljljw kIfx?nfO{ g} k|ltljDag u/]sf 5g\ .
dflysf] ljj/0fn] Pl;ofnL ;dfhaf/] o'/f]kn ] L
ljåfg\x?af6 JoQm b[li6sf]0fx? …ljZj ;+:s[ltdf kfOg]
af}l4s ljsf;af6 k[ys\ 5g\Ú eGg] ;Ob]nL ljrf/ /
k"jj{ fbsf] cfwf/nfO{ k"0f{tof sfNklgs / unt k|dfl0ft
ub{5 . af}l4s lqmofsnfk ;fdflhs oyfy{af6 s'g} g
s'g} ¿kaf6 k|efljt x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{]
s;}n] klg ;Obsf] o; lsl;dsf] ;f]rnfO{ dfGotf
lbg ;St}g . of] ;f]r l;4fGttM c;ª\ut 5 .
k"jj{ fbaf/]sf] ;Obsf] t];f| ] kl/efiff klg lgs}
ljjfbf:kb 5 . pgn] t];f| ] kl/efiffdf eg]sf 5g\–
…Psbd} df]6f] ¿kn] kl/eflift k|f/DeljGb'sf ¿kdf
c7f/f}F ztfAbLnfO{ dfGbf k"jj{ fbnfO{ k"js { f af/]df
Jojxf/ ug{] ;+oQ' m ;+:yfgsf ¿kdf JofVof–ljZn]if0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . ==5f]6s/Ldf k"j{nfO{ zf;g ug{],
k'glg{df{0f ug{] / To;dfly k|flwsf/ hdfpg] klZrdL
z}nLsf ¿kdf k"j{jfbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 -;Ob,
!(&( M #_ . oL ;a} kl/efiff cf]l/oG6flnHdsf]
bf];f| ] / t];f| ] k[i7df cfPsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] kl/efiffdf
df]6f] ¿kn] kl/eflift k|f/DeljGb'sf ¿kdf c7f/f}F
ztfAbLnfO{ hgfpg' eGbf kfFr x/kmdfly ;Obn]
k"jj{ fbL …lrGtgz}nLÚsf pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf Plrn;
/ bfFts ] f] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . c7f/f}F ztfAbL /
pQ/ k|af]wgsfnnfO{ k"jj{ fbsf] k|f/DeljGb' dfGbf
Pp6f cy{ lg:sG5 eg] o; ;Gbe{df Plrn;sf]
gfd lngf;fy Pbsd} km/s cy{ lg:sG5 . yfngLsf]
cg'R5]bdf ;Obn] …k"j{ nueu o'/f]kn ] L cfljisf/
lyof] / k|frLgsfnb]lv g} /f]dfG;sf] :yn ag]sf]
lyof]Ú eg]sf 5g\ . k"jj{ fbL ljdz{sf] yfngL slxn]
ePsf] xf] eGg] ljifodf ;Obn] o;/L cfˆg} ljrf/l;t
af‰g] k/:k/ lj/f]wL wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
;Obsf] csf{] Pp6f p4/0faf6 o; tYonfO{ k|:6
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 14
k|1f–ultljlw
kfg{' pko'Qm x'g5 ] . To;df pgn] eg]sf 5g\ M
…klxn] k"j{ / klZrdsf larsf] ;LdfÍgsf
af/]df ljrf/ u/f}F . of] Olno8sf] ;dob]lv g}
cl:tTjdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . Plrn;sf] pknAw
klxnf] Py]lgog gf6s lb kl;{og / pknAw clGtd
Py]lgog gf6s o'l/kfOl8;sf] lb aRxfO{df k"jl{ ;t
;Da4 b'O{ j6f ;jf{lws uxg ¿kn] k|efjsf/L
u'0fx? JoQm ePsf 5g\ ==oxfF dxŒjsf] ljifoj:t'
Pl;ofn] o'/f]kn ] L sNkgfsf] dfWodaf6 / cfwf/df
af]Nb5 eGg] xf] . o'/f]kn ] L sNkgfn] ;d'b| kfl/sf]
zq'tfk"0f{ cGosf ¿kdf Pl;ofnfO{ dfGb5 /
cfk"mnfO{ Pl;ofdfly ljhoLsf ¿kdf lrlqt ub{5 .
Pl;of l/Qf]kg, Iflt, ljklQ / zf]ssf] If]q xf] eGg]
efjgf lbOG5 / klZrdnfO{ o;n] r'gf}tL lbPsf]
7flgG5 . ===oL b'O{ gf6saf6 klZrdn] lgdf{0f u/]sf
k"js { f b'O{ kxn' o'/f]kn] L sfNklgs e"uf]nsf] ;f/k"0f{
d"nefj kl5;Dd /lx/xG5g\ . o'/f]k zlQmzfnL 5
/ xfSsfxfSsL af]N5, Pl;of k/flht / pbf;Lg
5 . Plrn;n] k"js { f] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ ===o'/f]kn]
Pl;ofnfO{ ;'JoQm ub{5, of] cleJolQm o'/f]ksf]
ljz]ifflwsf/ xf]=Ú -;Ob, !(&( M %^_ .
o;/L Plrn;b]lv bfFt; ] Dd / sfn{ dfS;{bl] v
agf{8{ n]lj;;Dd …k"jj{ fbL ljdz{Úsf] lg/Gt/tf /
ljsf;dfg Oltxf; dfq 5 eGg] ;Obsf] Pp6f
wf/0ff 5 eg] pgL c7f/f}F ztfAbLnfO{ …df]6f] ¿kn]
kl/eflift k|f/DeljGb'Ú ;d]t eGg lxrlsrfpFbg} g\ .
of] s;/L ;Dej 5 < o;sf] hjfkm pgLl;t 5}g .
sltko dflg;nfO{ k"jj{ fb ;fd|fHojfbsf] c¨
xf] / To;sf/0f o;sf] cfnf]rgf u/]/ P8jf8{ ;Obn]
Psbd} /fd|f] sfd u/]sf 5g\ eGg] nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 .
o:tf dflg;x? s] 7fGbf x'g\ eg] ;fd|fHojfbsf]
cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts
pTkL8gsf] lj/f]wsf ¿kdf ;Obn] cf]l/oG6flnHd
h:tf] s[lt n]vs ] f x'g\ . cf+lzs ¿kdf ;To eP
tfklg o; s'/fnfO{ ;Ob cfkm}n F ] clt k|:6 efiffdf
c:jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] lbPsf] t];f| ] kl/efiffdf
k"jj{ fbnfO{ k"jn { fO{ zf;g ug{,] k'glg{df{0f ug{] /
To;dfly k|flwsf/ hdfpg] klZrdL z}nLsf ¿kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF k|of]u ul/Psf] z}nL zAbn]
g} pgn] pTkfbg k|0ffnL, /fhgLlts cy{zf:qsf cfwf/df
pklgj]zjfb tyf ;fd|fHojfbsf] ljrf/wf/fTds
lgld{ltsf] s'/f u/]sf xf]Ogg\ eGg] k|:6 kfl/;s]sf]
xf] . To;dfly pgL cfkm}n F ] v'nf ¿kdf s] :jLsf/
u/]sf 5g\ eg] …k"jj{ fb /fhgLlts ljifoj:t' dfq
xf]Og, g of] ;+:s[lt, ljåQf jf ;+:yfgx?åf/f lgliqmo
¿kn] k|ltlalDat ul/g] If]q g} xf] . of] k"jL{o ;+;f/dfly
zf;g ug{] s'g} lsl;dsf] å]ifk"0f{ klZrdL ;fd|fHojfbsf]
if8\oGqsf] k|ltlglwd"ns / cleJo~hgfTds ¿k
klg xf]OgÚ -;Ob, !(&( M !@_ . o;/L xfdLnfO{
;Obn] ;fdfGo dflg;x?n] a'‰g] u/] h:tf] k"jj{ fb
pklgj]zjfbL jf ;fd|fHojfbL ljrf/wf/f xf]Og eGg]
hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ . ;Ob ;w}F klZrdnfO{ ljhoL
/ k"jn { fO{ ljlhtsf ¿kdf lrq0f ub{5g\, ;w}F pgL
o;nfO{ zlQmsf] sfdgf ePsf] ljdz{df ¿kdf
ljZn]if0f ub{5g\ t/ o; …z}nLÚdf pgL s'g} klg
;fd|fHojfbL of]hgf JoQm ePsf] kfpFbg} g\ . pgL
k"jj{ fbL lrGtgnfO{ hfltjfbL, s§/ /fi6«jfbL / wfld{s
cGwtfn] el/k"0f{ ePsf] eg]/ ;/fKg;Dd ;/fKt5g\
t/ k]ml/ pgL s;}nfO{ klg …zf;g ug{Ú] o;sf] cfsfª\Iff
5}g eGg] pNn]v ug{ la;{b+ g} g\ . of] eGbf lj8Dagfk"0f{
s'/f c¿ s] x'g ;St5 <
;Obsf b[li6df …o'/f]kn ] L ;+:s[ltn] k"jn{ fO{
Ps lsl;dsf] :yfgfkGg JolQm / e"ldut cfTdÚsf
¿kdf -;Ob, !(&( M # _ k"js { f lj?4 cfk"mnfO{
cl3 a9fpg] sfo{åf/f zlQm tyf cl:dtf xfl;n
u/]sf sf/0f o'/f]kn] k"jn{ fO{ …zq'tfk"0f{ cGo ;+;f/Úsf
¿kdf pTkfbg ug{' / …bf];f| ] lsl;dsf] df}g tyf
vt/gfs If]qÚsf ¿kdf, …cGosf] uxgtd\, ;a}eGbf
a9L bf]xf]l/O /xg] ljDaÚ -;Ob, !(&( M !_ sf
¿kdf …cg'kf| l0ft ug{Ú cfjZos ePsf] xf] .
klZrdn] k"j{nfO{ cfk"meGbf km/s cGosf
¿kdf lgld{t ug{' cfkm}n F fO{ :yflkt ug{ / To;sf]
stf{sf] l:yltdf /fVg cfjZos 5 eGg] b]vfpgsf
nflu of] ;a} s'/f ul/Psf] 5 . leGgtfsf cfwf/df
cl:dtf lgdf{ 0 f ug{ ] of] ljrf/ k] m l/ klg
cf}klgj]zLs/0fnfO{ k'h F LjfbL ;~rosf] k|lqmofsf
¿kdf x]g{] /fhgLlts cy{zf:qsf] cfwf/df /
;fdflhs oyfy{sf cfwf/df xf]Og, ljdzf{Tds
cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ag]sf] 5 . oxL sf/0f
cfw'lgs k"jj{ fb ;Obsf b[li6df klxNo}bl] v bfFt] /
o'l/kfOl8hdf lyof] / cfw'lgs ;fd|fHojfb klg
ljdz{sf] cfjZos cEof;af6 pTkGg k|efjsf
¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] xf] . ;Obsf] of] wf/0ff ;j{yf
e|fds Pjd\ unt 5 eGg] s'/f k|:6 g} 5 .
leGgtfsf] dfWodaf6 cl:dtf :yflkt ug{]
;jfnn] lgZro g} k|ltlglwTjsf] k|dv ' tfdfly hf]8
lbG5 . t/ k|ltlglwTjn] c¿nfO{ t'R5 lsg b]vfpg'
k¥of] t < o;sf] hjfkm klg ;Obn] leGg leGg
lsl;dn] lbPsf 5g\ . c;fWo} yf]/} 7fpFdf pgn]
o;nfO{ w] / } n ] a' ‰ g] u/] h :t} ;fd| f Hojfb /
pklgj]zjfbsf] kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf b]vfPsf 5g\ eg]
w]/h
} ;f] 7fpFdf dgf]ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f
ug{] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . …klZrdÚnfO{ pgn] c¿ s;}dfly
cfqmfds Jojxf/ u/]kl5 zfGt x'g] cxd\sf] pTs07f
h:tf] s'g} /f]uaf6 u|:t b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;Ob s]
eG5g\ eg] k"jj{ fb o'/f]ksf] PsfTds dfg;sf] afWosf/L
;xh k|jl[ Q xf] . ;Obsf] egfOdf …dgf]j1} flgs ¿kn]
k"jj{ fb dfgl;s pGdfbsf] Pp6f ¿k xf]Ú -;Ob,
!(&( M &@_ . ;Obsf b[li6df of] …dfgl;s pGdfbÚ
o'/f]kn] L ;du| lrGtgsf] cª\u xf] . /f]uaf6 lgld{t
tŒjsf ¿kdf ;du| klZrdL ;EotfnfO{ g} vf/]h
ug{] s'/f lgZro g} ;fdfGo s'/f xf]Og .
k"jj{ fbnfO{ pklgj]zjfbsf] j}rfl/s kl/0ffdsf
¿kdf x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fnfO{ klg ;Obn] :jLsf/]sf 5}gg\ .
k"jj{ fb / pklgj]zjfbsf lar s] s:tf] ;DaGw 5
eGg] ljifodf ;Obsf] ljrf/ cGof}nk"0f{ / uf]nd6f]n
;d]t 5 . pgn] pQ/ k|af]wgsfnLg o'/f]kdfly hf]8
lbPsf] x'gfn] k"jj{ fb pklgj]zjfbsf] j}rfl/s kl/0ffd
h:tf] nfUg' :jfefljs 5 . t/ ef/tsf dfS;{jfbL
ljåfg\, ;dfnf]rs Phfh cxdbsf] egfOdf o;nfO{
o'/f]kn
] L k|frLgsfnl;t ufF:g / dWosfnel/ cTolws
lj:tf/ ePsf] b]vfpg ;Ob olt cft'/ b]lvG5g\ ls
pgn] eGg] u/]sf] o'/f]kn ] L sNkgfsf] of] ;ª\36s
tŒj, Oltxf;ftLttf -transhistorical_ h:tf] nfUb5 .
Ps 7fpFdf ;Obn] s] ;Dd eg]sf 5g\ eg] k"j{
k"jj{ fbn] pklgj]zjfbnfO{ lbPsf] xf] . o;sf/0f
pklgj]zjfb :jod\ k"jj{ fbsf] pTkfbsf] ¿kdf k|s6
x'g yfn]sf] xf] . ;Obsf b[li6df k"jn { fO{ tNnf] txdf
/fVg] o'/f]ksf] lr/:yfoL, klxn]bl] v cGtlg{lxt of]hgfsf]
jf:tjLs/0fsf ¿kdf k"jj{ fb klxn] ljdz{sf ¿kdf
/ kl5 cf}klgj]zLs/0fsf ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] xf]
-cxdb, !((@ M !*!_ .
P8jf8{ ;Obsf b[li6df k"j{jfb ljdz{ jf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 15
ljrf/wf/fTds lgld{lt dfq xf] . cf]l/oG6flnHdn]
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL k|mfG;]nL bfz{lgs ld;]n
k'msf]sf] ljdz{ l;4fGt / dfgjtfjfbsf lardf
c;Dej d]n u/fpg vf]hs ] f] 5 eGg] Phfh cxdbsf]
cfnf]rgf Psbd} ;xL 5 . k'msf]sf] lrGtgsf] d'Vo
;Ldf g} dfgjtfjfbsf lj?4 pleg' xf] . pgL d[To'
x'ge' Gbf s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd dfgjtfjfb lj/f]wL lyP .
pgsf] ljdz{ l;4fGt ;fwf/0ftof lgT;] s f]
dfgjtfjfb lj/f] w L tyf oyfy{ j fb lj/f] w L
l;4fGtl;t ufFl;Psf] 5 . ;Obn] cf]l/oG6flnHdsf]
k|f/Dedf g} k'msf]sf] :t'ltufg kof{Kt dfqfdf u/]sf
5g\ . pgsf] egfO 5–
…d}n] ld;]n k'msf]n] lb cfs{c] f]nf]hL ckm gn]h
/ l8l;lKng PG8 klg;df JofVof u/] cg';f/ ljdz{
l;4fGtnfO{ k"jj{ fbsf] kl/rosf nflu k|of]u ug{'
pkof]uL 7fg]F . d]/f] ts{df k"jj{ fbnfO{ ljdz{sf
¿kdf k/LIf0f gug{] xf] eg] o'/f]kn ] L ;+:s[ltsf] o;
k|0ffnLa4 zfvfnfO{ ;DejtM a'‰g} ;lsGg . o;
zfvfåf/f g} o'/f]kn ] L ;+:s[lt k"jn { fO{ /fhgLlts,
;fdflhs, ;}lgs, ljrf/wf/fTds, j}1flgs /
sfNklgs ¿kn] pQ/ k|af]wg cjlwtfsf Joj:yfkg
/ pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] xf]Ú -;Ob, !(&( M #_ .
k'msf]nfO{ bfz{lgs u'?sf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg]
lsl;dsf] efj cf]l/oG6flnHdel/ kfOG5 . lgoldttf,
ljdzf{Tds If]q, k|ltlglwTj, clen]vfuf/, 1fgdLdf+;Lo
leGgtf h:tf k'msf]nL zAbfjnLsf] e/df/ lstfadf
;xh} b]Vg ;lsG5 . t/ !(&* sf ;Obsf ljlw–
k|lqmofx? eg] t'ngfTds ;flxTo tyf efiffzf:qsf
pRr dfgjtfjfbL k/Dk/faf6 lnOPsf 5g\ . ;Obsf]
lrq0fljlw log}af6 ag]sf] 5 . o; cy{df tL k'msf]
lj/f]wL 5g\ . Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{df ;Obåf/f k|ltkflbt
Oltxf;sf] pb\ejdf PsLs[t o'/f]kn ] L / klZrdL
cl:dtfn] sfd u/]sf] 5, o;n] g} o;sf] lrGtg
Pjd\ kf7sf] dfWodaf6 Oltxf;nfO{ lgdf{0f u/]sf]
5, of] lg/Gt/sf] tyf PsLs[t o'/f]kn ] L Oltxf;sf]
cl:dtf tyf lrGtg k|frLg u|L;b]lv pGgfO;f}F
ztfAbLsf] cGTo;Dd / la;f}F ztfAbLdf ;d]t hf/L
/xG5, clg ;f/df klxn]sf] eGbf leGg x'bF g} , p:t}
/lx/xG5 / of] Oltxf; o;sf dxfg\ s[ltx?sf]
k/Dk/fdf cGtlg{lxt x'G5 eGg] h:tf wf/0ff ;Obsf]
dfgjtfjfbL k/Dk/fsf] cg';/0fsf] kl/0ffd afx]s
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 16
k|1f–ultljlw
c¿ s]xL xf]Og . ;Obn] k|:t't u/]sf ;xgzLntf,
;fd~h:o, ;f+:s[lts ax'njfb / ;fk]Iftfjfb h:tf
s'/fx? dfgjtfjfbL pbf/tfjfbsf ;jf{lws ;fwf/0f
/ ;jf{lws nf]slk|o d"Noleq kb{5g\ . pgn] cfu|xsf
;fy af/Daf/ bf]xf]¥ofPsf ;xfg'el" t, dtbfg If]q,
;DaGw, pTklQ, j+zfg'qmd h:tf zAbx?n] klg oxL
;ª\st] ub{5g\ .
s'/f] oltdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . ;Obn] k'msf]nfO{
cfˆgf] u'?sf ¿kdf dfGotf lbP tfklg pgsf sltko
ljZn]if0f k'msf] lj/f]wL b]lvG5g\ . ;Obdf km]nf kg{]
of] csf{] cgf}7f] vfnsf] cGtlj{/f]w xf] . pgn] k'msf]nL
zAbx?nfO{ Pp6} k|0ffnLsf k[ys\ tŒjx?sf ¿kdf
pkof]u t u/]sf 5g\ t/ k'msf]sf] Oltxf;sf]
k|ltlrq0f -mapping_ sf kl/0ffdx?nfO{ eg] :jLsf/
ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ljdz{ cyf{t\ 1fgdLdf+;Lo lgld{lt
;du| …klZrdLÚ Oltxf; Pjd\ kf7sf] ;du|
ljzfntfdf JofKt ePsf] x'G5, cfw'lgs k'h F LjfbL
cjlwdf dfq xf]Og k"jj{ tL{ k|fUk'h F LjfbL cjlwdf
klg k}mlnPsf] x'G5 eGg] ljrf/ cf]l/oG6flnHddf
JoQm ePsf] 5 . of] k"0f{tM k'msf] lj/f]wL ljrf/ xf] .
k'msf]n] cfˆgf] s[lt l8l;lKng PG8 klg;df cfw'lgs
klZrd o'/f]k / k|frLg u|L;sf lardf s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] cfl¨s ;DaGw 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;fdfGotM
l:jsf/ u/]sf 5}gg\ . k'msf]n] ;f]xf| F} ztfAbLeGbf klxn]
k"0f{ ljsl;t ljdz{sf] cl:tTj lyof] eGg] dfg]sf
5}gg\ . pgsf] egfO cg';f/ …ljdz{Ú pQ/ dWoo'uLg
ts{al' 4jfbsf] ;xjtL{ xf] . o;sf ;fy} ljdz{ cfw'lgs
/fHosf ¿kx?, cfw'lgs ;ª\3–;+:yfx?sf] hfn,
k|ToIftof cfly{s pTkfbgsf] k|:t'lt, k'gu{l7t
of]hgfsf cfw'lgs ¿kx?sf] ;xjtL{ xf] . cfw'lgs
;fd|fHojfbL o'/f]ks]Gb|jfbsf] ljrf/wf/f u|Ls 6«h ] 8] Lsf]
Jofjxfl/s /¨d~rdf clÍt kfOG5 eGg] ;Obsf]
ljrf/nfO{ k'msf]sf] lrGtgn] ljdz{sf] c¨sf ¿kdf
dfGotf k|bfg ub{g} . of] ljlw j}1flgs b[li6n] k'msf]
lj/f]wL 5 . o; cGtlj{/f]wsf] d"NofÍg ub{} Phfh
cxdbn] s] l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;ObnfO{ Psflt/
k'msf]nL bafan] …k"jj{ fbL ljdz{Úsf] yfngL c7f/f}F
ztfAbLaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg afWo kfb{5 eg] csf{lt/
co'jv ]{ n
] L pRr dfgjtfjfbn] …ljdz{Úsf] pTklQ
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf o'/f]kn ] L ;flxlTos kf7sf ¿kdf
k|frLg u|L;;Dd k'¥ofpg ljjz kfb{5 . pgL k'msf]
/ co'af{vsf lardf k]G8'nd eO /xG5g\ . oxL
sf/0f pgL …k"jj{ fbÚsf k/:k/ gldNg] kl/efiff lbg /
Ps};fy tL b'js } f] efje¨Ldf ckgfpg afWo x'G5g\ .
hd{g efiffzf:qL, ;dfnf]rs Pl/s co'af{v -!*(@–
!(%&_ dfgjtfjfbL lrGts x'g\ . pgsf] ldd]l;; M
lb /]kh ]| G] 6];g ckm l/ofln6L Og j]:6g{ ln6/]r/df
k|ltkflbt, klZrdL ;dfhn] dfgssf ¿kdf dfGb}
cfPsf] cg's/0f l;4fGtsf ;fy} k|frLg u|Lsb]lv
cfw'lgstfjfbL o'u;Ddsf] o'/f]kn ] L oyfy{jfb /
ts{al' 4jfbsf] cflwsfl/s ljj/0fsf lj?4 k|lt–Oltxf;
n]Vg] cfsfª\Iffaf6 cf]l/oG6flnHd n]lvPsf] xf] elgG5 .
o;sf lglDt ;Obn] cfˆgf] s[ltdf alnof] cfwf/
glbPsf klg xf]Ogg\ . ;Obn] cfkm}F s] eg]sf 5g\ eg]
…=== d]/f] k"jj{ fbL kf7sf] ljZn]if0fn] ;fIodfly hf]8
lbG5 . of] ;fIo k|ltlglwTjsf ¿kdf k|ltlglwTj
nflu s'g} klg xfntdf cb[Zo 5}g ===x]l/g' kg{] ljifo
z}nL, cnª\sf/, ljGof;, JofVofTds ;fwg, P]ltxfl;s
tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f x'g\ . o;df g k|ltlglwTjsf]
;fFrf]kg g t o;sf] d"nk|ltsf] lgi7fnfO{ g} x]l/G5 .Ú
o;df ;Obsf] ;flxTo ;dfnf]rgfsf k7gsf
tl/sfx? -z}nL, cnª\sf/, ljGof;, JofVofTds ;fwg,
P] l txfl;s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f_l;t /
k|ltlglwTjsf ¿kdf k|ltlglwTjdflysf] pQ/
cfw'lgstfjfbL hf]8nfO{ ;+of]hg u/fpg] cfsfª\Iff
pNn]vgLo nIf0fsf ¿kdf cl3 cfPsf] 5 . o;
lsl;dsf] k7gljlwn] xfdLnfO{ oyfy{ j fb /
cg's/0faf6 u}/ cg's/0f, ljdzf{Tds …;To–k|efjÚsf]
lbzflt/ pGd'v u/fpF5 . tyflk k/Dk/f e~hssf]
¿kdf cfk"mnfO{ k|:t't ug{] ;Obsf] k|oTgsf] kl/0ffdsf
¿kdf cf]l/oG6flnHdnfO{ x]g]{ sltko cfnf]rsx?n]
pgdf kfOg] o; cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ /fd|/L cfTd;ft\ ug{
g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
;Obsf] lstfasf] ;+/rgf k'msf]sf] k|ltlglwTj
/ ljdz{sf] wf/0ffs} cfwf/df lgld{t ePsf] 5 .
tnsf b'O{ p4/0fn] o;nfO{ k|:6 kfb{5g\ . klxnf]
p4/0fdf ;Obn] eg]sf 5g\ M …o; lstfan] b]vfpg
vf]hh ] :t} ljutdf O;nfdsf] cfwf/e"t ¿kdf g}
unt ¿kn] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5== -;Ob, !(&( M
@&@_ . To;kl5 nuQ} csf{] k[i7df elgPsf] 5 …o;
;du| k|0ffnLsf af/]df d]/f] ;Dk"0f{ s'/f] s]xL k"jL{o
;f/sf] unt k|ltlglwTj xf] eGg] xf]Og== .Ú cl3Nnf]
jfSosf] …O;nfdÚ zAbsf ;§fdf kl5Nnf] jfSosf]
…k"jL{o ;f/Ú kbfjnLsf] k|lt:yfkgn] s] b]vfpF5 eg]
k"jj{ fbn] unt k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] O;nfd :jod\sf]
xf], …;f/Úsf] xf]Og . b'j} jfSodf p7fOPsf] d'Vo d'2f
-unt_ k|ltlglwTjsf] xf], O;nfd jf ;f/sf] xf]Og .
;Obn] jf:tljs ¿kdf ;Dk"0f{ dfgjLo ;~rf/
Joj:yfn] tYonfO{ ljs[t kfb{5, To;sf/0f jf:tljs
k|ltlglwTj ;Dej 5}g eGg] lgT;]nL ljrf/nfO{ cl3
;fg{ vf]hs ] f 5g\ . oL b'O{ jfSodf ;Obn] p7fPsf]
d'Vo k|Zg s'g} klg s'/fsf] ;xL k|ltlglwTj x'g ;S5
ls ;St}g eGg] xf] . csf{] zAbdf s] ;xL cleJolQm
;Dej 5 < lgT;] nufotsf] Pp6f k/Dk/fn] o:tf]
;DefjgfnfO{ lgif]w ub{5 . dfS;{jfb nufotsf]
k/Dk/fn] rflxF ;xL k|ltlglwTj jf cleJolQm ;Dej
5 eGg] dfGb5 . o; ;jfndf ;Obsf] b[li6sf]0f eg]
uf]nd6f]n 5 . pgsf] egfOn] k|ltlglwTj / unt
k|ltlglwTjaLrsf] /]vf clt lemgf] x'G5 eGg] b]vfpF5 .
jf:tjdf o; egfOn] lgT;]nL bfz{lgs k/Dk/fl;t
k|ToIft ;DaGw /fVt5 . P8jf8{ ;Obsf] ;Da4tf
k"jj{ fbsf] Oltxf; n]vgsf qmddf pbLodfg gofF
Oltxf; n]vgl;t /x]sf] 5 . cg'ejjfbL Oltxf;sf/sf]
k|rlnt ;f]wvf]hnfO{ jf:tf gug{,] pknAw ;fIo /
JofVofsf] l:js[t k|0ffnLk|lt ;+zo JoQm ug{] / k|ToIfjfbL
lgld{ltsf] dfq xf]Og, tYox?sf] ;Totfdfly g} k|Zg
p7fpg] sfd o; gofF Oltxf; n]vgn] u/]sf] lyof] .
jf:tjdf of] lgT;]nL k/Dk/feGbf leGg lyPg . o;af6
k|efljt ljZjsf ljljw >]0fLsf Oltxf;sf/x?–
pbfx/0fsf nflu ef/tsf ;afN6g{kGyL– cGttM …tYoÚ
zAbdf g} k|Zg lrXg nufpg yfn] . ;Obsf] egfO
5– -k"j{jfbsf_ j:t'ut cfljisf/x?–d" nkf7x?
;Dkfbg ug{,] ltgnfO{ cg'jfb ug{,] Jofs/0f agfpg],
zAbsf]zx? n]Vg], k|f0fxLg o'ux?nfO{ k'glg{df{0f ug{,]
k|df0fof]Uo 1fg pTkfbg ug{] c;ª\Vo ;dlk{t
ljåfg\x?sf sfo{– ;To, efiffn] k|bfg u/]sf] s'g} klg
;To h:t} – ;w}F efiffåf/f k|:t't ul/Psf x'G5g\ eGg]
tYoaf6 zt{a4 5g\ / x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . clg efiffsf]
;To s] xf] lgT;]n] Ps k6s eg]sf lyP— …pkdf,
cnÍf/ / dfgjLs/0fsf] ultzLn ;]gf— 5f]6f]df
sfJofTds tyf cfnÍfl/s ¿kn] kl/:s[t, k|lt:yflkt
/ ;';lHht ul/g] / bL3{sfnsf] pkof]uaf6 hgtfnfO{
l:y/, k|fdfl0fs / cfjZos h:tf] nfUg] dfgj ;DaGwsf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 17
of]ukmn ;Tox? e|d x'g,\ tL h] x'g\ ltgnfO{ hf] sf]xLn]
lal;{Psf] x'G5Ú -;Ob, !(&( M @)#_ . oxfF cg'ejsf]
zq'sf ¿kdf efiffnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, k|ltlglwTj
;w}F g} k"0f{tof unt k|ltlglwTj x'G5 eGg] bfaL ul/Psf]
5 / ;Tolgi7 dfgj ;~rf/ c;Dej 5 eGg] b]vfOPsf]
5 . e|dk"0f{ JolQmk/stfsf] 5nsf ¿kdf dfgj ;~rf/
Joj:yfsf ljDan] ;fIosf cfwf/df ;Tolgi7 cleJolQm
Pjd\ Oltxf; n]vgdf ;Tolgi7 cleJolQmsf]
;DefjgfnfO{ c;Dej agfpF5 .
cf]l/oG6flnHdsf] gofFkg o;sf] ljlwlj1fg xf] .
k"jj{ fbsf] cWoogsf] ljifo ljdz{ xf] / of] klZrdL
;Eotfåf/f lgld{t ljdz{ xf] eGg] o;sf] x7df gofFkg
5 . csf{] cy{df ld;]n k'msf]nfO{ gjLs/0f u/]/ k|:t't
ug{' o;sf] gofFkg xf] . o; gofFkgn] b'O{ j6f s'/f
u/]sf] 5 . klxnf], o;n] klZrdL zlQm, ;fd|fHojfb /
af}l4s lqmofsnfksf] ck/fw sd{df ;xeflutfsf]
cfnf]rgfnfO{ dfS;{jfbaf6 k'msf]kGylt/ df]8g\ ] sfd
u/]sf] 5 cyf{t\ k|:6 ¿kn] pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL
ultljlwlt/ kl/jt{g ug{] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;Obsf]
s[lt k|sfzgdf cfpg' eGbf cl3;Dd o'/f]kn ] L k|efjsf]
lj/f]w ug{x] ?df clt cg'bf/jfbL tyf cGw/fi6«jfbLx?
afx]s ;fdflhs ¿kn] hfu?s tyf /fhgLlts ¿kn]
pklgj]zjfbsf] k|ultzLn cfnf]rgf ug{x] ?sf] ljzfn
ax'dt ls dfS;{jfbl;t ;Da4 lyof] ls t sDtLdf
klg ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL cfd ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngl;t
;Da4 lyof] . o; cfGbf]ngnfO{ :yflkt ug{ klg
dfS;{jfb Pjd\ ;fdfGotof sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngn]
;xof]uL e"ldsf v]ns ] f] lyof] . ;Obn] o; /fhgLlts
k/Dk/fl;t ;DaGw ljR5]b u/]sf 5g\ / of] ljR5]b
Jofks lsl;dsf] lyof] . o; lstfadf dfS;{jfbnfO{
k"jj{ fbL eg]/ vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 eg] dfS;{jfbnfO{
…Oltxf;jfbÚsf] 3[l0ft ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf kG5fOPsf]
5 . To; k/Dk/faf6 df}lns ¿kn] bLlIft dflg;x?
o;kl5 k'msf]nL ljdz{ l;4fGtl;t nxl;g yfNb5g\ .
cf]l/oG6flnHd k|eT' jdf /x]sf ljrf/wf/fx?
tyf ;Qfsf] cj} w lgdf{ 0 fdf a' l 4hLjLx?sf]
;xk/flwtfsf af/]df k/LIf0f ug{] nfdf] k|fl1s
k/Dk/fsf] Pp6f s8L xf] . o; k/Dk/fleq
dfgjtfjfb lj/f]wL lgT;]h:tf n]vs nufot k|mfG;]nL
bfz{lgs kn lghfgsf] lb jfr8U;, k|mfG;]nL slj,
n]vs tyf /fhgLlts POd] kmgf{G8 8]le8 l;hfO/]sf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 18
k|1f–ultljlw
l8:sf];{ cg sf]nf]lgoflnHd, k|m]Gr–cNh]l/ofO{
qmflGtsf/L, dgf]j1} flgs, bfz{lgs k|mfGTh k\mofggsf
Anfs :sfOh, x\jfO6 df:S;, Ol:s{g] sfN8j]nsf]
gf]6;\ cg P 8fOË sNr/ h:tf s[ltx?, cd]l/sL
gf/LjfbL n]lvsf s]6 ldn]6sf] ;]S:Ro'n kf]lnl6S;
nufot o;kl5 k|sflzt y'k}| gf/LjfbL n]vg /
leotgfd o'4df cd]l/sL ;dfhzf:qsf] ck/fw–
;+ n Ungtfsf ;' k | l ;4 /fhgLlts cfnf] r s,
efiffzf:qL, bfz{lgs, Oltxf;sf/ tyf ;ª\1fgfTds
lj1fgL gf]d rf]D:sLåf/f lnlvt Jofks n]vg kb{5 .
;flxTosf] If]qdf eg] ;Obn] k|:t't u/]sf] k|0ffnLa4tf
cGoq lgZro g} kfOFb}g . t/ Pª\nf]–cd]l/sL
k/Dk/fdf :yflkt n]vsx?n] o;cl3b]lv g} klZrdL
cf}klgj]lzs pBd / ljrf/wf/fx?df lglxt o;
lsl;dsf] ck/fw–;+nUgtfsf] ljZn]if0f ub{} ljzfn
e08f/ v8f u/]sf 5g\ . tyflk cf]l/oG6flnHddf
h:tf] ;flxlTos c+z cGoq kfOGg . To;}n]
cf]l/oG6flnHd pQm k/Dk/fleq} kb{5 . gjLgtf tyf
df}lnstfsf] k|efjnfO{ k|foM lgwf{/0f ug{] kfl/eflifs,
zAb e08f/ut Pjd\ z}nLut kl/jt{gaf6 ;f/ lvRg]
xf] eg] ;Obsf] cWoogsf] k|efjzfnL dWod efu
;f7Lsf] bzssf] cWoogdf cfd ¿kdf k|rngdf
kfOg] /fhgLlts ¿kn] k|efjzfnL tyf b"/ufdL
k|sl[ tsf] 5}g . o:tf] s[ltsf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf cd]l/sL
n]vs hf]gfx /l:sgåf/f lnlvt dfOyf]nf]hL ckm
ODk]l/oflnHdnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o'/f]–cd]l/sL
k/Dk/feGbf aflx/ uP/ x]bf{ pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf]
cGTolt/ Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf Jofks dfqfdf
cf}klgj]lzs ;f+:s[lts cflwkTosf] cfnf]rgf ePsf]
5 / ef/tdf klg kof{Kt dfqfdf o:tf] cfnf]rgfsf]
pkl:ylt 5 . cf}klgj]lzs b]zx?sf ;fy} jfd
k/Dk/fdf o;sf] cl:tTj kof{Kt dfqfdf 5 /
cf}klgj]lzs hgtfsf] dgdf o;sf] ljz]if 5fk ;d]t
k/]sf] e]l6G5 . t/ cgf}7f] s] 5 eg] cf]l/oG6flnHdn]
pklgj]zjfb hlQs} cfo' ePsf] Tof] ljzfn k/Dk/fnfO{
dfGotf lbg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;Obsf] ;g\ !(*%
df …k'glj{rfl/t k"jj{ fbÚ zLif{ssf] csf{] Pp6f k|l;4
n]v k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . o;df pgn] ljutsf
;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL ;Dk"0f{ k|oTgx?nfO{ …Oltxf;jfbÚ
eg]/ lgGbf ug{s ' f ;fy} To;nfO{ ;fd|fHojfbsf]
h'DNofxf / hgs xf] eg]/ 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . cfk"mn]
gfdflÍt u/]sf] …Oltxf;jfbÚsf] v08g ul/ ;s]kl5
pgL of] Oltxf;jfb lesf], x]un ] , dfS;{, /fGs], l8Ny]
nufot c¿df cleJoQm ePsf] 5 eGg] bf]iff/f]k0f
ub{5g\ . klxn] ePsf] …;fd|fHojfbsf cfnf]rgfÚ
;anfO{ ;xh tl/sfn] pgn] …;fd|fHojfbsf] jf:tljs
k|of]uÚ eg]/ /5\ofgdf ˆofFls lbPsf 5g\ . ;fd|fHo–
jfbsf] cfnf]rgf /fli6«o d'lQm ;ª\3if{sf] af}l4s
k/Dk/fn] dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df ub{} cfPsf]
tYo ;j{ljlbt 5 . o; tYonfO{ ;Obn] ;j{yf pk]Iff
u/]sf 5g\ . u|fDzLnfO{ k|foM p4[t ug{ dg k/fpg]
;Ob pgsf] slyt …Oltxf;jfbÚsf af/]df eg] df}g
/x]sf 5g\ .
cf]l/oG6flnHdsf] ;d:of ljlwj}1flgs tyf
wf/0ffut dfq geP/ /fhgLlts ;d]t 5 . ;Obn]
co'af{vn ] L pRr dfgjtfjfb / lgT;]nL dfgjtfjfb–
lj/f]wnfO{ dfq Ps} 7fpFdf ld;df; kf/]sf 5}gg\,
;f+:s[lts If]qsf clt qmflGtsf/L lrGts / ;jf{lws
k|ltlqmofjfbL lrGtsx?nfO{ ;d]t Ps} 7fpFdf
ldnfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . u|fDzL / h'lnog a]G8f
o;sf /fd|f pbfx/0f x'g\ . ;j{xf/f ju{kl| t 3[0ff
JoQm ug{] sDo'lg:6 lj/f]wL a]G8f / qmflGtsf/L
dfS;{jfbL u|fDzLnfO{ pgn] Pp6} ;}4flGts–
/fhgLlts cjl:yltdf /x]/ k|z; + f u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;Obn] cfˆgf] efiff olt w]/} km/s km/s wf/0ffut
¿k/]vf / k|fl1s zfvfx?af6 lnPsf 5g\ ls cfZro{
nfUb5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf ;Obsf] efiffdf ;fq{s ] f]
wf/0ff xf] eg]/ lrlgg] cl:tTjjfb kof{Kt dfqfdf
b]l/bfsf] cl:dtf / leGgtfsf ljrf/x?l;t
cgf}7f];uF ldl;Psf] e]l6G5 . pgL u|fDzL / a]G8fsf
lardf, k'msf] / co'af{vsf lardf dfq xf]Og,
n'sfr, qmf]r,] dfYo' cgf{N8 cflbsf lardf klg
xlNnO/xG5g\ . o;nfO{ ;Obdf ljBdfg /fhgLlts
cGof}n / j}rfl/s lbzfxLgtfsf] kl/0ffd afx]s
c¿ s]xL eGg ;lsGg .
k|l;4 ef/tLo dfS;{jfbL Oltxf;sf/ O/kmfg
xlaasf] l6Kk0fL s] 5 eg] ;Obsf] wf/0ff cg';f/
k"jL{o ljifodf k"jd { f o; vfnsf n]vs, lzIfs /
cg';Gwfgstf{ x'Fb}gg\ lsgeg] k"j{jfbL lgtfGt
klZrdsf] JolQm x'G5 . klZrdL / k"jn ]{ L k"jj{ fbLx?
cfk;df s;/L cGtlqm{of ub{5g\ / s;/L o;
cGtlq{mofn] b'js } f] lrGtgnfO{ k|efljt kfb{5 eGg]
cK7\of/fsf] ;fdgf ;Obn] ug{} kb{}g . pgn]
cf]l/oG6flnHdsf] pk;+xf/df k"jj{ fbLx?n] klZrdL
kf7ssf nflu dfq n]Vt5g\ eGg] ljrf/ JoSt
u/]sf 5g\ -;Ob, !(&( M ##^_ . csf{] s'/f]
cf]l/oG6flnHddf P8jf8{ ;Obn] u}/ klZrd;DaGwL
klZrdL Oltxf;sf/åf/f lnlvt Oltxf;nfO{
pklgj]z agfOPsf b]zsf a'l4hLjLx?n] s;/L
u|x0f u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/faf6 ;j{yf ljd'v eP/
k/LIf0f u/]sf 5g\ . u}/klZrdsf a'l4hLjLx?
cljeflht hg;d'bfo sbflk xf]Ogg\ . pgLx? cf–
cfˆgf åGå, cGtlj{/f]w, ju{, ln¨ h:tf ljlzi6
;fdflhs Pjd\ /fhgLlts l:yltåf/f k| ] l /t
;fdflhs clestf{sf ¿kdf ljeflht 5g\ /
pgLx?n] klZrdf ljåfg\x?åf/f lnlvt u}/klZrdsf]
Oltxf;nfO{ :jLsf/ dfq u/]sf 5}gg\, To;nfO{
k'g?Tkfbg ug{] jf ;+zf]wg ug{,] lj/f]w ug{,] /2Lsf]
6f]s/Ldf ˆofFSg] h:tf ljljw sfd u/]sf 5g\ . o;
sfo{nfO{ pk]Iff ug{' eg]sf] Plrnb]lv otf klZrdn]
slxNo} klg k"jn { fO{ cfˆgf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] cg'dlt
lbPg, p;n] k"js { f] k|ltlglwTj ub{} cfPsf] 5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ g} ck|ToIf tl/sfn] ;dy{g hgfpg' xf] .
cf]l/oG6flnHddf klZrdsf ltg} cfjfhnfO{ 7fpF
lbOPsf] 5 h;n] k"jn { fO{ ;w}F df}g /fv]sf 5g\ eGg]
u'gf;f] ;Obsf] 5 . o;nfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ sltko
;dfnf]rsx?n] s;n] s;nfO{ df}g agfpFb} 5 < /
…k"j{jfbÚåf/f ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] bdg ul/Psf y'k|}
cfjfhx?sf] Oltxf;a4 d'7e]8nfO{ l:jsf/ ug{
s;n] c:jLsf/ ub{5 } < eGg] k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ug{
of] lstfa k9]/ sl7g x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf
5g\ . Oltxf;sf k|fk] m] ;/ hh{ kL=NofG8psf] wf/0ff
cg';f/ ;Obn] cGo ljåfg\sf leGg b[li6sf]0fx?nfO{
cfˆgf] ljZn] i f0fdf cleJoQm x' g glbP/
cf]l/oG6flnHddf …dxfgtd\ Pp6} af}l4s ck/fwÚ
u/]sf 5g\ .
cts{ a ' l 4jfb cf] l /oG6flnHddf ;txd}
cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . klZrdL 1fgdLdf+;fsf] k'msf]sf]
eT;{gf jf b]l/bfsf] Oltxf;ftLt zAbs]Gb|jfbsf]
eT;{gf h:t} ;Obsf] ;du| klZrdL ;Eotfsf]
eT;{gf r/d / ;Demf}tfxLg 5 . of] cts{al' 4jfbsf]
:j/df :j/ ldnfpFb} ;Obn] eg]sf 5g\– zAbs]Gb|jfbL
lrGtg, 1fgdLdf+;Lo zlQm, k"jj{ fbL ljdz{eGbf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 19
aflx/ s'g} klg s'/fsf] cl:tTj 5}g, ju{, ln¨,
Oltxf;, k|lt/f]wsf] :yfg, dfgj d'lQmsf] ;l~rt
of]hgf s]xLsf] klg cl:tTj 5}g . lsgeg] ;a} s'/f
leGgtf ;lxtsf] k'g/fj[lQ dfq xf], ;ayf]s
e|i6frf/–ljz]ift M klZrdL e|i6frf/ xf] / k"jj{ fb
;w}F p:t} /xG5, vfln ;dosf] Ps /]vLo ;~ro
dfq o;df ylkg] xf] -cxdb, !((@ M !(%_ .
;Obsf] clt rlr{t s[lt cf]l/oG6flnHd
k|sfzg eP otf Psflt/ o;nfO{ pQ/cf}klgj]lzs
cfnf]rgfsf] If]qdf Jofkstd k|efjzfnL kf7sf
¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ o;n] cGo
l;4fGtsf/x?af6 c;fWo} w]/} cfnf]rgf ;d]t
kfPsf] 5 . lhnn] cf}NF ofP h:t} o:tf] cfnf]rgfsf]
kl/lw cToGt Jofks 5 . d'l:nd lrGtgdf
ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf nG8gdf a:g] kfls:tfgL
n]vs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts lrGts lhofpl2g ;/bf/n]
rrf{ u/]h:tf] ;Obsf] df}lnstfd} k|ZglrXg v8f
ug{b] l] v lnP/ o; kf7sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ -kf]6/{ ,
!(($_ / ln¨sf] s'g} klg ax; gePsf] eGg]
gf/LjfbL u' g f;fx?;Dd -s] g ] 8 L, @)))_ oL
cfnf]rgfleq kb{5g\ . la|6g] sL Pl;:6]G6 k|fk] m] ;/sf
¿kdf sfo{/t Eofn]/L s]g8] Ln] cf]l/oG6flnHddf
k"j{ / klZrd b'jl} t/sf dlxnfx?sf] pTkL8gsf
af/]df st}, s'g} rrf{ gu/]sf]df ;Obsf] cfnf]rgf
u/]sL 5g\ . ;Obn] k"jj{ fbL eg]/ cf]l/oG6flnHddf
cfqmd0f u/]sf Oltxf;sf/ agf{8{ n]lj;n] o;
s[ltsf] cfnf]rgf ubf{ o;df cg]sf}F tYout,
ljlwj}1flgs Pjd\ wf/0ffut q'l6x? /x]sf] 5 eg]sf
5g\ . pgn] cf}NF ofPh:t} ;Obn] k|af]wg / leS6f]l/of–
sfnsf k"jL{o ;+:s[ltsf] cWoog ug{] klZrdL
ljåfg\x?n] k'¥ofPsf y'k}| of]ubfgnfO{ pk]Iff u/]sf
5g\ . dWok"jd { f s'g} lgoGq0f gePsf] jf lgoGq0f
ug{] cfzf ;d]t gePsf], pklgj]zsf] cj:yf g/x]sf]
;f]xf| F} / ;qf}F ztfAbLsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t k|mfG;]nL /
cª\uh ]| ljåfg\x?n] O:nfdsf] cWoog u/]sf lyP,
;Obsf] cWoogn] o; tYosf] JofVof ug{ ;s]sf]
kfOFb}g . o'/f]k]nL k"j{jfbdf k|mfG;]nL jf la|l6;
ljåQf eGbf a9L dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 8r / ljz]iftM
hd{g ljåfg\x?n] k'¥ofPsf] ljzb of]ubfgnfO{
cf]l/oG6flnHdn] pk]Iff g} u/]sf] 5 . 8r / hd{gsf]
dWok"jd{ f s'g} klg lsl;dsf cf}klgj]lzs of]hgfx?
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 20
k|1f–ultljlw
lyPgg\ jf ltgsf] k"jj{ fbL cg';Gwfg / ltgsf]
pklgj]zjfbsf lardf ;DaGw lyPg . o:t}
cfnf]rgf la|l6; Oltxf;sf/ /a6{ Olj{gsf] klg
5 . pgn] eg]sf 5g\– ;Obn] k"jj{ fbsf] cfnf]rgf
ubf{ k|mG] r / la|l6; ;fdu|Ldfly Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf
5g\ t/ jf:tjdf o; ljifodf df}lns of]ubfg
hd{gx?sf] 5 . n]lj;sf] cfnf]rgf s] klg 5 eg]
;Obsf] k" j { j fbL cWoogsf] clwsf+ z efun]
;fd|fHojfbsf] Wo]o p2]ZonfO{ cl3 a9fpg lsg
;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] ;jfnsf] hjfkm
klg lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . km/ n:6 ckm gf]Oª\u M lb
cf]l/oG6fln:6\; PG8 b]o/ Pg]ldh zLif{ssf] s[ltdf
la|l6; Oltxf;sf/, pkGof;sf/ /a6{ Olj{gn]
k"j{jfbsf] cfnf]rgf ub{} eg]sf 5g\– o'/f]ksf]
Oltxf;df …x/]s o'/f]kn ] Ln] k"js { f af/]df h] eG5
Tof] hfltjfbL, ;fd|fHojfbL / emG8} ;du|df cfˆgf]
hfltnfO{ pTs[i6 dfGg] x'G5Ú eGg] ;Obsf] l;4fGtn]
bfaL ub{5 . ;+oQ ' m /fHosf] a|fpg ljZjljBfnosf
cª\uh ]| L / snf Oltxf;sf k|fk] m];/ hh{ kL=NofG8pn]
;Obsf] ljåQfnfO{ cefjk"0f{ -lacking_ eg]sf 5g\ .
pgn] u}/ c/a Pl;ofnL b]zx?, u}/ klZrdL
;fd|fHojfb / ln¨Lo ;d:ofnfO{ pk]Iff u/]sf]df
;Obsf] eT;{gf ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . …k"jÚ{ sf] s'/f ubf{
rLg, hfkfg / blIf0f k"jn { fO{ k"0f{tM pk]Iff u/]sf]df
klg NofG8pn] ;Obsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . o;
cltl/Qm NofG8psf]] egfO cg';f/ dWok"js { f] u'bL
s'/f] ;dfTg ;Ob c;kmn 5g\, OlhK6 / c/asf
ljåfg\x?sf dxŒjk"0f{ s[ltx?nfO{ pgn] pk]Iff u/]sf
5g\ . NofG8psf] csf{] cfnf]rgf s] 5 eg] o'/f]kn ] L
tyf u}/ o'/f]kn ] L ;fd|fHojfbsf] Oltxf;sf af/]df
sd 1fgsf sf/0f ;Obn] pklgj]zjfbdf klZrdsf]
k"jd{ flysf] k|efjnfO{ dfq x]/s ] f 5g\ . pgsf] ts{
s] 5 eg] o:tf] k|efj Psf]xf]/f] dfq lyPg, To;df
;f+:s[lts ;ª\s/tf lyof] / ;Ob cGo ;dfhsf
ljj/0fx? jf k"jl{ eq}sf tŒjnfO{ lng c;Ifd 5g\ .
pgn] ;Obsf] …o'/f]kn ] L jf cd]l/sLn] s'g} ljåfg\n]
k"j{nfO{ …hfGgÚ ;St}g eGg] bfaLÚsf] klg cfnf]rgf
u/]sf 5g\ . dfgjzf:qL tyf Oltxf;sf/ 8flgPn
dfl6{g efl/:sf]n] cfˆgf] s[lt l/l8ª\u cf]l/oG6flnHd M
;]8 PG8 cG;]8df cf]l/oG6flnHdsf] cfnf]rgfTds
d" N ofª\ s g ug{ ] qmddf ;Obsf] ljlwlj1fg
-methodology_ sf] lj:t[t cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ .
;Obn] u/]sf] k'msf] / u|fDzLsf] pkof]usf] cfnf]rgf
ub{} pgn] ljjfbf:kb /fhgLltn] …k"jÚ{ eg]/ sNkgf
ul/Psf] If]qsf] jf:tljs ;+:s[ltsf] k|fl1s ax;sf]
7fpF lng ;Sg' k5{ eg]sf 5g\ . ;a} ;To ;fk]If
x'G5g\ eGg] ;Obsf] ljrf/sf] cfnf]rgf n]vs OAg
jf/fsn] u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ;Obsf] ljZj;gLotfnfO{
36fpF5 eGg] pgsf] b[li6sf]0f 5 . …k"jj{ fbÚ;DaGwL
;Obsf] kl/efiff lgwf{l/t 5, pgsf lgisif{x? ;d]t
k"jl{ gwf{l/t 5g\, rog klg ToxL cg'¿k pgn] u/]sf
5g\ / k"jj{ fb;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ;fdfGo 5}g eGg]
egfO ef/tLo dfS;{jfbL Oltxf;sf/ O/kmfg xlaasf]
5.
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfb / ;Ob
cfkm"nfO{ pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL eGg grfxg]
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL k|mfG;]nL bfz{lgs ld;]n
k'msf]af6 ;Ob cTolws k|efljt 5g\ / pgn]
k'msf]nfO{ u'?sf ¿kdf dfg]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f n]vdf
o;cl3 ;Gbe{;lxt pNn]v eO ;s]sf] 5 .
cf]l/oG6flnHdsf] kl/ro lbg] qmddf pgn] km'sf]sf]
ljdz{ l;4fGtk|lt ug{; ' Dd s[t1tf JoQm u/]sf
5g\ . km'sf]sf] ;Qf–1fgsf] l;4fGtn] ;ObnfO{ ljz]if
¿kn] g} cfslif{t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pgn] cfkm}F klg
eg]sf 5g\– d]/f] cWoogn] k"jj{ fb klg 1fg /
;Qfsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t 5 eGg]
b]vfpF5 -;Ob, !(&( M @@–@#_ . u}/o'/f]k]nL
;dfhx?sf af/]sf] 1fgsf] pTkfbg / ltgdfly
zlQmsf] Jojxf/sf larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ b]vfpg
;Obn] ljdz{sf] km'sf]sf] wf/0ffnfO{ pkof]u u/]sf
5g\ . o;/L g} k"j{jfbsf] ljZn]if0fdf b]l/bfsf]
leGgtf;DaGwL ljrf/–leGgtfsf] dfWodaf6
klxrfgn] ;Obdfly uxg 5fk kf/]sf] kfOG5 .
P8jf8{ ;Ob pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbaf6 k|efljt dfq
xf]Ogg\, To;k|lt k"0f{tof k|lta4 n]vs x'g\ . pQ/
cfw'lgstfjfbsf k|jt{s dflgg] HofF k|m\jfG:jf
Nof]tf/ / ld;]n km'sf]sf] pgn] u/]sf] :t'lt tyf
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbsf] kIfkf]if0fn] o;nfO{ 5n{¨
kfb{5 . pgL eGb5g\–
…k|mfG;]nL >]i7 bfz{lgs Nof]tf/ / km'sf]sf]
pbo cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] / af}l4s ljb|fx] sf] wd{bt" sf
¿kdf == ePsf] xf] . Nof]tf/n] eg]h:t} xfd|f] o'u
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL xf] . of] Oltxf;;Fu xf]Og,
:yfgLo dfldnf;Fu, ;dfwfg ul/g' kg{] ljifox?;Fu
dfq, dxfg\ oyfy{;uF xf]Og v]n;Fu dfq ;DalGwt
5 . km'sf]n] klg cfw'lgs Oltxf;sf k/:k/lj/f]wL
zlStx?af6 cfˆgf] Wofg df]8s ] f 5g\ . ====pgsf]
lg0f{o cg';f/ ;Qf h'g;'s} 7fpFdf klg x'g] ePsf]
sf/0fn] JolStnfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]g]{ ;Qfsf] :yfgLo
;"Id ef}ltszf:qdf s]lGb|t x'g' ;DejtM /fd|f] x'g5 ] .
===Nof]tf/ / km'sf] b'j}df xfdL d"ntM d'lStsf]
/fhgLltsf] Iff]enfO{ JofVof ug{] Pp6} nfIfl0fs
k|of]u km]nf kfb{5f}F M nIosf] k|f/DelaGb' / k'li6
ug{] ;dy{sf/L tŒjsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug{] cfVofg
ca ;dfhdf dfgj ultdfu{sf] /]vfª\sgsf nflu
ckof{Kt 5 .Ú
o;kl5 ;Obn] cfˆgf] qmflGtlj/f] w L,
lg/fzfhgs wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ M
…cufl8 x]g{ s]xL klg 5}g M xfdL cfˆg} j[Qleq
ult lng c;dy{ 5f}F / clxn] /]vf j[Qåf/f 3]l/P/
aGb 5 . cNh]l/of, So'af, leotgfd, Kofn]:6fOg,
O/fgdf ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL cpklgj]zjfbLs/0fsf]
/fhgLlt / bz{gdf y'k}| klZrdsf af}l4sx? uxg
¿kn] ;+nUg lyP . ltgsf] pklgj]zjfb lj/f]wL
;ª\3if{sf] jiff{s
F} f] ;dy{gkl5 SnflGt / lg/fzfsf]
If0f cfPsf] 5 . qmflGtnfO{ ;dy{g ug{' slt lg/y{s
lyof], ;Qfdf cfPsf gofF Joj:yfx? slt hª\unL
lyP eGg] s;}n] klg ;'Gg / k9\g ;S5, of] r/d
dfldnf xf], cplgj]zjfbLs/0fn] ljZj sDo'lgHdnfO{
nfe k'¥ofof] Ú-;Ob, !(($ M @(–#)_ .
e|d / lg/fzfsf] of] dgf]bzf pQ/ cfw'lgstf–
jfbLx?sf] pNn]vgLo ljz]iftf xf] . e|dsf] o; k|lqmofn]
;Obdf r/d ¿k lnPsf] kfOG5 . o; c+zdf
sDo'lg:6x?n] g]tT[ j u/]sf pklgj]zjfb lj/f]wL
qmflGtsf] c;kmntfnfO{ pgn] cf}NF ofPsf 5g\ . pgsf]
b[li6 cg';f/ qmflGtkl5 :yflkt Joj:yf -rLg,
leotgfd, So'af_ hª\unL, ;a}eGbf uPu'hs ]| f b]z
eGbf a9L s]xL xf]Ogg\ . cg]sf}F vfnsf ck/fwx?n]
ljZj sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
ca vfln ljdz{df s]lGb|t x'g–] dlxnf, cNk;ª\Vos
/ lsgf/Ls[tx?sf] r]tgfdf qmflGtsf] cfXjfg ug]{
qmd dfq v'nf 5Ú -;Ob, !(($ M #%)_ . dflg;n]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 21
hgtfsf] zlQm, dhb'/ ju{sf] e"ldsf, ls;fg qmflGt
/ cGt/f{li6«o P]Soa4tfdfly e/ kg{] lbgx? uP eGg]
ljrf/ cl3 ;f/]/ ;Obn] pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtgsf]
;dy{g ug{s ' f ;fy} dfS;{jfbsf] lj/f]w / cfˆgf] r/d
lg/fz dgl:yltnfO{ klg 5n{¨ x'g] u/L b]vfPsf
5g\ .
dfS;{ / dfS;{jfbsf] lj/f]w
dfS;{jfb lj/f]wL k'msf]nfO{ cfˆgf u'?;/x
dfGg] ;Obsf] lrGtg pgsf] dfS;{jfb lj/f]wL
lrGtgaf6 kof{Kt dfqfdf k|efljt 5 . k'msf] pgn]
eGg] u/]sf] …klZrdL 1fgdLdf+;fÚ cGtu{t dfS;{nfO{
/fV5g\ / dfS;{sf] ;du| lrGtg klZrdL 1fg–
dLdf+;fdf lglxt /fhgLlts cy{zf:qsf] ljdz{af6
ag]sf] 5 eGg] dfGb5g\ . pgL o; slyt bfz{lgs
leGgtfsf sf/0f P]ltxfl;s lrq0fnfO{ lgoldt
ug{] dfS;{sf] l;4fGtsf lj/f]wL 5g\ . /fHo;Qf /
cfly{s pTkfbgl;t Oltxf;nfO{ ufF:g] s'/fsf pgL
k"0f{ lj/f]wL 5g\ . dfS;{sf] Oltxf; lrq0fsf] Ps
dfq df}lns kIf eg]s} oxL xf] eGg] b[li6sf]0f k'msf]sf]
5 . ;Obsf] dfS;{kl| tsf] cfqmd0f k'msf]af6 ck|ToIf
¿kaf6 lnOPsf] lgT;]sf] k|flwsf/l;t ufFl;Psf]
5.
;Obn] dfS;{jfbsf] dfq xf]Og, dfS;{jfbsf
;+:yfksx?sf] ;d]t rsf{] lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf]
b[li6df dfS;{ la|l6; bfz{lgs, /fhgLlts cy{zf:qL
hf]g :6'c6{ ldn h:t} k"j{jfbL x'g\ . pgn]
cf]l/oG6flnHddf n]vs ] f 5g\ …==d}n] b]vfpg k|oTg
u/] h:t} oxL vfnsf] lj/f]wfef; dfS;{df 5 .Ú
;Ob k"j{jfb h:t} dfS;{jfbnfO{ o'/f]k s]lGb|t
dfGb5g\ . ;Obsf] egfOdf ef/tsf af/]df dfS;{n]
n]vs ] f /rgfx? k"j{ lg/ª\sz ' , l:y/ / c;ª\ut 5
eGg] x]un ] sf] b[li6df cfwfl/t 5g\ . x]un ] sf] l;sf]
u/]/ dfS;{–Pª\uN] ;n] k"j{ / clk|msf c1fg Pjd\
cGwljZjf;df 8'as ] f lyP eGg] ljrf/ JoSt u/]sf
5g\ -;Ob, !(($ M @)# / ##%_ / c¿ k"jj{ fbLx?
;/x dfS;{n] …klZrdn] Wofg lbg' kg{] :ynÚsf
¿kdf k"jn { fO{ x]/s
] f 5g\ -;Ob, !(&( M @)^_ .
dfS;{jfbL ljdz{ pklgj]zgjfbL ljdz{sf] kf7e]b
dfq xf] eg]/ b]vfpg ;Obn] lgs} ldlxg]t u/]sf
5g\ . pgsf] b[li6df dfS;{sf] jfs\k4lt km/s 5
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 22
k|1f–ultljlw
tfklg k"jj{ fbLx? / dfS;{jfbLx? b'j} …pklgj]zjfbL
l;4fGtÚnfO{ k| l tWjlgt ug{ ] pklgj] z jfbL
b:tfj]hx?df lge{/ 5g\ -;Ob, !(($ M @)#_ .
cNh]l/ofsf d"/x?af/] Pp6f lr7Ldf l6Kk0fL ubf{
Ps lsl;dsf] hftLo k"jf{ux| /fv]sf] cf/f]k pgn]
Pª\uN] ;dfly nufPsf 5g\ . pgsf] egfOdf k"jL{o
:j]R5frfl/tf, k"jL{o hLjgz}nL, k"jL{o cGwljZjf;
h:tf Ps ;dfg kbfjnLx? dfS;{ / k"jj{ fbLx?n]
k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . k"jL{o pTkfbg k4lt zAbsf]
k|of]udf klg dfS;{ df}lns 5}gg\ . dfS;{sf cfly{s
ljZn]if0fx? k"0f{tM k"jj{ fbLx?l;t ldNb5g\ . ;Obsf]
s] klg wf/0ff 5 eg] dfS;{ lgw{g Pl;of;Fu clnslt
tfbfTDo /fVg, s]xL ;d cg'el" t lng ;Ifd t 5g\
t/ /f]dflG6s k"jj{ fbL b[li6 g} pgdf xfaL 5 .
dfS;{sf] …O+UNofG8sf] bf]xf]/f] nIoÚ h:tf n]vnfO{
p4[t ub{} ;Obn] cfwf/e"t ¿kn] hLjgxLg
Pl;ofnfO{ gofF hLjg lbg] ljrf/ ljz'4 /f]dflG6s
k"jj{ fbsf] c+z xf] eGg] l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ -;Ob,
!(($ M !%$–!%%_ ef/tsf af/]df n]lvPsf
dfS;{sf /rgf ljz]iftM …ef/tdf la|l6; zf;gÚ /
…ef/tdf la|l6; zf;gsf] efjL kl/0ffdÚ h:tf
k|l;4 n]v pklgj]zjfbL ljdz{ afx]s c¿ s]xL
xf]Ogg\ eGg] ;j{yf unt b[li6sf]0f ;Obn] cl3
;f/]sf 5g\ . dfS;{sf oL n]vdf la|l6; zf;gnfO{
…clt qm'/Ú eg]/ ufnL ul/Psf] 5 / ef/tsf]
;ª\3if{nfO{ ;j{ky| d /fli6«o d'lQm ;ª\3if{ eg]/ ;Ddfg
JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . la|l6; zf;gsf] lj/f]w / ef/tsf]
/fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{g ug{] ljrf/nfO{
pklgj]zjfbsf] cleJolQm dfGg' ;Obsf] unt
b[li6sf]0fsf] kl/0ffd dfq xf] . oxfFlg/ ef/tLo
Oltxf;sf k|fWofks t[Kt jfxLsf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;Demg'
cfjZos 5 . pgn] ;ObnfO{ dfS;{jfbL ;flxTo
l;4fGtaf6 6f9f /x]sf, n]lgg / :6flng cGtu{tsf]
;f]leot ;ª\3sf] k"jj{ fbL 1fg e08f/af/] yfxf
gePsf -jfxL, !((^_ ljåfg\ dfg]sL 5g\ . ;Obsf]
dfS;{ , Pª\ u ] N ; tyf dfS;{ j fbsf] cfwf/xLg
cfnf]rgfn] jf:tjdf jfxLsf] wf/0ffnfO{ g} k'li6
ub{5 . ;Obn] u/]sf] dfS;{jfbsf] cfnf]rgf Psbd}
k"j{lgwf{l/t, PskIfLo, gsf/fTds / k"jf{u|xdf
cfwfl/t 5 .
dfS;{sf ;Gbe{df dfq rrf{ ug{] xf] eg] klg
…b:tfj]h / ts{df ;xLkgsf] pNn]Vo cefjÚn]
;Obsf egfOx?nfO{ cljZj;gLo agfPsf 5g\ .
dfS;{sf af/]df ;Obsf] Jojxf/nfO{ pbfx/0f agfP/
ef/tLo Oltxf;sf/ O/kmfg xlaan] …P8jf8{ ;Obsf
af/]df cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fLÚ zLif{ssf] n]vdf o;sf]
nfdf] ljZn] i f0f u/] s f 5g\ . pgsf cg' ; f/
cf]l/oG6flnHdsf] k|f/lDes kfgfdf ;Obn] /fv]sf
b'O{ j6f 5f]6f p4/0fdWo] …pgLx? cfkm}n F ] cfˆgf]
k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;St}gg\, pgLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj c¿n]
ul/lbg' k5{Ú eGg] klxnf] p4/0f dfS;{sf] xf] . of]
k9]kl5 ;fwf/0f kf7snfO{ dfS;{n] oxfF k"jL{o hgtf
cfkm}F cfˆgf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ c;Ifd 5g\ / o;sf/0f
o'/f]kn] Lx?n] pgLx?sf nflu af]lnlbg' k5{ eg]sf
x'g\ eGg] nfUb5 . lstfasf] PSsfO;f}F k[i7df df}lns
hd{g efiffdf p4[t dfS;{sf] egfOsf] ;Ob]nL
pkof]unfO{ xlaan] …cg}lts / cg'Q/bfoLÚ dfg]sf
5g\ . dfS;{sf] …n'O af]gfkf6{sf] c7f/f}F a|'d]o/Ú
zLif{ssf] n]vaf6 lnOPsf] o; p4/0fdf dfS;{n]
k"jn]{ L hgtfsf] l:yltsf af/]df s'/f u/]s} lyPgg\ .
pgn] pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/sf k|mfG;sf
ul/aLn] u|:t ;fgf ls;fgx? Ps cfk;df PsLs[t
x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ;+;b\ jf ;Dd]ngsf dfWodaf6
cfˆg} gfddf cfˆgf] juL{o :jfy{ lqmofGjog ug{
c;Ifd lyP, pgLx? cfkm}F k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;St}gy],
pgLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/L lbg' kg{] x'GYof] eg]sf
lyP . / klg oL k|ltlglwx?===clgjfo{tof dflnssf
¿kdf k|s6 x'G5g\ -dfS;{ / Pª\u]N;, !(%) M
#)#_ eGg] dfS;{sf] k|:6 egfO lyof] . o;/L
k|mfG;]nL ls;fgx?sf] 7fpFdf ;'ljrfl/t ¿kn] k"jn ]{ L
hgtfnfO{ /fVg] sfd ug{s ' f ;fy} ;Obn] dfS;{sf]
zAb …k|ltlglwTjÚ cyf{t\ /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjnfO{
…j0f{gÚdf ablnlbP -…k"js { f hgtfn] cfk"mnfO{ j0f{g
jf lrq0f ug{ ;St}gg\ / o;/L k"jj{ fbL k|ltlglwTjn]
sfo{ ub{5 -;Ob, !(&( M @!_ . dfS;{sf] p4/0fsf]
b'?kof]u cGoq klg ePsf] 5 . k[i7 @(# df ;Obn]
n'O{ af]gfkf6{n] k"js { f] k|ltlglwTj jf lrq0f ug{]
bfaL u/]sf lyP eGg] cfzosf ;fy p4[t jfSof+z
n'O{ af]gfkf6{sf nflu dfS;{n] pkof]udf NofPsf
lyP eGg] ;/f;/ unt s'/f u/]sf 5g\ . o;
cltl/Qm k[i7 @! df lbOPsf] dfS;{sf] p4/0fsf]
;Gbe{sf af/]df cfkm}n F ] lbPsf] ts{nfO{ k"0f{tof
la;{/] !((%sf] ;+:s/0fsf] …pk;+xf/Ú -;Ob, !((% M
##%_ df ;Obn] lstfasf] cufl8 of] p4/0f cfbz{
jfSosf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{s ' f] cy{ …dfS;{n] rnfvLsf
;fy ;ª\st] u/]sf] cfTdut ;TonfO{ olb tkfO{n + ]
cfˆgf] ;To gdfGg cg'el" t ug{' x'G5 eg] To;
cj;/nfO{ k|fKt ug{ tkfO{n + ] dl/xQ] u/]/ nfUg'
x'G5Ú eGg] s'/fnfO{ pgn] pNn]v u/]sf x'g\ eGg]
jflxoft ts{ ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . ;Obn] c7f/f}F
a|d
' o] /sf] df}lns c+z gk9]sf dfq xf]Ogg\, pQm
p4/0f df}lns s[ltaf6 glnO{ cs{} uf}0f ;|ft] af6
lnPsf lyP eGg] s'/fsf] of] k|df0f xf] . tfklg k"0f{
ljZjf;sf ;fy unt cy{ nfUg]u/L pgn] s;/L
of] s'/f k|:t't ug{ ;s] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsGg .
;Obsf] cWoogsf ljifo -;Ob, !(&( M !%#–!%^_
sf ¿kdf dfS;{n] s]xL nfk/afxLk"0f{ pbfx/0f
glbPsf xf]Ogg\ . o; ;DaGwdf Phfh cxdbn]
…ef/tsf af/]df dfS;{ M Ps :ki6Ls/0fÚ -x]gx{' f];–\
Og lyof]/L_ zLif{ssf] n]vdf cGo s'/fsf ;fy} ;g\
!*%# df Go'of]s{ l6«Ao'gdf k|sflzt dfS;{sf b'O{
j6f n]vaf6 lnOPsf b'O{ c+zsf cfwf/df ;Obn]
cfˆgf] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ / ef/tsf af/]df dfS;{n]
c¿ 7fpFdf n]vs ] f s'/fsf af/]df pgnfO{ clnslt
klg hfgsf/L 5}g eg]sf 5g\ . dfS;{af/]sf ;Obsf
xr'jf l6Kk0fLx?n] cxdbsf] s'/fnfO{ g} k|dfl0ft
ub{5 . lgZro g} dfS;{ ef/tsf af/]df o'/f]kn ] L
l/kf]6d { fly e/ k/]sf 5g\ / To:tf s]xL /rgfdf
s]xL q'l6x? /x]s} 5g\ . t/ pgn] tof/ kf/]sf]
ljDa, ef/tdf la|l6; zf;gn] kf/]sf] ;fdflhs
Pjd\ cfly{s ljgfzsf] lrq df}lns lyof] / Tof]
;Obn] kl/efiff u/] cg';f/sf] …k"jj{ fbÚleq kb{g} .
;Obn] pNn]v u/]sf] bf];f| ] lgaGwd} klg dfS;{n]
ef/tLo hgtf …cª\uh ]| L zf;gÚnfO{ ˆofFSt}5g\ eGg]
ljrf/ /fv]s ] f 5g\ -dfS;{–Pª\uN] ;, !(&( M @@!_ .
dfS;{n] ToxL n]vdf …a'hc '{ f ;Eotfdf cGtlg{lxt
uxg kfv08 / aa{/tf xfd|f cfFvf;fd' k|:6 eO
;s]sf] 5 / b]zleq ;Ddfghgs ¿kx? cfjZos
7fGg] a'hc '{ fn] b]z aflx/ pklgj]z hdfPsf] 5 /
ToxfF gfª\uf] ¿kdf JoQm x'g] u/]sf] 5Ú eGg] klg
n]vs ] f 5g\ . olt x'bF fx'bF } klg cfˆgf] lstfadf
;Ob af/Daf/ dfS;{nfO{ pklgj]zsf] ;dy{g ug{]
…k"jj{ fbLÚ eg]/ bf]if nufO /xG5g\ . ;Obn] …ef/tLox?
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 23
hftLotfsf b[li6n] xf]Og, ;Eotfsf b[li6n] tNnf
bhf{sf x'gÚ\ eGg] b[li6sf]0f dfS;{sf] 5 eg]/ ck|ToIf
¿kn] k[i7 !$ df cf/f]k nufPsf 5g\ . k[i7 !)@
df ;Obn] cem cl3 a9]/ dfS;{nfO{ …k"jn ]{ L dflg;
k"jd{ f a:t5, k"jL{o :j]R5frfl/tf / sfd'stfsf]
l:yltdf, k"jL{o efUojfbsf] cg'el" tn] cf]tk|ft] eP/
pm k"jL{o hLjgsf ;xhtfdf afFRt5Ú eGg] s'/fnfO{
k|Zg} gu/L ljZjf; ug{] n]vssf ¿kdf k|:t't
u/]s
] f 5g\ . oxfF dfS;{sf] ckJofVof ug{;Dd ul/Psf]
5 . o;eGbf cl3 a9]/ ;Ob k[i7 @#! df To:tf
dflg;l;t dfS;{nfO{ ld;fpF5g\ h;n] …k"j{]nL
dflg; klxn] k"jn ]{ L xf] / clg To;kl5 dfq bf];f| d ] f
dflg; xf]Ú eGg] 7fGb5g\ . of] cy{xLg ;'q ;fwf/0ftof
dfS;{nfO{ pkxf; ug{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] nfUb5 .
dfS;{af/]sf] o:tf] JofVof k"j{ lgwf{l/t k"jf{ux| sf]
kl/0ffd afx]s c¿ s]xL xf]Og . o:tf s'/fn] ;Obsf]
;fdfGo ljZj;gLotfdfly zÍf dfq pTkGg ub{5g\ .
cGo pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbLx? h:t} ;Ob klg
dfS;{jfbnfO{ 1fgsf] Pp6f k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf dg
k/fpFbg} g\ . pgL pbf/tfjfb h:t} dfS;{jfbnfO{
cl:jsfo{ dfGb5g\ . pgsf] egfOdf pbf/tfjfb /
dfS;{jfbsf lardf s'g} leGgtf 5}g . dfS;{jfb jf
pbf/tfjfb h:tf gfdkq …d]/f -;Obsf–n]=_ b[li6df
lj/f]wfef;Ú dfq x'g\ -cxdb, !((@ M @!&_ .
pbf/tfjfb lj?4 tkfO{+ ;ª\3if{ ug{' x'G5 eg] tkfO{n + ]
dfS;{jfb lj?4 klg ;ª\3if{ ug{' k5{ . lsgeg] of]
…cg'zf;gfTds 1fgÚ, …ljrf/sf] aGwgÚ, …;j{;QfjfbL
ljrf/x?Údf cfwfl/t 5 . /dfOnf] s'/f] s] 5 eg]
pgsf] lstfadf ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 ljZjJofkL
;ª\3if{df dfS;{jfbLx?n] v]ns ] f] dxfgtd\ Pjd\
;sf/fTds e"ldsfsf af/]df s'g} pNn]v kfOFbg} .
;Ob]nL k|0ffnLsf] c;kmntfsf] d'n kIf s] xf] eg]
pgL Pl;ofnL, k|frLg, ;fdGtL / k'h F LjfbL ;fdflhs
agf]6nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{] dfS;{sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s
agf]6nfO{ a'‰g ;St}gg\ . dfS;{sf b[li6df pTkfbgsf]
Pl;ofnL k|0ffnL k"j{ sf]nlDaofO{ cd]l/sf, o'/f]k /
Pl;of :jod\sf ljleGg efux?df km}lnPsf] lyof]
eGg] tYonfO{ ;Obn] lal;{Psf 5g\ . ;Obsf b[li6df
pTkfbgsf] Pl;ofnL k|0ffnL / k"jL{o :j]R5frf/L
zf;g Joj:yf sfNklgs k"jj{ fbLx?sf] zfZjt ¿kn]
klZrdsf t'ngfdf k"jn { fO{ tNnf] :t/sf] b]vfpg]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 24
k|1f–ultljlw
k|of; dfq xf] . sfn{ dfS;{sf] egfOdf ef/tdf
k'h
F Ljfbsf ljgf;sf/L / k|ltlqmofTds b'O{ j6f p2]Zo
lyP / ltgn] ;fdflhs qmflGtsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ub{}
lyP . P8jf8{ ;Obsf] sfNklgs lrGtgdf of] cGo
k"jj{ fbl;t ldn]/ k"jn { fO{ …k'gu{7gÚ / …d'QmÚ ug{]
k|of; xf] . ;Obsf b[li6df ;fdflhs ultsf] s'g}
lgod x'bF g} , vfln zfZjt lje]b/lxt k"jj{ fb x'G5 /
To;n] ;bf ;j{bfsf nflu k"jd{ fly x}sd rnfpF5 .
k"jn { fO{ ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf dfS;{jfbL cjwf/0ff
cg';f/ qmflGtsf kIfdf n}hfg] s'g} klg k|of; k"jn ]{ L
;dfhx?nfO{ k"jj{ fbL cwLg:ytfs} cleGg c¨leq
kb{5 . pgL ;+oQ' m /fHo cd]l/sf / ;f]leot ;ª\3nfO{
;fd|fHojfbL zlQmsf ¿kdf pNn]v ub{5g\ . ;f]leot
;ª\3sf k"jL{ o'/f]kdf …pklgj]zx?Ú lyP . o;eGbf
v/fa s'/f] s] eg] of] …rnfv ;j{;QfjfbL zq'Ún]
cfkm}F ;lhn} 7lug] k"jL{o -clk|msL, Pl;ofnL,
cljsl;t_ dWo]af6 …;xof]uLÚ hDdf kf/]sf] lyof]
-;Ob, !((% M !)& _ .
;Ob pQ/ cf}klgj]lzs cWoogsf k|jt{s x'g\
eGg] s'/f o;cl3 pNn]v eO ;s]sf] 5 . pQ/–
pklgj]zjfbsf] ljlzi6 lrXg pklgj]zjfbsf] lj/f]w
ug{s ' f ;fy} dfS;{jfbsf] lj/f]w ug{' klg xf] . pQ/–
pklgj]zjfbL ljdz{df ;j{xf/f ju{s} cg'kl:ylt x'G5 .
o;df lsgf/Ls[t hgtf, k|jf;L, hghflt, af}l4sx?
/ dlxnf cflb ;d'bfo ljz]ifsf] e"ldsfnfO{
k|fyldstfdf /flvG5 . dfS;{jfb ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
cu|b:tfsf] bz{g / ljrf/ wf/f xf] . pTkLl8t
;d'bfosf] enfOnfO{ dxŒj lbOG5 elgg] h'g
cWoogdf ;j{xf/f ju{ jf dhb'/ ju{sf] pkl:ylt
5}g To;n] dfS;{jfbsf] lj/f]w ug{' cgf}7f] klg xf]Og .
dfS;{jfb / pbf/tfjfbsf] lj/f]w ug{] ;Obn]
t];f| ] ljsNk k|:t't unf{g\ ls eg]/ cfzf /fVg'
c:jfefljs xf]Og t/ pgL o;d} a9L w/d/fPsf
5g\ . pgn] eg]sf 5g\– …d]/f] of]hgf ljrf/x?sf]
ljlzi6 k|0ffnLsf] JofVof ug{' xf], s'g} klg xfntdf
k'/fgf] k|0ffnLnfO{ gofFn] lj:yflkt ug{' xf]Og . d}n]
k|Zgx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;]6 k|:t't ug{] k|oTg u/]sf] xF'Ú
-;Ob, !((% M #@%_ . pQ/ cfw'lgs af}l4sx?
s'/f, s'/f / s'/f dfq ug{ dg k/fpF5g\ . pgLx?sf
b[li6df qmflGtsf] Ps dfq ¿k ljdz{ xf], pgLx?
o;}df dfq ;+nUg x'g ?lr /fV5g\ . ;Obn] oxL
s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ .
/fi6«jfbaf/] ;Obsf] b[li6sf]0f
;Ob pQ/ pklgj]zjfbsf k|jt{s x'g\ / pQ/
pklgj]zjfbsf] ljz]iftf g} /fi6«jfbaf/] vf;
lsl;dsf] lrGtgnfO{ cl3 a9fpg' xf] . /fi6«jfbaf/]sf]
;Obsf] ljrf/ yfxf kfOPg eg] pgsf dxŒjk"j{
ljrf/l;t kl/lrt x'g ;lsGg . To;}n] oxfF
/fi6«jfb;DaGwL pgsf ljrf/sf af/]df 5f]6f]
5nkmn ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;Obsf] k':ts sNr/
PG8 ODk]l/oflnHddf …t];f| ] ljZjsf] cpklgj]zLs/0f–
cfGbf] n gÚnfO{ ljifo agfOPsf] 5 . ;Obn]
cplgj]zLs/0fsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ b'O{ r/0fdf afF8s ] f
5g\ M :jtGqtfsf nflu ePsf] ;ª\3if{ jf k/Dk/fut
/fi6«jfb / d'lQm ;ª\3if{ -;Ob, !(($ M @&)–
@&!_ . ;Obsf b[li6df /fi6«jfb …uxg ;d:ofn]
u|:t k|of;Ú xf] . /fi6«jfbsf] g]tT[ j k|foM c+ztM
pklgj]zjfbL ;Qfn] pTkfbg u/]sf jlsn, 8fS6/
/ n]vsx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo a'hj'{ fx?nfO{
Oltxf;, lj1fg / ;+:s[ltaf/]df pklgj]zjfbL
:s'nx?n] k|lzlIft u/]sf x'g\ . k|lzIf0fsf] k|lqmofdf
nfvf}n F ] cfw'lgs hLjgsf cfwf/e"t ljifosf af/]df
1fg dfq xfl;n u/]gg\, ljb]zL ;fd|fHojfbL
k|flwsf/sf] cf>o klg lnP . slyt cfw'lgs
k|jl[ Qsf] :yfkgf ub{} ;fd|fHojfbL k|eT' jsf] kIfdf
df} g a:g' k| f l1s ;dfh, ljBfno, ld;g,
ljZjljBfno cflbsf] sfd /Xof] . o; lzIf0fsf]
k|lqmofnfO{ ;Obn] Ps lsl;dsf] pTkfbg ;xof]u
dfg]sf 5g\ -;Ob, !(($ M @^(,@&) / #!*_ .
/fli6«o a'hc '{ f / o;sf ljlzi6 juL{o tŒjx? zf]ifs
ju{nfO{ pklgj]zjfbL zlQmsf] 7fpFdf k'/fgf]
pklgj]zjfbL ;+/rgfnfO{ gofF ¿k lbg] u/L :yflkt
ug{] k|oTgdf lyP . cf}klgj]lzs bdgnfO{ cGTo
ug{] qmddf pgLx? zf]if0fd} cfwfl/t csf{] Joj:yf
lgdf{0f ub{} lyP . o;/L /fi6«jfb ;fd|fHojfbn] s'bF s ] }
af6f]df lxF8b\ } lyof] / ;fd|fHojfbn] /fli6«o k'h
F Lklt
ju{df cfˆgf] k|e'Tj lj:tf/ u/]sf] :jLsf/ ub{}
lyof] . ;Obsf zAbdf …;fdfGo /fli6«otfsf] s'/f]
ug{' eg]sf] ;fd|fHojfbsf gofF ¿kx?nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg',
lj:tf/ ug{' / hGdfpg' xf]Ú . …of] ultzLn lge{/tfÚsf]
r/dlaGb' g} /fi6«jfb lyof] / o;n] cGttM ljZjel/
klxn] pklgj]z /x]sf b]zx?df :jtGq /fHo pTkfbg
u¥of] -;Ob, !(($ M #!* / ##)_ . ;fd|fHojfbsf]
;xof]udf ;Qfdf k'us ] f g]x?, gfl;/, ;'sfgf{,] Go]//] ,]
Gqm'df cflbn] g]tT[ j u/]sf gofF :jtGq b]zx? x/]s
If]qdf c;kmn /x] eGg] s'/f ljjfb/lxt 5 . ltgn]
cfˆgf] b]zsf s'g} klg cfwf/e"t ;d:ofnfO{ xn
ug{ ;s]gg\ . hgtfsf] nf]stflGqs clwsf/, dlxnf,
cNk;ª\Vos cflbsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ tL
;j{yf c;kmn eP . ;sf/fTds ¿kn] dfq ltgsf]
d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsGg . tyflk :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngn]
tL b]zdf ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ ;Qfaf6 x6\g afWo
agfPs} xf] . o;af/]df ;Ob df}g 5g\ . :jtGqtf
k|flKtkl5 :jtGqtfk"js { k'glg{ldt af6f]sf] yfngLsf
ljifodf klg pgL df}g 5g\ . of] pgsf] PskIfLo
b[li6sf]0f xf] / o;nfO{ sltko cfnf]rsx?n]
lj:dosf/L dfg]sf 5g\ -slj/fh, @))% M $#_ .
…/fli6«o :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngÚsf lj?4 …d'lQm
cfGbf]ngÚ cfPsf] xf] eGg] b[li6sf]0f ;Obsf] 5 .
d'lQmsf] o; k|jl[ Qsf] ;|ft] …wdf{k] b]zs / eljiob|i6fÚ
tyf xA:afdsf] cflbd ljb|fx] df vf]Hg ;lsP tfklg
d'lQmsf] of] k|jl[ Qkl5 xf]h] df6L{, sfa|fn, 8'af]O;
h:tf ljrf/x?sf] cleJolQmdf kfOG5 eGg] klg
pgsf] b[li6sf]0f 5 . of] k|jl[ Q k|:6 ¿kdf bf];f| ]
ljZjo'4sf] cjlwdf cNh]l/of, leotgfd, Kofn]:6fOg,
cfo/NofG8, ufogf / So'jfdf ePsf ;z:q ;ª\3if{df
cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . t/ cgf}7f] / a'‰g g;lsg] s'/f]
s] 5 eg] oL ;z:q ;ª\3if{df sDo'lg:6x?n] v]ns ] f]
;lqmo e"ldsfsf af/]df pgL k"0f{ ¿kn] df}g a;]sf
5g\ . cem /dfOnf] t s] 5 eg] ;Obn] lrlgofF
qmflGtsf af/]df Ps zAb klg pRrf/0f u/]sf 5}gg\ .
;Obn] d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] ljlzi6 nIo …/fli6«o
r]tgfeGbf k/sf] ;fdflhs r]tgfdf ¿kfGt/0fÚ
-;Ob, !(($ M @&* / #@#_ xf] eGg] k|]mGr–
cNh]l/ofoL qmflGtsf/L bfz{lgs, k|mfGTh ˆofggsf]
egfOnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofPsf 5g\ . ;Obn] ;fdflhs r]tgf
zAbsf] k|of]u c;ª\Vo 7fpFdf u/] tfklg pko'Qm
sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf of] zAbnfO{ kl/eflift ug{] k|oTg
eg] u/]sf 5}gg\ .
;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;kmntf ls;fg
;d'bfosf] lxtdf x'g] s[lif ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmdsf]
;kmntfdf e/ kb{5 . ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 25
;kmntfsf] csf{] k"j; { t{ ljsf;sf] k'h
F LjfbL af6f]sf]
kl/Tofu xf] . t/ s[lif qmflGt / ljsf;sf] u}/
k'h
F LjfbL af6f]sf] cjnDag h:tf cfwf/e"t wf/0ff
;Obsf] o; lstfadf st} klg pNn]v ePsf] kfOGg .
e"ld ;d:of clt dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo xf] eGg] af]w
lstfan] u/]s} 5}g . l56k'6 / :jtM :km"t{ ls;fg
ljb|fx] x?nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf ;+of]hg ug{] sfd s[lif
qmflGtn] ug{] xf] / s[lif qmflGtn] g} Pl;ofdf /fli6«o
d'lQm ;ª\3if{df gofF qmflGtsf/L cfofd yk]sf] xf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf klg ;Ob df}g 5g\ .
bf];f| ] ljZjo'4kl5 Pl;of, clk|msf / Nofl6g
cd]l/sfsf b]zx?df ePsf ;z:q ;ª\3if{dWo]sf
clwsf+z ;ª\3if{ k|:6 /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0f gePsf]
sf/0fn] c;kmn eP . rLg / leotgfd o;sf
ckjfb lyP . k|:6 qmflGtsf/L sfo{qmdåf/f lgb{l] zt
ePsfn] ToxfF ;z:q ls;fg ;ª\3if{ ;kmn ePsf]
lyof] -jf]Nkm, !(^(_ . ;DejtM s[lif qmflGt / ljsf;sf]
u}/ k'h F LjfbL af6f] …;du|Ls/0fÚ jf …k|0ffnL lgdf{0fÚ
ug{] ;fª\sl] ts zAbsf ¿kdf lnG5g\ ;Ob . k|0ffnL
lgdf{0fsf] lj/f]w u/] tfklg ;Obn] nuftf/ cgf}7f]
l;4fGt lgdf{0f ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . o:t} Pp6f l;4fGt
xf]– …/fi6«jfb ;fd|fHojfbsf] lj:tf/ xf]Ú . pgn] sNr/
PG8 ODk]l/oflnHddf eg]s} 5g\ …/fi6«jfb ;fd|fHojfbL
cg'ejsf] k'g/fj[lQ xf]Ú -;Ob, !(($ M $)!_ o;nfO{
pgn] leGg ¿kdf …;du| :jtGqtfsf] ljrf/ /fli6«o
sNkgf xf]Ú ;d]t eg]sf 5g\ -;Ob, !(($ M @)_ .
pgsf] csf{] cgf}7f] cfljisf/ …cpklgj]zLs/0fn]
ljZj sDo'lgHdnfO{ nfe k'¥ofof]Ú -;Ob, !(($ M
@(–#)_ eGg] 5 . csf{] zAbdf …sDo'lg:6x?sf]
g]tT[ jdf ePsf d'lQm ;ª\3if{x? c;kmn x'gs ' f] sf/0f
pgLx?sf] g]tT[ jdf ;du|tfjfbL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf
x'g' xf] . ;Ob cpklgj]zLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{tM
c;kmn ePsf] dfGb5g\ . s] ;fFRr} cpklgj]zLs/0f
c;kmn ePs} xf] < ;fdfGotof cpklgj]zLs/0fsf]
cy{ cf}klgj]lzs zf;gsf aGwgx?af6 :jtGqtf
kfpg', /fhgLlts :jtGqtf xfl;n ug{' xf] .
cf}klgj]lzs b]zx?df :jtGqtfkl5 d"ntM b'O{
lsl;dsf /fHox? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . Pp6f ;d"xn]
ef/tsf] h:tf] a'hc '{ f /fi6«jfb cFufn]sf] lyof] .
Joj:yfsf] k|sl[ t h] h:tf] eP klg o;kl5 ef/t
pklgj]z /x]g . csf{] ;d"xn] rLgsf] h:tf] dfS;{jfbL
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 26
k|1f–ultljlw
zf;g k4lt ckgfof] . o:tf /fHosf] k|sl[ t h] h:tf]
eP klg oL :jtGq ;fj{ef}d /fHo lyP . pklgj]zaf6
:jtGq ;fj{ef}d /fHo aGg' k|ult g} xf], o;nfO{
k"0f{tof c;kmn ePsf] s;/L dfGg ;lsG5 <
cpklgj]zLs/0fsf] kl/0ffdn] ljZjsf] cfsf/
g} ablNbof] . slyt t];f| ] ljZjsf] pbo eof] . cfw'lgs
Oltxf;df lgZro g} of] ;sf/fTds tYo xf] . o;sf]
cy{ gofF :jtGq /fHox?n] cfˆgf p2]Zox? xfl;n
u/] eGg] xf]Og . hgtfsf cfsfª\Iff k'/f ug{ /fi6«jfbL
/fHox? c;kmn x'gs ' f] sf/0f ltgn] k'hF LjfbL dfu{
ckgfpg' lyof] . dfS;{jfbL /fHox? klg cfˆgf
gful/sx?nfO{ cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] ;'lglZrttf
ug{ c;kmn g} /x] . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg]
pklgj]zLs/0fsf] cjlw ;lsPkl5 gofF /fHodf gofF
;d:of ;[hgf eP . hgtfsf cfsfª\Iffx?sf] k"0f{td
k|flKtsf nflu ;ª\3if{sf] gofF cWofo ;'? eof] . gofF
¿kn] ;ª\3if{ ug{' k¥of] eg]/ cpklgj]zLs/0fnfO{
;Dk"0f{df c;kmn eGg ldNb}g .
;Obsf] b[li6sf]0fdfly l6Kk0fL
;Obn] /fi6«jfbsf af/]df h] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't
u/]sf 5g\ To;nfO{ hl6n ;ª\36gfsf] clt ;/nLs/0f
eGg ;lsG5 . a'h{'cf /fi6«jfbsf] rrf{ ubf{
pklgj]zjfbL / cw{–pklgj]zjfbL b]zx?sf] d'Vo
cGtlj{/f]w pTkLl8t /fi6« / pTkL8s /fi6«sf lardf
x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L dgg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .
pTkLl8t /fi6«x?df zf]if0fsf] d'Vo df/ ls;fgx?df
kb{5 tfklg pTkL8gsf] df/ pTkLl8t /fi6«sf
hgtfsf ;a} tKsfdf kb{5 . /fli6«o k'h F Lklt ju{
;d]t o;af6 aRg ;St}g . j:t'ut cj:yfn] /fli6«o
a'hc'{ fnfO{ /fli6«o :jtGqtfsf nflu n8\gsf nflu
PsLs[t x'g afWo kfb{5 . ljZjdf klxnf] ;dfhjfbL
d'ns ' sf ;+:yfks n]lggn] n]vs ] f 5g\– x/]s /fli6«o
cfGbf]ngsf] yfngLdf :jfefljs ¿kdf k'h F Lklt
ju{n] g} g]tT[ j u|x0f ub{5Ú -n]lgg, !($& M $)(_ .
pTkLl8t /fi6«sf] /fli6«o k'h
F Lklt ju{sf] l:ylt
/ ?lrn] b]zsf] ljsf; k'FhLjfbL af6f]af6 ug{]
p2]Zos} cg';/0f ub{5 . pTkL8s ju{ ePsf] sf/0fn]
;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{ ug{ of] c;Ifd
x'G5 . hlt hlt ;fdflhs cGtlj{/f]w rls{b+ } hfG5
Tolt Tolt /fli6«o k'h F Lklt ju{ ;fd|fHojfb / 3/]n'
k|ltlqmofjfb;Fu ;Demf}tfk/:t x'bF } hfG5 . o;}n]
ubf{ dfS;{jfbLx? a'hc '{ f ju{sf vf; vf; s'/fnfO{
;dy{g u/] tfklg a'h{'cf ju{sf] gLltl;t eg]
slxNo} klg ;xdt x'bF g} g\ . pTkLl8t /fi6«sf] a'hc '{ f
ju{n] pTkL8ssf lj?4 ;ª\3if{ u/]sf x/]s dfldnfdf
Ps hgf dfS;{jfbLn] ;w}F ;dy{g ub{5 lsgeg] pm
zf]if0fsf] b[9td / cljrn zq' x'G5 . t/ pTkLl8t
/fi6«sf] a'hc '{ f ju{n] cfˆg} a'hc '{ f /fi6«jfbsf] kIf
lng yfNof] eg] ;xL dfS;{jfbL JolQm To;sf]
lj/f]wdf pqG5 . a'hc '{ f /fi6«jfbsf] ljlzi6 ¿k
eg]s} oxL bf]xf]/f] rl/q xf] . /fli6«o k'h F Lkltsf]
ju{sf] oxL bf]xf]/f] rl/q / e"ldsfnfO{ ;Obn] 7Dofpg
;s]sf 5}gg\ / oxL pgsf] d'Vo sdhf]/L xf] .
/fli6«o a'hc '{ f ju{sf] e"ldsf lj/f]wk"0f{ x'G5 t/
o;sf] ju{ lxtsf sf/0fn] ;Lldt x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
;Obn] af] w u/] s f 5} g g\ . ;Obsf cg' ; f/
;fd|fHojfb / /fli6«o k'h F Lkltsf larsf] ;DaGw
Pp6} dfq 5 / Tof] xf] …lj/f]wfTds ;xof]uÚ -;Ob,
!(($ M #!*_ . /fli6«o k'h F Lkltsf] ;Demf}tfk/:t
kIfdfly hf]8 lbg rfxg] ;Ob o;df lj/f]wsf tŒj
klg x'G5g\ eGg] dfGg rflxF afWo ePsf 5g\ . pgL
cfkm}F cGof}ndf 5g\ . of] lj/f]wL xf] eg] s;/L
o;n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 < / olb o;n] ;xof]u
ub{5 eg] s;/L of] lj/f]wL x'g ;St5 <
csf{] pNn]vgLo s'/f] s] 5 eg] pklgj]z /
cfl>t b]zx?sf] d'lQm cfGbf]ngdf dfly pNn]v
ePh:tf] ;'wf/jfbL / qmflGtsf/L u/L b'O{ j6f
k|jl[ Q x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . qmflGtsf/L k|jl[ Q ls;fgx?sf]]
zlQmdf e/ kb{ 5 . o;sf] sfo{ e f/ ls;fg
cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u ug{' / o; cfGbf]ngnfO{
qmflGtsf/L rl/q k|bfg ug{ e"ldsf v]Ng' xf] .
oL b'O{ k|j[lQdf 7'nf] leGgtf 5 . a'h'{cf
/fi6«jfbL k|jl[ Qn] :jtGqtf k|flKtsf nflu ;ª\3if{
ub{5 t/ o:tf] ;ª\3if{ ;'wf/jfbL tl/sfn] ub{5 /
;fd|fHojfb;Fu ;Demf}tf u5{ . o;n] ju{ ;ª\3if{sf]
lj/f]w ub{5 . cfwf af6f]df /f]lsg' /fli6«o k'h F Lklt
ju{sf] k|sl[ t g} xf], o;n] nf]stflGqs qmflGtsf]
sfo{ef/nfO{ jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf slxNo} k'/f ug{
;St}g . csf{] k|jl[ Qsf] ljz]iftf qmflGtsf/L rl/qdf
x'G5 . o;n] ;fd|fHojfbl;t ;Demf}tf gu/L k"0f{
:jtGqtfsf nflu ;ª\3if{ ub{5 . o;sf] p2]Zo
ls;fgx?sf] lxtdf qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ nfu' ug{'
xf] . ljsf;sf] u}/ k'h F LjfbL dfu{kl| t of] k|lta4
x'G5 . tyflk a'hc '{ f /fi6«jfb / qmflGtsf/L /fi6«jfbsf
lar ce]B kvf{n x'G5 eGg] s]xL 5}g . tL cgluGtL
;ª\qmd0fsfnLg ;Dks{ ;'qx?df ufFl;Psf x'G5g\
-n]lgg, !($& M $)! _ . o; ;DaGwdf n]lggsf]
lgisif{ Psbd} ;xL b]lvG5 . pgn] eg]sf 5g\–
…cf}klgj]lzs / cfl>t b]zx?df dfS;{jfbLx?n]
a'hc '{ f nf]stGq;Fu c:yfoL Pstfdf k|jz ] ug{}
kb{5 t/ o;df ljno x'g' x'Fb}g / h:tf];'s}
kl/l:yltdf klg clt e|0" f ¿kd} ePsf] cj:yfdf
;d]t ;j{xf/fjuL{o cfGbf]ngsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod
/fVg' kb{5Ú -n]lgg, !(%& M @%%_ .
;Obsf cg';f/ ls;fgx? cfkm}F cfˆgf s'/f
/fVg ;S5g\, c¿ s;}n] pgLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{'
kb{g} . k|ltlglwTjsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;jfn g} cy{xLg 5,
k|ltlglwTj ckJofVofsf] csf{] gfd xf] -;Ob, !((% M
@&@_ eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 . ;Obsf] b[li6df
k|ltlglwTjsf] slyt l;4fGt dfS;{sf] cfljisf/
xf] . cfˆgf] k':ts n'O{ af]gfkf6{sf] c7f/f}F a|d' o] /df
dfS;{n] …ls;fgx?n] cfkm}F k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;St}gg\,
ltgsf] k|ltlglwTj u/L lbg' kb{5Ú eg]/ n]vs ] f
lyP . o; l6Kk0fLnfO{ cg]sf}F k6s p4[t ub{} ;Obn]
unt lsl;dn] dfS;{nfO{ pkxf; ug{] k|of; u/]sf
5g\ . dfS;{sf] eG8fkmf]/ ug{ eg]/ dfS;{sf] o;
egfOnfO{ pgn] cfˆgf] lstfasf] 6fO6n k]hdf
:d[ltn]v -Epitaph_ agfPsf 5g\ . dfS;{sf] lj/f]w
ub{} pgn] n]vs ] f 5g\ – …lglZrt ¿kdf clwg:yx?
af]Ng ;S5g\, la;f}F ztfAbLsf] d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf]
Oltxf;n] o;nfO{ /fd| / L k| d fl0ft ub{ 5 .Ú
dfS;{k|ltsf] pgsf] Jojxf/ slt unt lyof]
eGg]af/]df dfly g} JofVof ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 .
;r]t ls;fg cfGbf]ng cfsfzaf6 To;}
v:t}g eGg] tYox?n] k|dfl0ft u/L ;s]sf 5g\ .
Pp6f r/0faf6 csf]{ r/0f x'bF } ls;fg cfGbf]ngn]
cfsf/ lnG5 / o;sf] k|f/DelaGb' :jtM:km"t{ ls;fg
pef/ x'G5 . dfS;{jfbsf u'? n]lggsf] egfOdf
…:jtM:km"t{ tŒjn] ;f/df e|0" f ¿ksf] r]tgf afx]s
c¿ s]xLsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{g} Ú -n]lgg, !(^! M #&$_ .
cGtf]lgof] u|fDzLsf] egfOdf …o; cj:yfdf
ljb|f]xLx?n] tfTsflns zq' e"ldklt, ;fx', s/
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 27
;ª\sngstf{dfly Wofg s]lGb|t ub{5g\ . /fHosf] k|>o lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;St}g .
zlQmnfO{ pgLx?n] af]w ug{ afFsL /x]sf] x'G5 . o; ljifodf ;Obsf] cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] xf]Og . ;Obsf]
ls;fgx? /fHosf clwsf/Lx?nfO{ 3[0ff ub{5g\, cfnf]rgf pgn] lagf sf/0f …k"jj{ fbÚ zAbsf] pkof]u
/fHo ;QfnfO{ xf]Og lsgeg] pgLx?n] o;nfO{ hfg]s} n]vgsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] / k"js { f
;DaGwdf n]lvPsf] k"jj{ fbsf] ;fdfGo ljdz{ lgdf{0f
x'bF g} g\Ú -u|fDzL, !(&! M @&@_ . :jtM:k"mt{ ls;fg
r]tgfsf] :t/nfO{ pRr :t/df p7fpg' cfjZos ug{] ;du| 1fg e08f/dfly g} nf~5gf nufPsfn]
x'G5 . cfly{s, /fhgLlts / P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf ul/Psf] xf] . ;Ob jf:tjd} ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL dxfg\
cg'¿k ls;fgx?n] hLjgnfO{ JofVof ug{ o'usf] JolQmTj x'g\ t/ pgL cfˆgf] …of]hgf ljrf/x?sf]
1fg xfl;n ug{ / 1fgnfO{ ljsf; ug{ h?/L x'G5 . ljlzi6 k|0ffnLsf] JofVof ug{' xf], s'g} klg xfntdf
o:tf] 1fg pgLx?n] aflx/af6 k|fKt ub{5g\ -n]lgg, k'/fgf] k|0ffnLnfO{ gofFn] lj:yflkt ug{' xf]OgÚ eGb5g\ .
!(^! M #&%–&^ / #*#–$_ . pgs} egfOn] s] k|:6 kfb{5 eg] pgL ;fd|fHojfb jf
pklgj]zjfbnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{] k|0ffnLsf] vf]hLdf
cGTolt/ lyPgg\ . k|0ffnLsf] JofVof ug{] qmddf klg pgn] y'k}|
s'g} klg uDeL/ cfnf]rsn] pklgj]zjfb / ljifodf unt / e|fds ljrf/ cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ eGg]
{ f af/]df Ps lsl;dsf] n]vgnfO{ b]vfpg' g} o; n]vsf] p2]Zo xf] .
;fd|fHojfbn] k"js

;Gbe{;fdu|Lx?
chd, ;fb]s cn -;g\ !(*!_, æcf]l/oG6flnHd PG8 cf]l/oG6flnHd Og l/e;{Æ, vlD;g, cª\s *, n08g M Oyfsf k|]; .
cxdb, Phfh -;g\ !((@_, Og lyof]/L, Snf;]h, g];G;, ln6/]r;{, lbNnL M cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|; ] .
PG8;{g, k]/L -;g\ !((*_, lb cf]l/lhG; ckm kf]:6df]8lg{6L, e;f{] M nG8g / Go'of]s{ .
slj/fh, g/xl/ -;g\ @))%_, x\jf6 Oh kf]:6df]8lg{Hd, snsQf M s]=kL=jIfL PG8 sDkgL .
lsPgf{g -;g\ !(&( g]=;+=_, æk|fRojfbsf] ;dLIffÆ, hg{n ckm sG6]Dkf]//L Plzof .
Eofn]/L, s]g]8L -;g\ @)))_, P8jf8{ ;Ob M P lqml6sn OG6«f]8S;g, SoflDa|h M kf]ln6L k|; ] .
u|fDzL, cGtf]lgof] -;g\ !(&!_, ;]n]S;G; k|md lk|hg gf]6a'S;, n08g M n/]G; PG8 lj:xf6{ .
kf]6;{, 8]lg; -;g\ !(($_, …cf]l/oG6flnHd PG8 O6\; k|fA] n]dÚ, sf]nf]lgon l8:sf];{ PG8 kf]:6–sf]nf]lgon lyof]/L M P l/8/
-;Dkf= Kofl6«s ljlnoD; PG8 nf}/f lqm:Dofg_, Go'of]s{ M sf]nlDaof o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
dfS;{, sfn{ / k|]ml8l/s Pª\u]N; -;g\ !(%)_, ;ª\slnt /rgf, ef]= !, df:sf] M < .
_______ -;g\ !(&(_, ;ª\slnt /rgf, ef]= !@, df:sf] M < .
n]lgg, Enflbld/ -;g\ !(%&_, OM g];gn lnj/];g d'ed]G6 Og lb O:6, df:sf] M < .
_______ -;g\ !($&_, OM ;ª\u[xLt /rgf, ef]= xx, lb /fO6 ckm g];G; 6' ;]Nkm 86ld{g];g, df:sf] M < .
_______ -;g\ !(^!_, æOM Xjf6 Oh 6' aL 8g <Æ, slDKn6 jS;{, ef]= %, df:sf] M k|fu] ; ]| klAn;;{ .
jfxL, t[Kt -;g\ !((^_, /]ef]No';g/L 8]df]qm];L, ef]= II, g+= ! .
jf]Nkm, Pl/s -;g\ !(^(_, lkh]G6 jf;{ Og lb 6\j]lG6Gy ;]Gr'/L, Go'of]s{ M xfk{/ .
;Ob, P8jf8{ -;g\ !(&(_, cf]l/oG6flnHd, n08g M leG6]h .
_______ -;g\ !(($_, sNr/ PG8 ODk]l/oflnHd, n08g M leG6]h .
_______ -;g\ !((*_, æcf]l/oG6flnHdÆ, ln6/]/L lyof]/L M Pg PGyf]nf]hL -;Dkf=_ h'nL l/lEsg PG8 ld;]n ¥ofg,
sf]g{jfn M Anfsa]n .
;/bf/, lhofpl2g -;g\ !(((_, cf]l/oG6flnHd, alsª\3d M cf]kg o'lgel;{6L .
xlaa, O/kmfg -;g\ @))%_, æP8jf8{ ;Obsf af/]df cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fLÆ, OlG8og hg{n ;f];n ;fOlG6:6\;, ef]= ##, ;+=
!–@ .
;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 28

k|1f–ultljlw
syf]kGof;
;DaGw– (÷ dbg cfof]— dbg uof]
k/z' k|wfg
dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] d'gfdbg gk9\g]
g]kfnL sd} xf]nfg\ . d'gfdbgsf] syf w]/} k'/fgf] g]kfnsf]
syf xf]— cyf{t\ nueu ;o jif{ cyf{t\ Ps ztfAbL
cufl8sf] xf] . h'g sfnv08df g]kfnLx? wg ;DklQ
sdfpg Nxf;f -ltAat_ hfg] uy]{ . dbgsf] cfdfnfO{
a'9o\ f}nLdf kf6L–kf}jf agfP/ wd{ sdfpg] OR5f
x'G5 . cfdfsf] ;kgf k"/f ug{ dbg cfdfsf] cflzjf{b
/ 6Lsf u|x0f u/]/ ;fyLsf ;fy af6f] nfU5g\ . t/
>LdtL d'gfsf] 5ftL rs{G5 / pgL /f]P/ al:5g\ .
dbg ljb]z cyf{t\ Nxf;f;Dd lxF8/] k'U5g\ / sfddf
cNdlnG5g\ . d'gfsf] ;fyL g}gLn] csf]{ s]6f vf]h/]
gofF 3/hd ug]{ ;Nnfx lbG5] t/ d'gf c:jLsf/
ul5{g\ . pgsf] v/fa ;kgfx?n] clgi6sf] zÍf cfO
/xG5 . geGb} s]xL wg ;DklQ hf]8/] kms{bf af6f]df
g} x}hf nfU5 . af6f]df cnkq k/]sf a]nf :yfgLo
ef]6n] ] dbgnfO{ lnP/ cfˆgf] 3/ nfG5 / cf}ifwf]krf/
u/fpF5 . cfˆgf] lhGbuL arfO lbPsf]df v';L x'bF }
dbgn] NofPsf] ;'gsf] y}nL ef]6n ] fO{ lbP klg pgn]
lng dfg]gg\ . ef]6] efj's eP/ ?G5g\ . otf h;f]t;f]
u/L dbg cfˆgf] 3/ kms{G5g\ .
ca b[Zo ablnG5 . dbg 3/df cfO k'Ugf;fy
cfdf cr]t x'lG5g\ / d'gf eg] x/fPsL x'lG5g\ .
a'9L cfdfsf] x]/ ljrf/ dbgsf] lbbLn] ul/ /x]sL
x'G5g\ . a]xf]; ePsL cfdfn] dbgsf] 6fpsf];Dd
;'D;'DofpFl5g\ / d[To' u|x0f ul5{g\ . cfdf / d'gf
b'js
} f]] d[To' ljof]un] dbgsf] dfgl;stf lau|G5 /
pgL klg d[To' u|x0f u5{g\ . dbgn] NofPsf] ;'gsf]
y}nL lbbLn] lnlG5g\ .
d'gfdbgsf] ;+lIfKt syf oxL xf]– kf7sx?nfO{
d}n] :d/0f u/fPsf] x'F . t/ d]/f] syf eg] cfhsf]
dbgsf] syf xf] . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL o'jssf] syf
xf] . d]/f] kfq klg dbg g} xf], a? >LdtLsf] gfd
eg] d'gf geP/ 7'NgfgL xf] .
7'NgfgL ufpF h:tf] ;x/, ;x/ h:tf] ufpFdf
a:5] . pm oxLF hGdL, ;fgfltgf emf]n] kf7zfnfdf
k9\b} lyO . cfdf afnfO{ lax] u/]/ wd{ n'6g\ ] nf]e
nfUof] . bfh' efO sf]xL lyPgg\ . lax] ug]{ dbg] jf
dbg klg h'¥of] . u'Xj]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/df 6Lsf–6fnf]
eO lax]sf] /Llt l;l4of] . dbg]sf cfdf afn] klg
ca cfˆgf] kfv'/f rnfO{ vfcf] eg]/ 5fl8lbP . tL
b'O{ s'g} c1ft af6f]df e]l6Psf ofqL h:tf eP .
aNntNn ;fg' xf]6n ] vf]n/] hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ yfn] .
Tof] xf]6ndf gkfOg] s] lyof] / Û cfhsf o'jf
o'jtLnfO{ dg kg]{ ddrfb]lv lnP/ P]nf, 5f]Pnf,
rfprfp a]r/] ltgn] hLjg lgjf{x ug{ yfn] . s]xL
jif{sf] km/sdf Ps 5f]/f / 5f]/L klg eP . cfkm"n]
ef]lu /x]sf] lhGbuLaf6 b'j} ;Gt'i6 eP t/ k};f
sdfpg] ef]s hflu g} /Xof] . Tof] xf]6n ] e§L dfq
/x]g, cfjZos of}g t[lKtsf] cv8f klg aGof] .
o:tf ;j{ef]uL, ;j{of]uL 6f]n–6f]ndf al9g} /x]sf
lyP . 5f]/f–5f]/L ;fg'ltgf] Kn]–:s"n g;{/Ldf egf{
eO lzIffsf] k|f/De klg ug{ yfn] .
ca ;'? eof]– dbg]sf] syf . Ps /flt, lk;fa
km]g{ aflx/ lg:s]sf] dbg] /ftel/ kms]g{ . ef]lnkN6
klg lbgel/ cfdf / gfgLx?n] cfˆgf] afnfO{ vf]lh
/x] . cFx–s'g} s]xL cQf] kQf] 5}g . df]afOndf kmf]g
u¥of]– ckm 5 . s]xL gnfuL dbg x/fPsf] l/kf]6{
klg glhssf] k|x/L ;]ndf lbOof] . ca e§L–xf]6n ]
rnfpg] k'/f lhDd]jf/L 7'NgfgLdf cfof] . #÷$
jif{sf ;fgf eN6\ofË e'N6'Ësf] kfng kf]if0fb]lv
lnP/ xf]6n ] ;~rfngsf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L klg p;df
cfof] . cfˆgf eGg]x?n] d'v kmsf{P, glrg] h:tf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 29
ug{ nfu] . g cfdf afn] rf;f] lnP g ;f;' ;;'/fn] .
b'jt} km{sf kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt dfq sdhf]/
xf]Og, ;doeGbf cufl8 cfO k/]sf] /f]u;Fu klg
;ª\3if{/t lyP . b'j} kl/jf/ a'9o\ fO{;uF } afFRg'sf]
bjfO{kfgL ug's { f] n8fOF ef]lu /x]sf lyP . ;dosf]
ult;Fu} dbg]nfO{ ;a}n] la;{g yfn] cyf{t\ pm
Psfb]zsf] syfsf] kfq dfq aGof] . t/ 7'NgfgLsf]
cfFvfdf, d'6d ' f dbg]sf] 5fofFn] 5f8]g . pm sxfF
uof], lsg uof] < p;nfO{ p;n] s] kL8f lbPsL
lyO{ / 3/af6 efUg' kg]{ afWotf cfof] .
s]xL jif{ o:t} zÍf pkzÍf / c8\snafhL–
x?n] lat] . sf]xL ckx/0fdf k¥of] eGy], sf]xL dg
k/]sf] s]6L lnP/ efUof] eGy] . sf]xL dn]l;of uP
eGy], sf]xL stf/ . k|x/Ldf l/kf]6{ ug'{ gug's { f] s'g}
cy{ /x]g .
;do;Fu} zÍf, pkzÍf, xNnfsf nx/ cfO
/x] . lhGbuLnfO{ h;/L klg ef]Ug} k5{ eGg] zfZjt
;TonfO{ 7'NgfgLn] a'emL–ef]uL . t/ ;+qf;sf] cGTo
ePg, nf]Ug]sf] 6'Ëf] nufpg] cfsf+Iffsf] vf]nf ;'sg] .
5f]/f–5f]/L 7"nf x'bF } uP . ltgn] cfkm"n] ;s]sf]
;xof]u ug{ nfu] . 7'NgfgLn] cfˆgf] efUo jf sd{
o:t} /x]5 egL lrQ a'emfpg afWo eO{ .
t/ s'g} a]jfl/;] nf; aflx/af6 cfPsf] ;dfrf/
jf sxLF sQ} ;fgf] 7"nf] b'36{ gfsf] ;dfrf/ ;'gk] l5
p;sf] d'6' g/fd|/L xlNng yfNYof] . pm otfptf
5/l5d]sdf a'‰g bf}8GyL . tL k|To]s lbg ljb]zaf6
g]kfn cfpg] nf;sf] jf:tljs gfd a'‰g vf]HyL
cyjf slxn] sxLF kz'klt cfo{3f6;Dd k'UyL–nf;sf]
cg'xf/ x]g{ . sxLF sQ} cs}{ gfd /fv]sf] xf]nf eGg]
zÍf uyL{ / cg'xf/ g} x]g{ bf}8GyL .
of] klg cfhsf] dbgsf] syf xf] . of] klg
cfhsf g]kfnL gf/Ln] ef]Ug' k/]sf] syf–Joyf xf] .
7'NgfgL s'g} ;kgf h:tf] ljutnfO{, dbgnfO{ e'Ng
rfxGyL . t/ 5f]/f–5f]/L b'js } f] cg'xf/df cfpg]
dbgsf] ljDa, k|ltljDan] pm em:sGyL / sxLF sQ}
n's/] cfF;' emfyL{ . oxL qmddf !@÷!$ jif{ laTof] .
of}6f zÍfdf, ljZjf; / cljZjf;df, oyfy{ /
e|ddf 7'NgfgLn] of}jgsfn latfO{ . ;don] s;nfO{
5f8\g] / Û pm a"9o\ fO{lt/ dfq nDsg] xf]Og, afy /
bd /f]usf] lzsf/ klg eO{ . p;n] o; nfdf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 30
k|1f–ultljlw
sfnv08df Ps lsl;dn] dbgnfO{ la;L{, ljutnfO{
la;L{ . ca vfln p;Fu jt{dfg /Xof] . h]gt]g
xf]6]n rln/Xof] / 5f]/fn] P;Pn;L kf; u/]/
SofDk; egf{ eof] .
Ps /ft crfgs qmd eË eof] . 3/sf] d"n
9f]sfdf 9s9sfPsf] / hf]/ nfQLsf] cfjfh;Fu}
kl/lrt–ckl/lrt :j/ cfof]– P 9f]sf l56f] vf]n\ Û
P vf]n\ 9f]sf . kl/jf/sf ;a} h/fsh'?s p7] .
cfdfn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cg'xf/ x]l/g\, o'jf 5f]/f5f]/Ln]
cfdfsf] . tL ;a}sf] dgdf ljljw dgl:ylt cfof]–
kSs} 8fFsf cfof], gq o:tf] dWo/flt sf] cfpF5 < ===
kSs} s'g} hF8o\ fxf cfof] === ca s] x'g] xf] < ;a}
eon] slqmP === sxfF hfpF, s] u?F eof] . Tof] cfjfhn]
emg} 6f]n ysf{of] . 5]p5fpsf l5d]sLx? cfP /
cfjfh lbP– 7'NgfgL 9f]sf vf]n . aflx/ of}6f /f]uL
a'9f cfPsf] 5 . d 7'NgfgLsf] nf]Ug] x'F eG5 Û w]/}
cfjfhx? kl5 d 9f]sf vf]Ng afWo ePF .
aflx/ x]5–{' of}6f a'9f h:tf] dfG5] nDk;f/
k/]sf] 5 . a]nf a]nfdf n/a/fP/ af]N5– d oL
s]6fs]6Lsf] afp x'F . w]/} jif{ aflx/ lyPF . clxn]
la/fdL eP/ cfPsf] .
…s] ef] . s] /f]u nfUof] < ===Ú s;}n] ;f]W5 .
…SofG;/ eG5g\ . ToxL pkrf/ ug{ cfPsf] ÛÚ
pm ;sL g;sL af]N5 . p;sf] xf8–5fnf dfq 5 .
…7'NgfgL Û h] xf];–\ ltd|f] a]kQf ePsf] a'9f]
cfP5 . klxn] c:ktfn nu ÛÚ
5f] / f5f] / Ln] lj:dok" j { s x] / ] – 6f] n fO/x] .
7'NgfgLnfO{ nfUof] – c¿nfO{ t ;xof]u ug'{ k5{,
oL t cfˆg} a'9f x'g\ . 5f]/f5f]/L lnP/ pgL glhs}sf]
c:ktfnsf] Od/h]G;Ldf nlug\ . ;'v b'Mv pkrf/
;'? eof] . lj:tf/} l7s x'g nfUof] . ca 7'NgfgLsf]
yk b'Mv ;'? eof] . xf]6n ] klg rnfpg} k¥of]–
a'9fsf] x]/ljrf/ klg ug{ afWo eOg\ . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]
;xof]un] pgL ;dy{ eOg\ . ca lj:tf/} a'9fn]
cfˆgf] ;To–c;To vf]Ng nfUof] .
…d dn]l;of uPsf] lyPF . pQ} @÷$ jif{ lat] .
of}6f sf/vfgfdf sfd ubf{ PlS;8]G6df k/]F . ToxfFsf]
hflu/ 5f8]/ a]sf/ ePF .Ú s'g} lbg 7'NgfgLn] ;'Gg
afWo eO{ .
pgnfO{ nfU5–h] eP klg cfˆgf] a'9f] xf] .
eujfgnfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/ lax] eof] . s'g} ;/;Nnfx
gu/L rf]/ h:tf] efUg] o; a'9f]sf] a]OdfgL / kfksf]
s] s'/f u/f}F < t} klg === h] eP klg cfˆg} a'9f] xf] .
csf]{ lbg p;sf] dgu9Gt syf ;'lgG5 .
…d stf/ uPsf] lyPF . aNntNn pF6 r/fpg]
sfd ul/of] . ToxfFsf] udL{ / /fksf] s] s'/f ug'{ Û
hxfF x]¥of]– afn'jfsf] y'kf| ] . ?v–nx/f sxfF b]Vg' .
xfd|f] h:tf] b]z xf] / .Ú
…t/ /ftel/ P=;L=sf] lr;f]df a:bf z/L/ t
d'bf{ h:tf] x'g nfUof] . lbgel/sf] $)÷$% l8u|Lsf]
tfkqmd clg /ftel/sf] dfOg; l8u|Lsf] 708Ldf .
ToxfF klg l6Sg ;lsPg ===Ú dbg] ?g] h:tf] u5{ .
7'NgfgL o:tf w]/} ;To–c;To 36gfx? ;'G5] .
t/, p;nfO{ s]xL xf] h:tf] nfU5, s]xL xf]Og h:tf]
. km]l/ dbg]n] cfˆgf] syf 5f8\bg} .
…d s]xL jif{ wgu9L / latf{df]8 klg a;]F .
ToxfFsf xf]6n ] x?df sfd u/]F . k"j{ k"j{} xf] –klZrd
eg] klZrd g} . hlQ d]xgtsf ;fy sfd u/] klg
Ps k};f hf]ufpg ;lsPg 7'NgfgL Û ;a} cfˆg}
sd{sf] s'/f /x]5 .Ú 7'NgfgLsf] dgdf nfU5– of]
a'9f] s'/f agfpF5 . ;wF} s'/fs} v]nf8L xf] .
Ps lbg p;n] 3'dfp/f] k|Zg u5]{ – ltdLnfO{
s;}n] a'6jndf b]vs ] f lyP /] lg Û lsg uof}F xF a'6jn <
o;sf] pm s'g} hjfkm lbFbg} . vfln 6f]NxfO
/xG5 . uhasf] nf]Ug] e]l6P5=== uhasf] cfˆgf]
sd{ /x]5 . efUo;Fu s;sf] s] nfUg] Û
g]kfnsf c:ktfn x'g\ . g /f]usf] klxrfg
/fd|f] x'G5, g cf}iflw pkrf/ . vfln lan dfq a9\g]
xf] . p;sf lg/Lx 5f]/f5f]/L s]xL af]Nb}gg\ . tL hxfF
eP klg h] eP klg afnfO{ b]Vg / e]6g\ kfOof] eg]/
o;} bË 5g\ lsgeg] t]/f] af plxn} d/] eg]/ ;fyLefOn]
u/]sf] Joª\Uon] lbSs lyP . cfdfnfO{ a/f]a/ ;f]Wy]
t/ cfdfsf] hjfkm vfln cfF;' x'GYof] . clg tL
cfdfsf] d'8ckm gu/fpg lktfhLsf] af/]df ;f]Wg]
si6 ub}g{ lyP . h]gt]g lhGbuLsf] uf]/] 6] f]df tL
lxFl8 /x]sf lyP / ef]lnsf] af/]df, Sofl/o/sf]
ljsf;df ;f]lr /xGy] . lsgeg], b'jn } ] cfˆgf] /
/fi6«sf] kL8fbfos l:ylt a'lem ;s]sf lyP . ltgsf]
;kgf–ljkgf sxfF hfg], s'g b]zdf hfg' /fd|f] xf]nf
eGg] dfq ;f]Ry] . g]kfnaf6 a;]g{ L nfvf}F g]kfnL
;
o'jfx? ljb]lzg afWo ePsf] ;To ltgsf cfFvf
cufl8 l;g]dfsf b[Zox? cfpFy] lgb|fdf ;d]t .
s]xL cf/fd ePkl5 dbgnfO{ 3/ NofOof] .
p;sf sÍfnt'No z/L/df s]xL ykyfk eO{ aGb}
u/]sf] b]lvof] . t/ xf]6n ] sf] cfDbfgL eg] qmdzM
;'Sb} hfg yfNof] . 6f]nsf 3/}lkR5] 5g\— xf]6n ] /
v'bf| k;nx? . 7'NgfgL g ?g ;SyL g d':sfpg .
g s]xL af]Ng g s]xL ;f]Rg . pm dfq 6f]NxfO /xGyL
=== ljZjf; / cljZjf;x?n] p;sf] cljZjf;sf]
cfsf; g} cFWof/f] x'bF } uof] .
Ps /flt p;n] cg'sn " ;dodf dbgnfO{ ;f]wL–
tkfO+{ t s]6L lnP/ efUg' ePsf] xNNff lyof] lg Û
dbg xf]Og egL 6fpsf] xNnfpF5 . clg s]xL
gaf]nL cfsf; x]//] , blng ug]/ 6f]NxfO /xG5 .
–tkfO{n
+ ] kNnf] ufpFsf] sdnfnfO{ lnP/ hfg'
eof] eG5g\ . oqf] Jojxf/ ePsf] dfG5] tkfO+{
af}nfpg' ePsf] lyof] ls s;f] < ===
a? 9'Ëf af]Nnf, pm af]Nb}g . jf:tjdf p;n]
;'gs] f] xNnf g} ;To xf] . of] s'/f}6] km6fxf s'g} b]z
uPsf] xf]Og . !@÷!$ jif{ a'6jnlt/ s]xL sfd u/]/
vfof] clg la/fdL eP/ cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ k/]kl5 kmSof]—{
7'NgfgL oxL ;Todf c8\5] …nf]Ug]nfO{ b]jtf dfGg' k5{,
:jf:gLn] gq g/sdf kl/G5Ú eGg] ;To klg pm;Fu
5 . o:tf] c;To / em'7sf] v]tL klg 7'NgfgLleq 5 .
lhGbuL ;Demf}tf klg xf] . tL b'O{ / kl/jf/sf] ;DaGwnfO{
s] s;/L kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 < ;dfh :jod\ k|Zg
lrGxdf lyof] / 5 . km]l/ s'g} ;fdfGo lgDg l:yltsf]
kl/jfl/s ljv08gaf/] s;n] lsg ;f]Rg] ===.
clg Ps csf]{ /ft cfof] cyf{t\ Tof] sfn/flq
h;/L cfof]– To;/L g} ;dfKt eof] . dbgsf]
:jf:Yodf s]xL ;'wf/ ePkl5 ca s] s;/L cufl8
a9\g] ;f]rfO{ cfpg cfjZos ePg .
Ps /flt dbg km]l/ 3/af6 x/fof] . sxfF /
lsg uof] < 3/–kl/jf/ / l5d]sL s;}nfO{ s]xL g
yfxf eof] g s;}nfO{ s]xL dtnj eof] . cyf{t\
dbg cfof]– dbg uof] .
d'gfdbgdf dbgsf] d[To'kl5 syf 6'lËPsf]
lyof] . t/ cfh / cfhsf dbgx?sf] syf slxn]
6'lËPnf clg cfhsf d'gf cyf{t\ 7'NgfgLx?sf]
lhGbuLsf] hjfkm slxn] cfpnf Û
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 31
syf
gofF jif{— 9f]sfleq, 9f]sfaflx/
a]~] h' zdf{
cfFvf cufl8 eJo ;hfOPsf] 9f]sf lyof]—
k'mnsf xl/of nx/fx?n] / a]uga]nLsf e'mKkfx?n] .
/ftf] l/agn] s}r + LnfO{ klv{ /x]sf] 9f]sf . 9f]sfsf]
aflx/ Ps s' g fdf, lzIfsx?, kqsf/x?,
dfgjtfjfbLx?, cf–cfˆgf ljifosf ljz]if1x?,
a'l4hLjLx? cf–cfˆg} ukmdf Jo:t lyP . ts{,
ljts{, s'ts{sf ;a} g} ukmsf ljifox? lyP .
xf]rf xf]rf sbsf JolQmx?sf] Ps hTyf cfof],
9f]sfsf] l/ag sfl6of] / leq k|jz ] eof] . 9f]sf
aflx/sf ;Dk"0f{ a'l4hLjLx? leq k:g 9f]sfdf k'u,]
9f]sf olt xf]rf] lyof], pgLx?sf] 6fpsf] leq k:g}
;s]g, h–h;n] 6fpsf] aflx/ /fv], tL leq k:g
;dy{ eP .
aflx/sfn] leq s] ePsf] 5, s] eO /x]5, s]
x'g ;S5 sNkgfsf] n]G;df cfFvf h8]/ x]/] . leq
7'nf] a}7s lyof]— 7'nf 7'nf pmgL / dvdnL un}r + f
la5ØfOPsf, dfa{nsf 7'nf 7'nf 6]anx?, 7'nf
7'nf P]gfx? / /ËLg emf/kmfg';df aln/x]sf
aNax?sf] rxsn] / tL leq k;]sfx?sf ;'ulGwt
cQ/n] ;'gdf u'uGw ylkPsf] lyof] . kf/bzL{ /]zdL
j:qdf ;lhP/, cfˆgf] prfO cUnf] kfg{ nufOPsf
k]lG;nxLn, AnsxLnsf w"nf] g6]lsPsf h'Qfx?df
xf]lzof/L;fy lxFl8 /x]sf :qL uf]8fx?– ljleGg
/ËLg lnK:6Lssf ;'ulGwt cf]7x?af6 lg:sg] dw'/
d':sfgx?, cfO :of8f], d:s/f / cfO nfOg/n]
;lhPsf cfFvfaf6 ˆofFlsg] s6fIfx?, Ao'6L kfn{/df
;hfOPsf skfnsf u'Dkmgx? / 3f]8fsf ofn of
rf}/L ufO{sf l;NsL, lxF8b\ f cfkm}F k}mlnP/ xNng]
skfnx? . 5f]Kg' kg]{ eGbf a9L g5f]lkPsf, cfˆgf]
cnu klxrfg b;f{pg kl5 gk/]sf, ;fxl;s, pQ/
cfw'lgs j:qn] ;lhPsf :qLx? .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 32
k|1f–ultljlw
nfdf] skfn afFws ] f jf s~r6;Dd skfn
vf}l/Psf jf An]08 u/]/ /ftf agfOPsf skfn,
AnLr u/]/ uf]/f] ag]sf] cg'xf/df xn'sf kmfpG8]zg
bn]/ rxlsnf] kfl/Psf cg'xf/df cem rds yKg,
l;lgQ ;kmf ljleGg /Ësf cfO/gn] bx|f] agfOPsf
ax'dN" o ;"6df ;lhPsf s]xL k'?ifx?– sf]xL 9fsfsf]
jf efbufpFn] 6f]kLn] /fi6«jfb b;f{O /x]sfx? . ;fgf
;fgf :j/df af]n/] lzi6, ;Eo elgg dg k/fpg]
tL JolQmx?sf xft xftdf p7]sf :oflDkog /
lXj:sLsf Unf;x?, Psn] csf{sf] ;':jf:Yosf] nflu
ul/Psf sfdgf ;lxt lro;{x?n], Unf; el/g] /
l/lQg] qmd a9\b} hfFbf, dw'/ cfjfhx?df ylkPsf
pmhf{n] ukm / xfF;f]n] 3lGsPsf] xnaf6 aflx/
l5rf]ln/x]sf zAbx? . log} c:ki6 zAbsf cfwf/df
leq s] ljifodf ukm eO /x]5 eGg] dfq cg'dfg
nufpg] 9f]sf aflx/sf JolQmx? .
ukmsf ljifo lyP— b]znfO{ gofF lbzf lgb]z {
lbP/ ljZj ;fd' cfˆgf] cnu klxrfg b;f{pg]af/]
8An'=6L=cf]= df k|jz] u/]sf] b]zsf] cfly{s gLltn]
pbf/ 9f]sf vf]Ng]af/], ;dfhdf 36]sf cdfgjLo
s'sT[ osf] cGTo ug]a{ f/], dfgjLo d"No / dfGotfsf]
v:sFbf] l:yltaf/], cfˆgf] lghLkgsf] ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/rgfsf] pTyfgaf/] .
a}7s sf]7fleq c¿ sf]7fx? klg lyP . Pp6f
Jofkf/Ln] Pp6f dGqLnfO{ Ozf/fn] af]nfpFb} leqL
sf]7fdf nu]/ eGof]— …of] kf6L{sf] cfof]hgfsf] vr{
d}n] g} a]xf]/]sf] x'F, oxfFx?;Fusf] e]6sf] pRr
;'cj;/sf] nflu . oxfFaf6 d}n] k"0f{ ;xof]usf]
cfz u/]sf] 5' .Ú
cs:dft\ d'vel/ /;fPsf] /;nfO{ 3'6S' s lgNb}
dGqLn] ;f]w— ] …d}n] oxfFnfO{ ;w}F g} ;xof]u ul/ g}
/x]sf] 5', eGg'; ' \ g s] ;xof]u xf]nf To:tf] <Ú
Jofkf/Ln] Åbo k|;Gg kfb}{ sfg} glhs uP/
eGof]— …cem leq sf]7fdf hfcf}F g .Ú
Jofkf/L cl3 cl3 / dGqL kl5 kl5 nfu] .
Jofkf/Ln] n:s/} /flvPsf d"lt{x?, lrqx?, dlGb/
/ ljxf/af6 NofOPsf tf]/0f / 6'8F fnx? b]vfpFb}
eGof]— …dfn;fdfg;Fu} o;nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf
k'¥ofpg] Joj:yfaf/] .Ú
…rf}wf}F ztfAbLsf] g]kfnL lrq t ljb]zdf kfFr
s/f]8df laqmL x'G5 eg] of] t lrqsnfsf] Oltxf;sf]
klxnf] lrq bzf}F ztfAbLsf] xf] . eGg';\ t of] slt
d"Nojfg\ x'g ;S5 < of] d"lt{ h'g tkfO{+ 5f]O /xg'
ePsf] 5— of] O{;fk"j{ bf];f| ] ztfAbLsf] uhnIdLsf]
d"lt{ xf], of] 6'8F fn, xfd|f] sfi7snfsf] Oltxf;sf]
k|frLg gd"gf . oL PlG6s ;fdfgsf lrGtfn] d
/fte/ lgbfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .Ú
…o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] lrGtfn] lgb|f gnfUg' :jfefljs}
xf] t/ tkfO{s + f] lrGtf ca ddf ;fl/ lbg';\ . o;sf]
/fd|f] Joj:yf d ug]5 { Ú' dGqLn] cfZj:t kfb}{ eg] .
dGqLhLsf] s'/f ;'g]/ v'zL x'Fb} xft dNb}
Jofkf/Ln] eGof] —…v'nf Jofkf/sf] gLltn] km/flsnf]
x'bF } hfFbf, b]z t xh"/ sxfFsf] sxfF k'U5 .Ú
dGqLhL Jofkf/Lsf] sfFw yDydfpFb} eG5g\—
…tkfO{+ cfˆgf] sfo{df cufl8 a9\b} hfg';,\ ;'/Iff /
;+/If0fsf] lrGtf d]/f] eof] .Ú
csf]{ sf]7fdf csf{ dGqL ljb]zL;Fusf] uf]Ko
jftf{df Jo:t lyP . cdfgjLo xTofsf] cGTo ug{
cTofw'lgs xltof/ qmo ug]{ ;DaGwdf . qmo u/]sf
xltof/ ljqmodf n}hfg] cfof]hgfsf] ;'qwf/ klg
ToxLF lyof] .
csf]{ sf]7fdf, b]zsf uNnL uNnLdf gfO6
Sna vf]n/] o'jfsf] /f]huf/LnfO{ pa{/ agfpg] ;Nnfx
x'Fb} lyof] .
cf–cfˆgf] hflt / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f /
;+j4{gsf] nflu Psn] csf{nfO{ gl;WofO gx'g] ufF7L
s'/f]sf] uf]Ko jftf{df csf]{ sf]7f Jo:t lyof] .
;a} hgf leqL sf]7fx?af6 aflx/ lgl:sP .
;
;a}n] Ps csf{dfly cflzjf{b a;f{P/ :oflDkog
kmf]8,] ;':jf:Yosf] sfdgf u/], gofF jif{ dgfP .
gofF jif{n] Nofpg] gofF ;f]r, gofF af6f] / zflGtsf]
sfdgf ub}{ lXj:sLsf af]tnx? kmf]l8P . Unf;x?df
/]8, ANofs, An" n]anx? el/Fb,} l/lQFb} uP . pgLx?
lar aflx/ eft[Tjsf] cFufnf] / eft[Tjsf] ;b\efj
lyof], leq vNtLdf s] s] lyof], pgLx? l5gl5gdf
vNtL 5fld/x]sf lyP . aflx/ tKttf sxLF, st},
s]xL b]lvPsf] lyPg . af]nLdf gf}gL klUnPsf] lyof],
uf]/; ax]sf] lyof] .
gofF jif{n] Nofpg] zflGt, ;'Joj:yf, Gofo,
dfgjLotf, d"Nosf] Go"gLs/0f cflb cflbsf k|:tfjx?
;a}sf] ;+oQ ' m ;xdltn] kfl/t u/fpg' h¿/L lyof] .
Pp6f JolQm 9f]sfsf] dfemdf pleP/ k|:tfjx?
k9\g yfNof] . 9f]sf leqsfn] ;xif{ tfnL ahfP/
o;nfO{ ;dy{g u/] . cfufdL Ps jif{sf] sfo{
of]hgfsf] lbzf lgb]z { gsf] k|jn k|lt1f o;df JoQm
ul/Psf] lyof] . a'l4dQfk"0f{ tof/ kfl/Psf oL
k|:tfjx? ;'lg;Sbf g;Sb} Ps emf]sf hf]8sf] xfjfn]
w"nf], kft, kltË/ p8fP/ Nofof], 9f]sf aflx/sfx?
w'nfDo eP . ;a} cfFvf ldRg yfn] . leqaf6 cfPsf]
tfnLsf] u8\u8fx6 / aflx/sf] p8]sf] 5f/f]sf] 5nn]
Pp6f cGof]n, Pp6f cGodg:ssf] l:ylt ;[lht
eof] .
o;} ;do leqsfx? cfFvfdf uuN; nufP/
aflx/ lgl:sP . aflx/sfn] k|Zg u/] —…/ftdf lsg
uuN; <Ú
leqsfn] hjfkm lbP —…5f/f]af6 ;'/lIft x'g .Ú
cfFvfaf6 uf]Ko s'/f JoQm xf]nf eGg] qf;n],
aflx/sf;Fu cfFvf h'wfpg g;Sg] eon] pgLx?n]
uuN; nufPsf lyP . 5f/f] p8]/ cfFvf ldlr /x]sf]
cj;/ 5f]k/] , 9f]sf leqsfx? aflx/ lgl:sP / cf–
cfˆgf] uGtJodf km6fkm6 nfu] .
5f/f] p8\g aGb ePkl5 9f]sf aflx/sfx?n]
cfFvf vf]n/] x]/] —jftfj/0f lg:tAw lyof], k]ml/ Ps
jif{sf] nflu b]z aGwsLdf k/]sf] lyof] . o:t} o:t}
u/]/ jif{x? laTb} lyP .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 33
syf
eujtLsf] ef]s
O:dfnL
eujtL cr]n ;x/sf] Pp6f gfd"b c:ktfndf
jl/i7 8fS6/ l5g\ . pgL :qL/f]u ljz]if1 x'g\ .
;x/df gfd rn]sf :qL/f]u ljz]if1x? dWo] klg
pgL zLif{ :yfgd} kl5{g\ . 6lNsg] j:t' ;a} ;'g
xFb' g} g\ eG5g\ eGg t t/ ltgsf] s'/f] cln a]Un} xf]
h:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ . ltgL c;fWo} ef]sL l5g\, lj/fdL
hfFr]/ slxNo} yflSbgg\ klg eG5g\ dfG5]x? .
la/fdLnfO{ pgL c;fWo} dfof ul5{g\ eGg] s'/f]
xfdLn] sltko la/fdLs} d'vaf6 klg ;'gs ] f 5f}F .
To;}n] xfdL b'j} hgf cyf{t\ ljzfvf / d cfˆgf
lrghfgsfx?nfO{ :qL/f]u / k|;l' tsf nflu pg}sxfF
hfg] ;Nnfx lbg] ub{Yof}F . sltko klt kLl8t
dlxnfx? pgsf] tfl/km klg ug]{ ub{y] lsgls pgL
la/fdL dlxnfsf] kltnfO{ kTgLsf] b'u{lt x'g'df
d'vG] hLg} bf]ifsf] efuLbf/ k|dfl0ft ug{ klg kl5
klb{glyg\, 7f8} xsfl/ lblGyg\, …tkfO{h + :tf] k9]nv] s
] f]
dfG5]n] b'nxLnfO{ o:tf] Jojxf/ ug]={ ==o:tf] lahf]s
x'~h]n;Dd klg jf:tfKof:tf 5}g==eGgnfO{ rflxF
hLjg ;FlugL /] === 5\of ;'xfPg x} o:tf] t ==.Ú d]/f]
t ;fyL klg x'g\ pgL, To;}n] o:tf] s'/f ;'Gbf
dnfO{ t uf}/j g} nfUYof] .
eujtL / d ;fyL lyof}F ;fg}bl] v . xfd|f] 3/
Pp6} ufpFdf dfq xf]Og jNnf]kNnf] 6f]ndf lyof],
;8ssf] jfl/ / kf/L . d]/f] 3/ ;8s jfl/, eujtLsf]
3/ kfl/ . eujtLsf] 3/ kSsL lyof], d]/f] 3/ sRrL .
eujtLsf] kl/jf/ x'gv ] fg] lyof], d]/f] kl/jf/ x'bF f
vfg] . eujtL ;DkGg lyOg\, d ljkGg . t/ klg
xfdL ;fyL lyof}+F lsgeg] xfdL Pp6} sIffdf k9\Yof}F .
k9fOdf xfdL la; pGgfO; lyof}+F . eujtL afx|}
dlxgf 6\o; ' g k9\lyg\, ljBfnosf gfdLbfdL lzIfsx?
pgnfO{ 3/}df uP/ k9fpFy] t/ d;Fu cfk"mnfO{
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 34
k|1f–ultljlw
rflxg] sfkL snd lsGg klg wf}wf} lyof] . sIffdf d
klxnf] x'Gy]F / pgL slxn] bf];f| ] t slxn] t];f| ] .
To;}n] d h:tfnfO{ s] nfUbYof] eg] 6\o; ' g} k9fP
klg lzIfsx?n] pgnfO{ klxnf] t agfPsf 5}gg\
lg . To;}n] lzIffdf lgikIftf 5, kIfw/tf 5}g gq
t eujtL g} klxnf x'lGyg\ eGg] nfUYof] xfdL
sltkonfO{ . of] af]wn] ufpFdf lzIfsx?sf] klg
OHht / ul/df a9fPsf] lyof] . ;a}h;f] sIffdf
ul/a 3/ kl/jf/s} ljBfyL{ klxnf x'g] u/]sf lyP,
To;}n] dnfO{ ltgtfsf s] nfUYof] eg] ;/:jtLsf]
jf; ul/as} 3/df xFb' f] /x]5 . wgLsxfF t ;/:jtLsf]
;f}tf nIdL kf] al:5g\ t . t/ s'g} s'g} 3/df nIdL
/ ;/:jtL ldn]/ a;]sf h:tf klg lyP . h:tf] ls
lbJofgLsfF . lbJofgL k9fOdf klg cAan lyOg\ /
3/sL klg k'uL;/L . t/ klg d]/f] 3/df sfNklgs
;/:jtLsf] jf; ePsf] s'/fn] d cfNxflbt x'Gy]F /
Ps r/0f ;/:jtL jGbgf, h'g d k|fozM ufO /xGy],F
ufOxfNy]— F ;/:jtL dofb[i6f jL0ff k':ts wfl/0fL,
x+;jfxg ;+oQ ' mf, ljBf bfgd\ s/f]t' d]=== . sIffsf
;fyLx? dnfO{ a]nf avtdf ;f]Wg] ub{y,] …x}g ljgo,
t]/f] k9fOsf] tl/sfdf s] To:tf] hfb' 5 / k9]
k9fPsf] ;a} s'/f] t]/f] lbdfudf tx nfu]/ a:5 /
rflxPsf] a]nfdf k'mt'km't' lg:sG5 <Ú d k'nlst xFb' }
eGg] ub{y,F] …To:tf] s]xL 5}g, lzIfsn] sIffdf k9fPsf]
a]nfdf Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] / 3/df Tof] kf7 ;;{tL{ Ps
rf]6L k9\g] . a; Tolt u/]kl5 t ;lDem xflnG5
lg .Ú clg ;f]Wg] ;fyL d]/f] s'/f]df kTof/ geP/ xf] jf
lsg xf], Ps l5g;Dd d]/f] d'vdf x]l/ /xGYof] .
pgLx?sf] cg'xf/df ckTof/s} efj kf}8L v]ln /x]sf]
x'GYof] . P+ s b'O{ k6s eujtLn] klg To:t} k|Zg
u/]sL lyOg\ . klxn] t d csdlsPsf] lyPF …loGfn]
dnfO{ lsg o:tf] ;jfn ;f]lwg\Ú eg]/ t/ t'?Gt}
;xh xFb' } d}n] ltgnfO{ g} k|ltk|Zg u/]sf] lyPF, …clg
cfk"mnfO{ sNn] egf];\ lg ÛÚ
ljBfno hfg g;s]sf] lbg ;fFemkv jf
ef]lnkN6 laxfg} eujtL d]/f] 3/df cfpFlyg\ / kf7
;f]w/] jf n]v/] nlUyg\ . ltgL d]/f]df cfpFbf dnfO{
g} ;ª\sf]r nfUYof] lsgeg] dsxfF ltgnfO{ a:g
lbgsf nflu ;d]t pko'Qm cf;gL klg xFb' g} Yof] .
ltgL eg] k6Ss} cK7\of/f] gdfgL slxn] eFO' d} yrSs
al:yg\ t slxn] 3F8' f df/]/ cfgGbn] al:yg\ /
u[xsfo{sf] kf7 ;fg]{ uly{g\ .
d cK7\of/f] nfuLnfuL eGy],F …eujtL, lsg
o:tf] b'Mv u/]sL < af]nfpg k7fPsf] eP d cfO
xfNy]F lg .Ú
pgL d';S' s xfF:b} elGyg\, …kf7 klg ltdLaf6}
;fg{' clg ltDnfO{ g} b'Mv klg lbg' ÛÚ
…s] x'GYof] t < ltdLsfF Tolt cfP/ d]/f] hLp
lvOg] x}g Sof/] ÛÚ eGy]F d . t/ klg ltgn] dnfO{
slxNo} klg b'Mv lbg] w[i6tf ul/gg\ . 3/df af]nfpg
nfos g7fg]sL x'g\ ls . ;fpgsf] em/L xf];\ ls
r}tsf] v8]/L, ltgL cfkm}F cfO k'lUyg\ dnfO{ vf]Hb}
/ elGyg\, …ljgo, dnfO{ lxhf]sf] kf7 l6kfO b]pm
t .Ú o;/L pgL d]/f]df cfpFbf sltko l5d]sLx?
vf;df d]/f] 8fx ub}{ pgnfO{ k/]sf] ;s;df
;xfg'el" t b;f{pbF } eGy], …d}ofFn] lsg b'Mv a];fO
aS;]sf], ToNnfO{ t af]nfPkl5 pxLF cfO xfNYof] lg
6fpsfn] 6]s/] .Ú
pgsf] kl/jf/ ;DkGg ePsf]n] ufpFn]x?
d'v~] hL af]Nbf lqmofkbdf …:of];Ú yk]/ af]Ng] ub{y] .
sf]xL sf]xL t d]/f] O{iof{ ub}{ sGgfk5fl8 jf pgn]
;'GGf]u/L eGby]—To:tf k'lu;/L ePsL d}ofFn] lsg
of] xl/tGgdsf kl5 nfUg' k¥of < t/ ltgL To:tf
s'/f xfF;/] p8fO lblGyg\ . Ps lbg ltgL]x?n] g}
luNnf ub}{ eg], …ltd|L lnv'/L k/]jL t pl8g\ lg
sf7df8f}F .Ú x'g klg pgL lnv'/L g} lyOg\ . vfg]an] fdf
aflx/ lgsfnL lbPh:tf] . vfOnfUbL 3/sL eGg
klg g;'xfpg] .
…eujtL, ltdL lsg o:tL lzz'kfn <Ú egL
;f]Wbf pgL elGyg\, …dnfO{ ef]s g} nfUb}g .Ú ef]s
gnfUg] pg} eujtL :s'n / ufpF 5f]8/] lxF8s ] L
lyOg\ . k9fOsf] ef]sn] xf] ls cyf]s { n
} ] xf] Û
pgsf] k|:yfgn] dnfO{ xif{ g ljidft Û a? gf}
sIffdf pgLkl5sf] qmddf x'gs ] f] /f]n gDa/ cl3
;¥of], hfFrdf bf];f| ] x'g] kfnf] cfof] /ldnfsf] .
;fyLx?n] eg] klg, …/ldnf, ca ltdL t xf] lg
ljgokl5 .Ú sIffdf pgsf ldNbf bf}tF /Lx?n] b'Mv
dgfp ub}{ eg] klg, …x]/ s:tL t df]/L Û k9\g
sf7df8f}F hfG5' egL Ps jrg eGbf klg geg]sL .
slQ g kl5 g} nflu xfN5f}F h:tf] kf] u/L t .Ú
To;kl5 eujtL;Fusf] xfd|f] ;fyLkg 5'6o\ f] eg]
klg x'GYof] . slxn] sfxLFsf] ;kgfdf eujtL d]/f]df
kf7 a'‰g cfPsL x'lGyg\ . pgsf] ;kgfdf s] x'GYof]
pgL g} hfGbL x'g\ .
ufpF 5f]8k] l5sf] ;dodf pgL Psfw k6s
ufpFdf cfPsL lyOg\ /] t/ s'g} ;fyLx?;Fu klg
pgn] e]63f6 ul/gg\ . ;fob cfjZos 7flggg\ .
;fyLx?;Fu 3'nldn eP/ x'?Ss} x'g] eujtL ;x/
uPkl5 lgSs} km]l/O5g\ eGy] /ldnfx? . P;Pn;L
k/LIff kl5 t ufpFsf xfdLx? klg sf] stf sf]
stf eof}F . ufpFsf] ljBfnodf k9\gd ] Wo] d / /ldnf
bf];f| ] >]0fLdf pQL0f{ eof}F eg] c¿ kfFr hgf ;fyLx?
t];f| ] >]0fLdf clg tLg hgf ;fyLx? cg'QL0f{ eP
klg ljBfnosf] k/LIffkmn o;kfln /fd|} eof] eGy]
;a}hgf . ltgtfsf xfd|fh ] :tf] b'ud{ t/fO{sf] ufpFn]
:s'ndf /fd|} k9\gs ] f nflu klg klxnf] >]0fL :ofnsf]
l;ª h:t} b'ne { lyof] . ;x/sf] /fd|} :s'ndf k9]sLn]
xf]nf eujtL t klxnf] >]0fLdf pQL0f{ eOg\ /] .
ufpF / ;x/sf larsf] km/sdf k9fOsf] :t/sf]
km/s dnfO{ ltgtfs} af]w eof] .
…eujtLsf] h:tf] :s'ndf k9\g kfPsf] eP
xfdL klg klxnf] >]0fLd} kf; x'GYof}F xf]nf x}, ljgo <Ú
nAwfª\s kq cf]N6fOkN6fO{ x]b{} /ldnfn] eg]sL lyOg\ .
…xfd|f nflu oxL bf];f| ] >]0fL g} klxnf] >]0fL xf]
cyf{t\ ufpFsf] bf];f| ] >]0fL / ;x/sf] klxnf] >]0fL
pxL xf] /ldnf, To;}n] dgdf kL/ gn]pm . kL/ /fd|f]
s'/f] xf]Og, To;n] cfkm}n F fO{ ufN5 .Ú ;fGTjgf lbFb}
d}n] eg]yF F] .
…Tof] t lrQ a'emfpg] af6f] g xf] . klxnf]
eGof klxn} xf] bf];f| ] eGof bf];|} xf] . ufpFsf] bf];f| ]
eg]/ s;}n] klxnf]sf] dfGotf lbG5 t <Ú /ldnf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 35
d]/f] ts{df ;xdt eOgg\ . /ldnf gkTofpFbf] kf/fn]
kfsf s'/f uly{g\ . sIffdf klg lhDd]jf/L af]Sg]
sfd s'/f]df lgwf/df nsf{Psf] skfnsf] n6f]
em8\sfNb} cl3;/f alGyg\ . pgsf] af]nLrfnL /
sfd u/fOdf cleefjsL kf/f emNsGYof] .
P;Pn;L kl5 d ufpF glhssf] ;x/sf]
sn]hdf lj1fg k9\g yfn]F . /ldnf dfjnL ;x/sf]
sn]hdf snf ;Ífodf egf{ eOg\ . c¿ ;fyLdWo]
tLg hgf ;Ldf kfl/sf] l5d]sL d'ns ' df k'u,] d08n
/ dxtf] b'O{ hgf rflxF d} k9\g] sn]hdf egf{ ePsf
lyP, ;Fu} a:Yof}F xfdL . sn]h k9\bfk9\b} ltgsf]
lax] eof] . /fd|f] ltns kfP, bfOhf]df ;fOsn /
u'h/ftL e}; F L klg kfPsf lyP . ltnsn] v]tL hf]8]
/ ltgn] klg k9fO 5f]8] . sn]hdf d ca ufpFsf]
PSn} ePF / 8]/fdf klg PSn} . To;}n] ljifo ldNg]
;fyL vf]h/] 8]/f ;/]F . cfO=P:;L=sf] k9fO ;Sg
dnfO{ ;fx|} ;s; eof] . cfˆgf] lkmtnf] cfly{s
cj:yf t/ vlr{nf] lj1fg k9fO . wGg dgsf/L
;fyLx? e]6F] . gq t d]/f] sGtlahf]s x'GYof] .
Ps lbg d}n] sn]hdf Pp6f lr7\7L kfPF .
/ldnfn] k7fPsL /lx5g\ . ufpF 5f8]bl] v /ldnf;Fu
e]63f6 ePsf] lyPg . ck|Toflzt kfPsf] lr7Ln]
klxn] t d xtk|e ePF . lr7L cf]N6fOkN6fO x]/F] .
;fdfGo} lyof] . /ldnfn] dnfO{ ;Dem]/ lr7L n]lVng\
eGg] d]/f] dglrQd} lyPg . d}n] pgnfO{ lr7L n]vs ] f]
eP lg hjfkm k7fOg\ eGg] x'GYof] . To:tf] klg
lyPg . lr7L vf]n/] x]/F] . bzsf] b'O6f gf]6 k'mQ
em¥of] . of] gf]6 d]/f nflu emg\ csNkgLo lyof] .
/ldnfn] dnfO{ k};f k7fpg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f} lyPg .
t} Totf gkfOg] s'g} ;fdfg lsg]/ k7fO lbg' eg]/
kf] k7fPsL x'g\ ls eg]/ xQkQ lr7\7L k9]F . To:tf]
s]xL /x]g5, a? …ltdLnfO{ vr{sf] vfFrf] xf]nf .
lj1fgsf] k9fO vlr{nf] x'G5 eG5 efO . dfOh'n]
a]nfa]nfdf 6Lsf nfP/ lbg'ePsf] blIf0ff ;fFr/]
/fv]sL lyPF . ltdLnfO{ yf]/} eP lg e/y]u x'G5
eg]/ k7fO lbPsL x'F . k9fOd} vr{ ug{' lg .Ú eg]/
kf] n]vs
] L] /lx5g\ . vr{n] lkm6Llkm6L kl//x]sf] a]nfdf
/ldnfn] k7fPsf] Tof] la; ?lkofF d]/f nflu la;
;o h:tf] eof] . /ldnf klxNo}bl] v g} dgsf/L x'g\
dfG5] . :s'ndf klg 3/sf] vfhf ;w}h F ;f] afF8/] }
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 36
k|1f–ultljlw
vflGyg\ . afF8Lvfgsf nflu sf]xL] s]6L ;fyL e]l6Pgg\
eg] dnfO{ vf]Hb} cfO k'lUyg\ / vfhf efu nfpFb}
elGyg\, …olt vfOb]pm t, ljgo .Ú la; ?lkofF xftdf
v]nfpFbf v]nfpFb} d]/f cfFvf /;fP . dgdg} eg]F]
cfkm};F uF …/ldnf, ltd|f] of] ;xof]u d slxNo} gla;{" ÛÚ
k9fOn] lhgltg ;/x?nfO{ l/emfPs} lyPF . d}n]
cltl/Qm ul0ft klg k9]sf]n] pxfFx?sf] ;Nnfx
lyof] d d]l8sn jf Ol~hlgol/ªsf nflu tof/L
u/f}F . t/, d pxfFx?sf] ck]Iff k"/f ug]{ ;fdYo{
a6'Ng ;ls /x]sf] lyOgF . sn]hsf] hfFr ;lsgf;fy
d ToxL ;x/sf] Pp6f xfO:s'ndf lj1fg lzIfs
eP/ k9fpg yfn]F . rf]srf}tf/f] a]nfavt e]6 x'bF f
sn]hsf u'?x? k5'tf] dfGb} eGg'xG' Yof], …8fS6/,
Ol~hlgo/ aGg' kg]{ dfG5] df:6/ aGof} . s] ug]{ of]
lje]bL juL{o ;dfhdf k|ltefjfnf;Fu k};f 5}g,
k};fjfnf anhˆtL k|ltefjfg\ alg /x]5g\ ÛÚ clg
;fGTjgf lbFb} eGg' x'GYof], æv}/,…c/Ú k|Too t 5 lg
ltdL;Fu klg . ltdL efjL 8fS6/, Ol~hlgo/sf
df:6/ ag]sf 5f} . of] klg sd u'dfgsf] s'/f]
xf]Og .Æ k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePkl5 d d]/f ltg}
z'eR] 5' u'?x?sf] 5q5fofFdf ToxL sn]hsf] laxfgL
;qdf lj1fg ljifodf :gfts k9\g yfn]F . :s'n
k9fP/ lj1fg k9g' sd ;s;sf] sfd lyPg . t/
d]/f nflu t k9\g' cfjZos lyof] / k9fpg' emg}
cfjZos . 3/df yf]/yf]/} eP klg d}n] u/]sf] e/y]un]
afcfdfsf] cg'xf/df a:g cfPsf] sflGt b]Vg kfpFbf
d]/f] dg c;fWo k'n ' lst x'GYof] . ToxL sflGt ;Dem]/
d cfˆgf] b'Mv / ysfO la;{Gy]F . 3/df alxgL lyO{,
bz sIff k9\b} u/]sL .
…o;sf] Jojxf/ l5Gg kfP 9'Ss x'OGYof] eGof .Ú
Ps} :j/df eGg' x'GYof] cfdfaf .
…a}gLsf] kL/ glng':g . ev{/ t P;Pn;L
6]ss] L 5] . k9f];\ g ;s'~h]n .Ú eGy]F d t/ To;kl5
klg cfdfafn] a}gLsf] s'/f] ug{ rflxF 5f]8g\ ' ePg .
eujtL 8fS6/L k9\g ef/tsf] snsQf uO5g\ .
ltgsf] dfdfsf] ;fyLsf] l;kmfl/z rNYof] /] ToxfF t/
kfFr nfv rflxF ltg{' kg]{ /] . eujtLsf] a'af ufpFdf
C0fkfg dfUg cfpg] ;a};uF eGb} lxF8s ] f lyP,
…clxn]nfO{ d;Fu k};fsf] s'/f] gu/ . eujtLnfO{
kfFr nfv k'¥ofpg dnfO{ afx| aHof 5 .Ú of] s'/f]
d}n] ufpFd} yfxf kfPF . dnfO{ t v'zL g} nfUof] t/
/ldnfn] Tof] s'/f]df vf;} rf;f] b]vfOgg\ . /ldnfn]
/fd|} gDa/ NofP/ OG6/ kf; ul/5g\ . dfjnLd} a;]/
:gfts k9\b} lyOg\ pgL klg .
:gfts txsf] k9fO ;lsPkl5 cfˆgf z'eR] 5'
u'?x?sf] xf};nf kfP/ d lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ k9\g
/fhwfgL pSn]F . hfgsL/d0f ;/n] Pp6f lghL
dfWolds ljBfnosf] x]8df:6/nfO{ lr7\7L n]lv
lbg' eof] lzIfs sfdsf] nflu / d af]l8{ª :s"nsf]
;fOG; ;/ ePF . t/ af]l8{ª :s'nsf] hflu/ /
lj1fgsf] :gftsf]Q/ k9fO lgs} ufx|f] /x]5 eGg]
dnfO{ emg\ k|ToIf eof] . t/ klg d}n] of] wfGg}
kb{Yof] . hfgsL ;/sf] dfG5] eg]/ dnfO{ s]xL ;'ljwf
lbPsf] eGg] uy]{ lk|lG;kn ;/ t/ Jojxf/df Tof]
;'ljwf st} b]lvFbg} Yof] . d]/f] :gftssf] k|df0fkq
w/L ltgn] lnPsf] lkmtf{ lbg] gfd} lnFbg} y] . dfUbfv]l/
Ps] s f] 6 f axfgf agfpF y ] . vf;df lzIfssf]
;l6{lkms]6 aGwsL /fVg] otfsf] rng}h:tf] /x]5 .
Go"g Hofnfdf shfOPsf] lzIfs cGoq hfg g;sf];
eGg] ltgsf] leqL dg;fo xFb' f] /x]5 . w]/} d'l:snn]
aNntNn pDsfPF d}n] Tof] ;l6{lkms]6 .
;+of]un] eujtLsf] b'O6} 5f]/LnfO{ d}n] 6\o; ' g
k9fPF, P;Pn;Ldf klg / cfO=P:;Ldf klg . ;+of]un]
lsgeg] eujtLn] dsxfF ltgLx?nfO{ 6\o; ' g k9\g
k7fPsL xf]Ogg\ . ;x/df ef}lts lj1fgsf] gfd
rn]sf] 6\o; ' g df:6/df ulgGy]F d . To;}n] ltgLx?
dsxfF cfPsf lyP . kl5 ltgsf] cfk;L s'/fsfgLsf]
5fF65Gbn] yfxf eof] tL t eujtLsf 5f]/L /x]5g\ .
clg d}n] tL b'O; { uF z'Ns lnOgF . ;fyLsL 5f]/L xf]
lg . clg 6\o; ' g sIffsf] clGtd lbg ltgn] eujtLsf]
wGojfb dnfO{ ;'gfP . 8]9b'O{ jif{sf h]7LsfG5L
b'j} l7s} lyP k9fOdf . 5f]/f ePgYof] eujtLsf] .
x'g t eujtLsf bfOefO klg lyPgg\, ltg j6L
cfdfaf6 gf} lbbLalxgL lyP . h]7L b'uf{, dflxnL
clDasf, ;flxFnL sflnsf, clg=== c¿sf] t gfd
klg yfxf 5}g dnfO{=== . bfOefO gx'g' / ;Gtfgsf]
gfddf ltgsf] klg 5f]/L dfq} x'gd ' f s] ;DaGw
lyof] s'lGg < eujtLsf >Ldfg\ klg 8fS6/ g} lyP,
;/sf/L c:ktfndf . eujtL cfkm" rflxF lghL
c:ktfndf lyOg\ . lar/f ;f; km]g{] km';b{ klg
kfpg ufx|f] lyof] /] ltgnfO{, elGyg\ ljzfvf . 8fS6/,
g;{x?sf] hflu/ b'lvof hflu/ g} xf] . eGg t
eujfg} eG5g\ 8fS6/x?nfO{ / dfG5g\ klg . x'g t
sltkon] k};f klg t sdfPsf 5g\ . t/ sf]xL
sf]xL 8fS6/ t lSnlgs ljgfsf . dfq ;]jfd'vL,
cfˆgf] sdfOsf] b'O{rf/ k};f klg ul/a, b'MvL
la/fdLnfO{ g} clk{lbg] . sf]xL eg] b|Jolkzfr} .
;Gtfg yl/yl/sf Û lar/fx?sf] lhGbuL cfˆgf]
lhGbuLh:tf] gx'g] . ;fFem laxfg, rf8kj{, /ldtf—
/dfOnf] s]xL eGg kfpFbg} g\ . c:ktfn, lSnlgs,
jf8{, alx/ªu==;a}lt/ x]g{} k¥of] . kl/jf/nfO{ lbg]
;do g} gx'g] . eujtL klg To:t} Jo:t lyOg\ .
ljzfvf lj/fdLl;/fdL kbf{ eujtLs}F hflGyg\,
c:ktfnd} . eGGf t eujtL elGyg\ c/], …oltsf
6f9f lsg cfpg', lSnlgs glhs k5{ . ToxLF cfpg'
lg .Ú Ps rf]6L lSnlgsdf klg uOg\ ljzfvf t/
lSnlgsdf klg eL8ef8 w]/,} ;do klg lgs} v]/ hfg]
clg lkm; klg dxFuf] eg]/ csf]{ rf]l6b]lv c:ktfnd}
alx/ª\u ;]jfdf hfg yflng\ . …eujtL c:ktfnÚsf]
pgsf] jf8{df cg'zf;gsf] rsf{] kfngf lyof] . dfG5]
t s8f /}Úl5g\, la/fdLnfO{ a'emfP/ klg gegL lbg] .
s]xL ;f]Wof] ls l/;fOxfNg] . ;a y//{ xFb' f /}Ú5g\
pgnfO{ b]Vgf;fy elGyg\ ljzfvf . 5f]/f ePg egL
xQ] xfNg] bDkltx?nfO{ pgL cfˆg} pbfx/0f lblGyg\,
xfdL klg eujtLs} pbfx/0f lbGYof}F .
/ldnf klg lax]kl5 sf7df8f}dF f lyOg\ . ltgsf]
klg Pp6L 5f]/L dfq . d}n] g} 6\o; ' g k9fPF ltgnfO{
klg . lgMz'Ns . oxL a]nfdf d}n] /ldnfsf] u'g klg
;Dem]F / Ps lbg b'O{ xhf/sf] gf]6 ltgsf] xftdf
ydfpFb} C0fd'Qm x'g rfx]F . t/ /ldnfn] d]/f] ;ftf]
l6lkg\, …d}n] ltdLnfO{ Tolt hfaf] ?lkofF ;fk6L
lbPsL x'OgF, dg v'zL ;xof]u u/]sL x'F . ca To;sf]
s'/f] sf]6o\ fof} eg]===.Ú
/ldnfsf >Ldfg\ Pp6f /fhgLlts bnsf pRr
:t/sf g]tf lyP . ;fob To;}n] xf]nf /ldnf klg
ToxL bnsf] dlxnf sfo{stf{ ag]sL lyOg\ . hgtfsf]
;]jf ug]{, ;dfhaf6 ;a}vfn] j}ifDonfO{ v]b\g]
elGyg\ . k9]nv ] s] L ljzfvf a]/f]huf/ u[lx0fL ePsf]df
ltgn] d]/f] ;ftf] lnOg\, …b'lgofFsf] ;]jf u5f}{ t/
lognfO{ Pp6f sfddf nfpg ;s]gf} x} < o;f] s'g}
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 37
:s'n, SofDk;lt/ k':tsfnod} nfOlbP lg x'g=] == .Ú
ltgL k/f]If ¿kn] ljzfvfnfO{ cfˆgf] ;Ë7glt/
tfGb} lyOg\ / Pp6f Pp6f lgxF' kf/]/ cfk"m;Fu
lxF8fO /xlGyg\ . ljzfvfnfO{ ltgL alxgL elGyg\ .
xfd|f b'O{ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . 6f]ns} af]l8{ª :s'ndf
k9\y] . …ca t sdfO 5 lg ltd|f] . k};fsf] nf]e
gu/L 5f]/fx?nfO{ /fd|f] :s'ndf k9fpm x} . /fd|f]
:s'ndf k9\g gkfP/ cfˆgf] s] xljut efÚ5 yfx} 5
Sof/] ÛÚ elGyg\ /ldnf . o;/L g} rln /x]sf] lyof]
xfd|f] hflu/] u[x:yL . 8]/fsf] af; lyof] . tLg
sf]7fsf] Pp6f tnfdf ;fFul' /Psf] 8]/f . 6\o; ' gdf
eL8 b]vk] l5 3/k6L ef8f a9fpg] s'/f] ul/ xfNy] .
Ps lbg crfgs ljzfvfnfO{ ;fx|} la;~rf]
eof] . k/ ;/]sf] ;ft lbg eO;Sbf klg /Qm;|fj
/f]lsPg . d sn]hsf] sfdn] ;x/aflx/ lyPF .
c8\sf]k8\sf] ;xof]u ug]{ /ldnf klg ufpF uPsL
/lx5g\ . ljzfvf cQflnFb} k'lu5g\ c:ktfn, pg}
eujtLsf]df .
pgn] ljzfvfnfO{ klxn] t ;ftf] l6lk5g\—
…o:tf] hfGg];'Gg] / lzlIft dfG5]n] klg o:tf]
x]nr]qm\ofO ug]{ < sxfF 5 ljgo < >LdtLsf] x]/ljrf/
klg ug{ g;Sg] ef] Tof] <Ú
clg k|fylds hfFrkl5 elgg\, …n Pp6f PS;/]
u/fpg' clg /ut klg hrfpg' k¥of] . hLpdf /ut
5}g k6Ss} . s;/L lxF8g\ ;Sof 5f} < cfh} clxNo}
egf{ e}ÚxfNg' k5{ .Ú clg ;xfosnfO{ af]nfP/ ToxL
…eujtL :jf:yu[xÚdf egf{ ug{ nufO xfln5g\ .
cfZj:t klg kfl/g\, …kL/ ug{' kb}g{ .Ú cufl8sf] leQfdf
e'm08\ofO /fv]sf] t:jL/lt/ cf}NF ofpFb} elgg\, …dftf
eujtLsf] s[kfn] ;a l7s e}ÚxfN5 .Ú egf{ ug]{ eg]kl5
cQflnFb} ljzfvfn] elgg\, …vr{ar{ s]xL NofÚsf] 5}g .
3/df ;/;Nnfx klg u¥of 5}g ===.Ú
…3/ t hfg ;s] kf] Û ljgonfO{ d oxLF af]nfO
xfN5' . hfpm ltdL, a]8df cf/fd u/ . sxLF hfg'
kb}g{ . ;a} hfFr oxLF eO xfN5 .Ú eGb} ef/L hLpsL
csf]{ la/fdLnfO{ xsfg{ yflng\, …;lhnf] x'Gh]n b'lgofF
hFrfof}, clxn] ;s; k/]kl5 oxfF ==. Efgf{ ug{ a]8}
5}g clxn] < ;fn a]l/Psf] 5 aRrfnfO{, t'?Gt}
ck|];g ug{'k5{ . Pp6f s]lag vfnL 5 . egf{
ulb{pmF <Ú
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 38
k|1f–ultljlw
…xh'/ d t Hofnfdh'/L u/]/ vfg] dfG5] .Ú
p;n] c;dy{tf hgfO{ . …Hofg /x] g Hofnfdh'/L
u5f}{ .Ú pgn] dfof b]vfPem}F ul/g\ . …lar/L ÛÚ
ljzfvfnfO{ Tof] la/fdLsf] klg dfof nfUof], …5\of,
of] cfOdfO{ hftn] klg slt yf]s ef]Ug' k5{ ÛÚ
la:tf/} eGb} ;xfosn] v6fOlbPsf] cfOdfO{dfG5];uF
x\jLnr]o/df jf8{lt/ nflug\ .
jf8{sf] ;fd'Gg]sf] ‰ofnaf6 tnsf] eujtL
dlGb/ b]lvGYof] . eujtL cfkm}F klg Tof] dlGb/df
lgTo k'hf ub{lyg\ t/ ljzfvfnfO{ o:tf] b]vfj6L
k'hfdf slxNo} kTof/ ePg . dfOtL 3/df cfdf t
k'hfcfhf ug{' x'GYof] . klxn] klxn] pm klg cfdfsf]
;fy nfu]/ k'hf yfnL af]s/] dlGb/ rxfyL{ . a'af x'g'
x'GYof] s6\6/ gfl:ts . k'hfkf7s} s'/fdf slxn] sfxLF
cfdfa'afsf] egfeg kYof]{ . gf}–bz sIffdf 8flj{gsf]
ljsf;jfbsf] l;4fGt k9]kl5 p;nfO{ klg O{Zj/sf]
cl:tTjdf zÍf nfUg yfNof] / k'hfkf7sf] sfdnfO{
p;n] klg c1fgtf 7fGg yfn]sL lyO{ .
eujtLsf] kmf]g kfP/ d xtfl/Fb} ;/f;/L
c:ktfn} k'u— F] eujtL :jf:Yo u[x . eujtLn]
elgg\, …;fgf] vl6/f xf] ls xf] ls h:tf] 5 kf7]3/df,
To;}n] ck|z ] g ug{' g} hflt . gq 3l/3l/ b'Mv
lbO/xG5 .Ú
…s:tf] ck|z ] g <Ú d}n] ;f]wF] .
…kf7]3/ lemls lbg] . cflv/ b'O6{ f ;Gtfg
5Fb5} g\ . clg ca ;Gtfg kfpg] sfd ltgsf nflu
hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 . kf7]3/ cfOdfO{sf nflu hf]lvd /
b'Mvsf] uF8' xf] . lemls lbof], cfgGb} .Ú pgn] 9'Ss;Fu
elgg\ .
dnfO{ lg nfUof] ljz]if1 8fS6/ x'g,\ ;fyL
klg x'g\ . /fd|} ;Nnfx lbPsL xf]lng\ . /, o;/L
ljzfvfsf] ck|z ] g eof], kf7]3/ lemlsof] . kfFr
lbgkl5 l8:rfh{ eOg\ pgL / 3/ cfOof] . ToxL lbg
/ldnf klg cfO k'lu5g\ ufpFaf6 . r'sr'sfOg\
ltgL . o:tf] s'/f]df xtf/ gu/]sf] eP x'GYof] elgg\ .
ljzfvfs} h:tf] /f]u zNolqmof gul/sg} lgsf] ePsf]
Ps, b'O6{ f o:t} 36gf klg ;'gfOg\ . t/ xfd|f]
sfds'/f] t ;lsO ;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] e}Úuf] eGof}F
/ lrQ a'emfof}F . aflx/L vr{afx]s c:ktfndf dfq
;f7L xhf/ a'emfOof], cGoq t o;f] b'O{ rf/ xhf/
5'6 uy]{ . eujtLn] Tof] klg ul/gg\ . ;/sf/L
c:ktfnlt/ eP bzkGw| xhf/eGbf a9L kb}g{ Yof] .
t/ cK7\of/f] k/]sf a]nfdf pkrf/ ul/ lbOg\ To}
s'/f] 7'nf] xf] eG7fg]/ lrQ a'emfPF . ;'Gg t Ps b'O{
hgfsf] d'vaf6 d}n] klg ;'g]F— lkm; t pgL
cfdfafa';uF klg c;'lN5g\ /] . t/ ljzfvfsf nflu
d}n] ;do lbg g;s]sf]n] tª\lu|g ltgnfO{ lgs}
;do nfUof] .
Ps laxfg /ldnf x:ofªkm:ofª ub}{ cfOg\ .
ltgsf] xftdf Pp6f klqsf lyof] . dlt/ klqsf
t]:of{pb} ltgn] elgg\, …ljgo, of] ;dfrf/ k9 klxn] .
dnfO{ t Tof] dfG5] pk/ klxNo}bl] v zÍf nflu
/x]sf] lyof] . k};fsf nflu h] klg ul/ lbg] ÛÚ
;dfrf/ kl9 ;s]/ d /ldnfnfO{ x]¥ofx]¥o}
ePF . …xfdLnfO{ klg d'uf{ agfO xf]lng\ t ltgn] <Ú
kTof/ gnfu]/ ;f]wF] d}n] .
…s] a]/ <Ú eGb} /ldnfn] ;f]lwg\, …Ps rf]6L
xfd|f] sfut klg s'g} hfGg] 8fS6/nfO{ b]vfpFg t .
o'P;hLx?sf] l/kf]6{ t 5 lg <Ú
l8:rfh{ nufotsf l/kf]6x{ ?sf] sfut vf]h/]
d}n] /ldnfnfO{ lbPF . Tof] ;a l/kf]6{ af]s/] /ldnf
lxFl8g\ t/ d]/f] dgdlitisdf cvaf/s}] s'/f]
gflr/Xof] . k};fsL ef]sL jl/i7 :qL/f]u ljz]if1
8fS6/ eujtLn] lj/fdL dlxnfx?sf] c1fgtf /
cfk"mpk/sf] ljZjf;sf] zf]if0f u/]/ cs't ;Dklt
cfh{g u/]sf] v'n:t ePsf] 5 eGb} b'O{ j6f 36gfsf]
pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] h;df kf7]3/sf] zNolqmof ug}{
gkg]{ la/fdLnfO{ zNolqmof ug{ afWo kf/L eujtLn]
df]6f] /sd xft kf/]sf] egL cf/f]k nufOPsf] lyof] .
To; afx]s ;fdfGo ;'Ts]/L x'g ;Sg] la/fdLnfO{
klg zNolqmof u/L lhp xn'sf kfg]{ u/]sf], ue{kft
u/fpg];uF df]6f] /sd lng] u/]sf] tyf clGtd
cj:yfdf ;'Ts]/L x'g cfpg]; ] uF klg ljleGg lgxFd
' f
df]6f] /sd lng] ul/Psf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] lyof] .
p;nfO{ kf7]3/sL ef]sL 8fS6/ klg elgPsf] lyof] .
eujtL To:tL xf]lng\ h:tf] dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyPg .
pgL 3/ / dfOtLsf] klg ;DkGg g} lyOg\ . s'g}
nf]enfnr gePsL dfg'ifL lyOg\ h:tf] nfUYof] .
kSs} klg a]kf/L c:ktfnn] ltgnfO{ klg km;fof]
xf]nf eGg] nfUof] dnfO{ .
t/ xf]Og /x]5 . /ldnfn] k|df0f h'6fOg\— Tof]
c:ktfn ltgsf] / 5f]/LHjfOFsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf /x]5 .
ljzfvfsf] s]; klg kf7]3/ lemSg} kg]{] s]; /x]g5 .
kf7]3/sf] ck|; ] g, Pk]l08S;sf] ck|;] g, d[uf}nfsf]
rf]/L cflb h:tf sfd sdfp 8fS6/sf ;'/lIft
v]tL /x]5 .
…k};fsf nflu To;n] 7"nf] 3ft u/L, ljgo .Ú
/ldnfn] cfqmf]lzt xFb' } elgg\, …cfOdfO{sf nflu
kf7]3/ slt dxŒjk"0f{ cË xf] . k};fsf nflu o:tf]
dxŒjk"0f{ / ;+jb] gzLn s'/fdf v]njf8 ug]{ < lxF8,
Psrf]6L t Tof];uF s'/f ug}{ kb{5 . sltko ufOg]
8fS6/x?n] gf/Lsf] kf7]3/nfO{ cfˆgf] sdfOsf]
dfWod agfPsf 5g\ . t/ pm t cfOdfO{ xf] lg .
ToNn] To;f] ug]{ <Ú
/ldnfsf] af]nL ;'g/] ljzfvf klg sfd 5f]8/]
leq}bl] v u'gf;f] ub}{ cfO k'lug\, …lbbL, cr]n t
dnfO{ of] d]/f] Hofg} xf]Og h:tf] nflu /xG5 .
lhpdf k6Ss} hfFu/ 5}g . hltv]/ klg ;'lt/xF"
h:tf] dfq nfU5 . clg cr]n t lk;fa klg /f]Sg
ufx|f] ;fx|f] x'g yfn]sf] 5, klxnf To:tf] xFb' g} Yof] .Ú
cfk;L ;/;Nnfxkl5 d}n] eujtLnfO{ kmf]g
nufPF t/ pgsf] kmf]g :jLr ckm /x]5 . To;}n]
/ldnf / d c:ktfnlt/ lxF8o\ f}F eujtLnfO{ e]6g\ .
t/ c:ktfnaflx/ 7"nf] eL8 lyof] / eujtLsf
lj?4 gf/fjfhL ul/ /x]sf] lyof] . d"n åf/d} ;z:q
k| x /Lx?sf] Pp6f 8ˆkmf t} g fy lyof] . To;
c:ktfnsf] nfk/jfxLn] k|;jsf nflu egf{ ul/PsL
dlxnfsf] d[To' ePsf] /x]5 . dflg;x? eujtLdfly
sf/jfxL / kLl8tx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu ul/ /x]sf
lyP . b]Vbfb]Vb} dflg;sf] eL8 a9\b} uof] . kLl8tx?
/ /ldt]x?sf] eL8 . eL8df dflg;x? cf–cfˆgf
kL8f cf]sln /x]sf lyP — a]nfdf ck/];g gulb{gfn]
d]/f] 5f]/f] ;':t eof] . ;dodf egf{ glnOlbPsf]n]
d]/f] hxfgsf] Hofg uof] . ck/];g g} ug{ gkg]{ d]/f]
lbbLsf] kf7]3/sf] ck/];g ul/ lbP/===. 8fS6/ t
/fd|} xf] t/ k"/} dlgdfO08]8 .===o:t}o:t} cf/f]kx?
Wjlgt eO /x]sf] lyof] eL8df .
…ltd|f] cfzÍf Psbd l7s /x]5 /ldnf .Ú d}n]
eg]F . …n b]Vof}, ;'Gof} . xfdLnfO{ t afFsL g/fVg]n]
c¿nfO{ emg\ s] afFsL /fVyL < ToNnfO{ l7s gu/L
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 39
x'Gg .Ú eGb} /ldnf t efif0f kf] ug{ yflng\,
…c:ktfnsf lhDd]jf/ 8fS6/x?n] cfˆgf]
;]jfnfO{ Jofkf/ agfpg] xf] eg] ==o:tf sfd s'/fx?
lrlsT;sLo cfr/0fsf ljk/Lt 5g\ . o:tf]
dfldnfdf ;/sf/ uDeL/ aGg} kb{5== xfd|f] ;Ë7g
dlxnf lxt d~r kLl8t hgtfsf] kIfdf P]Soj4tf
hfx]/ ub{5 / oxfF b]lvPsf / ePu/]sf 36gfx?sf]
tTsfn 5fglag u/L kLl8t kIfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbOg'
kb{5 egL hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og,
ca cfOGbf o:tf k|sl[ tsf 36gfx? gbf]xf]l/gsf
nflu lrlsT;f ;]jfdf x'g] nfk/jfxL / uNtLsf
nflu ;/sf/n] Ifltk"lt{ sfg"gsf] Joj:yf ug'k{ b{5 .
oL s'/fx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;Daf]wg gu/];Dd xfd|f]
cfGbf]ng hf/L /xg]5 .Ú
pgsf] ;dy{gdf eL8df k/{/ tfnL aHof] .
dnfO{ ;d]t /fv]/ pgn] tTsfn ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt
klg u7g ul/ xflng\ . kmf]g u/]/ pgn] bzafx|
hgf dlxnf sfo{stf{x? klg af]nfO xflng\ .
cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ yk an ldn]h:tf] eof] . pgLx?sf]
xf};nf a9\of] . emg\ 7'N7'nf] :j/df pgLx? gf/f
nufpg yfn]— dfG5] dfg{ kfOFbg} , o:tf] 8fS6/
rflxFbg} , Ifltk"lt{ sfg"g— aGg} kb{5, aGg} kb{5
cflb cflb .
wgf{ nlDaof] . ;/sf/n] hgtfsf s'/f ;'Gg] /
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cl3 ;g{e ' Gbf a? b'Or
{ f/ lbg
;z:qsf] 8ˆkmf t}gfy ul/lbg hftL 7fGof] . k9fO
/ 6\o;' g 5f8]/ d klg /ldnf;Fu} ToxLF Jo:t ePF .
kl;{kN6 t /ldnfn] elgg\, …x]/ ljgo, ca ltdL of]
sdf08 ;Dxfn . ljzfvfnfO{ klg oxLF k7fO lbG5' .
dfu k"/f geO 8]u rNg] xf]Og, oxfFaf6 . hgtfsf]
:jf:y;Fu v]njf8 ug]{ clwsf/ s;}nfO{ 5}g . cfh
km]l/ kqsf/ e]63f6 ug{' k5{ . d kqsf/x?nfO{ oxLF
af]nfpF5' . ltdL klg cfˆgf] ;d:of :ki6;Fu /fv .Ú
t/ ;/sf/n] xfd|f] s'/f]df vf;} Wofg lbPg .
d/]sf] la/fdLsf] b]j/n] cfqmf]zdf eujtLdfly xft
xfNof] . clg t ;x/sf 8fS6/x? klg eujtLsf]
kIfdf P]Soa4tf hgfpFb} sfdaGb x8tfndf plqP .
cfGbf]ng emg\ rls{of] . eujtLn] elgg\, …/ldnf,
ljgo, ltdLxfdL t afnv}bl] vsf ;fyL xf}F . lsg
;
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 40
k|1f–ultljlw
ltdLx? ddfly vlgPsf 5f} <Ú
…/ldnf, ef] cfGbf]ng lkmtf{ lnOlbpFÚ eGg s]
nfu]sf] lyPF, /ldnfn] elgg\, …of] cfGbf]ng ltdL
lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng xf]Og, lrlsT;f k|0ffnLdf JofKt
a]lyltsf lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng xf] . of] cfGbf]ng ljgo
/ /ldnfn] u/]sf] cfGbf]ng xf]Og, hgtfn] u/]sf]
cfGbf]ng xf] . ljgo / /ldnfn] /f]Sg rfx]/ klg of]
cfGbf]ng /f]lsGg a? emg\ ;zQm eP/ csf]{ r/0fdf
hfG5 .Ú
geGb} ef]lnkN6b]lv eujtL c:ktfnsf
sd{rf/Lx? klg cfˆgf] ;]jf;'ljwfsf dfu;lxt
cfGbf]ngdf plqlbP . ;/sf/L sfof{nosf lkog /
sfof{no ;xof]uLn] kfpg] u/]sf] eGbf klg sd
tnadf sfd ul/ /x]sf g;{ / cGo :jf:YosdL{x?sf]
zf]if0fsf] syfJoyf klg klqsfx?df 5\ofnAofn
eof] . la/fdL;Fu dxFuf] z'Ns lng] / sfdbf/nfO{
nfhdbf]{ Go"g tna lbg] c:ktfnsf] gLltsf] ;j{q
cfnf]rgf x'g yfNof] . sd{rf/Lsf] ;dy{gdf cGo
c:ktfnsf ;dsIfL ;Ë7gx?n] klg ;dy{g
cfGbf]ng u/] .
/, aNntNn ;/sf/n] Pp6f cfof]u u7g u¥of],
eujtL c:ktfn nufot cGo lghL c:ktfnx?sf]
cj:yf cWoog u/L cfGbf]ngsdL{ sd{rf/L /
la/fdLsf] dfu cWoog u/L cfjZos /fo;'emfj k]z
ug{ . /, xfd|f] cfGbf]ng :ylut eof] .
s]xL ;ftfkl5 cfof]un] ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf]
k|ltj]bg klg a'emfof] . t/ ;/sf/n] k|ltj]bg cWoog
ug{ gkfpFb} eujtL cg;gdf al;5g\ . pgsf]
ef]s km]l/ d/]5 . of] va/ ;'gfpg d x:ofªkm:ofª
ub}{ /ldnfsFf k'uF] . cfk;L ;/;Nnfxkl5 ;Defljt
if8\oGqnfO{ lrg{ d}n] Pp6f jQmJo tof/ kf/]F h;df
cfof] u sf] k| l tj] b g ;fj{ h lgs ug{ , kLl8t
lj/fdLx?nfO{ t'?Gt Ifltk"lt{ lbg / Ifltk"lt{ sfg"g
agfpg dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . cGoyf km]l/ klg xfdL
kLl8tx? ;zQm cfGbf]ngdf plqg] r]tfjgL lbFb}
;/f]sf/jfnf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{ kl;{kN6 eujtL
c:ktfn kl/;/df e]nf x'g cfXjfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
/ldnfn] jQmJo k9\b} elgg\, …s:tf] /fd|f] jQmJo
n]v5 ] f} . o;kfln t lognfO{ 5f]8g\ x'Gg .Ú
syf
Ps ljw'/sf] 8fo/L
bLlnk zfx
d]/L cg',
dnfO{ zt k|ltzt ljZjf; 5, ToxfF ltdL
pRr / ;Ddflgt :yfg cf]u6]/} a;]sL xf}nL . dfg
dlgtf]df sdL 5}g xf]nf . olt alnof] ljZjf;
lsg 5 eg] ltdL oxfF /x'Gh]n;Dd d]/f] lhGbuLsf]
cfwf dfq xf]Og ls tLg rf}yfO lx:;f cf]u6]/
a:of} . o;}n] ltdLnfO{ clt glhsaf6 lrg]sf] 5' .
olt glhsaf6 ltdLnfO{ bz dlxgf;Dd sf]vdf
/fVg] cfdfn] klg dx;'; u/]sL 5}gg\ xf]nf, Tolt
glhsaf6 d}n] ltd|f] x[bosf] w8\sg ;'gs ] f] 5' .
cGt/s'Gt/ 5fd]sf] 5' .
ltd|f] dg dvdnL sk8fn] 5fg]sf] b'w lyof] .
laofF lagfsf] rfdn lyof] . c¿sf] ;'vdf ltdL
a]lx;fa /dfpFYof} . k'nlst x'GYof} . b'MvL bl/b|Lsf
nflu d'7L vf]ln xfNYof} . ;xof]u ubf{ 6f9f, glhs
5'66\ ofpF lygf}F .
…ltdL cfˆgf nflu t s]xL ;f]Rg] u/ . ef]ln
cfpFb} cfpFbg} h:tf] u/L n'6fpg] u5\of}{ . d kf]O
eO xfn]F . s]6fs]6L emg\ cfˆg} /ut eP . nf},
cfkmGt, gftfkftf klg ;xof]u ul/g]leq} k/] /] .
ufpFel/sf dfUg], vft]x?nfO{ klg ;lsg;sL lsg
;bfat{ nufpg' k/]sf] xf]nf . d t s'/} a'l‰bgF .Ú
d slxn]sfxLF emls{G+ y] . ugug uy]F{ .
…ultklt P]gfdf x]g{] ul/Psf] 5 ls gfO{+ wf]tL
tLg 7fpFdf l;nfPsf] 5 . rf]nf] rfNgf] 5 . cfFvf
d'lGt/ sfnf]kf]tf] al; ;Sof] . rfln; gk'Ub} r]x/fdf
rfp/L b]lvg yfNof] . skfn gsf]/s ] f] dlxgf}F eof]
xf]nf . clnslt ;do cfkm"nfO{ klg lbg' k¥of]
SofÚ d yKy]F .
x'g t dnfO{ yfxf lyof], d]/f] emls{g,' kmlGsg'n]
ltdLnfO{ s'g} c;/ kg]{ 5}g . k|efj kg]{ 5}g . ltdL
of] dfldnfdf xb} lh2L :jefjsL lyof} . s's/' sf]
k'R5/ eGbf cem} pko'Qm xf]nf . dnfO{ ;Demgf 5,
bfDkTosf] hLjg ;'? ePsf] bf];f| ] lbg lyof] . Tof]
laxfg ltdLn] b]j/, gGb, ef~hf, ef~hL a6'Nof} /
dfOtLaf6 NofPsf, pkxf/df kfPsf ePe/sf
sk8fsf ;fy} ;fgfltgf uxgf;d]t afF8g\ yfNof} .
d}n] t'?Gt} s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfOgF t/ /flt
eg] c;Gt'li6sf] 8sf/ lgsfn]sf] lyPF—…clt ba]{
aln /fhf ===.Ú
…;Gtf]if ;/ Û dg eg]sf] jgdf 3'Dg], cfsfzdf
p8\g] r/L xf] . r/fnfO{ kv]6f sf6L lkFh8fdf s}b
ul/of] eg] s:tf] x'G5 xf]nf, sNkgf ug'; { \ t . d}n]
klg s;}nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ gkfpg' eg]sf]
kv]6f sf6]sf] r/f agfpg' xf] . df:6/ dfG5] s'/f]
a'‰g' eof] xf]nf . cGgkfgLsf] z/L/ xf] . Ps d'7L
;f; arfpg vfg} k5{ t/ o;sf nflu df;'eft
g} rflxFbg} . cf6f]l9F8f] h] eP klg rN5 . /Xof]
nfpg] s'/f, hfkfgL ;f8L, sfgdf xL/fsf 6k,
3fF6Ldf g]sn]; nfpg] ;kgf b]vs ] } 5}g . k'lu;l/
cfP5 eg] gfOF geg'n F f t/ u/uxgfd} dl/xQ] ug]{
5}g . Hofg kmfNg] 5}g . tkfO{n + fO{ yfxf 5, dnfO{
klg . of] z/L/nfO{ hlt;'s} dnhn, uf]8d]n,
l;Fuf/k6f/ u/] tfklg Ps lbg ;'Sg' g} 5 . hNg'
g} 5 / eid x'g] a]nfdf cfh;Dd s;}n] klg s]xL
lnP/ uPsf] Oltxf; 5}g . h;/L cfPsf] lyof],
To;/L g} hfg] xf] . ef] 5f8\g; ' ,\ of] ;a .Ú d}n]
Znf]s eg]/ gEofpFb} ltdLn] d]/f] gfssf] 6'Kkf]
a6fb}{ bfg dlxdfsf af/]df nfdf] k|jrg lbof} .
ltdLn] Tof] /ftdf cGt/fTdfsf] cfjfh af]ns ] f]
x'g' k5{ . d}n] w]/} a]/;Dd ud vfPsf] lyPF / ltd|f]
bz{gnfO{ x/]s sf]0faf6 hfFrs ] f] lyPF . ltd|f] hjfkm
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 41
vFlbnf] / uxlsnf] nfu]sf] lyof] . d}n] t'?Gt} ltd|f]
pQ/nfO{ ;odf ;o gDa/ 6\jfqmfSs} lbO xfn]sf]
lyPF t/ klg dfG5] g k/]F . nf]esf] y}nf] . y}nf]af6
obfsbf 6';f] lglSn xfNYof] / km]l/ ;Demfpg] bfp/f]
p7fO xfNy]F . ltd|f] hjfkm pxL x'GYof] . :jefj pxL
x'GYof] . ltnu]8L a/fa/ sd x'bF g} Yof] .
t, ltdLn] dnfO{ rfln; g6]Sb} r6Ss 5f8]/
uof} . x'g t of] hut\df ;a} k|f0fLx?n] cfdfsf]
ue{df af; ug]{ ;dod} dflysf] l6s6 a's u/]/}
cfPsf x'G5g\ . sf]xL cufl8 hfG5g\, sf]xL k5fl8 .
sf]xL pHofnf] b]Vg gkfP/} cfFvf lrDnG5g\ . sf]xL
sf7 eP/ d5{g\ . ;+;f/sf] rqm o;/L g} rN5 .
rln/x]sf] 5 t/ k|sl[ tn] dfgjdf, xf] dfgjdf dfq
crDdsf] efjgf el/lbPsf] 5 . Tof] s] eg] pm
cfkm"nfO{ chDd/L 7fG5 . sfnhoL 7fG5 .
cfˆg} cfFvf cufl8 lbglbg} d[To' x'G5 . nf;
hnfOG5 . rLTsf/ / ?jfjf;L x'G5 t/ pm cfkm"
gd/]sf]df 3d08 u5{ . 3d08 ug]{ dfq xf]Og ls
s'g} lbg v/fgL eOg] xf] egL ;f]Rb} g;f]rL
cg]syl/sf nfdf nfdf of]hgf agfpFb‘ } hfG5 .
lg/f]uL dfG5]sf] t s'/} 5f8f},F SofG;/sf] clGtd
cj:yfsf] la/fdLn] klg lbNnL / e]Nnf]/ cyjf
kx'rF cg';f/sf] 7fpFdf uO{ dxFuf / ;'ljwfo'Qm
c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{ cw'/f sfdx? ;DkGg
ug]{ tfgfafgf a'lg /x]sf] x'G5 .
p;sf] csf]{ :jefj s] xf] eg] Psbd} glhssf]
s'g} dfG5]nfO{ crfgs sfnn] 6kSs l6kL nu]df
eg] pm eolet x'G5 . 56k6fpF5, ltnldnfpF5,
a]rg} x'G5 . sfnn] cGofo, 5nsk6 u/]sf] 7fG5 .
;f;} vf];/] nu]sf] dx;'; u5{ .
oxL Joyf ddf k/]sf] 5 . xf], ltdL d]/f] ;f;
lyof} . d'6' lyof} . k|f0f lyof} . To;}n] d klg cJoQm
56k6L, a]rg} Lsf ;fy afFl‘ r /x]sf] 5' . afFRg' eGbf
klg afFrs ] f] pkqmd /lr /x]sf] 5' .
ltdL d]/f] lhGbuLdf cfof} . ltdLnfO{ ljlbt}
5, o;sf] /dfOnf] t/ :d/0fLo kf6f] 5, xlu .
d ev{/ k|lj0ftf txsf] k/LIff lbP/ :s'n …HjfOgÚ
u/]sf] lyPF . d]/f ev{/ h'Fuf/]vL dfq a;]sf lyP .
sfvLdf h}/] knfpFb} lyP . :j/ wf]bf| ] lyof] . ddf
s'/s'/] a};
+ eG5g\ lg To:t} s'/s'/ ug{ nfu]sf] lyof] .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 42
k|1f–ultljlw
ltdL cf7 sIffdf k9\g] ljBfyL{ lyof} . c¿
lzIfs k9fpg hfFbf ltdLn] s] uYof}{ < yfxf ePg .
d sIffleq k:bf eg] ltd|f] cf]7df ;w}F r'na'n]
d':sfg x'GYof] . d sfnf] kf6Ldf lx;fa cyjf
lj1fgsf] ;'q n]Vy]F / ;'q ;Demfpg cufl8 kmls+b{ f
ltdLn] dnfO{ g} s]lGb|t u/L s]xL g s]xL xfpefp,
s6fIf ul/ /x]sL x'GYof} . O;f/f u/]sL x'GYof} . c¿
ljBfyLx? o:t} eGy] . d}n] Wofg lbPsf] lyOgF .
Ps lbg ltdLn] dof{bfsf] ;Ldf gf3L sfkLsf]
kfgfsf] k/]jf agfO d]/f] lk7ØFd" f xfGg ;d]t EofPsL
lyof} . d km'Rr] pd]/sf] eP tfklg lyPF t lzIfs
g} . d]/f sG;/Lsf /f}F tfltPsf lyP . l/;n] wfdL
ePsf] lyPF, d . Tof] lbg ltdLnfO{ d}n] 86\sf/ dfq
nufOgF, tf]/Lsf km'n b]Vg] u/L ufnfdf r6\sfO
lbPsf] lyPF . d]/f] emfk8af6 ddf{xt x'bF } ltdLn]
g/fd|f;] uF cfF;s ' f e]n aufPsL lyof} . 3f]K6f] k/L
?g;Dd /f]PsL lyof} . dnfO{ s]xL If0fd} kZrftfk
h:tf], cfTdUnflg h:tf] s]xL ePsf] lyof] / 306L
;lsg' cufj} d sf]7faf6 aflxl/Psf] lyPF .
…;/L .Ú ltdL sfvLdf sfkLlstfa RofkL PSn}
lxFl8 /x]sL lyof} . :s'n ufpFeGbf s]xL 6f9f lyof] . :s'n
cfphfp ug{ cfwf 306fhlt ;fn3f/L l5rf]Ng' kYof]{ .
…dg gkg]{ dfG5];u‘ lsg af]Ng' k¥of] < lsg
;flSsg' k¥of] <Ú ltdLn] 7'l:sFb} d'G6f] a6f/]sL lyof} .
…clg df:6/nfO{ klg k/]jfn] lxsf{p5 F g\ t .Ú
d}n] ;Demfpg] kf/fn] xNsf /f]if k|s6 u/]sf] lyPF .
…dg k/]kl5 s] ug'{ t .Ú ltdL lgd{n uª\uf
eP/ au]sL lyof} / a]tf]8n] bf}8s ] L lyof} .
ltd|f] lgZ5n, kljq, 5nsk6 ljxLg hjfkmn]
d gfhjfkm ePsf] lyPF . xf], ToxL If0fdf g} d}n]
ltdLnfO{ 6kSs l6kL slxNo} gplKsg] u/L dgsf]
leqL s'gfdf rkSs 6fF;s ] f] lyPF .
d}n] d]/f] dgsf] tx 3/df uP/ vf]nk] l5 7'n}
aa08/ dlRrPsf] lyof] . sf]nfxn dlRrPsf] lyof] .
aa08/ / sf]nfxn x'gfsf ltg sf/0fx? lyP .
— Ps, ltdL s]6fs]6L g} lyof}, 3/ ;DxfNg
g;Sg] pd]/sL .
—bf];f| ,] ltdL d]/f] ljBfyL{ lyof}, h'g xfd|f]
kl/jf/, ;dfhn] krfpg} ;Sb}gYof] .
—t];f| ] / cxd\ ;jfn, d]/f] afa'cfdfsf] b[li6df
ltdL :s'nsf] 6xn'jfsL 5f]/L lyof} .
o;sf] dtna s'g} klg xfntdf a'xf/L egL
:jLsf/ ug}{ g;lsg] . t/ d}n] oL ;a egfOnfO{
s'g} jf:tf ul/gF . 3/df p7fOg] x/]s k|Zgsf] pQ/
;s];Dd lbFb} uPF . ;s]hlt tuf/fx? kG5ØfpFb}
uPF / cGTodf ltdLnfO{ d}n] ckgfP/} 5f8]F .
ltd|f] ;fydf s'g hfb'sf] 58L lyof] s'lGg Û
ltdL lelqPsf] s]xL dlxgfd} d]/f afa'cfdfsf] dg
lhlt xfNof} . d]/f] t ;j{Zj g} eO xfNof} . clxn]
ltdLnfO{ ufnL ug{ dg nfU5 . sf]:g dg nfU5 .
olb dnfO{ k"j{ hfgsf/L ePsf] eP d slxNo} klg
ltd|f] gzf ddf r9\g} lbg] lyOgF . ltdLk|lt cfl>t
x'g] g} lyOgF . lsgf]{ eP/ af‘Rg] lyOgF . lsgf]n
{ ] sd;]sd
cfˆg} d'vn] /ut r':5 . ltdLn] t dnfO{ cfˆg}
xftv'§f klg rnfpg glbP/ wld/fn] vfPsf] vf]qmf]
d'9f] agfP/ 5fl8 lbof} . laxfg cfFvf v'Ng kfPsf]
5}g, lrof tof/ . :s'n hfg] ;dodf sk8f, h'Qf
tof/ . vfg] a]nfdf :jflbnf] vfgf tof/ . sfdaf6
kms]/{ ;':tfpg kfPsf] 5}g, vfhf tof/ .
ghflgFbf] lsl;dn] ltdL kTgL eGbf cfdfdf
¿kfGt/0f eO ;s]sL /lx5f} . cfdfn] dnfO{ hGd
lbOg\ . x'sf{Og\, a9fOg\ . hf8f]df sDan eOg\ .
a;f{tdf 5ftf algg\ . la/fdL kbf{ sf7]kft] eOg\ .
o;/L b'O{ v'§f 6]s/] lxF8g\ ] dfq agfOgg\, b'O{ cIf/
lrGg];Dd agfOg\ .
To;kl5sf] af]em t ltdLn] g} p7fPsf] xf]Og
/ Û ltdLn] /ft elggf} . lbg elggf} . afbn, a;f{t,
x'/L s]xL klg elggf} . d]/f] ;]jfdf lg/Gt/ nflu
/Xof} . 3/sf x/]s ;d:ofx? r'6s \ Ldf ;dfwfg ul/
xfNYof}, dfgf}F ltd|f] sDd/df x/]s ;d:ofsf] a'6L
lyof] . /fdjf0f cf}ifwLsf] kf]sf] lyof] . cfdf aGg' t
k|sl[ tsf] j/bfg g} eO xfNof] . s'g} lbg klg ltd|f]
r]x/fdf d}n] ysfg b]lvgF . d'vaf6 P]of eg]sf]
;'lggF .
…cg' Û ltdL t 3§eGbf a9L rN5Øf} . 3§nfO{
klg cf/fd rflxG5 . ltdLnfO{ rflxFbg} .Ú ltdLnfO{
ofb xf]nf, d eGg] uy]+{ .
…ef], ef] . :jfª kfg'{ kb}{g . nf]Ug]dfG5]n]
nf]nf]kf]tf] kf/]sf] ;'xfpFbg} , xf] .Ú ltdL km]l/ wGbf
ug{ h'l6 xfNYof} .
d]/f] lhDd]jf/L eg]sf] dlxgf d/]sf] lbgdf
ltd|f] xftdf ykSs tna /flv lbg' x'GYof] . hfaf]
df:6/sf] tna t eO xfNof] . Tof] tnaaf6 ltdLn]
s;/L dlxgf ws]NYof}, afa' cfdf nufot kl/jf/sf
cGo ;b:ox?sf] dfu s;/L k'/f uYof}{ < ;a}eGbf
cxd\ ;jfn, kl/jf/nfO{ ;Gt'i6 agfP/ …lg8LÚnfO{
klg s;/L d'7L v'nf kfYof}{ < d}n] a'‰b} a'lemgF
lsgls a'‰g] cfjZstf g} k/]g . dfq slj eP/
;f]r— F] cg' dlnnf] v]t x'g\ h;n] ;w}F pAhgL lbO
/xG5 . cg' kLkn x'g\ h;n] ;w}F 5xf/L lbO /xG5 .
cg' gbL x'g\ hf] lg/Gt/ alu /xG5 .
olt e"ldsf lsg afFlw /x]sf] 5' eg] ltdLn] d]/f]
;fy 5f]8b] l] vg\ d a];xf/f ePsf] 5' . cgfy, 6'x/' f]
ePsf] 5' . alx/f], cGwf] dfq x}g n'nf]nª\u8f] klg
ePsf] 5' . lgb|fb]jL ?i6 5g\ . /ft /ftel/ ltd|f]
r]x/f dfq cfFvf jl/kl/ gflr /xG5 . x/kn ltd|f]
;Demgfn] lrdf]l6 /xG5 . nfU5— ltdLn] dnfO{
5f]8s] } 5}gf}F . ltdLn] o:tf] ck/fw ug}{ ;lSbgfF} .
bfofF afofF 5fD5' . of] cfzfdf ls ltdL d;Fu} 5Øf} .
dnfO{ ;'D;'DofO /x]sL 5Øf} . t/ of] e|d w]/} a]/;Dd
l6Sg ;Sb}g lsgls d]/} cfFvfn] ltdLnfO{ cfuf]n]
SjfKnfSs} lgn]/ v/fgL agfPsf] b]vs ] f] xF' .
ca csf]{ dgsf] kf6f] vf]n"F ls gvf]n"F x'bF 5
} .
a8f] b'ljwfdf 5' . cGof]nu|:t 5' . ltdLn] csf]{
cy{ nufpnL eGg] klg kL/ 5 . t/ dg xNsf
u/fP/} 5f8\5' . ef/L la;fP/} 5f8\5' .
ltd|} cufl8 dfOnL aHo} ljwjf ePsL x'g\ .
ls:g]sL cfdf t emg\ afn ljw'jf x'g\ . ?kf, tf/f,
zfGtf klg ljw'jf 5g\ . eGg t xfd|f] ;dfhdf
nf]Ug]sf] nf;;Fu} cfOdfO{sf] lhGbuL v/fgL eof]
elgG5 . of] syg To;} elgPsf] xf]Og, o;df ;Totf
klg 5 . t/ d eg] tL ljw'jfx?nfO{ cfkm"eGbf s}of}F
u'0ff v';L b]V5' . ;'vL b]V5' . ltdL egf}nL, s;/L <
Tof] s;/L eg] pgLx?n] sd;]sd Ps cfk;df b'Mv
;f6\g ;S5g\ . afF8g\ ;S5g\ . jNnf]kNnf] 3/df
hfg /f]s x'Fbg} . dh:tf ljw'/nfO{ of] :jtGqtf klg
t 5}g . d b'O6{ f dfq pbfx/0f lbG5' .
Tof] lyO{ lg, l/dfnsf] 3/df sfd ug{ NofOPsL
km'RrL . s] gfd /] < cF, dfof . pm cfpFbf s:tL lyO{,
xlu . xftv'§f k6k6L km'6s ] f, hLpel/ tLgkq don,
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 43
s;}n] huN6f n'5s ] f], e'TNofPsf] h:tf] skfn .
…l8Fufsf] afR5f] klg lrl6Sssf] x'G5 . of] s]6L
s] ePsL xf] .Ú ltdLn] t'?Gt} k|ltlqmof lbPsL lyof} .
xf], ToxL s]6L x]bf{xb] {} hjfg ePsL 5 . oxfF
cfpFbf g} l5lKk ;s]sf], pd]/ vfO ;s]sf] x'g' k5{ .
kf]lifnf] vfgf kfP/ xf]nf, 5f]6f] ;dod} kf]l6nL ePsL
5 . ;asL …dfofÚ ePsL 5 . ltdLnfO{ ofb xf]nf, d
Tof] a]nfb]lv g} …h'dL| Ú egL lh:SofpFy] . clxn] klg
d p;nfO{ klxnf] lbgsf] em}F km'RrL g} b]V5' . dfof
b]lVbgF . d]/f] pd]/n] ;'xfpFbf klg ;'xfPg .
…dfof lax] u5];{ \ . s]6f] vf]hf}F <Ú pm t/sf/Lsf]
emf]nf af]sL u]6leq l5g}{ cfF6s ] L lyO{ . d laxfg
…jfsÚaf6 kmls{b+ } lyPF .
…:jf:gL d/]sf] ===.Ú pm ;lGsFb} af6f] nfuL .
jfSo k'/f gu/] tfklg p;sf] cfzo a'em]—F …kftsL
a'9f] Û sL/f k/L d/];\ . :jf:gL lat]sf] rf/ dlxgf
ePsf] 5}g . 5f]/L eGg ;'xfpg]nfO{ lh:SofpFb} lxF85 \ .Ú
csf]{ ;Demg nfos 36gf klg 5 . ;w}F
;xfg'el" t JoQm ug]{ sdnf efph" klg ts]/{ lxF8g\
yfn]sL 5g\ . pxL sdnf efph" Sof Û d]/f] ldNg]
;fyL ?kssf] >LdtL . ?kssf] csfnd} df]6/
;fOsn b'36{ gfdf k/L d[To' ePsf] ltdLnfO{ hfgsf/L
g} 5 . ltdL x'bF f pgL lbgsf] ;qkN6 cfpFlyg\ .
klt;Fu latfPsf knx? ;DeFmb} cfF;'sf] tfn
agfpFlyg\ . xfdL 9f8; lbGYof}F . ;fGTjgf lbGYof}F .
pgsf] cfF;' k'5g\ ] k|oTg uYof}+{ .
d klg pgsf] h:t} lgolt ef]Ug' k/]kl5 b'Mv
;f6\g pgsf] 3/df hfg yfn]F . xfdL b'O6{ } Pp6}
v's/' Lsf] df/df k/]sf k|f0fL lyof}F . pgsf lk|o
kltsf] b]xfGt ePsf] lyof] eg] d]/L Kof/L kTgLsf] .
PSnL x'bF f pgnfO{ xfd|f] 3/df cfpg 5'6 lyof] t/
d PSnf] ePkl5 pgsf] 3/df hfFbf cs}{ cfFvfn]
x]l/of] . cg]syl/ nf~5gf nufOof] . dnfO{ e|i6,
kltt, Jolerf/Lsf] cf/f]k nufOof] . eg t cg' Û
pgsf] 3/df uP/, b'Mv kf]v/] d}n] ck/fw u/]s} xf]
t < d;Fu s] ef/L la;fpg] clwsf/ klg /x]g t <
cg' Û ca d cfˆgf] ax s;nfO{ kf]v"F < d
;
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 44
k|1f–ultljlw
PsnsfF6] dfG5] . ;fyLefO g} slt 5g\ / Û ePsfsf]
klg cfˆg} ;+;f/ 5 . s;}sf] gf]s/L 5 . s;}sf]
aGbJofkf/ . km';l{ bnf sf] 5g\ / Û km]l/ Ps lbg, b'O{
lbg kf] csf{sf] 3/df hfg ;'xfpF5 . lbglbg}
em':;em':; hfg d]/f] dgn] dfGb}g .
/Xof], 3/sf] s'/f . 3/sf 5f]/fa'xf/Lsf] klg
cfˆg} b'lgofF 5 . rf}la;} 306f d;Fu} a:g] s'/f
ePg . a; eGg klg ;'xfPg . b'js } f] gf]s/L 5 .
b'j} b; ah] 3/af6 lgSnG5g\ / ;fFem emdSs eO{
;s]kl5 3/df kmls{G5g\ . km';b{ eg]sf] labfsf]
lbgdf x'g] xf] . Tof] lbgdf klg a'xf/Ln] 3/wGbf
ub}d { f 6fpsf] p7fpg kfpFlbg . 5f]/f] ufF; l6Kg
kfPsf] x'bF g} , 6fk sl;xfN5 . o;f] Ps lbg ;fyLefO,
Oi6ldq e]6g\ dg nfUbf] xf], ghf eGg klg ePg .
gflt gfltgf klg c¿ lbgdf xf]djs{n] af]Ng}
kfpFbg} g\ . labfsf] lbgdf l6eLaf6 cfFvf lemldSs
kfb}{gg\ . clg d sf];Fu hfg" < sf];Fu ;do
latfpg" < sf];uF ulkmg' <
…pd]/ ldNg] sf]xL ;fyL vf]h] eO xfNof] lg .Ú
ltdLn] egf}nL, s]xL ldqx?n] klg To:t} ;Nnfx
kl:sG5g\ .
5Øf===5Øf===5Øf=== Û of] lgs[i6 ;f]r ddf
clxn];Dd cfPsf] 5}g . d k'sf/f u5',{ cfpFbf klg
gcfj;\ . a? s'lxP/, ;8]/ d5',{ ltd|f] :yfg c¿nfO{
dl/uP lbGgF .
cg' Û o:tf] ljifd, c;xh l:yltdf afFrs ] f]
5' . afFrs ] f] 5' eGbf ltdL;Fu Psfsf/ x'g] lbg
ug]/ a;]sf] 5' . hlt;'s} kL8f eP klg em'l08P/
dg{ ;lsFbf] /x]g5 . dg{ g;s] klg ax'nfpg kfP
x' G Yof] em} F nfU5 . sd;] s d cfNt' k mfNt' t
;f]lrFbg} Yof] . 3f]Rsfk]Rsf ;'lgFbg} Yof] . ;'g] klg
dx;'; ul/Fbg} Yof] . olt n]lv ;s]kl5 dg clnslt
xNsf ePsf] 5 lsgls of] 8fo/Lsf kfgf el/ /xFbf
d}n] ltdLnfO{ Psbd glhs kfPsf] 5' . ltd|f] ;f;sf]
Gofgf]kg dx;'; ub}{ 5' . ;fob cfh d lgbfpg
;s'n F f h:tf] nflu /x]sf] 5 .
;kgLdf cfpm x}, cg' nfdf] s'/fsfgL u/f}n F f.
syf
;lxb kl/jf/
;/0f /fO{
;a} ls;fgsf] h:t} d]/f] cj:yf 5 . emg\
o;kfnL t cg]sf}F ljklQdfly cfklQ ylkPsf] 5 .
d cyfx kL8fleq 8'la /x]sf] 5' . ls;fgsf] kL8f
ha p;sf] v]tL afemf] x'G5 Tof] eGbf kL8fbfoL
cj:yf c¿ s] x'g ;Snf < v]tL p7fpg] ;fdYo{
dl;t /x]g . hf]Tg] uf]? 5}g . d]/f] x/]s v]tL ls;fgLsf
sfdx?df ;fy lbg] hLjg ;fyL, cwf{ËLgL, Kof/L
kTgL …Kof/fnfOl;;Ú eP/ cf]5Øfgdf nl8 /x]sL
5] . p;nfO{ :ofxfbf{ :ofxfb}{ d]/f lbg /ft lalt
/x]sf 5g\ . d PSn} v]tL p7fpg ;S5' h:tf] nfUb}g .
b'O{ 5f]/f, Ps 5f]/L / xfdL klt kTgL kfFr
hgfsf] cToGt ;'vL kl/jf/ lyof] . cfˆg} kfv'/L ahfP/
cfgGb;fy hLjg u'hf/f ul/ /x]sf lyof}F . cfwL k]6
vfP/ klg ;Gtf]if dflg /x]sf lyof}F . afFRg' k|sl[ tsf]
c;Ld s[kf ;Dem]sf lyof}F . ef]sef]s} lbg sf6\g] ul/asf
cj:yf x]/L xfdL /fd|} xfntdf lyof}F .
…/fHo sxfF 5 < /fHo;Qf s] xf] < s;/L
zf]if0fsf] dfWod ePsf] 5 k'/fgf] ;Qf <Ú Ps lbg
ufpFdf ljb|fx] Lx? cfP / o:tf cg]sf}F s'/f ug{
yfn] . …ef]sn] dg'e { Gbf hgd'lQmsf nflu hgo'4df
dg'{ hflt xf]Ú eg] . …/fHo ;Qf aGb'ssf] gfnaf6
hGdG5Ú eg] pgLx?n] / dfu] aGb's af]s/] n8\g
;Sg] xfd|f hjfg 5f]/f jf 5f]/L . ufpFsf cGo
o'jfx?;Fu d]/f] h]7f 5f]/f klg uof] h;nfO{ pgLx?
…;'dgÚ pkgfdn] af]nfpFy] .
Tolt a]nf ;'lgGYof], ;]gf / ljb|fx] LaLr 3df;fg
o'4 eO /x]sf] 5 . o'4df olt ;]gf dfl/P, olt
ljb|fx] L dfl/P . y'k}| lgbf]i{ f, lgxTyf dflg;x? klg
cgfxsdf dfl/P . k|ltlbg d[To', lx+;f, Wj+; /
ljgf;sf va/ dfq ;'lgGYof] . To:tf] a]nf …;'dgÚ
s] ul/ /x]sf] xf]nf < cfdf / d slNk /xGYof},F
…5f]/fsf] z'e ;dfrf/Ú ;'Gg kfOof];\ .
;]gf cfP/ cg]sf}F ;f]wk'5, s]/sf/, xlKsbKsL,
s'6lk6 / oftgfx? lbGYof] . ;xGYof}F . Ps k6s t
ufpFsf] k'5f/sf] PsfGt :yndf nu]/ aGb'sn] tfSb}
…df5f}ÚF{ eg] . …of] h'gL olt g} /x]5Ú eGg] ;f]Rof}F .
lgxTyf ls;fg xfdL s] ug{ ;SYof}F / < df5{g\ eg]
dg{ tof/ eof}F . xfdLnfO{ g} 5f]/f sxfF 5 < yfxf
lyPg, s;/L b]vfpg] < pgLx?n] ug{;DDf u/], dfg{
rflxF df/]gg\ . cwd/f], s'6fOn] lylNynf] z/L/,
z/L/eGbf a9L b'vs ] f] dg lnP/ xfdL cw{ax] f];
cj:yfdf 3/ kmSof}F{ . afFRg t afFRof}F t/ ;wF} dgleq
;Gtfk, qf; / j]bgfsf] /fFsf] af]s/] ql;t ql;t .
;' G of} F — ufpF s f] wgLdfgL hldGbf/nfO{
;'/fsLsf] cf/f]k nufP/ ljb|fx] Lx?n] df/] . b'Mv
nfUof], To;/L df/L xfNg' t gx'g] xf] . Tolt a]nf
dfG5] dfg'{ / dfl/g' ;fdfGo s'/f ePsf] lyof] .
ls;fg xf},F xfdL v]tL 5f8\g ;Qm}gYof}F . v]tL
ug}{ kYof],{ ul/ g} /Xof}F{ . dg slxNo} 9'Ss x'g ;s]g .
slxn] ;]gf cfpg] xf] < b'Mv lbg] xf] . slxn] 5f]/f
dfl/Psf] va/ cfpg] xf] < lar/L d]/L dfofn' hLjg
;ËLgL ?kf lbg k|ltlbg b'AnL, lgGofp/L, zf]s ljXjn
/ lg/fz x'g yfnL . xFl;nL, km:of{OnL, tGb'?:t,
:j:y cfOdfO{ /f]uL / lgof;|L x'g yfnL .
dfG5]sf] hLjg} s] /x]5 / < slt a]nf k'm:;
k|f0f hfg] xf] < gx/sf] l8nsf] rf}af6f]df xl/s[i0f]
;fOsn d/Ddt k;n vf]n/] /fd}| cfDbfgL ul/
/x]sf] lyof] . ;fydf To;}sf] 5]pdf lrof k;n
yfk]/ p;sL kTgLn] klg yk cfDbfgL ul/ /x]sL
lyO . v]tLsf] cfDbfgLdf oL cltl/Qm cfDbfgL
ylkFbf pgLx?sf] hLjg:t/ psfl;Fb} lyof] .
5f]/f5f]/Lx? af]l8{ª :s'n k9\g yfn]sf lyP . xl/s[i0f]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 45
h:tf] Pp6f ls;fgn] u/]sf] k|ultn] dnfO{ klg
k|/] 0ff lbO /x]sf] lyof] . yk cfDbfgLsf nflu d
klg To:t} s]xL ug]{ ljrf/ ul/ /x]sf] lyPF . ;'G5',
p;nfO{ la/fdL eP/ ;x/sf] 7"nf] c:ktfndf
nluof], pkrf/df lgs} vr{ nfUof] /] / pm ;f]lw
/xGYof] /], …slt vr{ nfUb} 5 <Ú
…cln slt yf]/Ú} kTgLn] p;nfO{ w]/} eO /x]sf]
pkrf/ vr{ gb]vfO 9fF6L /x]sL lyO{ . t}klg pm egL
/xGYof] …dnfO{ 3/} kmsf{pm, pkrf/df w]/} vr{ gu/ .
b'Mv u/L sdfPsf] k};f d cfˆgf] pkrf/df ;Sg
rfxGGfF . Tof] k};f ltdLx?nfO{ eljiodf sfd nfU5 .Ú
pm cfk"mn] b'Mv u/L sdfPsf] k};f kl/jf/sf
nflu ;fFRg rfxGYof] . t/ kTgLn] nf]Ug] g} ;a}yf]s
xf] eGg] ;f]r/] cf}iflw pkrf/df ;Sbf] x'bF f] vr{ u/L
t/ xl/s[i0f] afFrg] . la/fdL x'ge ' Gbf s]xL dlxgf
cufl8b]lv pm lgs} /S;L vfg] / v'jfpg] ePsf]
lyof] . cwa}z + ] pd]/df g} cfk"mn] sdfPsf] k};f
pkrf/df l;4fP/ d¥of] /] .
dfG5]sf] k'm:;f hLjg Û ?kfnfO{ klg s]xL
eof] eg] === ;fob d klg afFRg ;lQmgF . pd]/
kfsf] ePkl5 l76fl76Lx?;Fu s'/f ldNb}g . cfˆgf
bf}t/] Lx? sf] stf, sf] stf, s] s]df cNdln /x]sf
x'G5g\, e]63f6 x'bF g} . ;fyLx?n] 5f8\b} uPsf 5g\ .
d PSnf] x'bF } uO/x]sf] 5' . of] PSnf]kgdf pm 5] eg]
dnfO{ c¿ sf]xL rflxFbg} . pm 5] eg] d cfk"m k"0f{
ePsf] cg'ej u5'{ . d]/f] ;fyL, z'eR] 5's, ;xf/f,
;dy{s jf ;ayf]s pxL 5] .
?kfnfO{ c:ktfn hrfpFg nfg} k¥of] eGg]
;f]lr /x]sf] lyPF . ;w}F vr{sf] cefj . Ps a]ns ' L b'O{
hgf dflg;x? cfP, xtf/ xtf/ Pp6f emf]nf lbP/
uP . pgLx? uO ;s]kl5 d emf]nf vf]N5' . emf]nfdf
;f7L xhf/ ?lkofF, /utn] ntkltPsf] …;'dgÚsf]
n'uf / Pp6f kq x'G5 . …s= lktf, s= dftf ===
nfn;nfd, === d'lQmo'4df …;'dgÚ ;lxb x'g' eof] .
alnbfgsf] pRr d"Nofª\sg u5f}={ ==nfn;nfd ÛÚ
?kf 8fFsf] 5f8]/ ?g yfnL . d klg g/f]O
a:g ;lQmgF . ?g' afx]s xfdL s] ug{ ;SYof}F / <Û
…5f]/f sfn], t}n] of] s] ul/;\ < xfdLnfO{
5f]8/] hfg ;ls;\ s;/L <Ú
…sfn] xf]Og, …;'dgÚ eg . w]/} rsf]{ g/f]pmF .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 46
k|1f–ultljlw
;/sf/L ;'/fsLx?n] ;'Gnfg\ / k]ml/ csf]{ cfklQ
ylkPnf ==Ú d p;nfO{ ;'d;'DofpFb} 9f8; lbG5' .
t/, d cfk}m klg cToGt ljrlnt ePsf] x'G5' . xf]
klg 5f]/f ljb|fx] L hg;]gfdf uPkl5 y'k}| ;f:tL
;x]sf lyof},F Tof] ;Dembf d'6' 8/n] sfD5 .
…;'gg' \ tL ;'/fsLx?n], Hofgdf/fx?n] . df?g\
dnfO{ klg Û d ca 8/fplbgF, sfn]sf] afa', 8/fplbgF .
dg{ tof/ 5', dfg{ tof/ 5' . d]/f] 5f]/f dfg]x{ ?nfO{
>fk lbG5', pgLx?sf] ;Tofgf; xf];\ . of] cfdfsf]
>fk xf], nfU5, nfU5===.Ú
…zfGt xf]pm, ?kf, zfGt xf]pm . zf]s ;'tf{
u/]/ s]xL kmfObf x'bF g} . gf]S;fg dfq x'G5 . dg
zfGt u/ . a? s;/L xfdL 5f]/fsf] Hofgdf/f;Fu
abnf lng ;S5f},F pkfo ;f]rf}ÚF , d eG5' .
p;sf] cg'xf/df clnslt pHofnf] kf]lvG5 /
eG5], …xfdL ;a} hg;]gfdf etL{ eP/ n8f}F 5f]/fsf]
d[To'sf] abnf lng===.Ú
…clxn] tTsfn} lg0f{o gu/f},F /fd|/L ;f]rf}F .Ú
5f]/fsf] d[To'df emG8} xfdLn] xf]; u'dfPsf
lyof}F . cfj]zdf emG8} ;a} kl/jf/ hËn k:g] ePsf
lyof}F . t/ df6f]sf] ;'uGw / v]tLkftLsf] dfofn]
v]tL 5f8\g ;s]gf}F . h]7f] 5f]/f] h:t} sfG5f] 5f]/f]
;fdb]d, 5f]/L lglndf klg dfl/P eg] xfd|f nflu
w/tL z"Go x'G5 . v]tL s;n] yfD5 <
sfG5f] 5f]/f] ;fdb]dnfO{ klg ufpFdf a:bf ljb|fx] Ln]
nfg ;Sg] jf ;]gfn] dfg{ ;Sg] 8/ ePsf]n] …;'dgÚsf]
Hofgn] ;fl6Psf] /sd lbP/ p;nfO{ …c/a hfpmÚ
eg]/ ljb]z k7fof}F . pm c/a uof] / clxn] pt} 5 . pm
va/ k7fO /x]sf] 5, …gofF ;+ljwfg ag]/ lylt a;]kl5,
s]xL u/L vfg] jftfj/0f ag]kl5 kmls{G5' .Ú
;+ljwfg slxn] aGg] xf] < lylt slxn] a:g]
xf] < k|ltIff/t d]/f] dgsf] csf]{ kL/ s;}nfO{ eGg
;lQmgF . 5f]/f ;fdb]d klg aGb afs;df nf;sf]
5ftLdfly kf;kf]6{ /fv]sf] kf;{n eP/ cfpg] xf]
ls < c/aaf6 w]/s } f] nf; To;/L cfPsf] ;'gs ] f] 5' .
?kf ;w}F la/fdL x'g yfn]sL lyO{ . /f]usf] h8
dfgl;s kL8f, ;Gtfk / oftgf /x]5 . 5f]/fsf]
d[To'n] pm /f]uL aGb} uO{ . ;fdb]dn] vr{ k7fof] eg]
c:ktfn n}hfpFnf eGg] ;f]rs ] f] lyPFF t/ p;n] k};f
k7fpg} ;s]g . Ps lbg ?kf a]xf]; eO{, c:ktfn
gnuL w/} kfOPg . p;sf nflu d h] klg ug{ tof/
lyPFF . pm lagfsf] hLjg d ;f]Rg} ;lQmgF lyPFF .
xnuf]? Affx]s dl;t ljsfp ;DklQ c¿ s]xL lyPg .
…xn uf]? a]R5f} <Ú d'lvofn] ;f]lw/x]sf lyP .
uf]?x? ;:t}df a]rF] . To:tf uf]?x? ;fob d
ca kfpg ;lQmgF . d]/f 5f]/fx? h:t} lyP, tL
uf]?x? . b'Mv ;'vsf ;fyL, d v';L ePsf], b'MvL
ePsf] pgLx? yfxf kfpFy] . hf]Tbf klg d]/f] ;fgf]
…xF===xFÚ d} d}n] s;/L sxfF stf hf]Tg rfx]sf] x',F yfxf
kfO xfNy] . d PSn} x'bF f pgLx?;Fu s'/f uy]{ o;/L—
…dfn], kfª\n,] ltdLx? d]/f 5f]/fx? xf} . xfdLnfO{
kfn]sf 5f} . xF===xF=== 5]p5]p, s'gfs'gf .Ú
uf]?x? hjfkm kmsf{pg ;Qm}gy] t/ d]/f] s'/f
a'‰y] . k'R5/, sfg, 6fpsf] xNnfpFb} d]/f] s'/fsf]
k|To'Q/ lbGy] . hf]Tg ;3fp k'¥ofpFy] . slxNo} rf]//]
afnLgfnL vfFbg} y] . ;fgf] kufxfn] g} tL chËsf
uf]?x?nfO{ afFw/] /fVg ;lsGYof] . slxNo} bfDnf]
r'8fP/ laemfO{ u/]gg\ . eg]sf] dfGy], b'Mv lbb}gy] .
;Fu;Fu} a;]sf] klg kfFr jif{ eO ;s]sf] lyof] .
To; cGt/fndf pgLx?;Fu d]/f] c1ft cfkmGtkg,
3lgi7tf, ldqtf, cfTdLotf / ;'dw'/ gftf al;
;s]sf] lyof] . s'g} lbg pgLx?nfO{ :ofxfg{ gkfpFbf
d lbSs x'Gy] . hLjg;fyL ?kf h:t} pgLx? d]/f
cToGt lk|o lyP . ?kf klg pgLx?nfO{ c;fWo
dfof uyL{ . hLpdf nfu]sf] uf]a/, kmf]xf]/ d}nf
k/fnsf] n'8Ln] k'l5 lbFbf pgLx? ;Gr dfGy] .
5f]/L lglndfnfO{ klg d's cfFvfn] x]//] pgLx?
dfof, :g]x / k|d ] b;f{pyF ] .
To:tf ;'jfgL uf]?x? d'lvof;Fu hfg dfGb}gg\ .
d'lvofsf] dfG5]n] bfDnf]n] ha/h:tL tfGbf 8]u
rNb}gg\ . d'lvofn] nf}/f]n] s'6/] lxF8fpg vf]Hbf
d]/f] d'6' r;Ss b'V5 . d]/f cfFvfx? /;fP / pgLx?
5]p uP/ d}n] eg],F …dfn], kfª\n,] d]/f 5f]/fx? Û
ltdLx?nfO{ d}n] d'lvofnfO{ a]rs ] f] 5' . ;'v;on
ug{ lgb{oL eP/ a]rs ] f] xf]Og . ltdLx?sf cfdf
?kf l;ls:t la/fdL 5] . dg'{ g afFRg'sf] bf];fFwdf
5] . ltdLx?nfO{ a]r/] kfPsf] k};fn] p;sf] Hofg
arfpg]5' . p;sf] Hofg arfpg d}n] pm hlQs}
Kof/f] ltdLx?nfO{ a]rs ] f] 5'===hfpm hfpm, ;s] eg]
km]l/ ltdLx?nfO{ kmsf{pg]5=' === .Ú
d d'lvofs} cufl8 w'?w'? /f]Psf] lyPF . d
/f]Psf] b]v/] dfn] / kfª\nn ] ] Ps cfk;df x]/fx]/
u/] . dfG5]x?n] …x'G5Ú eGg] ;ª\s]t ubf{ d'G6f]
dflyaf6 tn xNnfP h:t} 6fpsf] xNnfP .
af5fnfO{ rf6]em}F dnfO{ v;|f] lha|fn ] ] rf6]/ d's
efiffdf d;Fu …labfÚ dfu] . /;fPsf] cfFvfn] dnfO{
x]b}{ …cfk"m a]lrP/ eP klg cfdf ?kfsf] Hofg
arfpg]Ú d]/f] s'/f a'em]em}F pgLx? d'lvof;Fu v'?v'?
uP . Tolt a]nf d]/f] k'/} d'6' eSsflgof] .
xnuf]? a]rs ] f] k};fn] pkrf/ u/fPkl5 ?kf
afFrL t/ z/L/sf] cfwf efu grNg] …Kof/fnfOl;;Ú
eP/ . cfwf z/L/ grNg] p;nfO{ lnP/ d ufpF
kmls{Psf] 5' . cfwf z/L/ grNg] pgL;Fu d klg
s'hF f] ePsf] 5' . dgn] klg yfSg yfSg yfn]sf] 5' .
d'ns' df u0ftGq cfof] . ;lxbsf lktf eg]/
dnfO{ klg s'g} s'g} ;efx?df d~rdf a;fpF5g\,
;Ddfg u/L 6f]kN5g\ . ;/sf/n] lgsfn]sf] ;lxbsf]
gfdfjnLdf d]/f] 5f]/f] ;'dgsf] gfd 5}g . Tof] ;"rLdf
ljb|fx] Lx?n] ;'/fsL eg]/ df/]sf hldGbf/sf] gfd 5
/] . clxn] ;lxbsf] 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] kfpg] 5fqj[lQdf
hldGbf/sf 5f]/f5f]/L k9\b} 5g\ . d}n] eg] 5f]/L
lglndfnfO{ lkm; ltg],{ lstfa, skL, snd, 8«; ]
lsGg] vr{ geP/ :s'n k7fpg 5f8]sf] 5' . pgLx?n]
;lxbsf] kl/jf/nfO{ lbOg] /sd klg lnO ;s]sf
5g\ . ;lxbsf] gfdfjnLdf ;xdlt hgfpg]df ljb|fx] L
g]tfx? klg lyP /] . tL g]tfx?n] cfˆg} ;lxbx?nfO{
klg la;]{ /] . ;lxb klg efua08fdf afFl8of] /] eGg]
;'gs ] f] lyPF .
;lxbsf] lktf agfO 6f]kn]sf] d]/f] ;d:of s]
5 < jf:tljs ;lxb kl/jf/n] ef]lu /x]sf] ;d:of
s] 5 < ljrf/ ub}g{ g\ . ;lxbsf] ;kgfsf] s'/f u5{g,\
dfgf}F …;lxbsf] ;kgfÚ v]tL ubf{ rflxg] xnf] h:t}
/fhg}lts v]tL ubf{ k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ Pp6f cf}hf/
xf], kmut cf}hf/ . d d~rdf a:bf klg cfˆgf]
;d:of Ps If0f klg la;{g ;lQmgF .
…uf]? 5}g, s;/L v]tL u5f}{ <Ú ?kf ;f]W5] .
…h;/L eP klg u5'{ lg . ltdLn] ;'tf{ ug'{
kb}g{ .Ú eG5' d .
…;'tf{ s;/L gug'{ . d ltdLnfO{ ;3fpg
;lQmgF . afFrG' h]n ltdLnfO{ ;3fpFnf, ;fy lbpFnf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 47
eGy] t/ ===.Ú p;sf] cfFvfaf6 cfF;' v:5 .
…d afFrs] } 5', ltdL klg afFrs] } 5f} . d s]xL
g s]xL pkfo ul/ xfN5' lg .Ú
s]xL g s]xL u5'{ eG5' t/ of] c;f/sf] dlxgfdf
s;n] uf]? b]nf < s;n] hf]ltb]nf < d dgdg}
s'Fl8G5', sNkG5', …o;kfnL v]tL afFemf] x'g] ef],
pAhgL geP kl5 ef]sef]s} dg]{ eOof] .Ú ;a} v]tL
vlg;fWo 5}g . gub eP t s] lyof] / < v]tL
afFemf] /xg' ls;fgsf nflu Tof]eGbf b'MvbfoL /
nfhdbf]{ c¿ s]xL x'bF g} . 6«S] 6/ d'lvofsf] 5 t/
clu|d k};f ga'emfO hf]Tb}gg\ . ?kf Kof/fnfOl;;n]
nl8 /x]sL 5] . d klg klxnf h:tf] tfultnf],
hf]lznf] / ;Ifd 5}g . s] ug]{ xf]nf <
v]tL afFem} x'g] eof] . v]tL clxn] c¿ s;n]
ul/b]nf < ;a}nfO{ cfˆg} v]tL p7fpg d'l:sn eO
/x]sf] 5 . v]tL afFem} x'g] ef] == s:tf] kL8fbfoL
;
si6sf/L cj:yf Û dg r/Ss lrl/P/ cfpF5 .
5f]/fsf] d[To'sf] va/ yfxf kfpbf h:t} cfF;'
cfFvfaf6 t'?? v:5 . dgsf] w]/} kL8f, lrGtf /
kL/sf] af]emn] yfs]sf] d e';S' s} lgbfP5' .
lgs} k/af6 6«S] 6/ cfO/x]sf] ;fgf] cfjfh
cfpF5 . d pt} x]5,{' 5f]/L lglndf cfkm} rnfP/
;fgf] 6]S« 6/ NofO /x]sL 5] .
…s;sf] 6]S« 6/ xf] < lsg Nofof} <Ú
…xfd|f], ;/sf/n] ;lxb kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u
:j¿k pknAw u/fPsf] 6«S] 6/ . xfd|f] v]t hf]Tg .Ú
…xF===Ú xif{ljef]/ t/ cfZro{rlst d csdSs
k/]/ c¿ af]Ng g;sL 5Ss kb}{ lglndf / 6]S« 6/nfO{
x]l/ /x]sf] x'G5' .
d'lvofsf] v]t hf]Tg uO /x]sf] 6«S] 6/sf] rsf]{
cfjfhn] d Ao'e F mG5' . lbpF;} ;kgf b]Vb} /x]5' .
…lbpF;} ;kgf b]Vg'Ú eGy] lbpF;} ;kgf b]v5 ] '.

n3'syf===
b[Zo kl/jt{g
– w'j| dlwsdL{
rf]sdf 3/ ePsf b'O{ rf/ hgf s]6fs]6Lx? v]ln /x]sf lyP . lar lardf tL cfk;df Ps csf]n { fO{
5Sofpg] / v]ndf /f]rstf yKg cfOGbf o;f] ug{ kfOG5 of p;f] ug{ kfOGg eGb} lgod agfpFb} / ;+zf]wg
klg ul/ /x]sf lyP .
o;} a]nf l5d]ssf] s]6f] cfof] / ltgLx?sf] v]n x]g{ yfNof] . s]xL a]/ x]/k] l5 p;n] eGof]– d klg
v]nF" x} <
;w}F b]lv /xg] e]l6 /xg] / lrg] hfg]s} ePsfn] pgLx?n] gfOF eGg ;s]gg\ . pm v]ndf ;fd]n eof] .
Ps l5g kl5 l5d]ss} csf]{ s]6f] klg 3'Db} lkmb}{ cfOk'Uof] . s]xL a]/ v]n x]/k] l5 p;n] klg v]Ng
?lr b]vfof] . pgLx?n] gfOF eGg] s'/} ePg . pm klg v]ndf ;fd]n eof] .
o;} u/L kNnf] 5]pdf a:g] c¿ b'O{ rf/ s]6fx? klg v]ndf ylkg cfP . ltgnfO{ lnP/ pgLx?lar
v]Ng lbg] ls glbg] eGg]af/] sf]xLn] lbg] sf]xLn] glbg] eGg]df lg0f{o ug{ g;s]kl5 cGof}ns} lardf tL
v]ndf ;l/s eO xfn] .
))
ca v]n klxnf h:tf] /x]g .
kl5 cfPsf s]6fx? v]ndf dflx/ eP/ xf] jf klxnfb]lv v]ln /x]sfx? yfs]/ xf], v]ndf kl/jt{g
cfof] .
cfˆg} 3/ cfFugdf v]ln /x]sf tL s]6fx? ca v]Ng 5f]8/] c¿sf] v]n x]g{] bz{sdf ¿kfGtl/t eP .
;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 48

k|1f–ultljlw
syf
k/sLof
/flz kf08]
clg laxf u/]sf] lbg, xKtf, dlxgf ub}{ ha
;ft ;ft jif{ ;'nQ ' lrlKnP/ hfG5g\ . Goflos
xtf; aG5 . lg/fz aG5 . cfzf d5{ lktf aGg],
afa' sxnfpg] . :jf:gLn] c¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{
sfvdf lnO{ v]nfpFbf, s's/' sf] 5fp/f] jf afv|fsf
kf7fkf7Lx?nfO{ jfT;No kf]vs ] f] b]Vbf p;nfO{ klg
afa' aGg] /x/ 5 . p;n] hfg] ; Dd, p;n]
EofP;Ddsf] pkfo ul/ ;s]sf] 5 t/ klg p;sf]
dgf]sfdgf k"/f x'g] nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5}g . gflt–
gfltgfsf] rfxgfdf p;sL cfdfn] lbglbg} csf]{
ljjfx ug]{ bafa lbg yfn]sL 5g\ . b'O{ b'O6L :jf:gL
x'gx] ?sf] b'bz
{ f, cfˆgf] gfh's cfly{s l:ylt clg
:jf:gLk|ltsf] dfofn] ubf{ pm csL{ kTgL Nofpg]
bafa k/ ;fl//x]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] k6ssf] labfdf 3/ cfpF b f
Goflosn] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f s]xL af]l´nf] kfpF5 .
s]xL ;+zo, zÍf, pkzÍf . p;sL cfdfn] cfˆgL
:jf:gLnfO{ ;Fu} /fVg], ;fy} lnP/ hfg] lh2L lnPsL
x' l G5g\ . hjfg, a} F ; fn' , 5f] / f5f] / L gAofPsL
:jf:gLnfO{ PSn} 5f8\g x'Gg eGg] ;Nnfx lbPsL
x'lG5g\ . clg pm :jf:gLnfO{ cfkm";uF } ;x/ NofpF5 .
;fy} /fv]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 nfh dfgLdfgL
k5\of}/fsf] d'G6f] xftn] a]b,}{ km'sfpFb} ha p;sL
:jf:gLn] dlxgfjf/L /f]lsPsf] ;"rgf cfsl:ds
¿kdf lbG5], Goflos ub\ub\ x'G5, xif{ljef]/ aG5 .
:jf:gLnfO{ cFufnfdf a]5{ . RjfKk DjfOF vfG5 .
cl3Nnf] dlxgf labfdf 3/ hfFbf :jf:gL rf]lvP/
xKtf lbg hlt ePsL lyO{ . Ps /ft dfq latfP/
pm lxFl8 xfn]sf] lyof] . uf]nL t To;} /ft nfu]5
Sof/ < lktf aGg] ;Defjgfn] Goflos s]xL a'hs |'
ePsf], s]xL k|f9} ePsf] cg'ej u5{ . bfloTjx?
ylkG5g\ . ufDeLo{ a9\5 .
ue{ a9\b} hfg] qmddf :jf:gLk|ltsf] dfof
klg a9\b} hfg nfU5 . sfdwGbf ug]{ dflg;, /fd|f]
dL7f] vfgf, cf}ifwf]krf/ ;a}sf] Joj:yf ul/ lbG5
cfˆgf] Nofstn] EofP;Dd . s'g} lrhsf] sdL /xg
lbGg . :jf:gL olt ubf{ klg k|;Gg /xGg . pbf;–
pbf; /xG5] . …lsg olt vr{ ug'{ k¥of] < lsg olt
lrGtf lng' x'G5 < d cfkm}F ;a} ug{ ;S5' s]xL kL/
lng' kb}g{ Ú :jf:gLsf] cfu|x, s]xL k|lt/f]w x'G5 .
rf/ dlxgf k'uk] l5 ;fgf] e'8F L k|:6} lrlgg]
x'G5 . st} aflx/ lg:sg] a]nf Goflos :jf:gLnfO{
k5\of}/f cf]9g\ lbGg . x]¿g\ ;a}n=] == hfg'g\ g ;a}n]
=== e'8F L af]ss] f] . :jf:gLnfO{ a}nf eGg]x?sf cufl8
:jf:gLnfO{ afFemL eGg]x?nfO{ e'8F L 9NsfP/ b]vfO
lbg eG5 pm . p;nfO{ uj{ cg'ej x'G5, :jf:gLn]
eF8' L af]ss ] fdf . pm afa' aGg nfu]sfdf .
:jf:gL lbgel/ ;+1fz"Go eP/ 6f]nfpF5] …dg{
kfP klg x'g,] lsg xf] dg{ dfq dg nfU5Ú pm pbf;
eP/ eGg] u5{] . ;Defljt k|;j kL8fn] eofqmfGt
eP/ Tolt ql;t ePsL xf]nL . Tolt k9]nv ] s
] L
:jf:gL lsg o;/L 8/fPsL h:tf] nfU5 .
…of] t :jfefljs k|lqmof xf] . k|fs[lts, lsg
8/fpg' <Ú Goflos :jf:gLnfO{ ;D´fpF5 ;fGTjgf
lbG5 . ;fx; a9fpF5 .
/flt vf6df ;Fu} ;'t/] , gfËf] e'8F L ;'D;'DofP/,
ue{:y lzz'sf] rfn klxNofpg GoflosnfO{ Hofb}
dg k5{ === x'6\ === x'6=\ == u/L uf]nf] uef{zo k]6df
rn]sf] 7DofP/, pm Hofb} xlif{t x'G5 . aRrfnfO{
o:tf] agfpg] ===p:tf] agfpg]===5f]/f eP of] gfd
/fVg], 5f]/L eP pm gfd /fVg] ==;x;| sNkgf ===
kl/sNkgfx?df 8'Ab} . :jf:gLnfO{ klg ToxL ;+;f/df
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 49
k'¥ofpg] hdsf]{ u5{ . :jf:gL df}g /xG5] . csdSs
eP/ 6f]nfO /xG5] . …vfgf x]g{} dg nfUb}g . 5'g}
dg nfUb}g . jfGtf x'G5 . 6fpsf] b'V5 ===Ú :jf:gLsf
y'k}| u'gf;f x'G5g\ .
dlxgf k'/f x'G5 . k|;j j]bgfsf nIf0fx?
b]vf kg{ nfU5g\ . k|;l' t u[xdf :jf:gLsf] cfnfk
ljnfk ;'g/] p;sf] dg klg b|ljt x'G5 . …Tolt
si6 u/]/ aRrf hGdfpg' eGbf t aRr} gePsf]
a]; . oxL aRrfnfO{ clGtd agfpg' k¥of] === 5f]/f
eP klg 5f]/L eP klgÚ pm lg0f{o u5{ . rf/ 306fsf]
cys k|of;kl5 aRrf hGdG5 .
…5f]/fÚ
…awfO{Ú
p;sf] v';Lsf] ;Ldf /xGg . ev{/sf] lzz'nfO{
;kmf ;'U3/ kf/L sk8fdf a]/] /] g;{ Goflos glhs
cfO k'U5] / aRrfsf] cg'xf/ b]vfpF5] clg cfdfsf]
lhDdf nufpF5] . GoflossL :jf:gL k'nS' s Ps
k6s aRrfnfO{ x]//] 6f]nfpg nfU5] . cGodg:s .
x/fP´}F x'G5] st} lj:d[ltdf k'u/] .
…aRrfnfO{ b'w r';fpgf];\ gÚ g;{sf] cfjfhn]
GoflossL :jf:gL lapFl´P´}F aG5] / :tg r';fpg
nfU5] . s]xLa]/sf] r';fOkl5 aRrfn] b'w r':g 5f8\5
/ ?g nfU5 . :jf:gLsf] :tgaf6 b'w g} cfpGg .
b'w} ;'ss ] f] 5 . Goflos aRrfnfO{ 8Aafsf] b'wsf]
Joj:yf u5{ . l8:rfh{ ePkl5 :jf:gLnfO{ lnP/
pm 8]/f k'U5 . tNnf] tnf eP ;lhnf] x'g] . ;'Ts]/L
lhpnfO{ t];f| ] tNnf r9\g pSng} uf/f] . sf7df8f}d F f
eGg] lalQs} eg]h:tf] sf]7f sxfF kfOG5 / <
;'Ts]/Lsf nflu cfjZos ;/;fdfgx? .
:ofxf/–;';f/ ug]{ dflg; ;a}sf] oyf]lrt Joj:yf
ldnfpF5 p;n] . 3/af6 Û dfOtLaf6 ;3fpg s;}nfO{
af]nfpg rfxGg . p;sL :jf:gL …;'Tg] 7fpF g} 5}g
=== km]l/ ;a} sfd ug]{ dflg; oxLF kfpF5g\ lsg b'Mv
lbg'=== lsg Joy{sf] vr{ a9L ug'{ <Ú
5f]/fsf] Gjf/fg w'dwfdn] u5{===ef]het]/, ;fyL,
efO, Oi6ldq . awfO{ z'esfdgf . pkxf/ . lbgel/sf]
cfkfwfkL . dWo/ftdf PSsfl; lgb|f 6'65 \ p;sf] .
s] v6\sf] eof] < Goflos rfn df/]/ u'Gg nfU5 .
otfptf x]5{ === stfstf 8/ k:5 p;sf] dgdf .
aQL afN5 . :jf:gL d:t;Fu ;'ts ] L 5] .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 50
k|1f–ultljlw
…5f]/f] v} <Ú
cfdf;Fu} 6fFl;Psf] 5 ls < Goflosn] l;/s
p3f/]/ x]5{ . 5f]/f] 5}g . :jf:gLnfO{ Ao'tfpF5 .
;f]W5 …aRrf vf]O <Ú pgLx? aRrf w'OwF O' tF L vf]Hg
nfU5g\ . cf]5o\ fgsf] s'g} s'gfdf aRrf 5}g . :jf:gL
?g nfU5] . cfnfk ljnfk ug{ nfU5] . crfgs
6]an tn rfª nufPsf afs;x? /fv]lt/af6
…RofFÚ===sf] cfjfh cfpF5 .
afs;sf] r]kdf aRrf gfË} pQfgf] k/]sf] 5 .
:jf:gL xtkt aRrfnfO{ p7fP/ 5ftLdf 6fF:5],
b'w r';fpF5] . aRrf s]xLa]/ b'w hf]/, hf]/n] r';/]
b'wsf] d'G6f] d'vaf6 aflx/ lgsfN5 / ?g nfU5 .
aRrf s;/L 6]ansf] s'gfdf k'Uof] < s;n]
aRrfnfO{ ToxfF k'¥ofof] < P3f/ lbgsf] aRrf, sf]N6]
km]g{ klg g;Sg] cj:yf === cfkm}F 3;|/] hfg] t
;Defjgf g} 5}g . ‰ofn, 9f]sf ;a} aGb 5g\ .
r'sn ' h:tf] nufPsf] p:t} 5 . la/fnf] jf cGo
hgfj/n] l3;f¥of] eg] sf]7fdf l5g]{ Pp6f Kjfn;Dd
5}g . aRrfnfO{ vf];s ]| f], 3f]rs
] f] st} Pp6f bfu;Dd
5}g . clg aRrf ToxfF k'Uof] s;/L < lgs} ;f]r
ljrf/ rN5 . y'k|} ts{ljts{ x'G5g\ . Goflos
cGwljZjf;L xf]Og . e"tk|t] jf Vofsk|lt p;sf]
ljZjf; slxNo} /x]g . pm lrlGtt x'G5 . aRrfnfO{
b'w agfP/ v'jfpF5 . aRrf b'w lkP/ lgbfpF5 .
pgLx? lgbfpg ;Sb}gg\ . afFsL /ft hfu|fdd} laT5 .
aRrf slxn] 6]andfly===slxn] b/fhlt/=== s'g}
/ft 9f]sflg/=== s'g} /ft ‰ofn tn=== slxn] oxfF ===
slxn] pxfF === hf8fsf] s7\ofªlu|g] /ft == aGb ‰ofn
9f]sf === pgLx? Hofb} lrlGtt x'G5g\ . wfdL ´fFqmL
b]vfpF5g\ . b]jLb]ptf efS5g\ . af]sf, s'v/' fsf] efn]
r9fpF5g\ . kfnf] kx/f a:5g\ t/ /flt cfdfsf]
sfvdf ;'ts ] f] aRrfnfO{ vf];/] k/ ldNsfpg] v]n
aGb x'Gg . slt /ft Goflos hfuf a;]/ lrof] u5{ .
aNnaNn kfPsf] 5f]/f] Goflos Jofs'n x'G5 .
b'lZrGtfn] 5f]K5 . cg]s pkfo u5{ . cg]sf}; F uF
;Dks{ /fV5 . ;/;Nnfx lnG5 t/ s'g} ;'wf/
x'Gg . of] 8]/f 5f8]/ cs}{ gofF 7fpFdf 8]/f lngsf
nflu pm 6f]n 6f]n rxfg{ nfUb5 t/ eg]h:tf] 8]/f
kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
s}of}F lbgsf] hfu|fdn] Goflos b'AnfP/ x}6'
ePsf] 5 . p;sf cfFvfdf cfh klg lgb|f k/]sf]
5}g . k/ s's/' e'ss ] f] cfjfh cfpF5 . clg 3/
5]pd} nf6f]sf];/] f] s/fpF5 . Goflos p7]/ ‰ofn
vf]N5 . ‰ofndf lu|n 5}g, tLg tLgtn] 3/ . pm
aflx/ lgofN5 . tn lji0f'dlt ;x/el/sf] kmf]x/
af]s]/ ;nn alu /x]sf] 5 . ‰Øfnaf6 vl;of]
eg] < PSsfl; p;sf] dgdf 8/ pAhG5 < lhp
l;l/Ë x'G5 . lr;f] xfjfsf] Pp6f l;/]6fn] p;sf]
cfª lhl/Ë kfb{5 . Goflos :jf:gLlt/ x]5,{ pm
d:tn] lgbfPsL 5] . 6fpsf]el/ t]nn] nkSs ePsf]
;'Ts]/Lsf] kx]n
F f] cg'xf/ b]lvG5 . Goflos ;f]rdUg
x'G5 . slt a]nf lgbfpF5, p;nfO{ kQf] x'Gg .
s]xL j:t' v;]sf] EofQ cfjfhn] crfgs
Goflossf] lgb|f 6'65\ . pm ´NoFf:; x'G5 . ‰ofng]/
s'g} dfgj cfs[lt plePsf] 5 < sf] xf] < aQL
;
afN5 . ck|Tofl;t ¿kdf p;sL :jf:gL v'nf
‰ofnaf6 k/ k/ x]l/ /x]sL x'G5] . pm lgb|fdf eP
h:tL . nl¶P h:tL . ;Ddf]lxt h:tL b]lvG5] .
r/d t[Kt efjn], lgSs} ;Gt'i6 . cGwsf/nfO{ lrb}{
k/ lIflthnfO{ lgxfl/ /x]sL 5] .
Goflos h'?Ss p7]/ :jf:gL 5]p k'U5 .
;'Ts]/L :jf:gLn] s;/L lr;f] vfPsL < Goflos
:jf:gLsf] s'd ;dfP/ xNnfpF5 . pm lgb|faf6 Ao'lF tP
h:tL, a]xf];Laf6 af}l/P h:tL x'G5] . ´Nof:; x'bF }
cfˆgf] l:yltdf 5Ss k5{] . s;/L oxfF cfOk'u]F <
s;n] Nofof] < :jf:gL cSs g aSs k5{] . k/==k/=
tn Pp6f lrTsf/ u'GhG5 . 6f9f st} vf]nfsf]
au/df :ofn x'OF Øf x'OF Øf=== u/L s/fpg nfU5g\===
…5f]/f] v} <Ú pgLx? wFO' w'OF tL 5f]/f] vf]Hg nfU5g\ .
sf]7fleq 5f]/f] st} e]l6Fbg} .

n3'syf===
:jR5 5lj Û
– /~hg l3ld/] ‘slNkt’
Ps hgf JolSt cfˆgf] kh]/f]df Ps ;/sf/L sfof{no k'u] . ;'6s]; af]s/] sfof{no k|dv ' sf] sfo{sIfdf
k|:yfg u/] . sfof{no k|dv ' n] cToGt} ;Ddfg ub}{ pgnfO{ :jfut u/L …tftf]–lr;f]’ sf] Joj:yf klg u/] .
e]63f6sf] To:tf] t8se8s b]lvof] . To:tf] cgf}7f] dfxf]n b]v/] d}n] ;f]r,]F …oL JolSt t 7'n} k|z;
+ fof]Uo /x]5g\
eg] sfof{no k|dv ' klg g]kfnsf Ps cd"No lglwsf ¿kdf :yflkt /x]5g\ .’
a'‰b} hfFbf s'/f s] /x]5 eg], tL JolSt 7"nf] pBf]usf] dflns /x]5g\, h;n] ;f] sfof{nosf ;Dk"0f{
cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? pknAw u/fpFYof] . d}n] ‰ofnaf6 lgofn]/ x]/— F] pBf]ukltn] ?k}ofFn] el/Psf] ;'6s]z
sfof{no k|dv ' nfO{ lbP / eg], …wGojfb k|dv ' Ho", sd;n ;fdu|LnfO{ u'0f:t/Lotfdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L
;xof]u ul/ lbg' ePsf]df .’
sfof{no k|dv ' n] d'vaf6 y's lgNb} / pBf]ukltk|lt gtd:ts x'bF } eg], …xh'/sf] ;]jfsf] nflu d olt
dfq xf]Og cem h] k/] klg ug{ ;S5' . ;DaGw cem uf9f /xf];\ .’
pBf]uklt cToGt uj{ ub}{ sfof{noaf6 lgl:sg nfu] eg] pgnfO{ ljbf ug{ sfof{no k|dv ' e¥ofªaf6
u]6;Dd cf]ln{P/ xflb{s ljbfO u/] .
ef]lnkN6}bl] v ;f/f sfof{noel/ sfof{no k|dv ' n] sd;n ;fdu|LnfO{ l:js[t u/L 3'; vfPsf] /
sfof{nonfO{ 3f6f k'¥ofPsf] cfjfh p7\g yfNof] . p;n] ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps–Ps ub}{ af]nfP/ …rsn]6’
afF8o\ f] eGg] klg ;'lgof] . To;kl5 p;n] dGqLnfO{ af]nfP/ ax'dN" o pkxf/ k|bfg dfq u/]g dGqLsf]
;Ddfgdf eJo kf6L{ ;d]t u¥of] eGg] ;'lgof] .
s]xL ;ftfkl5 d}n] Ps lbg /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ ;'g,F] …cfh g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/L
Pjd\ === sfof{nosf sfof{no k|dv ' sf] eJo ;Ddfg ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" Pjd\ dfggLo dGqLHo"af6
x'g] ePsf] 5 . To;}n] pxfFn] ug'{ ePsf] u'g ;/sf/n] slxNo} e'Ng] 5}g / To:tf :jR5–5lj ePsf JolStsf]
;Ddfg / k|z; + f xfdL tdfd g]kfnLx?n] ;d]t ug'{ kg]5 { . pxfFkl| t xflb{s awfO Û’ ;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 51
syf
;fy
gf/fo0f ltjf/L
sf] x'g\ dnfO{ lgx'l/P/, b'O{ xft hf]8/] gd:sf/
ug]{ < eml:sPF klxn] t . t/ km]l/ ¿~r] xfF;f] xfF:b},
ofg] cf]7df d/~RofF;] d':sfg pdfb}{ k|To'Q/df d}n]
klg b'O{ xft hf]8,F] …gd:sf/Ú af]nF] . pgsf] >Ldfg\
cyf{t\ d]/f] e"=k"= ;fyL k|df]b eg] uhSs k/]/, yfxf
gkfPsf] h:tf] u/]/, b]v] klg gb]v] h:tf] u/]/
csf]t{ km{ x]l/ /Xof] .
…vf]O, cfhsn t b]lvg' x'Gg <Ú >LdtL k|df]bn]
o;f] elgg\ / cfˆgf] >Ldfg\tkm{ cfFvfn] O;f/f u/]/
dnfO{ x]g{ dfgf}F cg'go ul/g\ . cyf{t\ pgn] eGg
rflxg\— …vf]O, cfhsfn t tkfO{+ d]/f >Ldfg\sf
;fydf b]lvg' x'Gg t <Ú
pm dl;t 7:; k/]/ pN6f] kmls{P/ a]jf:tf
ul/ /x]sf a]nfdf p;sL >LdtL eg] dl;t ;DaGw
;f}xfb{ t'NofO /xg dfgf}F cfu|x ul/ /x]sL lyOg\ .
…o:t} xf] efph", cfhsn 3/d} w]/} a:5',
plt;f/f] sxLF klg hfFlbg .Ú
d}n] o;f] eGbf k|df]bsf] 6fpsf] dlt/ kmls{of] .
p;sf / d]/f cfFvf o; k6s h'w] . p;sf] cfFvf
klg pmh:t} 7:; k/]h:tf], dnfO{ elg /x]em}F nfUof]—
…Tof] cl:t eQmk'/sf] sfo{qmddf lgl:sPsf] rflxF
3/af6 aflx/ glgl:sP/ xf] <Ú
d}n] cfk"mnfO{ eg] …7:;Ú gagfpg] cg]sg
k|oTg ul/ /x]F . dgnfO{ ;sf/fTds x} ;sf/fTds,
gsf/fTds xf]Og lg eGb} cfb]z lbO /x]F . d'v
d08n xFl;nf] kfl/ /x]F .
To;} a]nf a]xn ' Lsf afa' cfP, cfdf cfOg\ /
tL b'O{ k|df]b / >LdtL k|df]bnfO{ tfg]/ a]xn ' Lsf
;ldk lnP/ uP . d pgLx? eGbf cl3 cfPsf]
eP/ ;fyLsL 5f]/L cyf{t\ a]xn ' LnfO{ …cflzjf{bÚ
;"rs …vfdÚ x:tfGt/0f ul/cf]/L ;hfj6 d~r
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 52
k|1f–ultljlw
aflx/ o;f] 6xNb} lyPF . To;} a]nf >LdtL k|df]bn]
dnfO{ cfpFbf cfpFb} y'k}| cfuGt'sx? v8fv8L
6xln/x]sf], j}jflxs sfo{qmd:ynsf] k|fª\u0fdf b]v/]
klxNo} cfkm}F …gd:sf/Ú 7f]sL lbPsL lyOg\ .
pgsf] cg'xf/df To; a]nf stfslt lvGgtf
d}n] b]vy] F] . ;+;f/sf clwsf+z gf/Lx?df kfOg] jf
gf/L hflts} klxrfgsf ¿kdf /xg] s7f]/tf xf]Og,
gd|tf, 3d08, cxd\ jf cxª\sf/ s]xL s]xL xf]Og
d[bt' f, pgLleq lz/b]lv kfp;Dd 6gf6g /x]sf]
dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] . k'?ifeGbf l7s ljk/Lt cyf{t\
pgsf] k'?if d]/f] e"tk"j{ ;fyL k|df]bsf] :jefjeGbf
l7s ljk/Lt oL lsg dl;t e'ms]sL < k|df]bsf]
cx+sf/hGo :jefjeGbf ljns'n ljk/Lt oL …;l/tfÚ
efph" dl;t lsg lgx'/L /x]sL < …d]/f] a'9f] d'v{ 5,
c¿ s]xL xf]Og . Psf]xf]/f] 5, c¿ s]xL xf]Og .
s;}sf] s]xL ljuf/ o;n] u/]sf] 5}g t/ lnF8l] 9kL
5 . c1fgL 5 t/ cfk"mnfO{ dxfg\ 1fgL 7fGb5 .
;TojfbL klg 5, OdfGbf/ klg 5 t/ ca'em 5 .
sf]xL ;fyL klg of]l;t l6Sb}gg\ . hf] ;fyL glhs
x'G5g\, s]xL lbg, s]xL dlxgf jf jif{ lbg k'Ubf
gkU'bf 6fl9G5g\ . of] x7L 5, afa' t/ unt 5}g .
sd;]sd tkfO{+ t o;sf] ;fy g5f]8g\ ' xf];=\ ===.Ú
;l/tf efph" dfgf}F dl;t o:t}–o:t} zAbx?sf
;fy ofrgf ul/ /x]sL x'bF L x'g\ / t dl;t lgx'l/P/
af]lng\ . pm cyf{t\ k|df]b hlt l9F6, ;f/f], c//f]
eP/ plePsf] 5— Tolt g} oL ;l/tf efph"df
ljgd|tf, ;/ntf, d[bt' f ;a}–;a} u'0fx?n] el/k"0f{ .
dnfO{ nflu /Xof]– ;l/tf efph" dxfg\ Û cfˆgf]
>Ldfg\sf cju'0f k|lt dfkmL dfUg pBt nflu
/Xof]– oL gf/L cToGt dxfg\===.
d s';L{ tfg]/ Ps 5]pmdf al; /x]sf] lyPF /
dgleq cg]s t/ª\u rln /x], pl7 /x]===.
pgLx? d glhs km]l/ cfPgg\ . e'm08–e'm08df
lyP, dflg;x? . efph" ;l/tf / k|df]bnfO{ k/ b]v,F]
vfg] 7fpFdf . pgLx?l;t c¿ sf]xL lyPgg\ .
d}n] sf]s ;j{ ub}{ lxF8g\ l] ;t Pp6f lunf;
p7fPsf] lyPF / sf]sfsf]nf lkpFb} PSn} cfkm}d F f
x/fpg dg ul/ /x]sf] lyPF . k|df]bl;tsf] ;fy
5'6b] l] v d}n] slxNo} ;l/tf efph"nfO{ b]vs ] f], e]6s] f]
lyOgF . klxn] pgsf] 3/ uO /xGy]F / e]6 eO
/xGYof] . pgsf] Jojxf/ cToGt ldqjt\, :g]xLn /
xflb{stfo'Qm nfUbYof] . sltsf 3/df >LdtLx?
;fyLx?nfO{ lnP/ cfPsf] ?rfpFbg} g\, b]vs ] f] 5',
ef]us ] f] 5' t/ oL ;l/tf efph" dnfO{ b]Vgf;fy
xFl;nf] d'xf/ kfg'{ x'GYof] . lrof, ;j{t, vfhf slt
vfPF — vfPF . oL efph"n] ksfPsf] …of]d/LÚ klg
d}n] klxnf] k6s oL efph"s} xftaf6 rfVg] ;f}efUo
k|fKt u/]yF] . of]d/L g]jf/ hfltsf] :jflbi6 / lk|o
Jo~hg xf] . …of] rfdnsf] kL7f]df rfs' / ltn e/]/
dd ksfpg] tl/sfn] akmfP/ ksfpg] ul/G5 .Ú
pxfFn] eGg' ePsf] ;lDemG5' .
To;/L of]d/L vfO /xFbf d d'v ld7\ofpFb}
k|z; + fdf af]Nby]—F …ld7f], ;f/} ld7f] ÛÚ
d …aluofÚ ;lDemGy]F . t/fO{df d]/L cfdfn]
ksfPsf] aluof Û of] of]d/L dnfO{ em08} d]/L cfdfn]
ksfPsf] aluofh:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] . To:tf] aluof
/ bnlkÝL t d}n] d]/L cfdfsf] xftaf6 slt vfPF–
vfPF . ca sxfF kfpg' tL lbg===Û cfdf, o; ;+;f/df
eP kf] kfpg'===Û cfFvf /l;nf ePsf lyP .
…d}n] d]/L cfdfnfO{ ;lDemPF, aluof vfPsf]
ofb cfof]Ú d}n] o;/L eg]sf] lyPF .
;l/tf efph"n] ykL–ykL …of]d/LÚ VjfpFbf km]l/
eg]— F …dnfO{ cfdfn] klg o;}u/L Vjfpg' x'GYof]—
s/ u/L–u/L===ÛÚ
k|df]b klg ;l/tf efph"nfO{ eGYof]— …clns
/fd|/L Vjfpm, d]/f] of] dw];sf] ;fyLnfO{ of]d/L .Ú
k|df]bsf] xflb{stfdf klg s'g} sdL lyPg .
;l/tf efph"sf] s'/f t s] s'/f===Û pxfFnfO{ t d}n]
eg] lg cfdfsf] bhf{df /fVg rfx]F . 7\ØfSs} p:t}
Jojxf/ . dfG5] cfpFbf v';L x'g] Jojxf/ . hf] cfP
klg v';L cfdf . ;a}nfO{ ;Tsf/ ug{ tTk/ . lrof
vfg] a]nfdf cfP lrof vfg lbg tTk/, vfhf vfg]
a]nfdf cfP vfhf vfg lbg tTk/, eft vfg]
a]nfdf sf]xL cfP ykSs a;fP/ eft vfg lbO
xfNg ;bf–;j{bf tTk/ . cfFvfdf s'g} lvGgtf 5}g,
s'g} s6'tf 5}g, gd|tf g} gd|tfsf] e08f/ d]/L
cfdf, cGgk"0ff{bj] L d]/L cfdf===Û
oL ;l/tf efph"leq klg d]/L cfdfsf] x+;
k;]sf] xf] ls < slt 5g\ xF of] ;+;f/el/ d]/L cfdf
/ ;l/tf efph" h:tL gf/L < w]/} xf]nfg\, To;}n] of]
;+;f/ rn]sf] xf]nf . o:t} gf/L ePs}n] of] ;+;f/df
dfgjLo ;DaGwsf] gftf c6'6 rn]sf] xf]nf .
/d0fLo klg ePsf] xf]nf of] ;+;f/ o:t} ;l/tf
efph" / d]/L cfdf h:tf dxfg\ gf/L ePsfn] .
6fpsf] em6\lsG5'— clg oL k|df]bs'df/ >]i7 h:tf
dfG5] dfq eO lbPsf eP s:tf] x'g] lyof] xf]nf lg
of] ;+;f/===<
hlt a]nf k|df]bl;t x]dv]d a9]sf] lyof] Tolt
a]nf k|df]bn] af]ns ] f] s'/f ;lDemG5' . cxF, p;n]
Tolt a]nf klg cfˆgf] uNtL :jLsf/ u/]sf] lyPg
t/ …s'/fÚ eg] cf]sn]sf] lyof] .
Ps lbg xfdL sflndf6L t/sf/L ahf/sf]
5]paf6 k}bn} lxFl8 /x]sf lyof}F . d t/fO{sf] dflg;
of] oxfF nfUg] t/sf/L ahf/l;t cEo:t gePsf]n]
cfFvf leqkl§sf] t/sf/L ahf/lt/ ljr/0f ug{
yfn]5 . o;f] ubf{ :jefj}n] d]/f sbd ;':t rn] .
k|df]b t 5}g, a]kQf Û ;Fu;Fu} lxFl8 /x]sf] d]/f] ;fyL
k|df]b vf]O sxfF a]kQf <
Vff]Hbf–vf]Hbf x}/fg, k|df]bnfO{ e]66\ fpg dnfO{
tLg l8laof t]n hnfpg' k¥of] -t/fO{sf] efiffdf
eGg] xf] eg]_ eGbf x'G5 .
dnfO{ 5f]8/] lxF8s ] f]df d]/f] xf]Og, p;sf] gfssf]
kf]/f k'mn]sf lyP .
…s]–s] x]b{} lxF8s
] f], v'?v'? glxF8/] <Ú e]6k] l5
p;n] pN6} dnfO{ emkf¥of] .
d}n] xfF;/] eg],F …;Fu} lxF8s ] f] ;fyLnfO{, h] eP
klg 5f]8/] lxF8g\ kfOG5 t <Ú
…;fyLnfO{ dfq} xf]Og, ;Fu} lxF8\g g;Sg]
>LdtLnfO{ klg d}n] o;}u/L 5f]8/] lxF8s ] f] 5' .Ú
p;n] ;uf}/j ;'gfof] .
clns …708fÚ ePkl5 p;n] ;l/tf efph"nfO{
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 53
?jfPsf] s'/f ;lj:tf/ ;'gfof] dnfO{ .
p;n] ;'gfof]— …Ps lbg oxL sflndf6Ldf
t/sf/L lsg]/ lxF8b\ f p;n] cg]s cndn u/]sfn]
d}n] 5f]8/] lxF8F] . d 3/ k'uF] . pm PSn} w]/} a]/kl5
3/ cfO{ / SjfF–SjfF /f]O{ . w]/} a]/;Dd /f]O /xL===.Ú
dfgf}F pm eGg rfx]sf] lyof]— :jf:gLnfO{ t SjfF–
SjfF ?jfPsf] 5', ltdL s'g v]tsf] d'nf <
d 5Ss k/]sf] lyPF . ;f]rs ] f] lyPF— of] s:tf]
dfG5] xf]nf < o;sf] 5ftLdf ;+jb] gf ;fFRr} 5}g===<
d]/f] pml;tsf] p7a; / x]dv]ddf p;sf]
Jojxf/hGo k|sl[ tl;t To; a]nf k|yd k6s e]6
ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 t emg\ p;sf] k|sl[ tl;t
;fIffTsf/ x'bF } uPF . ;Fu} lxF8b\ f t pm dnfO{ 5f]8/]
sxfF k'UYof] sxfF, d p;nfO{ k5\ofpg dfgf}F :ofF–
:ofF ub}{ bf}l8 /x]sf] x'Gy]F . dfgf}F pm dflns xf], d
tn'jf rf6\g] p;sf] gf]s/, ;djoL ;fyL xf]Og .
;Fu} lxFl8 /x]sf] s] eGg' t/ ;Fu} lxFl8 /x]sf] x'Gy]=F == .
…xnf} Û PSn} <Ú /fh]z dlt/ cfof] t/ a;]g .
d}n] …cFÚ eg]/ O;f/f u/]F . pm ljjfxsf] k|fª\u0fdf
jf st} lanfof]— d}n] jf:tf ul/gF .
vfg]s/' f a]o/fn] NofpFb} hfGYof]— cfn' lrK;,
ksf}8L jf e6df; ;fFws ] f] -d t eGg klg hflGbg_,
o:t} cg]sg vfg]s/' f Û d slxn] lnGy],F slxn]
lnlbFgy]F .
dleqsf] xnrnn] lsgf/f km]nf gkf?~h]n
dfgf}F d s';L{af6 gp7\g] lgwf]df lyPF—sf]xL cfpg\
jf hfpg\ dtna lyPg .
Ps lbg k|df]bn] u0f]zyfgsf] km]/L nufof] .
d kl5kl5 lxFl8 /x]sf] lyPF, :jefj}n] d}n] klg km]/L
nufOlbPF .
p;n] 7:; k/]/ eGof]— …dnfO{ of] dg kb}g{ .
ls b]ptf dfGg] eP k'/fk'/ dfGg', gdfGg] eP of]
gf6s gug"{ .Ú
p;sf] s'/fdf ;Totf x'g ;SbYof] t/ ;fyL
x'F eGg]l;t …;fyLÚsf] of] Jojxf/ < of] s6'tf <
laemfpg] lyof] . d}n] s]xL hjfkm lbOgF . s] vfnsf]
dfG5] xf]nf < d gfl:ts xF' eg] klg xfd|f cg]sg
afWotfx?n] xfdLn] k'/fk'/ cfl:tstf 5f]8g\ klg
t ;Sb}gf}F . h:tf] ls ;fyLl;t lxF8b\ f lar af6f]df
9'ªu\ f e]l6of], ;fyLn] 9'ªu\ fnfO{ O{Zj/ dfg]/ 9f]Uof],
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 54
k|1f–ultljlw
d s] p;nfO{ 9'ªu\ f dfg]/ nTofpF < v'66\ fn] es'08f]
pkmf/]em}F pkmf/f}F < 3/df /Lltlylt 5, b;}F cfpF5,
ltxf/ cfpF5 . af b;}Fdf /ftf cIftf 6fFl;lbg
vf]Hg' x'G5, lbbL alxgL efOl6sf nfOlbg vf]H5g\—
t s] d pgLx?sf ;a} rfxgfdf kfgL km]/f}F <
;a}nfO{ nTofpF / d}dQ agf}F <
k|df]b Û ltdL ;f/} s7f]/ 5f}, s7f]/===Û o:tf]
s7f]/tfn] of] ;+;f/ ;'Gb/ x'bF g} , x'g ;Sb}g . hlt
O{Zj/sf] elQm u/] klg c¿sf efjgfsf] c;Ddfgn]
O{Zj/ k|fKt x'bF g} . O{Zj/ 5 eg] t emg\ To;/L t
O{Zj/sf] d[To' x'G5, O{Zj/ d5{ To;/L t===Û
s'/f dgdf cfpF5g\ . of] dfG5]l;t d]/f] …ts{Ún]
lhTb}g d a'‰b5' / s'/f dgd} x/fpF5g\ . aflx/
k|s6df s]xL af]lNbg .
o;}u/L Ps lbg uf]/vsf ;fd'Gg] dnfO{ p;n]
nlHht t'NofO lbPsf] lyof] . rnlrq efFlt b[Zox?
cfFvfdf gfR5g\ .
xfdL Pp6f l;g] d f x] g { uPsf lyof} F .
sf7df8f}d F f cfOsg d}n] Pp6} l;g]df x]/s ] f] lyOgF,
l;g]df xndf uP/ . /, d}n] l;g]df x]g{] ;fyL vf]hs ] f]
lyPF uf]/vhLnfO{ . pxfFnfO{ …hfpF l;g]df x]g{Ú
eGgf;fy pxfF tof/ x'g' ePsf] lyof] . OG6/endf
lk;fa km]g{ zf}rfnodf hfFbf crfgs p;nfO{
lk;fa km]l//x]sf] km]nf kf/]F . xfdL ;Fu;Fu} aflx/
lgl:sPsf lyof}F . aflx/ lg:sFb} ubf{ k|df]bn] …jf;
j]l;gÚdf xft wf]of], d b]lv/x]yF] . zf}rfnoaf6
aflx/ lgl:sPkl5 d}n] plt/ xft a9fO lbPF . t/
cxF, p;n] dlt/ xft a9fPg . a? eGof]— …ltdLn]
lk;fa km]//] vf]O xft wf]of} < d xft ldnfpGg .Ú
d 5Ss k/]F . ;Fu} ;fyL uf]/v ;a} ;'lg /xg'
ePsf], b]lv /xg' ePsf] lyof] . dnfO{ crfgs
Pp6f 7"nf] xtf}8fn] 6fpsf]df a]:df/L lxsf{Psf]
h:tf] nfUof] .
d}n] a]OHhtL vKb} ;ls g;sL af]n–F] …of]
bflxg] xftn] t s]xL u/]s} 5}g t===ÛÚ
uf]/vhL xSs g aSs kg{' eof] . pxfFleq s]
s:tf] xnrn dlRrof] < eGg ;lSbg . t/, d]/f]
ldNg] elgPsf] ;fyL k|df]b t To;kl5 b'O{ zAb klg
gaf]nL 7d7d l;g]df xndf k|jz ] ug{ lxF8o\ f] .
p;sf] csf]{ afgL ;lDemG5'– pm x/bd
df]afOndf P;=Pd=P;=u/L a:Yof] . cfk"mn] u/]sf
P;=Pd=P;=sf] t'= hjfkm rflxg] . t/ d}n] obfsbf
s'g} P;=Pd=P;= u¥of] eg] 7\ofDd} hjfkm glbg] Û
p;n] u/]sf] P;=Pd=P;=sf] hjfkm t'¿Gt glbPsf]
egL p;n] e]6df eg]sf] klg ;lDemG5'– …cf] ldi6/ Û
P;=Pd=P;=sf] hjfkm lbg' kb}g{ <Ú
…clg ltdLn] rflxF lbg' kb}g{ ===<Ú pm gfssf]
kf]/f k'mnfpFYof] dfq, hjfkmdf af]Nb}gYof] .
clg km];a'ssf s'/f Û Ps lbg p;n] Pp6f
nfdf] sljtf n]v/] k7fof] . pm slj g ;ljsf]
dfG5]sf] sljtf s:tf] xf]nf < km];a's rnfpg]
;a} slj ePsf a]nf pm Pp6f slj ePsf] 5 t s]
km/s k¥of] <
To;}n] d}n] …sd]G6Údf o:tf] n]lv lbPsf] lyPF–
…k|of; /fd|f] 5, n]Vb} hfg] xf] eg] ltdL Pslbg
cjZo slj aGg] 5f}===ÛÚ
p;n] d];h ] aS;df uP/ s] n]Vof] yfxf 5 <
o:tf] n]Vof]– …cfh la; jif{ eof] sljtf n]Vg
yfn]sf] . dnfO{ To;f] eGg] < dnfO{ sljtf n]Vg
l;sfpg] <Ú
dnfO{ 3'dfof] . s:tf] dfG5]l;t ;+ut ug{
k'luP5 < ;fx|} 56k6L rNof] .
Tolt dfq xf]Og, p;n] km];a'saf6 dnfO{
…cgk|mG] 8Ú klg u/]5 . w]/} lbgkl5 d}n] yfxf kfPF .
Ps lbg hLjg efOsf] k;ndf a;]sf] a]nf
:jo+ k;njfnf efO hLjgnfO{, …P hLjg Û hfpm t
kf]ns] f] xl/of] ds} lnP/ cfpmÚ eg]sf] ;'Gbf d
cndNn k/]sf] lyPF .
of] pml;t d]/f] ;DaGw glrl:;Psf] a]nfsf]
s'/f Û ljr/f hLjg efO k;naf6 ;/Ss p7]/
lvl;ofgL xfF;f] xfF:b} n'?n'? kf]ns ] f] ds} lng uO
/x]sf] cfFvf cufl8 cfO /x]5 . ckdfgsf] of] a]sfObf
dnfO{ k6Ss} dg gk/] klg d r'krfk x]//] a;]sf]
;
lyPF . ckdfgdf dg gnfuL gnfuL xfF;/] ;xefuL
ePsf] lyPF .
…hLjg efO Û tkfO{n + fO{ s;}n] ;Ddfg ug{
;Sb}g eg] ckdfg ug]{ xs klg /fVb}g . r'krfk
ckdfg ;xg' tkfO{s + f] sdhf]/L xf]===ÛÚ dgdgdf oL
efjgfx?n] cf]slng an u/] klg k|s6df s]xL
af]lng d ToxfF . r'krfk ds} rkfO /x]F . k|df]bsf]
…xf]Ú df …xf]Ú ldnfO /x]sf] lyPF===.
k"j{ :d[ltaf6 ca eg] d'Qm x'G5', d'Qm x'g
rfxG5' . k|df]b / ;l/tf efph" vfOj/L lxF8g\ tDtof/
eP h:tf] nfU5 . d p7\5' . ghflgFbf] kf/fn] ;l/tf
efph"lt/ tflgG5' . s] k|df]bn] klg dnfO{ ghflgFbf]
kf/fn] cfk"mlt/ tfGb}5 < yfxf 5}g .
…cfpg';\ g x}, xfdLsxfF klg===.Ú efph" olt
af]Ng' x'G5 . jf0fL dw'/ 5 . cfFvfdf pxL d]/L
cfdfsf] em}F ddtf b]V5' .
…of] o:t} 5 afa' Û s'g} ;fyL of]l;t l6Sb}gg\ .
tkfO{+ t ;fy lbg';\ . of] v/fa dfG5] xf]Og, vfln
d"v{ xf] . 3d08L eg] klg cx+sf/L eg] klg vfln d"v{
xf] Sof— a'‰g' x'G5 lg s'/f, d"v{ xf] of]===ÛÚ dfgf}F
pxfFsf cf]7x? o:tf] eGg rflx/x]5g\— dnfO{ nfU5 .
d af]Ng rfxG5'— …tkfO{+ t l6ls/xg' ePsf]
5 lg====<Ú t/ zAbx? k|s6 x'bF g} g\ .
k|df]b …7:;Ú g} 5 . pl;t af]lnrfnL 6'6s ] f]
5 . 7:; k/]/} csf]l{ t/ kmls{Psf] 5 pm . ;l/tf
efph" dl;t af]Nbf pm s'g} k|lt/f]w ub}g{ . hfg
klg xtfl/Fbg} . s] pm klg rfxG5— pl;t d]/f]
;DaGw klxn]sf] h:t} xf];\ < s] k|df]b klg rfxG5—
d km]l/ km]l/ p;sf] 3/ cfpF <
;l/tf efph" xft hf]8g\ ' x'G5 . d}n] klxnf
xft hf]8g\ ' kg]{ pxfF klxnf xft hf]8g\ ' x'G5 .
d xft hf]85 \ —' …labf efph" labf Û d cjZo
cfpF5,' labf===Ú
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 55
syf
/]ld6\ofG;
lx/fdl0f b'MvL
gf/fo0f clxn] rjfln; j;Gt kf/ u/]/
k}tF fln;f}F a;Gtsf] v'8l\ snf]df plSnPsf] 5 . j+zsf]
k|efj k/]/ xf]nf, p;sf skfn ltnrfdn] ePsf
5g\ . slG;/Lsf /f}F klg kfls;s]sf 5g\ . ljut
b'O{ jif{ afx]s em08} kGw| jif{ t ;fpbLdf latfof]
p;n] . cyf{t\ hLjgsf phf{zLn jif{x? ljb]zL
e"ldd} vRof]{ . nfdf] ;do ;fpbL a;]sfn] c/jL
efiff v//} af]N5 pm . efiff dfq} xf]Og, p;nfO{
O:nflds wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf Jojxfl/s kIfn] klg
/fd}; | uF k5\ofPsf 5g\ . dfgjLo g}lts d"No dfGotf
/ hLjg Jojxf/sf s'/f p7\of] eg] p;n] O:nflds
wd{sf lgod / ;+:sf/sf af/]df s'/f ug{ cS;/
5'6fpFbg} . s'/fgdf ePsf g}lts d"Nosf pkb]zx?
/fd|f 5g\ eg]/ a]nfavt ltgsf] rrf{ u5{ . oBlk
pm cfkm"nfO{ lxGb" g} eGg ?rfpF5 .
cfOP;Ddsf] cWoog u/]/ pm ljb]l;Psf]
lyof] . ldng;f/ 5 pm . /fhgLltsf] k|efj klg
p;df k/]s} 5 . xfO:s'n] hLjgdf clvn kfrf}s F f]
;b:otf lnPsf] xf] p;n] . SofDk;df k|lj0ftf
k9\bf klg kfrf}Fd} ;ª\ul7t lyof] . ax'bnsf]
cfudgkl5 Pdfn]df :yfgLo txdf ;lqmo eof] .
@)%! ;fndf p;sf] ufpFdf /x]sf] xfO:s'ndf
p;s} ufpFsf g]lj ;ª\3 / clvnsf ljBfyL{ lar
ePsf] ljjfbn] em8ksf] ¿k lnof] . Pshgf sfFu; |] L
sfo{stf{nfO{ p;sf ;fyLx?n] s'6lk6 u/]kl5
p;nfO{ klg ;fj{hlgs d'2f nfUof] . s]xL lbg
pgLx? km/f/ x'g' k¥of] . e"ldut eP .
l;l8cf] sfof{nodf lbPsf] ;fj{hlgs d'2fsf]
Dofb k}lF t;lbg] x'G5 . k}lF t; lbg sf6\of] / s'6lk6df
k/]sf JolQm ;s'zn /Xof] eg] Tof] d'2f Tolts}
sdhf]/ eP/ hfG5 . pgLx?sf] d'2f klg To;}
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 56
k|1f–ultljlw
eof] . kl5 b'j} kIf d]nldnfkdf cfP . /fhgLlts
¿kn] sfFu; |] / Pdfn] leGg kf6L{ eP klg b'j} kIf
cfk;L gftf;DaGw leq}sf lyP . To;kl5 gf/fo0f
SofDk;sf] k9fOlt/ nfUof] . k|df0fkq txsf] k9fO
;s]kl5 pm ljb]z xflgof] .
=== ===
p;sf] 3/ t'n;Lk'/b]lv klZrddf kg]{ l;/f6f
eGg] 7fpFdf lyof] . 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf l7s}
lyof] . cfkm}F v]ltkftL u/]kl5 h]gt]g jif{ u'hf/f
rNYof] . afa'n] ufpF3/df kl/cfpg] sd{sf08L
sfdaf6 o;f] b'Or { f/ k};f l6kg6fkg kfy]{ . xfO:s'n
k9\bfv]/L g} cfˆg} l5d]sL ufpFsL s]6L;Fu lax]
u/]sf] lyof] . pgLx?sf] ufpFdf cS;/ ;fg}df lax]
ug]{ rng 5 . la; aif{ sf6]sf t d'l:sn} e]l6G5g\ .
;f]xb| l] v PSsfO; aif{leq} s]6fs]6Lx?sf] lax] eO
;s]sf] x'GYof] . p;sf] ufpF d"ntM afx'g ;dfh
xf] . b'Or { f/ 3/ blnt ;d'bfosf 3/x? afx]s ;a}
afx'g hflts} a;f]af; 5 . afx'g ;dfhdf l56f]
b'nxL leq\ofpg] / p;sf] sfd vfg] ;+:sf/n]
;+:s[lts} ¿k lnPsf] 5 . 5f]/LnfO{ klg l56} sGofbfg
lbP/ k'0o sdfpg' k5{ eGg] ;+:sf/ JofKt 5 .
o;sf] p2]Zo 5f]/LnfO{ 3/ k7fPkl5 emGem6 d'Qm
x'G5 / af]em x6\5 eGg] dfgl;stf klg xf] . csf{sf]
3/ k7fpg] hftnfO{ lsg kfln/fVg' eGg] dgf]jl[ Q
ePsfn] a'xf/L leœofpg / 5f]/L k7fpg] sfddf
Tof] ;dfh xtf/f]d} x'G5 .
laxfg p7]kl5 vfhfgf:tf u/]/ hª\un hfg],
3fF;bfp/f lnP/ cfPkl5 vfgf vfg] / :s"n hfg]
gf/fo0fsf] :s'n] hLjgsf] lbgrof{ g} x'GYof] . Tof]
ufpFsf p;sf bf}t+ /Lx? ;a}n] o;} uy]{ . sn]h
k9\g ;b/d'sfd hfg'kg]{ ePsfn] 3/wGbf rnfO
lbg] a'xf/L geO x'bF g} . To;}n] p;n] klg lax] u/]/
sn]h k9\g uPsf] lyof] .
efOsf] lax]kl5 gf/fo0fnfO{ 3/af6 cnu
x'g' kg]{ eof] . pm 5'l6\6of] . rf/ s6\7f v]t / rf/
s6\7f kfvf] af/L efudf k¥of] . df6f]n] ag]sf]
b'Os { f]7] Ps tn] 3/ k¥of], p;sf] a08fdf . b'O{
yfg 5f]/fsf] afa' klg alg ;s]sf] lyof] ToltGh]n .
ca p;nfO{ afnaRrf x'sf{pg', kfngkf]if0f ug',{
>LdtLnfO{ Ps;/f] sk8f km]l/ lbg', 5f]/fx?nfO{
k9fpg' / 3/wGbf rnfpg' h:tf lhDd]jf/L ylkP .
km] l /Psf Ct' x ?;F u } km] l /F b } / ylkF b } uPsf
cfjZostfx?sf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ p;nfO{ xDd]xDd] kg{
yfNof] . cfˆgf] afa'n] af]ss ] f] ef/Lsf] Pp6f lx:;f
ef/Ln] p;nfO{ lbgx'F lyRb} hfg yfNof] . To; ;dodf
p;sf] ufpFsf s]xL tGg]/Lx? ;fpbLlt/ xflgPsf
lyP . p;n] klg ca 3/df a;]/ k/Dk/fut
tl/sfsf] u[x:yLdf nfu]/ u'hf/f rnfpg sl7g
x'g] 7fGof] . sl7g lyof] klg . klxnf cfkm" 5f]/f]
lyof], clxn] afa' ePsf] 5 . PSnf] tGg]/L htf 8'n]
klg x'GYof] . ca >LdtL / 5f]/fx? ;fydf 5g\ .
cfˆgf] k9fO k|df0fkq tx;Dd dfq xf] . Tof] klg
dfgljsL ;ª\sfosf] ;fdfGo ljifo . cfˆgf]
;l6{lkms]6sf vf]:6fn] s'g} n5f/kf6f] nfpg ;s]sf
lyPgg\ . Ps dg t p;n] ;f]Rof], oL ;l6{lkms]6
lnP/ ?s'd hfh/sf]6lt/ ljqmL ug{ hfpFm ls . v}
cfˆgf] cfdflt/sf] ;fv g afa'lt/sf] ;fv . sf]xL
klg gePsf 7fpFdf uP/ s;n] kf] p;nfO{ :jfut
unf{ eGg] 7fGof] . t} t} cfkm"n] ef]6 dfu]/ dfly
k7fPsf g]tfx?nfO{ eg;'g u/]kl5 s]xL x'G5 ls
eg]/ lhNnf txsf g]tfx?sf] b}nf] 3R3Rofof] .
cfˆgf] kf6L{n] cNk dtsf] Psn ;/sf/ agfPsf]
a]nf s]xL eO xfN5 ls eGg] 7fg]/ s'bf/]sb' u¥of],
b'Or{ f/ k6s lhNnflt/ . cxF s'g} pkfo ;dfTg
;s]g . lbgx'F vfnL xft ltg} ;l6{lkms]6 v]nfpFb}
3/ kms{GYof] . v'OOo====;':s]/f xfNb} lkF9Ldf a:Yof]
/ Ps cDvf]/f kfgL lkP/ 8ª\uª| u\ kN6GYof] .
…cfh klg s]xL sfd kfOPg k|lbksf af <Ú
>LdtLn] lgof;|f] cg'xf/ nfpFb} ;f]wL . …g]tfx?n]
s]xL ldnfO lbPgg\ < r'gfjdf t vfOgvfO u/]/
3fd3fddf lrRofO lrRofO ef]6 dfUg lxF8g\ G' Yof]
lg . s] kfpg' ef] t P]n] . v'a dnfO{ 3/sf] sfddf
nbfP/ xlNng ;lhnf] Yof] lg . 3/df e}; + L, uf]?nfO{
3fF; sf6 . afa' af]s/] 3/wGbf u/ . dnfO{ slt
uf/f]ÚYof] . w]/} glxF8g\ ;
' \ x} k|lbksf af eGbf dfg]
kf] . P]n] k'R5/ b]vfOb] ls b]vfPgg\ tkfO{s + f g]tfn] .
aNn eof] .Ú >LdtLn] cfˆgf dgsf ax kf]vL .
…s] eg] t g]tfn] <Ú >LdtLn] cfzfsf] TofGb|f]
st} 5 ls eGg] efjdf ;f]wL .
…tkfO{h
+ :tf sfo{stf{ t slt cfpF5g\ slt .
sxfF ;a}nfO{ ldnfpg ;lsG5 / < tkfO{+h:tf
OdfGbf/ / ;Ifd sfo{stf{ t ufpFd} kf6L{sf] sfd
kf] ug]{ xf] t, s]sf] hflu/ vf]Hb} lxF8g\ ' x'G5 eg]/
pN6} xKsfP .Ú lhNnfsf g]tfx?n] lbPsf] hjfkm
;'gfof] >LdtLnfO{ .
gf/fo0fsf] kf6L{n] @)%! sf] dWofjlw r'gfjdf
sfFu; |] eGbf a9L l;6 lnP/ 7"nf] kf6L{ ag]sf] lyof] .
:ki6 ax'dt gcfPsfn] cNk dtsf] Psnf}6L ;/sf/
agfPsf] lyof] . b]zdf klxnf]k6s sDo'lg:6 ;/sf/
ag]sfn] pTkLl8t ju{, If]q / hfltsf hgtfn]
cfzf e/f];fn] x]/s ] f lyP . Psfw hgkIfLo sfo{qmd
klg NofPsf] xf] . ;du|df eg] Tof] ;/sf/ klg
jf:tljs hgtfsf] x' g ;s] g . /fhgLlts
lgo' l Qmx?df gftfjfb, kml/ofjfb, s[ k fjfb,
rfs8Ljfb xfjL ePsf] lyof] . 7'N7'nf 7]sb] f/, pBf]uL,
Jofkf/L, t:s/, dflkmofvf]/ / bnfn ju{sf
dfG5]x?sf 3]/faGbLdf kf6L{sf zLif{ g]tfx? kl/
;s]sf lyP . dWod / bf]od txsf g]tfx?n] 7]Ssf,
Pglhcf], cfOPglhcf]sf] km]/f] ;dfP/ a}t/0fL tg]{
;'/;f/ sl; ;s]sf lyP . lhNnf txsf g]tfx?
klg ltg} dflysf g]tfx?n] kmflnlbPsf Ps]s uf;
x8\8L r':b} ;b/d'sfddf 3fd tfKg yfn]sf lyP .
ufpFdf dl/d]6/] Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ sfd ug]{
gf/fo0fh:tf sfo{stf{ kfvf nufOg yfn] . kf6L{df
ju{pTyfg x'g yfNof] . of] ;a} b[Zon] gf/fo0fdf
kf6L{k|lt 3[0ffsf] lah cª\s'/fpg yfNof] . ptf
5f]/fx? x'sb+{ } uP . 3/v]tLn] Jojxf/ grNg] x'g
yfNof] . p;n] lbglbg} ljb]l;g] ;f]r agfpg yfNof] .
Pslbg >LdtL;Fu k|:tfj u¥of] p;n] …k|lbksL
cfdf, d ca ljb]z hfG5' . t}n F ] 5f]/fx?sf] x]/rfx
ug{ ;S5];\ lg x}g <Ú
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 57
 …cF P]n] aNn a'l4 cfP5 tkfO{s + f] . d}n] t
kf]xf]/ l;/fg3/] zDe'/fd hfg] a]nf tkfO+{ klg
hfg';\ eg]sL x'F . v'a l/;fpg' efÚYof] lg . ca XofF
a;]/ oL g]tfx?sf] kl5 nfu]/ So} x'g] xf]Og . uP
klg x'Gr . d}n] h] ur'{ ur'{ .Ú >LdtLn] cfˆgf]
k"jj{ t wf/0ff ;'gfO{ . ef]lnkN6 gf/fo0f /fhwfgLsf
nflu ;femf a; r9]/ t'n;Lk'/af6 lxF8o\ f] . kf;kf]6{
agfP/ le;fsf nflu Dofgkfj/df s'/fsfgL u/]/
Ps xKtfkl5 3/ kmls{of] .
s]lx lbgkl5 gf/fo0f p8\of] . ;fpbLdf Pp6f
sDkgLdf sfddf nfUof] . tnj klg /fd}| kfof],
sfd klg ;lhnf] e]66\ fof] . ca p;n] 3/df k};f
k7fpg yfNof] . otf >LdtLn] ;;'/fafnfO{ eg]/
b'Or{ f/ s6\7f hUuf hf]8g\ yfnL . 5f]/fx? x'sbF{ }
uP . af]l8{ª :s'ndf k9\g yfn] . Ps b'O{ ub}{
jif{x? laTb} uP . b'Ot{ Lg jif{df 3/ cfpFb} k'gM
le;f yk ub}{ u/]/ sl/a kGw| jif{ ;fpbLdf latfof],
p;n] . 5f]/fx?n] P;Pn;L kf; u/]/ SofDk; /
Kn; 6' k9\g yfn] . vr{sf] cfsf/ a9\b} uof] .
hUufhldg / ahf/df 38]/Lx? k|z:t} hf]8\of]
p;n] . ufpFdf p;sf] rrf{ /fd}| x'g yfNof] .
/]ld6\ofG;sf] kmn /fd}; | uF kmNof] . k|;:t k};f /
>L;DklQ hf]8o\ f] p;n] . hUufhldg, 38]/Lx? hf]8/]
ar]sf k};f >LdtLn] ljZjfl;nf dfG5]x?nfO{
Aofh]df nufO{ . kl/jf/ ;'vL x'bF } uof] . 5f]/fx?n]
h]h] dfU5g\ ToxL k'¥ofpFb} uof] p;n] . 5f]/fx?n]
afa'sf] Kof/, dfof ;a} k};faf6 kfpg yfn] . b'w]
aRrf cfdfsf] sfvdf 5f]8/] uPsf] afa'sf] k|ToIf
dfof kfpg 5f]8s ] f] jiff}+{F laTb} uof] 5f]/fx?df .
a]nfavt b'Ot{ Lg jif{sf] cGt/fndf b'Ot{ Lg xKtfsf
nflu 3/df cfpg] afa', 5f]/fx?sf lglDt ;fOgf]
dfqsf] afa' x'Fb} uof] . afa'5f]/fx?sf] ;DaGw
cf}krfl/s dfq x'bF } hfFbf g t 5f]/fx?n] afa'nfO{
rf;f] lbP/ x]g{ yfn] g t afa'n] g} cª\ufnf]df
lnP/ k'qefjsf] dfof k|s6 ug{ ;Sof] . b'j} 6fl9Fb}
uP . h]7f] 5f]/f] k|lbkdf d'9L, Psfu|xL, lhl4kg /
vrf{n' :jefj lbg b'ug' f /ft rf}ug' f x'sbF{ } uof] .
afa'n] nufgL u/] d'tfljs p;n] k9fOdf k|ult
ug{ ;s]g . slxn] 8fS6/ k9\5' eGof] lar}df 5f]8o\ f] .
slxn] OlGhlgo/ k9\5' eGof] lar}df 5f]8o\ f] . ;LP
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 58
k|1f–ultljlw
k9\5' eGof] 5f]8\of] . ;do / k};fnfO{ a]lx;fa
p8fpFb} uof] . gf/fo0f, h;sf lglDt c/adf krf;
l8u|Lsf] w'kdf x8\8L lvofP/ /]ld6\ofG;sf] kmn
l6KYof], ltg} 5f]/fx? p;sf cg's"n ePgg\ .
hLjgsf phf{zLn ;do ljb]zL e"lddf x8\8L 3f]6/]
pm 3/ cfof] . km/s olt eof] ls g/s6h:tf]
z/L/df df;' yf]k/]/ s]/fsf] yfdh:tf] agfP/ cfof] .
df6fsf] Ps tn] em'k8LnfO{ t'n;Lk'/sf] lar
ahf/df l;d]G6 / 58sf] ljlN8ªdf kl/0ft u¥of] .
t/ 5f]/fx? cfˆgf] cg'sn " sf x'g ;s]gg\ .
=== ===
Pdcf/kL agfpg /fhwfgL l5/]sf] gf/fo0f;Fu
;" o { k | s fzsf] /Tgkfs{ d f e] 6 eof] . /fxbfgL
clkm;af6 cfpFb} ubf{ crfgs hDsfe]6 ePsf]
lyof] pgLx?sf] . ;"ok{ s | fz cS;/ sf7df8f}dF } a:5 .
e]6kl5 pgLx? cå}tdfu{df /x]sf] skmLxfp;df
k;] / skmL lkpFb} ulkmP . 3/fo;L s'/fb]lv
/fhgLlt;Ddsf s'/fsfgL eP . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg
cj:yfaf/] nfd} JofVof u¥of] ;"o{k|sfzn] . pm
/fhgLltdf nfu]sf]n] /fhgLlts} s'/f ug'{ k];fh:t}
ePsf] 5 .
o;cl3 klg gf/fo0fn] ;fpbLd} 8]9 bzs
jif{ latfO ;s]sf] lyof] . o;kfnf klg km]l/ pt}
xflgg] ;f]r agfP/ /fxbfgL agfpg /fhwfgL cfPsf]
lyof] pm .
…cGttM ltdL km]l/ ljb]l;g] g} eof} x}g t <Ú
;"ok{ s | fzn] sf/0f vf]tNg] efjdf k|Zg u¥of] .
…tkfO{+ g hf t eGg' x'G5 bfO, t/ oxfF a;]/
klg s] ug{] < s'g} sfd 5}g . afpafh]n] ub{} cfPsf]
v]tLkfltsf] laF8f] yfDg klg ;lsGg . To;n] u'hf/f
klg rNb}g . phf{zLn pd]/el/ ljb]zd} latfOof] .
Jofkf/ ug{ yf]/fltgf] /sdn] k'Ub}g . gf]s/L vfg
k9fO 5}g, ePsf] k9fOn] sfd kfpGg . nf]s;]jf
n8\g pd]/n] 8fF8f] sf6\of] . ca eGg';\ bfO s] sfd
u/f}F <Ú gf/fo0fn] ljb]z hfg} kg]{ s'/faf/] j]lnlj:tf/
nfof] . ;"ok{ s | fzn] ljb]z ghfg u/]sf] cfu|xaf/]
hjfkm lbg p;n] oL ;a} sf/0f k|:6\ofpFb} lyof] .
…s] ltdL ;fFRr} hfg] g} eof} t km]l/ vf8Llt/ <Ú
;"ok{ s | fzn] k|Zg bf]xf]¥ofof] .
…d}n] eg]F t bfO oxfF a;]/ s] ug]{ xf] < ls t
tkfO{n+ ] n of] sfd u/ efO eGg';\ . d a:5' .
slDtdf dfl;s cf7, bz xhf/ sdfO x'g] eP d
hfg] lyPgF bfO . csf{sf] b]zdf x8\8L 3f]6g\ ' s:nfO{
kf] /x/ x'bF f] xf] / . pkfo s]xL b]lVbg d t .
5f]/fx?sf] k9fO vr{ dfq} dlxgfsf] kGw|la; xhf/
k'¥ofpg k5{ . hldg hUuf ;a} afFem} x'g yfn] .
sfd ug]{ Pp6f dfG5] kfOGg . s;/L vr{ wfGg' <
To;}n] km]l/ s]xL jif{ aflx/} hfg] ;f]r agfPsf] 5'
.Ú gf/fo0fn] ts{ u¥of] .
…;wFe } l/ aflx/sf] aflx/ slt a:5f} < ltd|f] t
hLjg g} k|jf;L x'g] eof] . ltdL cfk"mnfO{ kl/jf/
/ 5f]/f5f]/Lx?sf] cleefjs x'F eGg] 7fGb}gf} < k};f
sdfP/ dfq cfˆgf] e"ldsf k"/f x'G5 / <Ú
…x'Fb}g t/ o:t} eof] .Ú lgl/xtf b;f{of]
gf/fo0fn] .
…x]/ efO, ltdLn] ljb]zdf a;]/ /fd|} sdfOsfh
t u¥of} . t/ ltd|f 5f]/fx? clxn] ltd|f] lgoGq0fdf
5}gg\ . nfvf}F vr{ u/]/ 5f]/fnfO{ k9fof} t/ 5f]/fn]
vf;} k|ult ug{ ;s]gg\ . k|lbkn] h] dfU5 ToxL
k'¥ofof} . slxn] 8fS6/ k9\5' eg]/ la|hsf];{ k9\g
eGb} nfvf}F vr{ u¥of] . Tof] klg lar}df 5f8\of] .
OlGhlgo/ k9\5' eGb} nfvf}F p8fof], Tof] klg sfd
nfu]g . l;Pdf t d}n] g} ;Dks{ u/]/ egf{ ul/
lbPsf] lyPF . Tof] klg 5f]85 ] . oqf] nufgL ;a}
afn'jfdf kfgL .Ú ;"ok{ s | fzn] p;sf] 5f]/fsf] af/]df
atfof] .
…of] ;a} ltd}| sf/0fn] xf] . 5f]/fx?nfO{ k};fn]
dfof u¥of}, jf:tljs dfof lbg ;s]gf} . lsgls
;
ltdL ;wF} aflx/ /Xof} . ltd|f] sdfO s] sfd nfUof]
eg t <Ú
…xf] bfO . tkfO{s + f] s'/f ;xL xf] . t/ of] d]/f]
dfq ;d:of sxfF xf] / < o:tf] ;d:of t clxn]
x/]s g]kfnLx?sf] 3/3/df 5 . /fHon] ;f]Rg' kg]{
xf]Og / < hlt ;/sf/ jf Joj:yf ablnPsf] eg]
klg s'g} kf6L{n] o; af/]df ;f]rs ] f 5}gg\ .Ú gf/fo0fn]
;d:ofsf] r'/f] sf/0f /fHo;Qflt/ kmsf{of] .
…To;f] t hgtfsf] Joj:yf g} sxfF kf] cfPsf]
5 / . To;sf nflu hgtfsf] n8fOF cem} ;lsPsf]
5}g .Ú ;"ok{ s
| fzn] ljifonfO{ /fhgLlts df]8 lbof] .
…a? ltdL xfdL h:tf OdfGbf/x? cem a9L
;ª\ul7t x'gk' g]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . ca lg0ff{os
n8fOFsf] tof/L ug'{ k5{ .Ú
…hlt n8] klg cGTodf g]tfx?n] u2f/L ubf{
/x]5g\ .Ú gf/fo0fn] g]tfx?k|lt s6fIf u¥of] .
…;a} Ps} x'bF g} g\ lg t . cu'N6fn] xfg]sf] s's/'
ljh'nLb]lv t;{h ] :t} ug'{ ePg . qmflGt t lg/Gt/
x'g] s'/f xf] . g]tfx?df /fhgLlt;Fu} ;f+:s[lts
¿kfGt/0fsf] vfFrf] 5 .Ú ;"ok{ s | fzn] cfZj:t kfb}{
eGof] .
…nf} xfdL t w]/} kf] ukm u¥of}F . dnfO{ t cfh}
3/ kms{g' 5 . cfk"m t /]ld6\ofG; leq\ofpg] g
kl/of] . xfdLn] vf8Ldf hf]ltP/ /]ld6\ofG; k7fof}F
eg] g nf]stGq afFRnf, x}g t bfO <Ú gf/fo0fn]
Joª\Uo ub}{ s'/fsfgLsf] la6 dfb}{ p7\of] .
p;sf] kl5Nnf] jfSo ¿kdf Joª\Uo h:tf]
eP klg ;f/df lgs} cy{k0" f{ lyof] . b'j} 5'l6\6P .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 59
;dfnf]rgf
g]kfnL pkGof;df cf~rlnstf
8f= wgk|;fb ;'jb] L ‘>lds’
!= cf~rlnstf
‘cf~rlnstf’ zAbsf] cy{ c~rn;Fu ;DalGwt
u'0f jf ljz]iftf eGg] x'G5 . o;y{ cf~rlnstfsf]
cy{ / dd{ klxNofpg ;j{ k|yd c~rn zAbsf] cy{
yfxf kfpg cfjZos x'G5 . …c~rnÚ zAbn] kxf8sf]
3fFr, lsgf/f, s'g} k|bz ] jf 7fpFsf] Ps efu, k5\of}/f,
;f/L jf k5\of}/fsf] lsgf/f cyjf l;/b]lv 5ftL;Dd
9flsPsf] ;f/L jf k5\of}/fsf] efu cflbnfO{ a'emfpF5
-kf08]o, @)%& M @!_ . cf~rlnstfsf] l;4fGtsf
;Gbe{df o;sf] cy{ s'g} If]q, k|bz ] , e"v08 jf k|fGt
eGg] cy{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
;fdfGotM ;dfg hflt, ;+:s[lt, efiff, xfjfkfgL
ePsf] If]q jf ;dfg ef}uf]lns, cf}Bf]lus, cfly{s cj:yf,
k|zf;lgs OsfO jf cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLlts If]qnfO{ c~rn
elgPsf] kfOG5 . Pp6f c~rndf lglZrt / ;dfg
ljz]iftf / ;dfg ;d:of x'G5g\ / l5d]sL c~rneGbf
cnu ljz]iftf x'G5g\ -OG;fOSnf]kl] 8of la|6flgsf, O= !(*!
M $*!_ . To;f] t c~rn zAb e"uf]n, /fhgLlts l;4fGt,
k|zf;g, ;x/L jf u|fdL0f of]hgf cflb km/s km/s If]qdf
leGg cy{df klg k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cf~rlns ;flxTodf
;Gbe{df c~rn eGgfn] cfˆg} ljz]if ef}uf]lns l:ylt,
;+:s[lt, efiff tyf cfˆg}vfn] ;d:of ePsf] hLljt
JolQmTj h:t} xf] -h}g, !(&^ M !–&_ . cf~rlns ;flxTosf
;Gbe{df s'g} lglZrt / ljlzi6 ef}uf]lns kof{j/0f /
ljlzi6 k|fs[lts cj:yf ePsf], cfˆg} Oltxf; ePsf],
ljlzi6 hflt, hghflt jf ljlzi6 hLjgk|0ffnL ePsf],
ljlzi6 ;+:s[lt -/xg;xg, k|yf, rf8kj{, wd{, ;+:sf/
cflb_ ePsf], ljlzi6 cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts cj:yf
ePsf], ljlzi6 efiff / cnUu} dgf]efj ePsf] :yfg ljz]if
g} c~rn xf] .
cf~rlns zAbsf] cy{ c~rn;Fu ;DalGwt
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 60
k|1f–ultljlw
eGg] x'G5 . cª\uh]| Ldf o;nfO{ l/hgn elgG5 . l/hgn
zAbn] l/hg;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if0fsf] cy{ lbG5, h:t}M
l/hgn Knflgª -cf~rlns jf If]qLo of]hgf_, l/hgn
hf]uf| kmL -cf~rlns e"uf]n_, l/hgn 8]Enf]kd]G6
-cf~rlns ljsf;_, l/hgn ;fOG; -cf~rlns lj1fg_
cflb . cf~rlns pkGof; klg o;/L g} ag]sf] xf] .
g]kfnLdf ;flxTo÷;dfnf]rgf If]qdf cf~rlns syf,
cf~rlns pkGof; h:tf kbfjnLsf] k|of]u ePsf]
kfOG5 . ;fy} /fhgLlts ljefhgsf rf}w j6f
c~rnljz]ifnfO{ lnP/ cf~rlns nf]s;flxTo /
nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg ljwf ljz]ifsf] rrf{ ul/Psf]
kfOG5, h:t}– cf~rlns nf]ssyf, cf~rlns nf]suLt
cflb . t/ cf~rlns ;flxTosf ;Gbe{df cyjf
cf~rlns pkGof;, cf~rlns syf, cf~rlns sljtf
cflbsf ;Gbe{df eg] d]rL, sf]zL h:tf /fhgLlts
e"If]q hf]8g\ ldNb}g . /fhgLlts ljefhgsf] c~rn /
;flxTodf cfpg] c~rn km/s xf] / ;flxTodf cfpg]
c~rn;Fu g} cf~rlns ;flxTosf] ;DaGw /xG5 .
cf~rlnstf cª\uh ]| L …l/hgflnhd\Ú zAbsf]
g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f xf] . …l/hgflnhd\Ú zAbsf] k|of]u
;j{ky| d O= !&*( lt/ k|mfG;df ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf]
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u/L :yfgLo :t/df clwsf/ ;DkGg
k|zf;lgs OsfOsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|:tfjsf qmddf
ePsf] a'lemG5 . a]nfotdf O= !()% df km]ljg
;f];fO6Låf/f ;fj{hlgs pkof]udf /xg] kfgL, UofF;
/ lah'nL h:tf b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'sf] :jfldTj
lgjf{lrt k|fb]lzs kl/ifb\sf cwLgdf /xg' kg]{
cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;fl/of] . o;n] cf~rlnstfsf]
;} 4 flGts cfwf/sf] sfd u¥of] -RofDa;{
OG;fOSnf]kl] 8of, O= !(^$M %^&_ . k|mfG;, O6fnL,
a]nfot, hd{g, kf]NofG8 cflb b]zdf If]qLotf,
k|fb]lzstf tyf s]Gb|Ls[t /fHoJoj:yfsf ;§fdf
:yfgLo :jzf;gsf] dfu /fvL ePsf cfGbf]ngnfO{
l/hgflnhd;DaGwL cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf rrf{ ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy} dxfzlQm /fi6«sf] pklgj]zaf6 d'Qm eP/
:jtGq /fHo aGg], /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls/0f :j¿kaf6
ljs]Gb|Ls/0ftkm{ hfg] / PsfTds /fHo 9fFrfaf6
;ª\ 3 fTds 9fF r fdf hfg] cfGbf] n gnfO{ klg
l/hgflnhdsf] cfGbf]ng elgPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L
l/hgflnhd\ zAbsf] k|of]u :yfgLo :jzf;g, If]qLo
:jfoQtf, cNk;ª\Vossf lxtsf] ljifo, k|zf;lgs
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, s'g} wfld{s ;Dk|bfo ljz]ifsf] cnUu}
klxrfgsf] ljifosf ;Gbe{df klg k|of]u ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 --;]lnud]g, O= !(^# M @)*–@!*_ .
;dfhzf:qsf If]qdf pk]lIft e"uf]n, ljz]if hflt–
hghflt, j+z, k/Dk/f, If]q ljz]ifsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
ljifo / vf; ju{ ljz]ifsf] rf;f]sf ljifonfO{ p7fpg]
cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf cf~rlnstfnfO{ lnOG5 .
;flxTodf cf~rlns n] v gsf] yfngL
a] n fotaf6 ePsf] xf] . a] n fotdf cf] l ne/
uf]N8l:dysf] b l8h6]8{ len]h -O= !&&)_ ;a}eGbf
h]7f] cf~rlns s[lt / a]nfotsL pkGof;sf/ dfl/of
Ohjy{ -O= !&^&–!*$(_ sf] Snf;n /fS/]G6 -O=
!*))_ ljZj;flxTos} klxnf] cf~rlns pkGof;
dflgG5 . Ohjy{ n ] tTsfnLg cfo/NofG8sf
s[ifsx?sf] cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts l:yltsf] j0f{g
u/]sL 5g\ . a]nfotdf jfN6/ :s6 -!&&!–!*#@_,
;fn]6{ a|G6L, hh{ Olno6, yd; xf8L{, cgf{N8 a]g6] ,
PGyf]gL 6«fn] f]k cflb pkGo;sf/x?n] cf~rlns
pkGof; n]vgnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5
-OG;fOSnf]kl] 8of cd]l/sfgf, O= !(^^ M %&@–%&%_ .
cd]l/sfdf …l;len jf/Ú kl5 If]qLo cjwf/0ffn] k|>o
kfP/ o; b]zsf ljleGg efuaf6 :yfgLo /ª\u;DaGwL
cfGbf]ng ;'? ePsf] atfOG5 . cd]l/sL n]vs /
;dfnf]rsx?n] O= !*#) lt/ /fli6«o ;flxTosf]
pTyfgsf nflu cfˆgfcfˆgf 7fpF ljz]ifdf hf]8 lbg'
kg]{ k|:tfj u/] . o;qmddf cd]l/sfsf d'Vo rf/
j6f If]q …ldl8nÚ, …Go' Oª\NofG8Ú, …b ;fpyÚ / …b
k|mlG6o/Ú If]qsf n]vsx?n] :yfgLo /ª\uk|wfg /rgf
n]Vg yfn] . …nf]sn sn/ d'ed]G6Ú gfdsf] o;
cfGbf]ngdf cd]l/sfdf y'k}| ;flxTosf/ b]vf k/] .
oxL cfGbf]ngsf hudf ;flxTodf cf~rlnstfsf]
cjwf/0ff hlGdPsf] atfOG5 -OG;fOSnf]kl] 8of
cd]l/sfgf, O= !(^^ M %&#–%&$_ .
c~rn ljz]ifdf s]lGb|t ePsf] ;flxlTos k|jl[ Q
jf dfGotfnfO{ ;flxTosf If]qdf cf~rlnstf elgPsf]
kfOG5 . cf~rlns ;flxTon] dfgjLo sd{dfly
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gfTds zlQmsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/
ub{5 / s'g} lglZrt :yfgsf] ef}uf]lns tyf ;f+:s[lts
Oltxf;n] ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx?sf] hLjgnfO{ lgb]l{ zt
u/]sf ljlzi6 u'0fx?sf] oyfy{ tYo k|:t't ug]{ k|oTg
u5{ -OG;fOSnf]kl] 8of cd]l/sfgf, O= !(^^ M %&!_ .
vf;df eGg] xf] eg] cf~rlnstf s'g} 7fpF ljz]ifsf]
;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns / cfly{s ljlzi6tfsf] l;h{gfTds
/ j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fsf] k|:t'lt xf] -xf6{, O= !(%^ M
^#)_ . cf~rlns n] v sn] cfˆgf] s[ l tdf
c~rnljz]ifnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx?sf]
hLjg / k|ultnfO{ lj:tf/k"js { lrq0f u5{ -l;Kn], O=
!($# M ##&–##*_ .
cf~rlnstf s'g} Ps kl/j]z ljz]if dfq xf]Og,
To; v08sf] ;du| If]qLotfsf] k|tLs xf] . s'g} c~rndf
a:g] afl;Gbfsf hgdfg;sf] dfg;k6ndf ulx/f];uF
/x]sf] c~rnljz]ifsf] ljlzi6 ef}uf]lns ;+:s[ltsf]
vf]hsf] gfd g} cf~rlnstf xf] . c~rnsf] ef}uf]lns,
;fdflhs of ;f+:s[lts ;Ldfa4 vf; If]qsf] ;fdfGo
hLjg ;Tosf] cGt/nfO{ cf~rlnstfdf JoQm ul/G5 .
b]z, sfn, hflt, wd{, ef}uf]lns l:ylt, cfly{s–;fdflhs
k|0ffnL, /LltgLltsf] j}1flgs /x:osf lar :yflkt
If]qLo hLjgsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ cf~rlnstfdf JoQm ul/G5
-h}g, !(&^ M %_ .
cf~rlns /rgfdf s'g} ljlzi6 c~rn jf If]q
jf To;sf] s'g} Ps efu jf ufpFsf] ljj]rgf x'G5 .
o;sf] syfIf]q ;Lldt x'G5 . cf~rlnstfsf] k"0f{tfsf
nflu :yfgLo b[Zo, k|sl[ t, hnjfo', rf8kj{, nf]suLt,
s'/fsfgLsf] ljlzi6 tl/sf, pvfg, nf]sf]lQm, efiff
jf :yfgLo pRrf/0f, dflg;sf :jefjut /
Jojxf/ut ljz]iftf, pgLx?sf v';L, g}lts dfGotf
cflbnfO{ ;ts{tf / ;fjwfgLk"js { k|of]u ul/Psf]
x'G5 -jdf{ / cGo, @)@) M (%_ . s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg
-@)^!_ sf cg';f/ cf~rlnstf eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt
c~rn jf If]qsf] d'eL Sofd]/fsf] x]/fO xf], To;
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 61
7fpF s f] v08–b[ Z ox?, v08–j:t' x ?, v08–
5ljx?To;sf] 3]/fleqsf] kmf]s;df clÍt x'G5g\ /
ltgLx?sf] cGjodf Ps k"0f{ lrq b[li6uf]r/ x'G5
-k[= #!^_ . Clif/fh a/fn -@)%$_ sf cg';f/ vf;
u/]/ u|fdL0f hLjg, ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg tyf ToxfFsf]
;du| hLjgj[Qsf] cleJolQml;t cf~rlnstfsf]
;DaGw /xG5 . efiffut k[ystf, e"uf]n / kl/j]zut
lghTj, ;f+:s[lts Ps¿ktf tyf hLjgrof{sf] ljlzi6
rl/ql;t cf~rlnstf ufFl;Psf] x'G5 -k[= #(–$)_ .
lgisif{df eGbf s'g} c~rnljz]ifsf ef}uf]lns,
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts, eflifs, P]ltxfl;s
cflb ljlzi6tfx?sf] lrq0faf6 k|s6 x'g] cf~rlns
u'0f jf ljz]iftfsf] ;du|tfnfO{ cf~rlnstf
elgG5 . c~rnljz]if g} d'Vo ljifo eP/ To;}sf
s]lGb|otfdf l;lh{t ;flxTo cf~rlns ;flxTo xf] /
;flxTodf cleJoQm x'g] o;k|sf/sf] cf~rlns u'0f
jf ljz]iftf g} cf~rlnstf xf] .
@= cf~rlns pkGof;
cfh;Ddsf] l;h{gfdf cf~rlnstfsf] k|jl[ Q
d'VotM cfVofg ljwf -pkGof; / syf_ df / cem
pkGof; ljwf ljz]ifdf ;Lldt b]lvG5 . sltko
;dfnf] r sx?n] t cf~rlnstfnfO{ …ljlzi6
cf}kGofl;s b[li6sf]0fÚ ;d]t eg]sf 5g\ -h}g, O=
!(&^ M #_ . pkGof; ljwfaf6} cf~rlnstfsf]
yfngL ePsfn] klg o:tf] wf/0ff ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
c~rnsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljlzi6tfnfO{ /fd|/L :ki6\o\ fpg]
sfddf pkGof; ljwf g} a9L ;kmn x'g] ePsfn]
klg cf~rlnstfdf pkGof; ljwf a9L k|of]udf
cfPsf] x'g ;S5 . pkGof;df dfgj, dfgj Oltxf;
tyf dfgj ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf h'g;'s} ljifoj:t'x?
klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] / of] ;a}eGbf d'Qm, lj/f6,
pj{/ / ljlzi6 cfVofgfTds /rgf dflgG5 -zdf{,
@)%% M $%!_ . oxL sf/0fn] cf~rlns ;flxTodf
pkGof; ljwfsf] a9L k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cf~rlns pkGof;df b]z, sfn, kl/l:ylt /
k|sl[ tsf] lrq0f ;fwgsf ¿kdf geP/ ;fWosf
¿kdf x'G5 . o;df c~rn ljz]ifsf] ef}uf]lns
l:ylt, ;+:s[lt, /Llt–gLlt, /xg;xg, j]ze"iff, wfld{s
ljZjf;, ?l9, rf8, kj{, d]nf, /fhgLlts r]tgf,
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 62
k|1f–ultljlw
cfly{s sl7gfO cflbsf] ;"Id lrq0f x'g] u5{
-gu]Gb| / cGo, O= !(*! M *)_ . /fdb/z ld> -O=
!(*@_ sf cg';f/ cf~rflns pkGof;df cg]sf}+
kfqx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 / ;a} kfqx?sf]
cl:tTjsf] dxŒj /xG5 . o;df kfqx? Pscsf{sf
nflu geP/ c~rnsf nflu x'G5g\ -k[= @@%_ .
ab/Lbf; -O= !(^!_ sf cg';f/ ;flxTo / e"uf]nsf]
;DaGw cf~rlns pkGof;df b]Vg ;lsG5 . pgsf
cg';f/ cf~rlns pkGof;df n]vs syf~rnk|lt
hlt kl/lrt x'G5, Tolt g} p;n] jf:tljs /
/f]rs j0f{g ug{ ;St5 -k[= #^(_ . guLgf h}g
-!(&^_ sf cg';f/ e"ld, hg / ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df
s'g} Pp6f If]q csf]{ If]q eGbf k[ys\ x'G5 / cfˆg}
If]qLo hLjgdf ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 . cf~rlns
pkGof;df o;k|sf/sf] If]qLo hLjgsf] lrq0f g}
d"n ljifo x'G5 -k[= !&_ . OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ -@)%*_
sf cg';f/ cf~rlns pkGof;df cf~rlns hLjg
g} d'Vo x'G5 / o;df oyfy{sf] lrq0fsf nflu
geP/ cf~rlnstfs} nflu c~rnsf] oyfy{ lrq0f
x'G5 . pgsf cg';f/ cf~rlnstfnfO{ j}1flgs
t6:ytfn] xf]Og, ;'wf/sf] cfnf]rgfn] xf]Og, dfgjLo
;+1fgn] lrGg'kg]{ x'G5 -k[= !%*_ .
lgisif{df eGbf s'g} c~rnljz]ifnfO{ l;ª\uf]
ljifo dfg]/ To;}df cfwfl/t eO n]lvPsf] pkGof;
g} cf~rlns pkGof; xf] . o;df s'g} lglZrt /
ljlzi6 c~rnsf] ef}uf]lns tyf k|fs[lts kof{j/0f,
Oltxf;, hLjgk|0ffnL, nf]stTj, ;+:s[lt, cfly{s–
/fhgLlts cj:yf, dgf]efj, ;f}Gbo{, ;d:of, eflifs
ljlzi6tf cflbsf] lrq0f ul/G5 .
#= g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf k|jl[ Q
g]kfnL ;flxTodf zª\s/ sf]O/fnfsf] v}l/gL3f6
-@)!*_, ljgf]bk|;fb lwtfnsf] pHofnf] x'g'cl3
-@)@*_, zª\s/ sf]O/fnfsf] x]nDa' d]/f] ufpFF -@)#@_,
k|sfz P= /fhsf] /f]bL 3/sf] ;Demgf -@)##_, w=r=
uf]tfd]sf 3fdsf kfOnfx? -@)#%_ / oxfFbl] v ToxfF;Dd
-@)$@_, /d]z ljsnsf] clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtL
-@)$)_, w|'jrGb| uf}tdsf] clnlvt -@)$)_,
bf}ntljqmd lji6sf] lxdfn / dfG5]] -@)$%_, vu]Gb|
k|wfgfª\usf] xf/L -@)%)_, eLdaxfb'/ >]i7sf] gf}dtL
-@)%!_, gog/fh kf08]sf pnf/ -@)%%_, /ljls/0f
lghL{jsf] sfnf] s0ff{nL ;]tf] 5fof"" -@)%^_, s[i0f/fh
;j{xf/Lsf] uGtJo -@)%^_ cflb cf~rlns pkGof;
k|sflzt 5g\ . To:t} tfgf zdf{sf cf]em]n kbf{
-@)@#_ / d]/f] syf -@)@#_, c;Lt /fO{sf] gofF
lIflthsf] vf]h -@)#&_, OGb| ;'Gbf;sf] lgolt -@)#(_,
lx/0o ef]hk'/s] f] l56]g -@)%$_, vu]Gb| ;ª\uf| n} fsf]
h"gls/Lsf] ;ª\uLt -@)%^_ cflb pkGof;df cf+lzs
¿kdf cf~rlnstfsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . oL
pkGof;sf d"n k|jl[ Q o; k|sf/ kfOG5g\ M
-s_ u|fdL0f tyf lk5l8Psf] c~rn
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df k|foM u|fdL0f
tyf lk5l8Psf] c~rnsf] lrq0f ePsf] kfOG5 .
3fdsf kfOnfx? / pnf/ afx]s ;a} cf~rlns
pkGof;df of] k|j[lQ kfOG5 . clwsf+z g]kfnL
cf~rlns pkGof;sf] c~rn g]kfnsf lk5l8Psf]
If]q /x]s]f 5 . g]kfnaflx/sf c~rndf s]lGb|t
cf~rlns pkGof;df klg g]kfnL hfltsf] a;f]af;
/x]sf] t/ lk5l8Psf] c~rn cfPsf] 5 .
-v_ ;x/L c~rnsf] klg k|of]u
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df ;x/L c~rn
klg cfPsf] kfOG5 . 3fdsf kfOnfx? / pnf/
pkGof;df of] k|jl[ Q kfOG5 . 3fdsf kfOnfx? ev{/}
;x/Ls/0f x'Fb} u/]sf] jL/uGh ;x/df / pnf/
pkGof; g]kfnuGh ;x/df s]lGb|t pkGof; x'g\ .
;x/L c~rnnfO{ syf~rn agfP/ ;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf
cf~rlns pkGof; n]lvPsf] kfOPsf] / To;df klg
cljsl;t / ev{/} ;x/Ls/0f x'bF } u/]sf ;x/ dfq
syf~rn ag]sf] kfOPsfn] g]kfndf u|fdL0f If]qsf
t'ngfdf ;x/L If]q lgs} sd 5 / ePsf ;x/x? klg
/fd|/L ljsl;t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .
-u_ ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / ljs6tfsf] lrq0f
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;n] g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns
ljljwtfsf] lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ . ef/tLo e"ld syf~rn
agfOPsf pkGof;df klg of] k|jl[ Q kfOG5 . g]kfnL
cf~rlns pkGof;sf] cWoogaf6 g]kfn ef}uf]lns
ljljwtf ePsf] b]z xf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . kxf8L
c~rndf s]lGb|t Pp6} pkGof;sf] Pp6} c~rndf
st} psfnf], st} cf]/fnf], st} eL/, st} ;dy/ e"ld,
st} pkTosf, st} n]s, st} a]; F L, st} hf8f] x'g,] st}
udL{ x'g] h:tf ljljwtf /x]sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
v}l/gL3f6sf] v}l/gL3f6 cf;kf;df Hofld/]df lr;f]
l;/]6f] rN5, v}l/gL3f6df lbpF;f] rsf]{ udL{ x'G5 eg]
g]kfnyf]sdf t jif{sf] 5 dlxgf cf}nf] nfU5 .
/f]bL3/sf] ;Demgf pkGof;sf] syf~rnsf ¿kdf
/x]sf] dnfª n]s / a]; F Ldf afFl8Psf] 5 . n]sdf
hf8f] x'G5, pAhgL sd x'G5 . a]; F Ldf udL{ x'G5,
pAhgL /fd|f] x'G5 . x]nDa' d]/f] ufpF,F lxdfn / dfG5],
gf}dtL / sfnf] s0ff{nLsf] ;]tf] 5fofF pkGof;df lxdfnL
If]qsf] syf~rn cfPsf] 5 . lxdfnL If]qdf klg st}
;dy/ 3fF;] d}bfg, st} pkTosf, st} pRr lxdfn,
st} pAhfpzLn hldg, st} eL/, st} lxdgbL h:tf
ljljwtf kfOG5 . t/fO{ c~rndf s]lGb|t 3fdsf
kfOnfx?, clnlvt, oxfFb]lv ToxfF;Dd / pnf/
pkGof;sf syf~rndf ;dy/ e"ld eP klg vf]nf,
hª\un, df6f]h:tf ljifodf eg] ljljwtf kfOG5 .
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df cfPsf lxdfnL,
kxf8L tyf t/fO{ ;a} syf~rndf af6f]3f6f] /
oftfoftsf] c;'ljwf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . clnlvt
pkGof;df t/fO{sf] ;dy/ e"ld cfPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf]
af6fdf af3efn'sf] eo x'g] 8/ nfUbf] hª\un, lxpFbdf
w]/} w'nf] p8\g,] jif{fdf lxnf] x'g] tyf ;k{sf] cToGt} 8/
x'g] h:tf sl7gfOsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . ;a} c~rndf
ufF;, af;, skf;, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;'/Iff h:tf cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] cefj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 3fdsf kfOnfx?
pkGof;df cfPsf] jL/uGh / pnf/ pkGof;df cfPsf]
g]kfnuGhdf ;d]t ufF;, af;, skf;, :jf:Yo, lzIff,
;'/Iff h:tf ljifosf] cefj / cJoj:yf /x]sf] 5 . of]
k|jl[ Q ;a}h;f] cf~rlns pkGof;df kfOG5 .
-3_ gbL lsgf/ tyf hnfzosf] lrq0f
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df gbL lsgf/sf]
kl/j]znfO{ syf~rn agfpg] / gbLdf s]lGb|t gePsf
pkGof;df klg syf~rnleqsf gbL / hnfzosf]
lrq0fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg] k|jl[ Q kfOG5 . v}l/gL3f6df
;'gsf]zL tyf /f];L gbLsf lsgf/sf] kl/j]zsf] lrq0f
ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;'gsf]zLdf df5f df/]sf], 8'ªu\ f
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 63
tf/]sf], e]8f 8'Abf kf}8/] lgsfn]sf], v}l/gL3f6df d]nf
nfu]sf] h:tf ;Gbe{ cfPsf 5g\ . …v}l/gL3f6Ú zLif{sn]
;d]t gbL lsgf/nfO{ ;ª\st] u/]sf] 5 . clj/n
aUb5 OGb|fjtLdf OGb|fjtL gbLdf df5f df/]sf], kf}8L
v]ns ] f, af9L cfPsf] / To;n] gbL lsgf/df a:g]
dfemLx?df ljklQ NofOlbPsf] ljifo g} d"n ¿kdf
cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] zLif{sn] :ki6tM gbL / To;;Fu
;DalGwt eGg] cy{ lbPsf] 5 . clnlvtdf k;fxf
gbLdf kf}8L v]ns ] f], af9L cfPsf] h:tf ;Gbe{ cfPsf
5g\ . o;df bf]/xGtn kf]v/Lsf af/]df ljz]if rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 . a|xd\ k'qsf 5]p5fp pkGof;df a|Xdk'q
gbLs} kl/j]zdf s]lGb|t 5 . o;df a|Xdk'q gbLnfO{
clezfk / j/bfg b'js } f ¿kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
pHofnf] x'gc' l3df r]k] vf]nfsf] ;Gbe{ cfPsf] 5 .
3fdsf kfOnfx?df jL/uGhsf gbL / kf]v/Lsf] ;Gbe{
cfPsf] 5 . sfnf] s0ff{nLsf] ;]tf] 5fofF df /f/ftfnsf]
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . oxfFbl] v ToxfF;Dddf syf~rnleqsf
b'O{ ufpF d'sL{klnof d'sL{ gbLaf6 kflnt / u8xn
lto/ gbLåf/f l;l~rt egL j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
lto/, d'sL{, k;fx, ynxL cflb gbLsf ljz]iftfsf]
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . lxdfn / dfG5]df b'wsf]zL, b'wkf]v/L
cflbsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . xf/Ldf ;Ktsf]zL, tdf]/,
dg'jfbx h:tf gbL / ltgsf ljifodf /x]sf ljleGg
ls+jbGtL ;d]tsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . cf]em]n kbf{df
;fK;'vf]nf, nK;]vf]nf, d]jf vf]nf tyf sf]zLsf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h"gsL/Lsf] ;ª\uLtdf :yfgLo
s'jfsf] ;Gbe{sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
-ª_ hftLo ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhsf] k|ltljDag
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df hftLo ljljwtf
ePsf] ;dfhsf] k|ltljDag ug]{ k|jl[ Q kfOG5 . v}l/gL3f6df
dfemL, tfdfª, du/, g]jf/, afx'g, If]qL, h};L h:tf
ljljw hflt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pHofnf] x'gc' l3sf] syf~rndf
;fsL{, sfdL, 3tL{, u'?ª, afx'g, If]qL h:tf ljljw hflt
5g\ . /f]bL3/sf] ;Demgfdf u'?ª, afx'g, h};L, 5]qL,
sfdL, ysfnL h:tf ljljw hflt cfPsf 5g\ . 3fdsf
kfOnfx?df d';ndfg, aª\ufnL, afx'g, If]qL h:tf ljljw
hflt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtLdf dfemL,
;Gof;L, afx'g, If]qL h:tf hflt /x]sf 5g\ . clnlvt
pkGof;df t/fO{sf ef]hk'/L efifL / ljljw hflt /x]sf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 64
k|1f–ultljlw
5g\ . ToxfF clt lk5l8Psf d';x/ hfltsf] ul/aLsf]
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . a|xd\ k'qsf 5]p5fpdf g]kfnL d"nsf
ljljw hflt, aª\ufnL, cf;fd] cflb hflt 5g\ . gf}dtLdf
afx'g, If]qL, 3tL{, 9f]nL -bdfO{_ h:tf ljljw hflt 5g\ .
pnf/df t/fO{sf jfbL, 3Fl;of/ nufotsf ljljw hflt
5g\ . sfnf] s0ff{nLsf] ;]tf] 5fof"d" f afx'g, 5]qL, du/,
tfdfª h:tf hflt 5g\ . x]nDa' d]/f] ufpFs F f] syf~rndf
ljz]iftM ;]kf{ / s]xL dfqfdf afx'g, If]qL h:tf hflt
a:5g\ . oxfFbl] v ToxfF;Dddf kxf8 tyf t/fO{sf ljljw
hflt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;df g]kfnL ;dfhdf hfltcg';f/
cnucnu k];f sfod ePsfn] Pp6f ;dfhsf] k"0f{tfsf
nflu ljleGg hfltsf dflg; cfjZos k5{ eGg]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . uGtJodf yf¿, afx'g nufotsf hflt
5g\ .
s]xL pkGof;df ljljw hfltsf dflg;sf]
a;f]af; ePsf] ;dfhaf6 s'g} hflt ljz]ifsf] lrq0f
hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . h:t} v}l/gL3f6df dfemL, pHofnf]
x'gc' l3df ljz]iftM blnt -;fsL{_ / 3tL{, x]nDa' d]/f]
ufpFFdf ;]kf{, /f]bL 3/sf] ;Demgfdf u'?ª, sfdL
tyf afx'g, clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtLdf dfemL,
clnlvtdf d';x/, xf/Ldf cf7kxl/of /fO{, gf}dtLdf
3tL{ tyf 5]qL, pnf/df 6fFuf rfns k];f, 3Fl;of/
k];f / jfbL hflt ljz]if, uGtJodf sd}of yf¿
hflt ljz]ifsf] ;dfhsf] lrq0fdf hf]8 lbOPsf]
5 . To:t} cf]em]n kbf{df ;]kf{, d]/f] syfdf u'?ª,
lIflth kfl/dfdf /fO{, l56]gdf u'?ª, h"gsL/Lsf]
;ª\uLtdf blnt hflt ljz]ifsf] ;dfhsf] lrq0fdf
hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . lxdfn / dfG5] pkGof;sf]
syf~rndf eg] ;]kf{ hflt dfq 5g\ .
-r_ hftLo tyf ;f+:s[lts ;lxi0f'tf / lje]bsf] lrq0f
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf syf~rndf
hftLo ljljwtfsf ;fy} ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf klg /x]sf]
kfOG5 . Pp6} ;dfhdf ;d]t hftLo tyf ;f+:s[lts
ljljwtf /x]sf], pxL hfltsf klg leGg c~rndf s]xL
ljlzi6tf ;lxtsf] leGg ;+:s[lt /x]sf] h:tf ljljwtfsf]
lrq0f kfOG5 . x]nDa' d]/f] ufpFF / lxdfn / dfG5]
pkGof;df lrlqt ;]kf{ ;+:s[ltdf sltko ;dfgtf /
sltko leGgtf 5g\ . v}l/gL3f6 / clj/n aUb5
OGb|fjtLsf dfemLsf lardf klg s]xL ;dfgtf / leGgtf
b]lvG5 . pHofnf] x'gc' l3sf blntdf l;g' vfg] rngsf]
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5}g . h"gsL/Lsf] ;ª\uLt pkGof;sf]
syf~rn kj{tsf] blnt ;dfhdf l;g' vfg] rng
ljs/fn ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df hftLo tyf
;f+:s[lts ljljwtfleq ;lxi0f'tf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
Pp6} ufpF7fpFdf ljleGg hflt / ;+:s[lt lardf cfk;L
;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tf b]lvG5 . x]nDa' d]/f] ufpFd
F f lxGb' /
af}4 ;+:s[lt lardf pRr k|sf/sf] ;lxi0f'tf /x]sf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . a|xd\ k'qsf 5]p5fp pkGof;df g]kfnL
/ cf;fldof hfltsf larsf] ;f+:s[lts ;lxi0f'tfsf]
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . 3fdsf kfOnfx? pkGof;df kjg
-g]kfnL_ / c0f' -aª\ufnL_ sf] ldqtfsf dfWodaf6
ljljw ;+:s[ltsf lardf ;lxi0f'tfsf] rfxgf k|s6
ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf] ;lxi0f'tfsf ;fy} hftLo lje]b /
wfld{s åGåsf] cj:yfsf] klg lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df 5'jf5't k|yf, lxGb' /
d';ndfglar wfld{s åGå cflbsf] lrq0f klg kfOG5 .
-h_ ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{sf] lrq0fdf rf;f]
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;n] ul/a tyf ljkGg
ju{sf] ljz]if lrq0f ug]{ k|jl[ Q kfOG5 . v}l/gL3f6
pkGof;df /fd]5fk If]qsf] ul/aL tyf a]/f]huf/L
cj:yfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . pHofnf] x'g'cl3
pkGof;df uf]vf{ lhNnf If]qsf] ul/aL / ljkGgtfsf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . /f]bL3/sf] ;Demgfdf sf:sLsf]
dnfª ufpFsf] ul/aLsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . 3fdsf
kfOnfx?df jL/uGh ;x/df ;fgf]ltgf] sfd u/]/
afFRg ljjz /x]sfx?sf] ul/aL / ljkGgtfsf] lrq0f
ul/Psf] 5 . clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtL pkGof;df
syf~rnsf :yfgLo dfemL hfltsf] ul/aL /
ltgLx?k|lt ;xfg'e"lt /fv]sf] kfOG5 . clnlvt
pkGof;df t/fO{sf d';x/ nufotsf ul/ax?sf]
ul/aL / ljkGgtfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ToxfF
e/k]6 vfg / lhp 9fSg] sk8f ;d]t gkfOg]
cj:yf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf d';x/ hfltsf
dflg; ;'uF /' sf] h:tf] tNnf] :t/sf] hLjg lhpg
afWo /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . a|x\dk'qsf 5]p5fp
pkGof;df ul/aLn] cfqmfGt eP/ sfd / dfdsf]
vf]hLdf ef/tsf] cf;fd k'us ] f g]kfnLsf] ul/aL /
ljkGgtfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . gf}dtL pkGof;df
s0ff{nL c~rnsf dflg;x?sf] ul/aLsf] ljs/fn
l:yltsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . pnf/df ul/aLs} sf/0f
jfbL dlxnfx? z/L/ a]Rg afWo ePsf], ul/aLsf
sf/0f o; pkGof;sf] d'Vo kfq k|d ] nnjfn] lax]
ug{ g;s]sf], vfg gkfPsf] h:tf ljifo cfPsf
5g\ . sfnf] s0ff{nLsf] ;]tf] 5fofFdf s0ff{nL If]qsf]
ul/aLsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} x]nDa' d]/f]
ufpFFdf x]nDa' If]qsf] ul/aLsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
oxfFb]lv ToxfF;Dd pkGof;df d'sL{klnof tyf
u8xnsf ul/ax?sf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
lxdfn / dfG5] pkGof;df ul/aLsf sf/0f s]xL
¿k}ofFsf nf]edf s'g} dflg;nfO{ ljif xfNg ;d]t
tTk/ x'g] kfq;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . xf/L pkGof;
Pp6f xf/L lsGg] k};f -;}lt; ?k}ofF_ geP/ 3/
5f8\g ljjz ePsf] s+;f gfdsf] kfqsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf
/x]sf] 5 . uGtJodf ul/aLs} sf/0f dflg;x? sd}of,
sdn/L a:g' k/]sf] / g]kfnsf] klZrd t/fO{df
/x]sf] sd}of ;d:ofsf] d'Vo sf/0f ul/aL xf] elgPsf]
5 . o;df sd}ofx? d'Qm eP/ klg ul/aLsf sf/0f
k'gM sd}of aGg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df ul/aLsf] lrq0fsf
;fy} ul/a ju{kl| t ;xfg'el" t tyf kIfw/tf /fv]sf]
kfOG5 . ;a}h;f] cf~rlns pkGof;df kfqx?nfO{
wgL / ul/a ju{df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 / ul/a
ju{sf kfqk|lt ;xfg'el" t b;f{OPsf] 5 . cla/n aUb5
OGb|fjtL / gf}dtL pkGof;df ul/a ju{n] wgL zf]ifssf
lj?4 n8\g' kg]{ cfu|x ul/Psf] 5 . sfnf] s0ff{nLsf]
;]tf] 5fofFdf cfw'lgs v]tL, lzIff, :jf:Yo cflbdf
Wofg lbP/ ul/aL x6fpg' kg]{ ljrf/ k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 .
pnf/df wgL / zf]ifsx? cfˆgf] ju{sf] :jfy{df Ps
ePsf x'G5g\ ul/a ju{ klg cfˆgf] ju{sf] lxtdf Ps
x'g' k5{ eGg] cfzo JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
-`_ s[lifdf lge{/ -;fdGtL_ cy{tGqsf] lrq0f
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df u|fdL0f tyf s[lifdf
lge{/ cy{tGqsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;af6
g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yf ;fdGtL 9fFrfsf] 5 eGg] :ki6
x'G5 . g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df k'h F Lsf] ljsf;
gePsf], pBf]u, sf/vfgf vf;} gePsf / pTkfbgsf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 65
d'Vo cfwf/ g} s[lif ePsf] cfly{s 9fFrfsf] lrq0f
ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfly{s 9fFrfdf hUuf tyf kz'sf]
:jfldTj s]xL ;Lldt 6f7faf7f dflg;df x'G5 . cfd
dflg; ltg} dflnsx?sf] cwLgdf /xg' k5{ . o;
cy{tGqn] /fhgLltdf k|ToIf k|efj kf5{ . ufpF7fpFsf]
;fdGt -wgL_ dflg; g} To; If]qsf] /fhgLlts
g]tf÷k|ltlglw x'G5 . ToxfFsf] Gofo, zflGt ;'/Iff klg
ltg} ;fdGtx?sf] xftdf x'G5 . kmntM ToxfFsf cfd
dflg; eg] ;b}j kLl8t x'G5g\ . o:tf] cfly{s Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/e"t rl/q p:t} eP klg leGg leGg pkGof;df
syf~rnsf] ljlzi6tf cg';f/ cfly{s pkfh{gsf tl/sf,
vr{sf] z}nL cflbdf eg] km/s kfOG5 . n]sdf v]tLeGbf
kz'kfngn] k|>o kfpg], a]; F L / t/fO{df v]tLdf hf]8
lbOg], ;x/L Onfsfdf Jofkf/, 6fFuf rfns, kf]:6/
6fF:g], dlxnfx?n] of}g Joj;fo rnfpg], gbL lsgf/df
df5f dfg]{ h:tf :yfgLo ljlzi6tf cg';f/sf k];f
x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
-6_ zf]if0f, pTkL8g / bdgsf ljljw ¿ksf] lrq0f
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df zf]if0f, pTkL8g
tyf bdgsf ljljw ¿ksf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . >d
zf]if0f, of}g zf]if0f, hftLo lje]b, n}ªl\ us lje]b cflbsf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;n] rsf]{
cfly{s zf]if0f ;xg'k/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . v}l/gL3f6df
ldhf/, lhDdfjfnx?n] ug]{ >d zf]if0f, 7uL / c8\8fsf]
l86\7fn] w'/Ls/sf gfddf ug]{ u/]sf] zf]if0fsf] lrq0f
5 . pHofnf] x'gc' l3df :yfgLo 6f7faf7fn] ug]{ zf]if0f
tyf c8\8fsf sd{rf/Ln] dfUg] 3';sf] lrq0f ul/Psf]
5 . /f]bL3/sf] ;Demgfdf :yfgLo l86\7fsf 7uL /
>d zf]if0fsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . 3fdsf kfOnfx?df
:yfgLo Jofkf/Lsf] 7uL tyf sfnf]ahf/Lsf] rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 . clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtLdf sfhL vnsn]
dfemL hflt dfly u/]sf] >dzf]if0f, ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
hUuf x8Kg] sfd, lj/f]wLnfO{ dfg]{ h:tf s'sT[ osf]]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . clnlvtdf ufpFsf] d'lvof, k|wfgn]
ug]{ u/]sf] >dzf]if0f, cfly{s zf]if0f, lj/f]wLx?sf] xTof
h:tf ck/fw lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . a|xd\ k'qsf 5]p5fpdf
8]/L dflnsn] sfdbf/dfly u/]sf] >dzf]if0f, k|jf;L
g]kfnL dfly cf;fdsf /}yfg] / n7}tx?sf] HofbtL
cflbsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . gf}dtL pkGof;df ufpFsf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 66
k|1f–ultljlw
;fdGt, k~rx?n] ug]{ u/]sf] zf]if0fsf] rsf]{ ¿ksf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . pnf/df :yfgLo g]tfn]
;j{;fwf/0fsf] hUuf ;:tf] bfddf xft kfg],{ k'ln;n]
jfbL dlxnf;Fu lagf k};f of}g ;Dks{ /fVg], slj x'F
eGg]n] ul/a k|d] nnjf;Fu l/g egL dfu]sf] ?lkofF
glt/L efUg] h:tf zf]if0fsf ¿ksf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df /fhgLlts ljs[lt
tyf /fhgLlts zf]if0f, pTkL8gsf ljljw ¿ksf] lrq0f
klg kfOG5 . v}l/gL3f6df ldhf/, lhDdfjfn / c8\8fsf]
l86\7fn] cfn'sf] gSsnL 5fk agfP/ k};f p7fPsf
5g\ . pHofnf] x'gc' l3df k~rx?n] :qL rf}kfo sf6]sf]
egL ;j{;fwf/0faf6 k};f vfg], s;}n] cj}w ue{ af]sd] f
ljleGg dflg;nfO{ oftgf lbO{ em'66\ f] af]Ng ljjz kf/]/
k};f c;'Ng] h:tf zf]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . /f]bL3/sf]
;Demgfdf cfˆgf lj/f]wLnfO{ /f0fflj/f]wL ePsf] e'7f]
cf/f]k nufP/ h]n k7fPsf] ljifo 5 . clj/n aUb5
OGb|fjtLdf ;fgf] sfhLn] k|wfgk~rsf] r'gfjdf cfˆgf
lj?4 p7\g] xl/s[i0f ;Gof;L / lj/f]wLnfO{ ;3fpg] b]j'
kg]?nfO{ uf]nL xfgL df/]sf] 5 . sfhL vns, k~r,
k|zf;s, k'ln;x? ;Qfsf cf8df hgtfaf6 v;L,
l3p, df5f cflb l;Q}df vfg], o'jtLnfO{ ha/h:tL
of}g;Dks{ ug{ afWo agfpg] u5{g\ . 3fdsf kfOnfx?df
7fg]bf/sf] qm"/tfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} b]j
zdz]/sf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdnfO{ nfu' ug{ glbg pgs}
efO rGb|zdz]/n] ;QfRo't u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts
ljs[ltsf] :d/0f ul/Psf] 5 . clnlvtdf ufpFsf] d'lvof,
c8\8fsf sd{rf/L cflbn] l;Q}df hgtfsf s'v/' f,
l3p vfg] u/]sf], ul/a hgtfnfO{ /S;L v'jfP/ dt
lsGg] u/]sf], lj/f]wLnfO{ s'6g\ ,] lk6\g,] em'66\ f d'2f nufP/
h]n k7fpg] / dfg]{ ;Ddsf sfd u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
a|xd\ k'qsf 5]p5fp df ;fwf/0f ul/a hgtfnfO{ /S;L
v'jfP/ dt lsg]/ r'gfj lhTg], lj/f]wLnfO{ s'6g\ ,] lk6\g]
ul/Psf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . gf}dtLdf k~r, sd{rf/L /
k'ln;n] ;Qfsf cf8df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ em'66\ f cleof]u
nufP/ s'6lk6 ug],{ a]OHht ug]{ / rsf]{ b08 u/fP/
dflg;sf] pl7af; nufpg] u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
/fhgLlts ljs[ltsf] lrq0fdf pnf/ pkGof; ;zQm
5 . o;df @)$& kl5sf] :yfgLo /fhgLltsf ljs[ltsf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;df :yfgLo g]tfx? hgtfsf]
lxtsf nflu geP/ cfˆgf] JolQmut kmfObfsf nflu
hglj/f]wL / hgtfsf] zf]if0f ug]{ sfddf nfu]sf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . /fhgLlt zf]if0fsf] lrq0f o:tf k|jl[ Q
cGo g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df klg kfOG5 .
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df n}ªl\ us lje]b,
gf/L pTkL8g / of}g zf]if0fsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
o'jtLx?nfO{ d]nf hfqfaf6 alnof s]6fx?n] ha/h:tL
l3;f/]/ nuL :jf:gL agfpg] u/]sf], cfkm"eGbf w]/}
h]7f], a'9f] / ;f}tf ePsf] nf]Ug] dflg;Fu klg lax] ug{
ljjz ePsf], blnt o'jtLx?n] dflyNnf hftsf
s]6f;Fu ha/h:tL of}g ;Dks{ /fVg' kg]{ cj:yf
/x]sf], wgLdfgLx?n] ul/asf 5f]/L a'xf/Lsf] of}gzf]if0f
ug]{ u/]sf], k'?if aflx/km]/ 8'Ng] / 3/sf] ;f/f sfd eg]
dlxnfn] ug'{ k/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . To:t} s§/jfbL
kl08t ;d]t uf]Ko ¿kdf c5't elgg] hfltsf s]6L;Fu
ha/h:tL of}g ;DaGw /fVg] t/ c¿n] To; k|sf/sf]
;DaGw /fv]sfdf eg] b08 ;hfo lbnfpg cu|;/ x'g]
u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;fy} dlxnfx?n] b; jif{ k'Ubf
gk'Ub} ha/h:tL lax] ug'{ kg],{ ljwjfn] csf]{ ljjfx ug{
gkfpg], ufpFsf] ;fdGt tyf cGo k'?ifn] dlxnfx?nfO{
PsfGtdf e]6d] f ha/h:tL of}gzf]if0f ug]{ h:tf n}ªl\ us
zf]if0f / lje]bsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
g] k fnL cf~rlns pkGof;df blnt
;d'bfodfly x'g] u/]sf] zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] lrq0f
ul/Psf] 5 . If]qL, afx'g / cGo hfltsf l76fx?n]
blnt o'jtLdfly ha/h:tL of}g zf]if0f ug]{ u/]sf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . 5'jf5't k|yfsf] lrq0f klg ul/Psf]
5 . blnts} ljifodf s]lGb|t h"gsL/Lsf] ;ª\uLt
pkGof;df blnt ;dfhsf] ul/aL, clzIff, l;g'
vfg] rng / To;n] l;h{gf ug]{ ;d:of cflbsf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . cGo cf~rlns pkGof;df klg
blntdflysf] lje]bsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . cf~rlns
pkGof;sf cfwf/df x]bf{ blntdflysf] lje]b /
zf]if0fsf] dfqf eg] ;a}lt/ ;dfg ¿kdf /x]sf] eg]
kfOFbg} . v}l/gL3f6 -k"jL{ g]kfn_ sf] tfdfª ;dfhdf
blntk|ltsf] 5'jf5't e]befj vf;} 5}g / k"jL{ g]kfnsf
If]qdf syf~rn n]lvPsf cf~rlns pkGof;df
blntsf ;fdfGo k|;ª\u dfq cfPsf] 5 . u08sL /
wjnflu/L If]qsf] syf~rndf n]lvPsf cf~rlns
pkGof;df eg] blntsf ljifo k|dv ' ag]sf] kfOG5 .
o; x]bf{ g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf eGbf klZrd If]q
-To;df klg ljz]iftM wjnflul/, u08sL / s0ff{nL
If]qdf_ df blnt pTkL8g a9L 5 eGg] b]lvG5 .
-7_ k|d] , ljjfx / of}gsf] lrq0fdf ljz]if rf;f]
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df k|d] , ljjfxsf ;fy}
of}gsf ljleGg ;Gbe{sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|d] nfO{
st} efjgfTds / ;fj{ef}d tTjsf ¿kdf / st}
;do, kl/l:ylt / cf~rlnstfsf ;fk]Iftfdf x]l/Psf]
5 . g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf cfwf/df x]bf{ k|d] ,
ljjfx / of}g h'g;'s} 7fpFdf klg hLjgsf] :jfefljs
cfjZostf ¿kdf lnOG5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
;fy} k|d] , ljjfx / of}gdf pd]/, ;do, ;+:sf/ cflbn]
k|efj kfb{5 eGg] k'li6 x'G5 .
-8_ P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{sf] lrq0f
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df ljZjo'4, g]kfnsf]
PsLs/0f, /f0fflj/f]wL cfGbf]ng, k~rfotL zf;gsf]
k|f/De, d'ns' L P]g, e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd, k~rfot lj/f]wL
cfGbf]ng, sd}of d'lQm cfGbf]ng h:tf P]ltxfl;s
;Gbe{sf] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . cf~rlns pkGof;df
syf~rnsf :yfgLo Oltxf;sf ;fy} To; c~rndf
k|efj kfg]{ /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o Oltxf;sf] ;Gbe{sf]
rrf{ ug]{ k|jl[ Q kfOG5 . g]kfn tyf ef/tsf g]kfnLx?
la|l6; tyf ef/tLo ;]gfsf ¿kdf ljZjo'4df n8]sf
x'gfn] ljZjo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{sf] rrf{ cf~rlns
pkGof;df klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0faf6
cnucnu /fHosf ¿kdf /x]sf ljleGg If]q g]kfndf
uflePsfn] To; PsLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{ cf~rlns
pkGof;x?df cfpg' :jfefljs b]lvG5 . To:t}
/f0ffzf;g, k~rfotL zf;g / ljleGg cfGbf]ngx?n]
;DalGwt If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f
cf~rlns pkGof;df ePsf] kfOG5 / To:tf] lrq0f
:jfefljs b]lvG5 .
-9_ dgf]efj tyf ;f}Gbo{sf] lrq0f
g] k fnL cf~rlns pkGof;df ;Da4
syf~rnsf dflg;sf dgf]efj tyf ToxfFsf] ;f}Gbo{sf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 7'nfa8fsf] x}sdjfbL dgf]efj,
cNnf/] l76fx?sf] x'nbª\uf ug]{, an b]vfpg],
t?gLx?k|lt cfzlQm b]vfpg] k|sf/sf] dgf]efj,
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 67
Jofkf/Lx?sf] ;fdfgsf] efp a9fP/ 7Ug] dgf]efj g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df g]kfnsf] e"uf]n
To:t} :jfyL{ / cf8Da/L dgf]efjÙ blnt / ul/ax?df tyf k|sl[ t ljs6 dfq 5}g ;'Gb/ klg 5 eGg]
/x]sf] c;'/Iff, eo / lg/Lxtfsf] dgf]efjÙ s]xL o'jfx?df b]vfOPsf] 5 . g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df cfPsf
b]lvPsf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsfdL dgf]efj cflbsf] lrq0f ;a}h;f] If]qsf] e"uf]n tyf k|sl[ t ;'Gb/ / dgdf]xs
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cg'zf;g / st{Jo k/fo0fsf] dgf]efj, 5 . g] k fnL cf~rlns pkGof;df cfPsf
gofF k':tfsf] :jtGqtfk|d] L dgf]efj, sltko kfqdf syf~rnx?df ;f}Gbo{df ljlzi6 dfgsx? 5g\ .
b]lvg] ;'wf/jfbL / ;xof]uL dgf]efjsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] cfd ul/ax?df eg] ;f}Gbo{af]wsf] df}sf ;d]t
5 . o;df /]nj] ;]jf, ;x/Ls/0fsf cfw'lgs ;'ljwf / gkfpg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
/fdnLnf h:tf nf]s;+:s[ltaf6 dgf]/~hg lng] h:tf lgisif{df x]bf{ g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;df
;f}Gbof{Tds kIfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / ljs6tf, ;fdflhs ljljwtf,
cf~rlns pkGof;sf cfwf/df x]bf{ g]kfnsf] k|foM hftLo ljljwtf, ;lxi0f'tf / lje]b, cfly{s zf]if0f,
;a} 7fpFdf efUojfbL / k/Dk/fut wd{ / k|rngk|lt ul/aL, e|i6frf/ cflbsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL
cf:Yff /fVg] wfld{s dgf]efj kfOG5 . g]kfnsf k|foM cf~rlns pkGof;af6 g]kfnL kof{j/0f, ;dfh,
;a} If]qdf zf]ifs / zf]lift ju{ /x]sf / zf]ifs ju{df ;+:s[lt cflbsf] oyfy{ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnL
x}sdjfbL, :jfyL{ / cfkf/flws dgf]efj kfOG5 . sltko cf~rlns pkGof; g] k fnsf] ;dfhzf:qLo
o'jfx?df eg] ;'wf/jfbL / ;ª\3if{zLn dgf]efj kfOG5 . cWoogsf nflu cToGt pkof]uL b]lvG5g\ .
;Gbe{;"rL
sf]O/fnf, zª\s/ -@)#@_, x]nDa' d]/f] ufp“,“ jf/f0f;L M gjLg k|sfzg .
_______ -@)%$_, v}l/gL3f6, gjf}F ;+:s/0f -k|=;+= @)!*_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
If]qL, nLnaxfb'/ -@)%(_, a|Xdk'qsf 5]p5fp, t]=;+= -k|=;+= @)$#_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
uf]tfd], w=r= -@)^#_, oxf""b]lv Toxf"";Dd= bf]=;+= -k|=;+= @)$@_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
_______ -@)^$_, 3fdsf kfOnfx?= 5}6f}F ;+:s/0f -k|=;+= @)#%_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
uf}td, w|'jrGb -@)^^_, clnlvt= 5}6f}F ;+:s/0f -k|=;+= @)$)_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
h}g, guLgf -O= !(^&_, cf~rlnstf cf}/ lxGbL pkGof;, goL lbNnL M cIf/ k|sfzg .
lwtfn, ljgf]bk|;fb -@)@*_, pHofnf] x'g'cl3, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
gu]Gb| / cGo -O=!(*!_, ef/tLo ;flxTo sf]z, goL lbNnL M g]zgn klAnlz+u xfp; .
lghL{j, /ljls/0f -@)%^_, sfnf] s0ff{nL ;]tf] 5fofF, gf/fo0fu9 M n]vs :jo+ .
kf08], gog/fh -@)^%_, pnf/= bf];|f] d'b|0f -k|= ;+= @)%%_, sf7df8f}F M kmfOglk|G6 cfOPg;L .
kf08]o, kml8Gb|k; | fb -@)%&_, ;+:s[t– g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z, bfª M dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno .
k|sfz P= /fh -@)##_, /f]bL3/sf] ;Demgf, sf7df8f}F M cf/=;L= hf]zL .
k|wfg, s[i0frGb|l;+x -@)%@_, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/, t]=;+= -k|=;+= @)#&_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
k|wfgfª\u, vu]Gb| -@)%)_, xf/L, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
a/fn, Clif/fh -@)%$_, æcf~rlnstf, :yfgLo /ª / g]kfnL pkGof;Æ, ldld{/] -!$^_ M k[=#(–%$ .
ef]hk'/], lx/0o -@)%$_, l56]g÷uf]/L, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
ld>, /fdb/z -O= !(*@_, lxGbL pkGof;, -Ps cGtof{qf_, bf]=;+= goL lbNnL M goL+ lbNnL k|sfzg .
/fO{, OGb|axfb'/ -@)%*_, g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x?, t]=;+= -k|=;+= -@)#!_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
/fO{, lzjs'df/ -@)%!_, lIflth kf/Ldf, sf7df8f}+ M tf/f /fO{ / zflGt /fO{ .
jdf{, wL/]Gb| / cGo -;Dkf=_ -;+ @)@)_, lxGbL ;flxTo sf]z-efu–!_, bf]= ;+= jf/f0f;L M 1fgd08n lnld6]8 .
ljsn, /d]z -@)$)_, clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtL, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
lji6, bf}ntljqmd -@)$%_, lxdfn / dfG5], sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
zdf{, tf/fgfy -@)@#_, cf]em]n kbf{, sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
_______ -@)@#_, d]/f] syf, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
zdf{, df]xg/fh -@)%%_, ;dsfnLg ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt / k|of]u, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|k| .
>]i7, eLdk|;fb -@)%!_, gf}dtL, sf7df8f}F M ;fdflhs cWoog ;d'bfo .

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 68

k|1f–ultljlw
;ª\uf| n} f, vu]Gb| -@)%^_, h"gsL/Lsf] ;ª\uLt, sf7df8f}F M e'8F Lk'/f0f k|sfzg .
;j{xf/L, s[i0f/fh -@)%(_, uGtJo, sf7df8f}F M lg/Gt/ k|sfzg .
;'Gbf;, OGb -O= !(*@_, lgolt, bflh{lnª M u|Gy k|sfzg .
;'jf; -O= !(*(_, dg]= t]=;+= -k|=;+= @)#)_, bflh{lnª M uf]vf{ k':ts ;bg .
;'jb] L, wgk|;fb -@)^*_, æg]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf k|jl[ QÆ, ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw, sLlt{k/' M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno=
Cambers Encyclopedia (1964).
Encyclopedia Americana (1966), Volume 17. U.S.A.
Encyclopedia Britannica Volume VIII. 1981.
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences (1963), (volume thirteen), New York : The Macmilan company.
HART. JAMES D. (1996), THE OXFORD COMPANION TO AMERICAN LITERATURE, Edition,
New York : Oxford university Press.
Shipley. Joseph T (1943). Dictionary of word Literary Terms, New York : Philosophical Library.
;

n3'syf===
hLjgsf] /x:o
– kßk|;fb zdf{
nf]sgfy hLjgsf] /x:o cWoogsf nflu dfu{x? vf]Hb} lyP . slxn] k':ts k;ndf k'u/] hLjgsf]
/x:osf] af/]df n]lvPsf k':tsx? vf]Hy] t slxn] ljåt\ ju{;uF 5nkmn rnfpg] k|of; uy]{ . sltko ljåfg
eGg]x?af6 hLjgsf] /x:osf] af/]df ;'gs ] f] s'/fn] pgsf] lrQ a'‰b}gYof] clg csf]{ dfu{sf] sNkgf uy]{ .
hLjgsf] /x:o hfGgsf nflu nf]sgfyn] s]xL rrf{df /x]sf / s]xL Voflt sdfPsf JolQmx?sf
hLjgsf] cWoog ug{ nfu] . pgn] /fd, s[i0f, a'4, ufGwL h:tf JolQmx?sf] hLjgL cWoog u/] . /fdsf]
hLjgdf cfbz{ k'?ifsf] ;Í]t kfP . s[i0f ax'?kL h:tf nfu], a'4sf] hLjgL hfgL g;Sg' cgf}7f] nfUof] eg]
ufGwLsf] hLjg zflGtlk|o nfUof] . /fdn] zflGtsf gfddf lx+;f ug{ k/]sf], s[i0fn] wd{ /Iffsf nflu
dxfef/tsf] o'4sf] /rgf u/]sf], uf}td a'4 zflGtsf nflu /fhkf6 Tofu]/ 1fgsf] dfu{ ;dfpg ;kmn
ePsf] / ufGwL j[l6;x?sf] ;fd|fHosf] lj?4df l/Qf xft lnP/ lxF8s ] f] / ;kmntf xft kf/]sf] ;fy} ljZjs}
Ps pbfx/0fLo JolQm h:tf] nfUof] .
Ps lbg nf]sgfyn] z/L/ leqsf if6\rqmsf] cWoog ub}{ lyP, To;sf] lz/df …dfgj hLjgsf]
/x:o eGg' g} s'08lngL ofqf xf], h;/L aGb tfnf vf]Ng s'~hLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 To;}u/L hLjgsf]
/x:o hfGgsf nflu if6\rqmsf] 1fg x'g' kb{5 / o;nfO{ vf]Ng ;Sg' kb{5 .Ú eGg] n]vs ] f] lyof] . To;nfO{
nf]sgfyn] bf]xf]¥ofP/ k9] . hlt k9] plt /l;nf] nfUof] .
nf]sgfyn] dfgj hLjg / if6\rqmnfO{ hf]8/] x]g{ nfu] . ljutdf hLjg ;kmn ePsf dfS;{, P+uN] ;,
n]lgg, dfcf], j}1flgs cfOG;6fOg, Uoflnlnof] UoflnnL nufotsf JolQmsf] hLjgdf nu]/ hf]8] . k[YjLdf
ePsf tTj / dfgj z/L/df ePsf tTj pgnfO{ Ps} nfUof] . z/L/df ePsf tTjnfO{ k[YjLsf] tTj
cg';f/ hLjg rnfp ;Sg] xf] eg] hLjg ;kmn x'g] ljrf/ agfP .
ljrf/ g xf] slxn] sNkgfdf klg p8\5 . sNkgfsf] ljrf/ geP/ oyfy{tfsf] w/ftndf pleP/
ljrf/ k|jfx ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] dfgj hLjg ;fy{s aG5 xf]nf . pgL o:t} sNkgfdf 8'a/] cem /x:o vf]Hb}
lyP . ljZj/fh hLjgsf] /x:osf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nf]sgfysf] 3/df 6'Kn'Ss k'u] .
nf]sgfy / ljZjgfy hLjgsf] /x:osf af/]df ax;, 5nkmndf h'6] . nfdf] 5nkmn eof] .
cGTodf ljZj/fhn] eg] …hLjgsf] /x:o hfGgsf nflu hLjgnfO{ bz{gdf nu]/ hf]8g\ ;Sg' k5{ . bz{gdf
hf]8g\ g;Sg] dflg;x? cfj/0fsf dflg; x'g\ .Ú ljZj/fhsf s'/f ;'g/] nf]sgfy v'a xfF;] . nf]sgfyn]
xfF;f] klg hLjgsf] Ps /x:o xf] eGg] uy]{ .
;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 69
;dfnf]rgf
tfKn]hª
' sf] ;flxlTos l;h{gf M ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd
x]d/fh clwsf/L
!= tfKn]hª' sf] ;flxlTos l;h{gfsf] k[i7e"ld / nf]s ;flxTo
g]kfnsf] ;'b/" k"jf]Q
{ /df cjl:yt tfKn]hª'
lhNnf k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] Hofb} ;DkGg
5 . ef/tsf] l;lSsd / rLgsf] ltAat k|fGt;Fu
l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] g]kfnsf] Ps dfq lhNnfsf ¿kdf
kl/lrt tfKn]hª' cg]sf}F jg:klt, h8La'6L, hLjhGt',
r/fr'?ËL, lxdfn, tfn, kf]v/L, emgf{, gfuL, e~Hofª,
d7dlGb/ / u'Dafx?sf ;fy} dgf]x/ lxdgbL /
nfnLu'/fF;sf sf/0f klg k|l;4 /x]sf] 5 . d]rL
c~rnsf rf/ lhNnfdWo] tfKn]hª' ;'b/" k"jf]Q { /df
cjl:yt lxdfnL lhNnf xf] . @)!* ;fndf
g]kfnnfO{ !$ c~rn / &% lhNnfdf ljefhg ug'{
k"j{ of] lhNnf wgs'6f uf}8F f cGtu{t kb{Yof] . g]kfn
clw/fHodf ufleg' k"j{ o; lhNnfsf] Oltxf; ls/ft
k|bz] ;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 .
lnDa" hflt ls/ftLx?s} Pp6f xfFuf] xf] . lnDa"x?
…sfzLÚ uf]q / …nf;fÚ uf]qsf u/L b'O{ y/Lsf x'G5g\ .
sfzLlt/af6 cfPsf sfzL uf]q / ltAatlt/af6
cfPsf …nf;fÚ uf]qsf x'g\ elgP tfklg logLx?sf]
wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / efiffdf tflTjs leGgtf
b]lvFbg} . lnDa"x?nfO{ hgfpg] ;Ddfghgs zAb ;'Aaf
xf] . lnDa"x?df klg kfFry/], 5y/] / tdf]/kfl/sf
u/L tLg lsl;dsf eflifsfx? af]lnG5g\ . lnDa"
hfltdf …;fKof]s rf]dg] Ú -ue{/Iffsf] k"hf_ dxŒjk"0f{
dflgG5 eg] wfggfr / Rofa'ª gfr o; hfltsf
k|l;4 g[TouLt x'g\ .
dfgjLo hLjgsf ;'v–b'Mv, lj/x, j]bgf, dfof–
k|Llt / ljleGg cg'el" tx?nfO{ ;/n, ;xh / :jfefljs
¿kdf cleJoQm ug]{ dfWod nf]s ;flxTo xf] . nf]s
;flxTosf] cWoogaf6 g} dfgjLo ;EotfnfO{ a'‰g
;lhnf] x'G5 . nf]s ;flxTosf] k|f/lDes ¿k j]bdf
b]Vg kfOG5 . of] df}lvs / >'lt k/Dk/fdf hLljt
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 70
k|1f–ultljlw
/xg] x'gfn] o;sf] Oltxf; klg dfgj ;Eotf hlQs}
k'/fgf] 5 . nf]s ;flxTon] nf]s hLjgs} ljz]iftfx?nfO{
emª\st[ ug]{ x'gfn] hflt, efiff, wd{ / e"uf]n cg';f/
nf]s ;flxTosf klg cg]sf}F ¿kx? x'g k'U5g\ .
tfKn]hª' ls/ft afx'No lhNnf xf] . oxfF g]kfnLefifLx?
klZrd g]kfnlt/af6 qmdz M k"js { f If]qx? x'bF } cfPsf
x'g\ . To;f] x'gfn] o; lhNnfsf] nf]s ;flxTosf]
Oltxf; klg ls/ftx?sf] Oltxf;;Fu} hf]l8P/ cfPsf]
5 eg] ls/ftLx? k"j{ o; lhNnfdf ef]6x] ?n] /fHo
sfod u/]sf lyP . Tolt a]nf ef]6] eg]s} clxn]sf
z]kf{ / tfdfª hfltsf dflg;x? x'g\ . z]kf{ hfltsf]
Oltxf;;Fu klg o; lhNnfsf] nf]s ;flxTon] ldt]/L
ufF;s] f] 5 eg] /fO{, u'?ª, / a|fXd0f, If]qLx?sf] ;d]t
a;f]af; o; lhNnfdf ePsf] x'gfn] nf]s ;flxTosf
cg]sf}+ ¿kx? oxfF b]Vg kfOG5 .
k|frLg sfndf ls/ftLx? hËndf a:g] /
ToxLFsf] sGbd"n, kmnk"mn / l;sf/af6 hLljsf]kfh{g
uy]{ . pgLx?sf] o; cj:yfaf6 …km]No]/] km]Dk'gfÚ
-wfgr/L_ n] pgLx?nfO{ v]tL ug]{ ;Nnfx lbP5 /
…ol/DafÚ -wfgsf] lap_ NofP/ lbP5 . v]tL ug{ klg
l;sfP5 . To;kl5 lnDa"x?n] wfg /f]k]5g\ t/
kfs]kl5 r/fx?n] s]xL afFsL g/fVbf r/fx?af6
aRg pgLx?n] ;d"xdf wfgsf] /]vb]v ug{ yfn]5g\ .
o;/L wfgsf] /]vb]v / x]/rfx ubf{ cfk;df
/dfOnf]sf nflu gfRg] ufpg] ug{ yfn]5g\ / ToxL
wfgsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu cfk;df ldn]/ ;d"xdf gfRg]
ufpg] qmdnfO{ sfnfGt/df wfggfr eGg yflnP5 .
of] gfr cfh klg gflrG5 . klxn] lnDa" efiffdf
dfq ufOg] of] uLt clxn] g]kfnLdf klg ufOG5 .
dlxnf / k'?ifn] Ps–cfk;df xft ;dftL uf]nfsf/
eO gflrg] o; gfrdf clxn] cGo hfltsf dflg;x?
klg ;xefuL ePsf] b]Vg kfOG5 . wfg gfrsf]
Pp6f gd'gf M
ltNs]gL k'mNof] jg ;]t}
cfk"m t oxfF dg t]t}
cDas} bfg' l6kg
;kgf xf] ls ljkg
vf] == vf]==v}=== xfxfxf ======= .
wfggfr hlQs} k'/fgf] / nf]slk|o gfrsf ¿kdf
lnDa"x?df Rofa'ª| gfr klg k|l;4 5 . wfggfrdf
dfof, k|Llt / lj/x j]bgfsf efsf ;d]l6Psf b]lvG5g\
eg] Rofa|ª' gfr rflxF ljz'4 ;[li6sf] j0f{gdf cfwfl/t
gfr xf] . k|frLg sfndf ls/ftLsf 3/ gx'gfn] pgLx?
hËnd} a:y] . hËndf a:bf pgLx?nfO{ 3fd, kfgL,
x'/L–atf;af6 aRg ufx|f] eof] . ltg} ls/ftLx?sL
Pp6L r]nL ljjfx u/L /fd|f] 3/af/ ePsf 7fpFdf
k'lu 5g\ / pg}n] kl5 3/af6 dfOt cfpFbf
dfOtLx?nfO{ 3/ agfpg] ;Nnfx lbO l5g\ . pgsf]
o:tf] s'/f ;'g/] dfOtLx? …lgª\jfk"mdfÚsf]df uP/
;f]w5] g\ . pgn] 3/ agfpg] cg'dlt lbP5g\ /
ls/ftLx?n] 3/ agfP/ km]l/ ca s;f] ug]{ < egL
;f]Wg …lgª\jfk"mdfÚsxfF uP5g\ . tfu]/f lgª\jfk"mdfn]
ca ltdLx?n] n]sdf uO xª\ul] ;ª ¿v / csf]{
xª\nfl;ª ¿vsf sf7af6 Rofa|ª' agfpg" / 3/sf]
:yfloTjsf nflu e"tk|t] x6fpg v';LofnLk"0f{ 9Ën]
Rofa|ª' ahfP/ gfRg", ufpg" eGg] cfb]z lbP5g\ .
To;kl5 ls/ftLx?n] To;} u/]5g\ / cfh;Dd klg
gofF 3/ agfP/ lelqFbf Rofa|ª' ahfP/ ;[li6sf] j0f{g
ub}{ gfRg] ufpg] ul/G5 . o;/L ufpFb} gfRg] qmdnfO{
pgLx? Rofa|ª' gfr eGb5g\ . o; gfrdf k'?ifx?
dfq ;xefuL x'G5g\ / Rofa|ª' sf] tfn cg';f/ v'§f
rnfpFb} gfR5g\ . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f–
of] xf]ª lnª a/s g];]
of] tfª ;fª xf]ª lnª kR5]
lgªjf d] uf]t] l;s'Dd] uf]t] tfh] ª d] uf]t] .
-efjfy{ oxfF tn hnyn lyof], dfly cfsfz
dfq lyof], 1fg u/L a'9fkfsf;Fu ;f]wL ;[li6sf
af/]df a'lemof]_
/fO{ hfltdf klg ;fs]jf gfr -pwf}nL pef}nL_
gfRg] ul/G5 . o; lhNnfdf s]xL /fO{x?sf] klg a;f]af;
/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L z]kf{ hfltdf klg ljleGg lsl;dsf
k"hfcfhf, wfld{s rf8kj{ / hLjg cf/f]x–cj/f]xnfO{
;d]6g\ ] lsl;dsf uLtx? /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ a|fXd0f, IfqL, g]jf/ /
cGo hfltdf klg ljjfx, j|taGw / wfld{s rf8kj{,
j|t, Tof}xf/ / k"hfcfhfdf ljleGg lsl;dsf uLtx?
ufOG5g\ . a|fDx0f, IfqL hfltdf ehg, r'8s \ f /
afn'g ufpg] rng /x]sf] 5 eg] ljjfxdf Znf]s
eGg],] /Tof}nL v]Ng] / c;f/df wfg /f]Ktf / dª\l;/df
wfg yGSofpFbf ufOg] uLtx? ca k|fo M nf]k x'g]
cj:yfdf 5g\ . g]kfnL efifL lardf ufOg] oL nf]s
;flxTosf e'mNsfx? cGo lhNnf / If]qsf g]kfnL
efifLeGbf km/s / leGg /x]sf b]lvFbg} g\ .
@= tfKn]hª ' sf] sljtf sfJo l;h{g k/Dk/f
tfKn]hª' lhNnfsf] ;flxlTos Oltxf;, k[i7e"ld
/ k/Dk/fsf] vf]hL ub}{ hfFbf lj=;+= !(!@ ;Dd k'Ug'
kg]{ x'G5 . k|fKt ;fdu|L cg';f/ o; lhNnfdf afUbn
8fFuLn] ;flxlTos l;h{gfsf] yfngL u/]sf x'g\ . g]kfnL
;flxTosf] k|fylds sfndf b]lvPsf oL sljn] /rgf
u/]sf ef]6sf] n8fOFsf] ;jfO -!(!@_ g} tfKn]hª' ]
;|i6faf6 ;[lht k|fKt k|yd s[lt xf] . log} sljn]
nvgf} n ' 6 sf] ;jfO klg n] v ] s f lyP eGg]
cg';Gwftfx?sf] egfO /x] tfklg pQm s[lt pknAw
b]lvFbg} . ef]6sf] n8fOFsf] ;jfO k':ts ljleGg
5b\dgfdL n]vsx?af6 klg k|sflzt x'bF } cfPsf]
b]lvG5 . o; s[ltsf n]vssf ¿kdf st} nfnaxfb'/
cfpFdf;L t st} l;l4axfb'/ a:g]t Pjd\ st}
g/axfb'/ /f0ffsf] gfd;d]t b]Vg ;lsG5 tfklg o;
s[ltleqsf] kª\lQm …wGo ltdL /x]5f} afUbn 8fFuL,
ltd|f] gfd xg'dfg9f]sfdf 6fFuLÚaf6 o;sf n]vs
afUbn 8fFuL g} x'g\ eGg] tYo v'Ng cfpF5 . o;
s[ltn] tfKn]hª' ] l;h{g k/Dk/fdf dfq geO{ l;Ë}
k|fylds sfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTodf pNn]Vo e"ldsf
lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . 8fFuLkl5 tfKn]hª' ] l;h{g k/Dk/fn]
nfdf] ;do;Dd lj>fd lnPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL
;flxTosf] dfWolds sfn cjlwel/ o; lhNnfdf
s'g} klg ;flxlTos s[lt / ;|i6fx? km]nf kb}g{ g\ .
g]kfnL ;flxTodf cfw'lgstfsf] ;'qkftkl5
eg] oxfF ljleGg sljsf sljtf s[ltx? wdfwd
k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf b]lvG5g\ . o; cjlwdf huGgfy
u'/fufO{F -!(%(–@)@#_ sf] u'0f/Tgdfnf -!((&_ /
gd| lgj]bg -!((&_ k|sflzt x'g k'U5g\ . oL s[ltx?n]
oxfFsf] l;h{g k/Dk/fnfO{ dnhn u/L dfly p7fPsf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 71
b]lvG5 . pQm s[ltdf cfWoflTdstfsf dfWodaf6
;fdflhs ;'wf/ ug]{ rfxgf JoQm ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L
cfWoflTds / g}lts ljrf/ af]s/] sljtf l;h{gf
ug] { qmddf a| X dbf; vltj8f -!(&)_ sf]
wdf]k{ b]zdfnf -!(!@_, bfdf]b/ vltj8f / a[x:klt
uf}td -x/f{af]6_] sf km'6s/ sljtf, a}hgfy e§/fO{
-!(&!_ sf h'7f] ;'ts lg0f{o -@)#*_ a}hgfy uLtf
-@)$$_, lzj/fh a/fn -!(*)_ sf] cfrf/ d~h/L
-@)!^_ j+zLbf; y]a] -!(*$_ sf] lbnnx/L -@))^_,
eLid/fh k|;fO{F -!(*(_ sf uLtf af]w, cf/fwgf,
zflGtsf] cw'/f] uLt, l8NnL/fd e]6jfn -!(&&_ sf]
cfTdbzL{ -@)@^_ gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L -!(*$_
sf kfyLe/f -@)#)_, >4f~hnL -@)#$_, b]zbk{0f
-@)^!_, 6xnbf; l;jfsf]6L -@)!^_ sf] g]kfnL
lgTo kf7 Pjd\ wfGok|;fb clwsf/L -!((@_,
dbgs[i0f k|;fO{F -!((!_, nIdLk|;fb lg/f}nf -!((@_,
k|d] bf; pk|t] L -!((^_, t'n;Lk|;fb l;6f}nf -!(&)_,
s[i0f/fh k|;fO{+ cflbsf /rgfx? pNn]Vo /x]sf
5g\ . cfWoflTds lrGtg / ljrf/sf dfWodaf6
;dfhnfO{ g}lts cfbz{tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg' k5{ eGg]
ljrf/ oL sljx?df /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt / @)!& ;fnsf]
/fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf sf/0f d'n'sdf ljsl;t
36gfqmdaf6 a9\b} u/]sf] ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts
r]tgfaf6 k|efljt eO{ :jfwLgtf / :jtGqtfsf
kIfdf ;d]t sljx? cu|;/ x'bF } uP . o;/L cu|;/
eO{ sljtf s[ltsf] /rgf ug]{ slj / s[ltdf 6]sgfy
Gof}kfg] -@)))_ sf] e[s6' L -@)@$_, t'n;Lk|;fb
e§/fO{ -@))^_sf] d hlGdPsf] lbg -@)$!_, eLd
v/]n -@)!!_ sf] cl:tTj / dfG5] -@)#&_ n]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ eg] @)$^
;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng / /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 o;
k|jl[ QnfO{ lnP/ sljtf n]Vg] slj / s[ltx?df
/ljdfg ndh]n -@))*_sf] pGd'Qm cfj]ux?
-@)$*_, l;h{gfsf 5fnx? -@)^!_, hok|;fb e]6jfn
-!((&_sf] cghfg w"gx? -@)$(_, efg' e08f/L
-@)!%_sf ;u/dfyfsf] b]zaf6 -@)^^_, /ftf] lsNnf
-@)^^_, / g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{s F f dgsf] b]p/fnL, k'Ug'kg]{
6f9f lyof], hudf]xg zfSo -!(()_sf lhGbuLsf
kmfF6x? -@)$(_, hudf]xg zfSosf sljtfx?
-@)%*_, k'0o v/]n -@))&_sf] ;FuflnPsf k|ltljDa
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 72
k|1f–ultljlw
-@)%! ;x;[hg_, l8NnL/fd clwsf/L -@)!)_sf]
dg} t xf] klUnG5 -@)^)_, v]d sf]O/fnf -@)!)_sf]
aGw'sf ofqf sljtf -@)$@_, h;Wjh u'?ªsf]
ck'tfnL sljtfx?, /fh]Zj/ yfkf -@))*_sf]
z'esfdgf -@)$^_, rGb| dfb]g cfG5g -@)@^_sf]
s'l07t dg -@)&)_, ldhf; t]Da]-@)#(_sf] Kof;
gh/sf] -uhn ;ª\ux| , @)^!_, lrTsf/x? -@)^(_
;a' ;'wfsf] zAbsf nx/x? -uhn ;ª\ux| , @)&)_,
8L=jL= kfn'ªu\ f -@)@)_sf] lj;ª\ult, v]d/fh lg/f}nf
-@)@#_sf] dbg -zf]ssfJo–@)%@_, cd/ t'Dofxfª
-@)@&_sf ;lxb -@)%^_, d]/L ;fgL gfgL -@)%^_,
uf]kLs[i0f k|;fO{F -@)@)_sf] Ps j]bgf b'O{ sNkgf
-@)$*_, nIdL pk]t| Lsf] Pp6f af6f] vf]lh/x]5
hLjg -@)%)_, d[b' :d[lt -@)%^_, 6Í ag]d
-@)@@_sf] k]lGh/L k]g ldSxf -e"n ug]{ hf]8L, lnDa"
efiffdf_, ;fF3'/L / a"9f ;'Aaf -@)^#_, x]d/fh
clwsf/L -@)@*_sf] dxf;Dd]ng -v08sfJo, @)%(_,
ljrlnt jt{dfg -@)^&_, ljqmd cfªaxfª …lgdf]x{ LÚ
-@)#@_sf] kfyLe/f -@)%*_ / lxdfn ltlD;gf
-@)#^_ / g]qk|;fb l/hfn -@)#&_ sf] ;+oQ ' m sljtf
;ª\ux| kfyLe/fsf b'O{ wf/f -@)%^_ pNn]Vo /x]sf
5g\ . To:t} km'6s/ ¿kdf sljtf / uLt /rgf ug]{
sljx?df dbg e08f/L -@))(_, dfwj k|wfg
-@)!@_, g/gfy e§/fO{, s'nk|;fb e§/fO{, cls~rg
e§/fO{, /d]z l3ld/], efg' l3ld/], lszf]/ ;'Aaf,
;Gtf]if dfb]g, uh]Gb| t'Dofxfª, e/t r'8fn,
l8NnL/d0f a/fn, kz'klt e§/fO{, 8f= k|bLk e§/fO{,
gf/fo0f ltjf/L, df]xgrGb| bfxfn, uf]kLs[i[ 0f clwsf/L,
aL=dfofn', /fdk|;fb ld>, g]qk|;fb Gof}kfg], /fh]Gb|
clwsf/L, a'l4;fu/ e§/fO{, s'n/fh lg/f}nf cflb
/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;/f]hs'df/ zfSo, lszf]/ zfSo,
rGb|ks | fz d]Gofª\af], gGbs'df/ k|;fO{,+ k|tfk ;'Aaf,
of]uZ] j/ e§/fO{, ;/:jtLk|;fb bfxfn, /d]zs'df/
>]i7, s}nfz dfb]g, xl/ZrGb| k|;fO{,+ b]jLk|;fb lg/f}nf,
vu]Gb| kf]d," a'l4dfg tfdfª, O{Zj/Lk|;fb lg/f}nf,
3gZofd clwsf/L, d]bgLk|;fb e08f/L, ;L=hL= ;fFaf,
afa'/fd e§/fO{, lbks bfxfn, sNk j[If, dx]z lg/f}nf,
xf]d' ;fFaf, zld{nf uf}td, ;Ltf clwsf/L, ;'jf;
>]i7, e/t u'?ª, x]dsnf u'?ª, lszf]/ /fO{, l8NnL/d0f
a/fn, ;'efif dfb]g, s]Gb|k;| fb ynË, dgf]h uh'/n ] ,
y/]Gb| a/fn, zflGt g]kfn cflb sljx? klg gofF–
gofF lrGtg z}nL / k|jl[ Qdf cfwfl/t sljtf n]lv
/x]s} 5g\ . a4 / d'Qm no u/L b'j} z}nLdf o;
lhNnfsf sljx?n] sljtf n]vs ] f 5g\ eg] cfofdsf
b[li6n] d'Qmsb]lv dxfsfJo;Dd /lrPsf 5g\ .
#= tfKn]hª ' ] syf ;flxTosf] ljsf; qmd
lglZrt ;+/rgfdf afFlwPsf] cfVofgfTds uB
¿k g} syf xf] . g]kfnL ;flxTodf zlQmaNne cof{nsf]
dxfef/t lj/f6\ kj{ -!*@&_nfO{ k|yd syfTds
s[ltsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . cGj]ifs, lj1, ;dfnf]rs
/ Oltxf;sf/x?n] g]kfnL syfnfO{ k|fylds sfn
-!*@&–!(%&_, dfWolds sfn -!(%*–!((!_ /
cfw'lgs sfn -!((! b]lv xfn;Dd_ eg]/ 5'6o\ fPsf
5g\ . g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf cfw'lgstfsf] ;"qkfq
u'?k|;fb d}gfnL -!(%&_ sf] gf;f] -!((!_ syfaf6
ePsf] dflgG5 . o; b[li6af6 ljj]rgf ubf{ tfKn]hª' ]
syf ;flxTosf] ;'?cft g]kfnL syfsf] cfw'lgs
sfnsf] klg bf];f| ] r/0fsf] glhs @)!% ;fnaf6
ePsf] b]lvG5 . hudf]xg zfSosf] cu'jfOdf k|sflzt
pkxf/ ;+oQ ' m syf ;ª\ux| -@)!%_ g} o; lhNnfaf6
k|sflzt k|yd syf s[lt xf] . o; ;ª\ux| df hudf]xg
zfSo, /fds'df/ >]i7, ;/f]h zfSo, ls/0f zfSo,
?b|sd' f/ zfSosf syf ;dflji6 5g\ . ;fdflhs
oyfy{sf] w/ftndf /x]/ /rgf ul/Psf o; ;ª\ux| sf
syfdf g]kfnL u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] hLjGt lrq k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . tfKn]hª' sf] syf ;flxTosf] ultnf] hu
lgdf{0f ul/ lbg] sfd syfsf/ /fds'df/ >]i7
-!(*^_ n] u/]sf x'g\ . >]i7 u'?k|;fb d}gfnLn] tof/
kf/]sf] oyfy{jfbL w/ftnsf ;zQm k|ltef x'g\ . pgsf
sf]lknf -@)!%_, afx| d;nf -@)!*_ syf ;ª\ux|
k|sflzt 5g\ . g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf dgf]j1} flgstfsf]
k|of]u ug]{ >]o syfsf/ aLkL sf]O/fnfnfO{ hfG5 .
pgL g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|yd dgf]j1} flgs syfsf/
x'g\ . aLkLn] lgdf{0f ul/ lbPsf] syfsf] /fhdfu{nfO{
tfKn]hª' ] syf ;flxTodf k5\ofP/ cl3 a9\g] syfsf/
rflxF t]hk|;fb l;6f}nf x'g\ . l;6f}nf ¿k/]vfsfnLg
syfsf/ x'g\ . dflg;sf r]tg, cw{rt] g / cr]tg
dgsf ljleGg cj:yfx?sf] dgf]j1} flgs ljZn]if0f
ug'{ syfsf/ l;6f}nfsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . pgsf syfdf
kfqsf cfGtl/s dgf]bzfsf] dfld{s lrq0f ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . o;}u/L dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{ zf:qdf cfwfl/t
eO{ k|ultzLn ;f]r / juL{o ;dfgtfsf] jsfnt
ug]{ Hofb} ;zQm tfKn]hª' ] syfsf/ rflxF k'0o v/]n
-@))&_ x'g\ . pgsf k'ga{xfnL -@)%$_, dtfg] ;flxFnf]
-@)%&_ h:tf syf ;ª\ux| k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf
syfdf juL{o lje]baf6 ;[lht ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf]
lrq0f kfOG5 . ;fdflhs ;d:ofd} s]lGb|t /xL
oyfy{jfbL syf n]Vg] syfsf/ / ltgsf s[ltx?df
8f= t'n;L e§/fO{sf] l/Qf] 3/ -@)#!_, hok|;fb
e]6jfn -!((&_sf] /Def -@)@%_, ls/0f zfSo …kGtÚ
-!((&_sf] aGwg d'Qm -@)@)_, zÍ/ ;'Aaf …kmfuf]Ú
-@)!@_ sf Pp6f xTof gePsf] xTof -@)#&_, aUb}–
aUb} hLjg;Fu -@)%&_, nLnf >]i7 ;'Aaf -@))%_ sf]
kmsNofG8 -@)$(_, hudf]xg zfSo -!(()_ sf] wg]sf]
;kgf -@)%%_ pNn]Vo 5g\ . oL syf s[ltdf ;fdflhs
lj;Ëltsf] ;l6s lrq k|:t't ub}{ hLjgk|lt cfzfjfbL
:j/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o;} u/L tfKn]hª' ] syf l;h{g k/Dk/fdf b]vf
kg]{ cGo k|ltefx?df hLjgs'df/ >]i7, ?b|sd' f/
zfSo, nIdL tfNrf e08]n, /fh]Zj/ yfkf, Ps/fh
e§/fO{, s}nfz dfb]g, 6]sgfy clwsf/L k|dv ' 5g\ .
$= lgaGw n]vg k/Dk/f / ljsf; qmd
lgaGw / n]v /rgftkm{sf] tfKn]hª' ] l;h{g
k/Dk/fnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnL lgaGwsf] cfw'lgs sfnkl5
dfq} o; lhNnfsf ;|i6fx?af6 lgaGw n]vgsf] yfngL
ePsf] xf] . s'g} ljifo jf zLif{sdf s]lGb|t /xL cfTdk/s
of j:t'k/s z}nLdf l;nl;nfa4 9Ën] k|:t't ul/g]
cleJolQm g} lgaGw xf] . lj=;+ = @))( df
;ª\vj' f;efaf6 a;fOF ;/L tfKn]hª' cfPsf hudf]xg
zfSosf kl/jf/n] tfKn]hª' ] l;h{g k/Dk/fsf cGo
ljwfdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPh:t} lgaGwdf klg dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;} kl/jf/sf ;/f]hs'df/
zfSo -!(*^_ g} tfKn]hª' ] lgaGw n]vgsf cfwf/
:tDe x'g\ . pgsf] 1fg /lZd -@)!%_ g} tfKn]hª' ]
;|i6faf6 ;[lht k|yd lgaGw s[lt xf] . k|d] ljjfx cf}
lj1fg -@)!&_ pgsf] bf];f| ] lgaGwfTds s[lt xf] .
pgsf lgaGwdf z}nLsf] cfsif{0feGbf klg ljrf/sf]
uDeL/tf g} a9L ;zQm /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L pgs} efO
?b|sd' f/ zfSon] klg lgaGwdf snd rnfPsf 5g\ .
z}nLut ;/ntf / cg'e"lthGo tLj|tfsf ;fy
;flxlTos dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ lgaGw /rgf ug]{
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 73
;|i6f / s[ltx?df u0f]zaxfb'/ k|;fO{+ -!(*&_sf] Tof]
wgs'6f -@)$@_, bL3{ k|tLIff -@)$$_, bL3{/fh k|;fO+{
-@)))_sf] k|ltef, /fli6«otf / /fhg]tf, /fwfs[i0f
d}gfnL -@))#_sf n'l6Psf b'O{ yFu' f km'n, aGbL /x/
-@)%%_, SofK6]g vu]Gb|l;+x cfªaxfª -!**!_ sf
ls/ft lrgf/L -@)$^_, ls/ft w/ftn -@)$&_,
ls/ft Oltxf; -@)%)_, 8f= t'n;L e§/fO{ -@))^_
sf] d lsg n]V5' -@)%*_, ofqfdf a6'lnPsf km'n
-@)%(_, km8\s] tbf{ tb}{ -@)^*_, 8f= uf]ljGb/fh
e§/fO{ -@)!)_ sf PSn}–PSn}–PSn} -@)^)_,
ljZjljBfnodf clUg k"hf -@)^!_, ;Fu} a;f}F of] /ft
-@)^%_, k'0o v/]nsf] 3'ldlkm/L ?Dhf6f/ -@)%(_,
g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ -@)!@_sf d]/f] Kof/f] s~rghª\3f
-@)$*_, d]/f] df]tL k'/:sf/ -@)$(_, hglk|otfsf]
gfk -@)%#_, cIf/sf] k|bz{gL -@)%%_, gd:sf/
-@)^)_, dgf]h uh'/n ] -@)#!_sf n'vf:t -@)%*_,
xg'Dofg -@)^)_, n]vgfy uf}td -@)@)_sf la;{g
g;lsPsf kfgfx? -@)^)_ pNn]Vo 5g\ eg] o;
cltl/Qm lgaGwsf kmfF6df snd rnfpg] tfKn]hª' ]
;|i6fx?df 8f= ;'/G] b| s];L -@)!#_, /fh]Zj/ yfkf
-@))*_, 8f= v]d sf]O/fnf aGw' -@)!)_, /fdafa'
k|;fO{+ -!((*_, of]uZ] j/ e§/fO{, ;"od{ fg u'?ª, 8]ndfg
u'?ª, 6ª\s >]i7, 6ª\s sfsL{, /d]z e§/fO{, e/t
e§/fO{, clDasf ;fFjf, uf]kLs[i0f clwsf/L, gGbs'df/
k|;fO{,+ dbgs'df/ e08f/L, ;LkL d}gfnL, r}tGo ;'Aaf,
hf]Gb]g pSofj, /0faxfb'/ yfkf, s]zj/fh k|;fO{,+ xl/
uf}td, /ljdfg ndh]n, x]d/fh clwsf/L, d]bgLk|;fb
e08f/L cflb k|dv ' b]lvG5g\ .
%= pkGof; n]vg / ljsf; qmd
pkGof; cfVofgsf] a[ x t\ cfofd xf] .
tfKn]hª' d} hGd]/ oxLF a;L pkGof; n]Vg] k|yd
pkGof;sf/ s]Gbljqmd ynª -@)!@_ x'g\ . pgsf]
Ps dfq pkGof; bf}tF /L -@)#%_ k|sflzt 5 .
o;df o'jf ;'ne k|d] / To;sf] kl/0fltnfO{ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . tfKn]hª' aflx/af6 k|sflzt tfKn]hª' ]
;|i6fsf rlr{t pkGof;dWo] 8f= uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{
-@)!)_ sf] d'Unfg -@)#!_ xf] . pgs} dl0fk'/sf]
lr7L -@)#$_ klg Hofb} ;zQm pkGof; xf] . oL
b'j} pkGof;df k|jf;df /x]/ si6k"0f{ hLjg Joltt
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 74
k|1f–ultljlw
ug{ afWo g]kfnLx?sf ddf{Gt JoyfnfO{ snfTds
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L tfKn]h'ªsf cGo
pkGof;sf/ / ltgsf s[ltx?df 8f= xl//fh e§/fO{
-@))%_ sf ;fOg 8fO -@)$#_, :jKg eË -@)$&_,
gLlndf -@)%!_, 8f= t'n;L e§/fO{ -@))^_sf hLjg
o:t} xf] -@)#%_, pm klg t dfG5] xf] -@)#*_, 6]sgfy
Gof}kfg]sf] cljjflxt bDkQL -@)@$_, hok|sfz
e]6jfnsf cfsfz–kftfn -@)#(_, cg'xf/ / kfOnfx?
-@)%&_, e" k fn /fO{ -!(((_sf nfx' / ]
-@)%@_, 3fon nfx'/] -@)%#_, ;'Gb/ ;kgf -@)%^_,
hf]Gb]g pSofjsf] jfn'ª OG6/No'8 -cª\uh ]| L efiffdf_,
efg' e08f/L -@)!%_sf] afn'jfsf 3/x? -@)%*_,
g]qk|;fb l/hfn -@)#^_sf] sxfnLnfUbf uf]/6] fx? -
@)%^_, 1fg]Gb| sfsL{ -@)#&_sf] kfk pNn]Vo s[lt
x'g\ . logdf ;dsfnLg g]kfnL ;dfhsf ljljw
kIfsf] oyfy{ lrq ptfl/Psf] 5 .
^= gf6\o ;flxTosf] k/Dk/f
k"jL{o ;flxTozf:qLx?n] sfJo -;flxTo_ nfO{
>Jo / b[Zo u/L b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ .
gf6s b[Zo sfJosf] Ps e]b xf] . g]kfnL gf6ssf]
Oltxf;df gf6\o ;d|f6 afns[i0f ;d -!(%(_ sf]
' f] Joyf -!(*^_ af6 cfw'lgstf k|f/De ePsf]
d'6s
dflgG5 . tfKn]hª' ] gf6\o k/Dk/f Tolt nfdf] 5}g .
gf6s w]/n } ] n]vs
] f 5g\ eGg] ;'lgP tfklg k|sfzdf
cfPsf 5}gg\ . d~rgsf b[li6n] dfwj k|wfg -
@)!#_ åf/f lgb]l{ zt cGwsf/ o'usf cd/ ;lxbx?,
ha alxgL lapFlemlG5g\, lbzfaf]w h:tf gf6sx?
cf}wL rrf{df cfPsf 5g\ eg] k|sfzgsf b[li6n]
of]uZ] j/ e§/fO{sf] @)@( df k|sflzt k|ltlqmof
tfKn]hª' ] ;|i6faf6 ;[lht k|yd gf6\o s[lt xf] .
o;df nfdf–nfdf ;+jfbx? k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ eg]
gf6sn] cfbz{jfbL ;f]r k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o;
cltl/Qm eLd v/]n -@)!!_ sf] clenfiff / ;kmntf
-@)#@_ klg ljifoj:t'sf b[li6n] ;kmn gf6s xf] .
o;afx]s lhNnfleq lqmofzLn ljleGg ;ª\3–;Ë7g
/ lzIffnox?n] a]nf–avt ;fdflhs r]tgf /
dgf]/~hgsf nflu k|:t't ug]{ gf6sx?n] klg
tfKn]hª' ] gf6\o ;flxTosf] ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ .
&= vf]h–cg';Gwfg / ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; qmd
tfKn]hª' lhNnfdf hlGdP/ vf]h, cWoog,
cg';Gwfg / ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]
cg';Gwftf / ;dfnf]rsx?n] s]jn o; lhNnfdf
dfq ;Lldt g/xL /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/d}
dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ eg] g]kfnL efiff,
;flxTo, Oltxf;, snf, ;+:s[lt / Jofs/0fsf ljljw
kIfx?sf] pTvgg u/L JolQm, s[lt, ljrf/ Pjd\
k|j[lQsf u'0f–bf]if s]nfO j:t'lgi7 ljj]rgfsf
dfWodaf6 7f]; lgisif{ ;d]t k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
t]xy| d' lhNnfdf hlGdP/ tfKn]hª' nfO{ sd{ynf]
agfpg] /ljdfg ndh]n g} o; lhNnfsf] vf]h,
cg';Gwfg / ;dfnf]rgfsf] hu lgdf{0f ug]{
cg';Gwftf x'g\ . pgn] g} o; lhNnfaf6 k|f/De
u/L d]rL / sf]zL c~rnleqsf ;a} lhNnfx?sf]
;flxlTos ultljlw / k/Dk/fnfO{ ku]N{ g] sfo{ u/]sf
5g\ . pgsf d]rL c~rnsf] ;flxlTos ¿k/]vf
-@)$@_, sf]zL c~rnsf] ;flxlTos Oltxf; -@)%)_
h:tf s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ eg] ljleGg klqsfx?df
bh{gf}F ;dfnf]rgf k|sflzt 5g\ .
o; lhNnfdf hlGdP/ vf]h, cg';Gwfg /
;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf ;lqmo eO /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
:t/d} of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolQmTjx?df u0f]zaxfb'/
k|;fO{+ -!(*&_, 8f= t'n;L e§/fO{ -@))^_, 8f=
uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{ -@)!)_, lzj/fh zdf{ Gof}kfg]
-!((%_, 8f= xl//fh e§/fO{ -@))%_, 8f= ;'/G] b| s];L
-@)!#_, /d]z e§/fO{ -@)!&_, 8f= v]d sf]O/fnf
aGw' -@)!)_, g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+ -@)!@_ k|dv ' b]lvG5g\ .
u0f] z axfb' / k| ; fO{ + s f ;' j fgGbbf;b] l v
/fhLjnf] r g;Dd -@)$$_, g] k fnL ;flxTodf
:jR5GbtfjfbL sfJowf/f -@)$*_, dfWolds sfnLg
sfJo ;flxTosf] ljj]rgf -@)^!_ h:tf s[ltn] l;Ë}
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ gjLg
tYox? cufl8 NofPsf 5g\ eg] ts{ / k|df0fsf
cfwf/df s[ltsf] j:t'lgi7 d"NofÍg k|:t't u/]sf
5g\ . lzj/fh zdf{sf hf]/ ls lahf]/ -@)$)_,
g]kfnL ;j{gfd / cJoo zAb h:tf s[ltn] efiff /
Jofs/0f If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ku]N{ g]
k|oTg u/]sf 5g\ . k"jL{o / kfZrfTo b'j} ;flxTo
l;4fGtsf uxg cWo]tf 8f= uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{ g]kfnL
;dfnf]rgf If]qdf gjLg ;f]r, z}nL / k|ljlwsf
cfwf/df JolQm, s[lt / k|jl[ Qsf k|flKt / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f
ug]{ Hofb} xSsL / lg8/ ;dfnf]rs x'g\ . pgsf
sflJos cfGbf]ngsf] kl/ro -@)$(_, cfVofgsf] pQ/
cfw'lgs kof{jnf]sg -@)^!_, pQ/ cfw'lgs ljdz{
-@)^*_ h:tf s[ltx? k|sflzt 5g\ eg] ;of}s F f
;ª\Vofdf km'6s/ ;dfnf]rgf / k':tssf e"ldsfx?
k|sflzt 5g\ . hLjgLk/s ;dfnf]rgfdf g/]Gb|/fh
k|;fO{s
+ f] of]ubfg pNn]Vo 5 . o;} u/L 8f= t'n;L
e§/fO{sf ljleGg klqsfdf 5l/Psf ;dfnf]rgfx?,
ljZjgfy e§/fO{ -!((&_ sf] k|ltef / d"NofÍg
-@)$^_, xl//fh e§/fO{ -@))%_ sf uLltsfJosf]
P]ltxfl;s cWoog -@)$#_, g/l;+x cjtf/ Ps ;dLIff
-@)$%_, 8f= v]d sf]O/fnf …aGw'Úsf g]kfnL pkGof;df
dgf]ljZn]if0f -@)$*_, ;flxTosf/ aL=kL= sf]O/fnf
-@)$&_, ;flxTosf/ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn -@)$*_,
;flxTosf/ kfl/hft -@)$(_, s]xL pkGof; s]xL
lrGtg -@)#%_, d]bgLk|;fb e08f/L -@)@(_sf] /ljdfg
ndh]nsf sljtf s[ltsf] cWoog -@)^*_ h:tf s[ltn]
g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ .
o;/L ;dfnf]rgfs} If]qdf snd rnfpg]
cGo k|ltefx?df e/t e§/fO{, eLd v/]n, km0fLGb|
lg/f}nf, efg' l3ld/], /d]z l3ld/], /fh]Zj/ yfkf,
l8NnL/d0f a/fn, x]d/fh clwsf/L b]lvG5g\ .
*= ;flxlTos ;ª\3–;+:yf / kqklqsfx?
s'g} klg If]qsf] ;flxlTos / ;f+:s[lts, eflifs
;d'Ggltdf To; If]qsf ;flxlTos ;ª\3–;+:yf /
kqklqsfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 . tfKn]hª' sf]
;flxlTos ljsf;df klg ljleGg sfn v08df oxfF
;lqmo ;flxlTos / ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfx? / kqklqsfsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]
;+:yfx?df ls/ft wd{ tyf ;flxTo pTyfg ;ª\3
-@)#*_, df]tL em'kf| ] ;flxlTos k|sfzg, vf]slnª
-@)$$_, /fli6«o hg;f+:s[lts d~r -@)$*_, ;|i6f
;ª\ud kl/jf/ -@)$*_, cl;d ;f}/e k|sfzg ;fF3'
-@)$*_, ;flxlTos kl/jf/ tfKn]hª ' -@)%$_, h:s]nf]
;flxlTos kl/jf/ y'Da]lbg -@)%%_, kfyLe/f hg
k':tsfno -@)!$_, tfKn]hª ' ;flxTo ;dfh -@)^(_
pNn]Vo 5g\ eg] lhNnfleqsf ljleGg z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf]
k|of; klg :t'To 5 . o;} u/L ;flxlTos ;fdu|L
k|sfzg u/L lhNnfsf] ;flxlTos ljsf;df of]ubfg
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 75
k'¥ofpg] klqsfx?df ;u/dfyf, efg', t'jfFnf] -@)@$_,
em'kf] -@)$$_, gf]6sf] dv'08f] -@)@^_, d'xfg -<_, yf]Snf
-@)#) lnDa" efiffdf_, z} l Ifs hfu/0f
-@)$@_, z'ef/De -@)$^_, /]8qm; -@)$^_, xfd|f]
tdf]/ -@)$*_, cfx'lt -@)%)_, pT;fx -@)%)_, cfudg
-@)%@_, ;'af]lwgL -@)%@_, v'nf cfsfz -@)%#_, pef/
-@)%# xjfO{ klqsf_, kfyLe/f -@)%$_, tfKn]hª
:dfl/sf -@)%$_, h:s]nf] -@)%%_, :dfl/sf -@)%$_,
xfªkfª -@)%^_, s~rghª\3f -@)%&_, kfyLe/f
-@)%*_ k|dv ' 5g\ eg] ;dfrf/d"ns klqsfx?
s~rghª\3f kflIfs, ;"o{ kflIfs, tfKn]hª ' -;fKtflxs_
h:tf klqsfx?sf] e"ldsf klg ;/fxgLo b]lvG5 .
(= lgisif{
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|fylds sfnLg slj afUbn
8fFuLaf6 yfngL ePsf] tfKn]hª' ] l;h{g k/Dk/fn]
nueu ! ;o ^) jif{sf] ofqf k"/f u/]sf] 5 . o;
;dofjlwdf tfKn]hª' lhNnfn] ;flxTosf ljleGg
ljwfdf /fli6«o :t/d} dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]
5 . ;dfnf]rgf If]qdf r'r/' f]df o; lhNnfn] kfOnf
6]ss] f] 5 eg] lgaGw / pkGof;sf If]qdf xfn;Dd
e~Hofª / gfuL;Ddsf] prfO dfq k"/f ub}{ 5 .
To:t} syf / sljtf If]qdf e/v/} y'Dsf–y'DsL dfq
pSnFb} 5 eg] gf6ssf] If]qdf rflxF b'O–{ rf/ kfOnfeGbf
cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . tfKn]h'ª] l;h{g
k/Dk/fnfO{ x'sf{pgdf o;} lhNnfdf ghlGdPsf eP
klg ls/ft wd{u?' kmfNu'gGb, cfTdfgGb lnªb]g /
Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ªsf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|efj / k|/] 0ff /x]sf]
5 . To:t} lhNnfsf] ;flxlTos ljsf;df oxfF hlGdP/
cGoq} sd{ynf] agfpg] ;flxTosf/x?sf] emg\ a9L
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]x?df
huGgfy u'/fufO{,+ u0f]zaxfb'/ k|;fO{,+ 8f= t'n;L
e§/fO{, 8f= uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{, 8f= ;'/G] b| s];L, 8f=
v]dgfy sf]O/fnf, g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{+, 8f= xl//fh
' e§/fO{, /d]z e§/fO{, zÍ/ ;'Aaf kmfuf], eLd v/]n,
bL3{/fh k|;fO{,+ /fwfs[i0f d}gfnL, dgf]h uh'/n ] ,
dfwj k|wfg, h;Wjh u'?ª cflb ;|i6fx? pNn]Vo
5g\ eg] cGoq hlGdP/ tfKn]hª' nfO{ sd{ynf] agfpg]
;|i6fx?df hudf]xg zfSo, /ljdfg ndh]n,
;/f]hs'df/ zfSo, /fds'df/ >]i7, ?b|sd ' f/ zfSo,
/fh]Gb| ;'jb] L cflbsf] pNn]Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
tfKn]hª' d} hlGdP/ o;}nfO{ sd{ynf] agfO{ ;flxlTos
l;h{gf ug]{ ;|i6fx?sf] ;ª\Vof s]xL sd eP tfklg
tfKn]hª' ] l;h{g k/Dk/fdf pQm ;|i6fx?sf] dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . cfkm" ;|i6f geP tfklg ljleGg
;flxlTos ;ª\3–;+:yf / kqklqsf k|sfzgdf ;+nUg
/xL of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolQmTjx?sf] klg lhNnfsf]
;flxlTos ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df tfKn]hª' ;flxTo ;dfh / g]kfn k|1f
k|lti7fgn] ;+oQ' m ¿kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] lj=;=@)^(
sf] ;flxlTos dxf]T;jn] klg tfKn]hª' sf] ;flxlTos
ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o:tf
;flxlTos sfo{qmdx?n] eljiodf klg lg/Gt/tf
kfO/x] tfKn]hª' sf] ;flxlTos, ;f+:s[lts ljsf;
dfq geO{ cfGtl/s ko{6g k|j4{gdf ;d]t 6]jf
k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
clwsf/L, x]d/fh -@)^!_, æg]kfnL ;flxTodf tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] of]ubfgÆ, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, s]Gb|Lo g]kfnL
ljefu, lq=lj=, sLlt{k/' .
clwsf/L, x]d/fh -@)^$_, tfKn]hª ' sf] gfnLa]nL, tfKn]hª' M h:s]nf] k|sfzg .
clwsf/L, x]d/fh -@)%%_, ætfKn]h'ª / oxfFsf ;h{sx?Æ, h:s]nf], tfKn]h'ª M h:s]nf] k|sfzg, jif{–!, cª\s–! .
9sfn, b]jLdfof -@)%*_, æt'n;Lk|;fb e§/fO{sf] hLjgL JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf] cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq,
s]Gb|Lo g]kfnL ljefu, lq=lj=, sLlt{k'/ .
lg/f}nf, nIdLgf/fo0f -@)%&_, æeLid/fh k|;fO{s+ f] hLjgL JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf] cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, /Tg
/fHo nIdL SofDk;, sf7df8f}F .
e§/fO{, 36/fh -@)%^_, g]kfnL n]vs sf]z, sf7df8f}F M b]jsf]6f k|lti7fg .
d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd -@)#!_, sf7df8f}+F M >L %sf] ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .
ndh]n, /ljdfg -@)$@_, d]rL c~rnsf] ;flxlTos ¿k/]vf, tfKn]h'ª M vu]Gb| kf]d" .

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 76

k|1f–ultljlw
ndh]n, /ljdfg -@)%$_, æhudf]xg zfSosf] hLjgL JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf] cWoogÆ, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, s]Gb|Lo
g]kfnL ljefu, lq=lj=, sLlt{k'/ .
;'j]bL, /fh]Gb| -@)$#_, ;|i6f–;[li6,b|i6f–b[li6, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
/ ljleGg kqklqsfx? . ;
n3'syf===
k| Z g <
– xl/uf]ljGb n'O6F n
]
zlgjf/sf] lbg . 8\of8L–dDdL b'js } f] clkm; ljbf, xfdLx?sf] klg :s'n 5'§L . ev{/} l/lnh ePsf] /
lgs} rr{fdf cfPsf] lxGbL lkmNd …lks]Ú x]g]{ kfl/jfl/s of]hgf lyof] xfd|f] . bfOn] kfFr j6f l6s6 cgnfOg
a'lsª ul/ ;s]sf] lyof] . ;fFem 5 ah]sf] zf] x]g{ xfdL ;'Gwf/fl:yt l;len dnsf] 5}7f}+ tnfsf] cfw'lgs xndf
xtf/xtf/ k:of}+ . lkmNd ;'? eof] . t/ cln ;dokl5 g} km'Rr] efOsf] dg lkmNdeGbf cGoq df]l8g
yfNof] . efOn] s/s/ ;'? u¥of]– …xfkm6fOddf xfdL s] vfg] <Ú
jf:tjdf lkmNd cln af}l4s :t/sf] /x]5, efOsf] :t/n] w]/} s'/f a'‰g g;s]kl5 p;sf] Wofg
e8\lsPsf] k|:6} a'‰g ;lsGYof] . kbf{df csf]{ s'g} u|xaf6 k[YjLdf cfPsf] dfgj¿kL gfos gfª\u} s'bb\ }
u/]sf] b[Zo;Ddn] t p;nfO{ s]xL tfg]sf] lyof] t/ To;kl5 eg] pm w]/} tflgPg .
…kv g Ps l5g, x]/ g lkmNd .Ú 8\of8L–dDdLn] p;nfO{ ;Demfpg' eof] .
efO eg] slxn] xfkm6fOd xf]nf eg]/ xtfl/P/ s'g{ yfNof] . aNnaNn dWofGt/ eof] .
…ev{/} ;a}n] vfhf vfP/} cfPsf xf},F To;}n} xNsf s]xL vfg]s/' fx? Nofpm g t .Ú 8\of8L–dDdLn]
k};f lbFb} bfOnfO{ c¥xfpg' eof] .
…d klg hfG5' bfO;Fu .Ú efOn] lh2L u¥of] / kl5 nfUof] .
l;6af6 p7]/ hfFb} ubf{ bfOn] ;f]Wof]– …s] NofpmF <Ú
…d t cfO;lqmd vfg] .Ú efO s/fof] .
…x]//] s]xL Nofpm g .Ú 8\of8L–dDdLn] eGg'eof] .
3fF6Ldf lr;f]n] ;tfPsf] sf/0f 8\of8L / d}n] rflxF b'O{ sk tftf] skmL Nofpg eGof}F . x'G5 eGb} pgLx? uP .
kfFr ;ft ldg]6 laTof] . kbf{df lj1fkg cfpg /f]lsP/ lkmNd ;'? x'g} nfUbf bfO / efO cfP xftdf
kfFr j6f sf]gdf cfO;lqmd kf]] af]s/] .
…d t Eoflgnf cfO;lqmd vfg] . bfO / dDdL s'g vfg] < clg 8\of8L / lbbL s'g vfg] <Ú efO 7"n} :j/df s/fof] .
…8\of8L / d}n] skmL eg]sf lyof},+ xfdLnfO{ klg ltdLx? cfO;lqmdsf] k|sf/ 5fGg eGb} 5f} < Sof
xf] o:tf] <Ú d}n] k|Zg u/]+ . bfOn] hjfkm lbof]– …aflx/ :6ndf skmLlt/sf] nfOg nfdf] /x]5, cfO;lqmdlt/sf]
nfOgdf vf;} dfG5]x? /x]g5g\ . nfdf] nfOgdf a:g ‰ofp dfg]/ efOn] 5f]6f]d} hfpmF eg]/ lh2L u¥of]
clg ;a} hgfnfO{ cfO;lqmd g} lnP/ cfof}F xfdLn] t .Ú
d lsl~rt Joª\Uosf] d':sfg;lxt s/fPF– …hfg] a]nfdf ltdLx?sf] k|ZgfjnLn] eGYof]– cfO;lqmd
ls skmL < clg kms{b+ f eg] of] k|ZgfjnL ablnof] / agfOof]– s'g cfO;lqmd vfg], rsn]6 ls :6«a« /] L <Ú
cfhsfn /]l8of], l6eLx?df ;+ljwfg;efleqsf] k|ZgfjnL ;ldltsf] ljjfb rls{ /x]sf] k|;u+ sf]
;dfrf/ xfjL e}Ú/x]sf] s'/f;Fu hf]8/] ;f]xL ;dfrf/–z}nLdf d}n] o:tf] af]ns ] f] a'em]/ 8\of8L–dDdL eg]
d';d' ;
' ' xfFl; /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
d]/f] s'/f efOnfO{ k6Ss} dg k/]g . p;n] hjfkm kmsf{of]– …s/fpg] x}g x} lbbL . v'?Ss vfg]
cfO;lqmd . oxfF lkmNd 5'l6 ;Sg nfUof] .Ú
…xfd|f] 3fF6L b'Mv]sf] 5 eg]sf] x}g eGof <Ú d}n] klg k|Zg ug{ 5fl8gF . p;n] km]l/ xsf¥of]– …r'k nfUg';\ .
v'?Ss kbf{lt/ x]g; '{ \ .Ú p;sf] of] lh2Lsf] hjfkm s] x'g ;S5 eGb} d ;f]rdUg ePF .
efO eg] s/fpg 5f8]g– …x]g{';\, x]g{';\, pm pm pmM . jfx Û lx/f] cfdL/ vfg km]l/ bf}l8of] Sof;]6Kn]o/sf] s6\6'
nufP/ ÛÚ;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 77
Joª\Uo
r'SnL
g/gfy n'O6F n]
dfG5]nfO{ ;fFlRrs} dfG5] agfpg] ;lhnf] /
;/n pkfo eg]sf] r'sn ' xf] . 5]l:sgL / l5s]{ r'sn ' s}
kof{o x'g\ . cfkm" ;j{>i] 7 x'gsf nflu csf]n { fO{
;j{lgs[i6 agfpg' h?/L 5 . of] ;fj{ef}d ;To xf]–
Pp6fsf] ;j{gf;L cj;fgkl5 To;}sf] lrxfgdfly
csf]s { f] ;Eotf df}nfpF5 . r'sn ' ToxL ;Eotfsf]
lg;fgL xf], sdfgL xf] . s;}sf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf
lglDt xf];\ of s;}sf] JolQmTj ljgf;sf lglDt, r'sn
;jf{lws pkof]uL cf}hf/ ;fljt ePsf] 5 .
r'SnL r'sn ' s} ax'kr | lnt ?k xf] . ;Demgf];\
r'sn ' clxn] tkfO{s + f] tgtgdf 5, dgdgdf 5 .
r'SnL lagf tkfO{s + f] hLjg Ps} lgd]if klg rNg]jfnf
5}g . s'/f] tkfO{s + f] dfq} xf]Og, tkfO{n + ] cF7o\ fPsf]
/fhgLlt clxn] r'SnLdf c8]sf] 5 . r'sn ' v'l:sof]
ls aflx/ klg x\Jffª\u} leq klg x\jfªu} . r'SnLsf]
r'sn ' 7f]ss ] } e/df s}of}F uf]a/u0f]zx? /fhgLlts
v]nsf gDa/ jfg v]nf8Ldf bl/Psf 5g\ . /fHo
xfFSg] ædxfg\ sfo{Ædf ;'l/{Psf 5g\ . Pp6f n07 /
z7a'l4sf] k6d"v{nfO{ klg r'SnLn] dxfljåfg\
dlgifLdf cjtl/t u/fO lbG5, u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
t/ r'SnLsf] rSs' rnfPg jf rnfpg hfg]g eg]
ljåt\lz/f]dl0f klg wtL{sf] gfnfos d"v{ k|dfl0ft
x'g' kb{5, x'g' kl/ /x]sf] 5 .
d w]/} s'/fdf c;kmn eO /x]sf] 5' . d]/f
kl/>dL kfv'/fn] oqf] ljlw kf}/v ubf{ klg ;kmntfsf]
r'/f] ge]6\g' cgf}7f] nfUbf] s'/f xf] . oL ;f/f
c;kmntfx?sf] d"n h/f] r'SnL xf] eGg] s'/f d}
a'bb\ n ' ] klg ev{/} dfq yfx kfPF . of] tTj 1fg
x'gf;fy r'SnLsf] r'sn ' xfNg tlD;g' :jfefljs
lyof] . yf]/} ;dodf d r'SnLs} jnn] lkmi6]
sfo{stf{af6 jl/i7 g]tf aGg k'us ] f] 5' . g]kfnL
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 78
k|1f–ultljlw
df6f]df g]tf pdfg{ Tofu tk:of xf]Og r'SnLsf]
r'sn ' rflxG5 eGg] s'/fsf] lhpFbf] k|df0f d :jo+ x'F .
s'/f] d]/f] dfq} xf]Og k|foM ;a} g]tfn] g]tfsf] km]6f
u'Yg oxL ;lhnf] / ;/n pkfonfO{ cjnDag ub}{
cfPsf 5g\ . cfkm"nfO{ pl5Gg vf]Hg] sf]xL b]lvof] ls
p;sf] lj?4 r'sn ' 7f]Sof] . pmleq k¥of] eg] cfkm"
aflx/ a;]/ p;sf] ljkIfdf eP gePsf syf sy]/
' 5l/ lbg' k5{ oqtq . ljifsf lj?jfx? t'?Gt} 6';f
xfn]/ pld|g yfln xfN5g\ . cfkm" leq kl/of] eg] t
emg\ ;lhnf], leqleq} sfl6 lbof] p;sf] JolQmTj /
k|lti7fsf cfFs/' fx?nfO{ km]l/ slxNo} gknfpg] u/L .
aa'/f] pm s;}u/L p7\g ;Sb}g ;ft h'gL;Dd .
cf]5o\ fpg] ;'sn
' ;Dd gePsf xl/sª\ufnx?nfO{
7'N7'nf aª\unfsf dflns agfpg] ltn:dL cf}hf/
g} r'SnLsf] r'sn ' xf] . r'SnLs} r'sn ' xfn]/ d]/f
s]xL nuf}lF 6of of/x? kb / k|lti7fsf] w/x/f rl9
/x]sf 5g\ . r'SnLs} r'sn ' ;dft]/ tkfO{s + f s]xL
vf]KkL v]Nbfsf bf}tF /Lx? /fli6«o 9's6' Ldf km'ks" f] >f4
ul/ /x]sf xf]nfg\ . efu zflGt ho g]kfn ubf{ efu
gk'uL efOkm'6f dfkm{t\ syd\ syflrt\ s'/f] ;fj{hlgs
eO d'2f dfldnf;Dddf k'Uof] eg] klg d'2fsf]
emd]nfaf6 d'Qm x'g r'SnLsf] r'sn ' n] lgs} /fd|f] cy{
k|bfg ub{5 . o:tf] a]nfdf of] gub klg r'sn ' df
kl/0ft x'G5, lhG;L klg r'sn ' df ?kfGt/ x'G5 .
;To w/f]wd{, ;To w/f]wd{ r'SnL ljgfsf] hLjg ca
hLjg /x]g, Tof] t d'bf{ xf] . d'bf{ af]Nb}g / p;nfO{
cfuf]n] klg kf]Nb}g .
snd ;dft]/ cfkm"nfO{ ;flxTodf cf]/fNg]x?sf
lglDt klg r'SnLsf] r'sn ' lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
r'sn ' 7f]Sg ;Sg] n7'jf /ftf/ft ;flxTosf] /yL
dxf/ly aGg' s'g} cgf}7f] x'Gg . t/ r'SnLsf] r'sn ' af6
afx| xft k/ a;]/ ;fwgfdf dfq} x/fpg] d"v{
n]vs sf}8Lsf] d"Nodf wfO /xG5 . otflt/ clxn]
w]/} u'7 u'l7of/x? e]l6G5g\ / lkt[k; | fbsf] ?kdf
k'/:sf/sf] a'sL{ k|z:t 5l/Psf] 5 . tkfO{n + ] clnslt
r'SnLsf] lrNnf] 3:g'xf];\ t, ;flxTosf gfddf ;
n]lv /xg' kb}g{ jl/i7 ;flxTosf/sf ?kdf clegGbg
ub}{ tkfO{s
+ f kfpdf gub k'/:sf/sf] lj6f] v'qS' s v:5 .
xb} eP tkfO{n+ ] k'/:sf/sf] /sddf clnslt sld;g
u'dfP k'lu xfN5 . nf} eGgf];\ t of] r'SnLsf] rdTsf/
xf]Og <
sd{rf/Lsf] s'/} gu/f},F ;fw'–a|Dxrf/L ;d]t
clxn] r'SnLdf /dfpg] hdfgf xf] of] . af}l4s
vf]k8L hlt;'s} l/Qf] xf];,\ a'l4sf] esf/L el/Psf]
5 eGg] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kq lng tkfO{n + ]
k/LIff lbg} kb}g{ , k/LIff lbO xfn] klg pQ/ k'l:tsfdf
s]xL n]Vg} kb}g{ , n]lv xfn] klg Tof] ;xL x'g} kb}g{ ,
skL hfFrsLn] tkfO{n + fO{ rflxP hlt gDa/ pknAw
u/fO lbG5g\ . tkfO{n + ] s]an r'SnLdf ljZjf; u/]
;
k'U5 . tkfO{+ a]/f]huf/ x'g' x'G5 < x'g' x'G5 eg]
r'SnLsf] r'sn ' 7f]Sg' xf];\ hflu/ gldNg] s'/} 5}g .
hflu/ d} x'g' x'G5 eg] jiff}b+{ l] v Pp6} kbdf x'g'
x'G5 < To;f] xf] eg] dg km'sfP/ r'SnLsf] r'sn '
nfpg' xf];–\ t'?Gt} kbf]Gglt x'G5 . r'SnLk|lt k/d\
ljZjf; ug]{ r'SnLjfhx? Oltxf;b]lv jt{dfg;Dd
slxNo} / s]xL s'/fdf klg c;kmn ePsf 5}gg\ .
s[i0f x'g\ of qmfO:6, dfS;{ x'g\ of dxfTdf ufGwL,
l;sGb/ x'g\ jf z's/ft, b]jsf]6f x'g\ of bfFt] r'SnL
ljgf sf]xL cd/ ePgg\ . cxF ePsf 5}gg\ . e"hf
Ho'gf/ u/]/ r'7g\ b]lv sDaf]6d{ f cfrL u/]/ p7\g;Dd
ca r'SnLsf] cfjZostf kg]{ eof] . of] sd uf}/jsf]
s'/f xf]Og r'SnLjfhx?sf lglDt .
d]/f] of] n3' cfsf/sf] /rgf klg /rgf geP/
r'SnLsf] r'sn ' jl/kl/ l/ª\b} s;}nfO{ w'd;
{' lbg ul/Psf]
r'SnLs} ;fgf] ?k xf] . of] s'/f d}n] rfKn';L u/]/ / elg
/xg' k5{ / < eg] klg geg] klg r'SnL cflv/ r'sn '
xf] . r'sn' sf] rdTsf/ ck/Dkf/ 5}g t <

n3'syf===
pk]Iff
– /fwf sfsL{
jiff}bF{ l] v ljZjf;sf] w/ftndf plePsf] ;"on { ] PsfPs af6f] df]8k] l5 piffn] ;"on
{ fO{ ;DemfpFb}
egL– …ltdL cfcf}nf / Gofgf]kgsf] cfef; a9\nf eGg] e/f];fn] logn] slt /ft cfsf;d'lg latfP .
slt lbg ef]s / Kof;;Fu h'w] . pmFrgLrsf] ;jfndf slt k6s ckx]lnt eP .
k6s–k6s oL ;8s;Fu pleP, ;8s w]/} /ftf] / yf]/} dfq sfnf]kq] b]lvof] . cGttM uug kmf6]/
wtL{ l;l~rt ePsf] ;dodf lsg sGh':ofO{+ u5fF{} zf]lift kLl8t hgtfsf kIfdf pleg <
;"o–{ …pgLx?n] h] h] dfU5g\ ToxL lbP/ cUnf w'/Lsf] ckdfg u/f}F <Ú
piff– …lxhf] ltg} pk]lIftsf] 9f8 6]s/] ToxfF k'Uof}F . cfh ltg}sf cfjfhnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpFb}
5f} <
;"o–{ …d}n] pGd'lSt lbg] 7]Ssf lnPsf] 5' <Ú
piff– …o;f] x'bF f] xf] t ;dfgtfsf] gf/f lsg p7fof} <Ú
;"o–{ …s] d}n] rflxF ;jf]T{ s[i6 :yfg kfPsf] 5' / ÛÚ
;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 79
Joª\Uo
x'g' t o:tf] kf] x'g' Û
g/]Gb|/fh kf}8n]
h;n] /fd|l} ;t e]6–] tL eP . hf] clnsltn]
5lnP– tL v]/ uP . ah|Ëjlnsf] ubf xf] ls d'xDdb
clnsf] d'Ssf r}F xf]– d'li6jiff{sf] cflzjf{b klg
crDd} l ;t a' O { r9] Y of] s' g } a] n f g] k fnsf]
/fhgLltdf . Tolt a]/} kmlnkmfk x'gn ] ] b]zLljb]zL
ldl8of / ;~rf/ hutnfO{ ;uf}/j elglbPy]– df}sfd}
e]l6PYof], /fd|;} uF e]l6PYof] / g} oqf] dfG5] eOof] .
oqf] s';L{ r9]/ bnLdnL ul/of] klg .
df]km;nsf dfG5]x? x'gn ] fO{ nfdf nfdf awfO
;Gb]z clg d'/Ld'/L z'esfdgf lbFb} / eGb} klg
lyP– x'g' t o:tf] kf] x'g' . c¿ h:tf] kfof] To:t}
s] x'g' < cGt htftt} ePh:tf] klg lsg x'g' Û a?
x'bF } g x'g' . x'g} k/] o:t} dfq x'g' cyf{t\ sxLF
gePsf] x'g' . ;w}F lt3|f 76fpFb} ysL{ yfk]/ kf;f
v]Ng /pl;g] v]nf8L x'g' . ;w}F+ gfª\nf] 76fP/ xfQL
t;f{pg] 808fjfn x'g' . hgtf r/Lsf] gfddf d'vn]
/fd/fd hKg], aunLdf 5'/f af]Sg] gDa/ jfg em]nf8L
x'g' . g]kfnL u0ftGq] g]tf x'g' t ;Flwof/ ;fd' ;f/}
cgf8L x'g' . b]Vtf vfl/Psf] ;'g h:t} 6nSs 6lNsg]
hnk gfds gSsnL kbfy{ x'g' . clg 5fdLx]bf{
lz/k'5/ ge]l6g] uf]nvf8L x'g' . r;Ss x[bo 5'g]
sljtfsf] efjfy{ h:t} ;+jB ] x'g' . ef]sf gfËfsf]
cufl8 efif0fdf dfgjLo ;+jb] gfsf] Hj/ef6f cf]sNg]
x'g' . Jojxf/df eg] dfG5]sf] a'O{ r9]/ k}ofF 7f]Sg
/dfpg] 3f]8r8L x'g' .
ul/a b] z sf] wgL g] t f x' g ' . sdhf] /
gf6\onLnfsf] alnof] ljb"ifs aGg' . ljZj /Ëd~rdf
k|x;gsf] g]tT[ j ug'{ . sxLF st} gePsf] clego
kl:sP/ ljZjnfO{ xF;fpg' . vfOa9]sf] nlaw/] HofgnfO{
pRr bhf{sf] sf}rdfly 9;d:; la;fpg' . dfG5]
eP/ of] wtL{df hlGdg'sf] ;f/ o;}nfO{ ;lDemg' .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 80
k|1f–ultljlw
web source: www.khasskhass.com
hLjg ofqfsf] clGtd nIo olQd} lgwf{l/t ug'{ .
gLlt ;+lxtf :jLs[t c;n s'/fsf] slxNo} Vofn
g/fVg' . ;bf;j{bf t'R5 ljrf/sf] ck'tfnL :ofxfg'{ .
s'g} lbg cfuf]df blGsg] / df6f]df ldNg] b]x;+;f/nfO{
kfNg] kf]:g] pQd sfd dfq lbnf]Hofg nufP/ ug'{ .
xfQLjg / uf]s0f{sf e§Lx'bF f] 88'jf tGsfP/ b]z
agfpg] gofF lehg vf]Hg' . gofF ;+ljwfgsf] l;hg
kv{b} k'/fgf] efOrf/fdf 89\of}nf] emf:g' . gf}6ÍL
gfrufgdf ;xdlt gfpFsf] cTofw'lgs ufO{hfqf
b]vfpg' . To;}sf] nflu rflxg] vr{ar{ h'6fpg
ahf/lt/ xftkfp a9fpg' . xKt}lkR5] b/efp a9fP/
sfnf ahf/Ln] lbPsf] k]6f« n ] lkpg' . UofF; rf]//]
;F£' g' . ;8sdf kf]Tg' kg]{ cnsqf rf6\g' . dnd"qsf
9naf6 gfkmf sld;gsf] uËfhn lgsfn]/ laxfg
a]ns ' } cfrdg ug'{ . sdhf]/ / lg/Lx dfG5]n] wfGg}
g;Sg] u/L ahf/efp a9fP/ Vofp6] pkef]Qmfsf]
/ut kl;gfdf l5s]{ bfp nufpFb} kf}8L v]Ng' .
PghLcf] gfpFsf 8n/kltx?sf] l6s6df
cfsfzdf p8\g' . Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf pkxf/–
k|f8f], kh]/f] r9]/ w/fwfddf u'8g\ ' . afnaflnsfnfO{
aFf8\g' kg]{ kf}li6s cfxf/sf] b'wlk7f] rf]//] Hofg
cem} vFlbnf] el/nf] agfpg' . s'sd{ ubf{ k5'tf]
glng' . a? hlt;s] dg alnof] agfpg' . c¿nfO{
emf/kft a/fa/ g uGg' . c¿sf] nflu sfnf] l;;fsf]
k|of]u lgif]w ug'{ . cfkm" r}+ ToxL sfnf] l;;fleq
a;]/ dgnfUbL dlRrg' . cfkmcfkm}+ ldn]/ ;Qf
zlQmsf] efua08f ug'{ . cfkm} ;j{JofkL, ;j{1 5'
eGg' . o; cleofgdf e}k/L cfpg] s'g,} s:t} sd{
s'sd{ ug{ afFsL g /fVg' . s'g} cwd{ yftL g/fVg' .
cyf{t\ kl/cfpFbf a}s + s, l;Ëfk'/ htf;'s} uP/ h]
h] k/] klg ug{ u/fpg nflukg{' . efuL g lxF8g\ ' .
g}lts cg}lts eGg] s'/f s'g} zJbsf]zdf st} e]l6P
l8ln6 ug'{ . clg g eP a/fa/ 9'Ss kg'{ . v'n/]
;dfh;]jf ug'{ . d;fh, d]jfldi6fGgsf] kf/vL ag]/
kf}/v b]vfpg' . 5ftL km'sfP/ kl/jf/ s'nsf] ;]jfdf
;dlk{t x'g' . Hofg} lbP/ nfUg' . ePsf] e]if n'sfP/
;Rrf ;dfh;]jL aGg' . l;4fGtsf sf]if kN6fP/,
9f]n ahfP/ t'n 6fFUb} gf/f nufpg' . h'nz ' p/fNg' .
;x/ ttfpg' . kxf8–dw]; /Gsfpg' . aaf{bLsf]
nfz cf]9fP/ af/}df; of] g]kfn b]zsf] hh{/
cfªdfly lemFuf e';g' f eGsfpg' . o:t}vfn] rfn'
hggfos ag]/ bL3{sfn ko{Gt b]zsf] gfojL ;dfNg' .
d'lVtof/L rnfpg' .
cfkm" /fd|/L ;f; km]g{' . c¿n] km]g{ lal;{P
ljho ;Demg' . x'Dnf, d'u,' afh'/f, sfnLsf]6x'bF L
dfG5] ef]s} d/] eg]] ;dj]bgf hf/L ug'{ . hfh/sf]6,
e]/L, h'/s] f af9L k}/f]kLl8tsf] lrTsf/df c§xf;
u/]/ h'xf/L v]Ng' . hgtf, kmf]xf]/ cGwsf/df nDk;f/
n8'g— \ jf:tf g ug'{ . s]jn cfkm" pHofnf]df a:g' .
t/ hgtfsf] ;]js x'F eGg sa} g la;{g' . slxn]sxLF
cFWof/f 5fk|fe'mk|f 5fg]/ cfkm}+ af; klg a:b} ug'{ .
;dfgtf ;dfj]lztfsf] 8LFu xfFSg gla;{g' .
sld;gvf]/Ltkm{ pRr :t/sf] Wofg lbg' . l;len
k'ln; ;+:yfg ht}sf] eP klg sd{rf/L ;?jfdf
sdfn eP dfq jf/kf/ ug'{ . kLcf/jfnf;Fu bnfnL
u/]/ dxn 78\ofpg] ;kgf pu|fpg' . sd;n dfn
lsg]/ ljb]zL ld;gx?df k7fpg]tkm{ ;hu x'g' .
Ow/sf dfn p3/ eGg] ;"lQmnfO{ slxNo} g e'Ng' .
ljutsf jgkmF8fgL, r'/e ] ~hg, ;fn;L8df h:t}
sl;s;fp u/]/ b}b:t"/ c;'Ng' . /fi6«nfO{ bfAg],
bkm{¥ofpg] s];df x]nr]So|fOF gug'{ . efj'stfdf
v'sn' f] g x'g' . ljutsf] c¿0fdf h:t} cfutsf
hn, dn, 9n, xjfO{, ljB'tsf of]hgfx?nfO{ PsPs
u/L efFhf] xfNg nufpg' . cFWof/f] eP nfnl6g
6r{sf] cfoft a9fpg' . lbofnf], k'N7f]tkm{sf] nË
dfr{lt/ hgtfnfO{ 8f]xf]¥ofpg] ;fx; b]vfpg' .
wfFhf kmf6]/ b]znfO{ si6 eP So|fs dnd nufpg' .
lr/f k/] ;]nf]6k] nufpg' . ls/f k/] ofG6Lafof]l6S;\
bNg' . ;fFw ldlrP bf];fFw] gLlt lng' . t]/f]d]/f]
geGg' . otflt/ cfpg] kfl/kl§sfnfO{ kfx'gf
;lDemP/ a:g lbg' . b]zeQm x'F eGg]nfO{ h]h] eGf]
klg eGg lbg' . cfkm" sfg 78\ofP/ ;'lg dfq /xg' .
t/ xft nfu]sf] ;Qf hlt;'s} ux|f+} nfu] klg s;}
u/] g 5f]8g\ ' . bfp nfu]sf] zlQm rf}tf/L e]6t\ d } f
gla;fpg' . s;n] s] eG5 wfh]{ lnP/ ;'Gg' . clk|o
nfu] klg gl/;fpg' . cfˆgf] jl/kl/ n'6k' 6' ' ug]{
ldl8ofnfO{ v]Ng vf]l;|g lbg' . ljleGg yl/ k]k/nfO{
n]Vg lbg' . Sofd]/fnfO{ b]Vg lbg' t/ wG;f/sf]
ljtf{–akf}tL Hofg} uP g5f8\g' .
JjfF ; f aF b ] n la;f{ p g' . laR5L clhF u /
kNsfpg' . d';f 5'rG' b|f t;f{pg' . b]z b'nf] kfg]{
sfo{df cfkm} g]tT[ j lng' . g}ltstf / dof{bfsf
;Ldf kvf{n st} b]lvP, kmf]g{] vGtL cfkm}n + ] ;dfTg' .
aLF8 alnof] /fVg' . bx|fu] /L ;dfpg' .
cfkm} l;4fGtsf] k|0f]tf aGg' . clg clwj]zg,
dxflwj]zgsf] a]nf cfkm}F JofVoftf ag]/ Jof;f;gdf
kn]F6L s:g' . hf] 5g\ ;f] dxf/fhsf] z}nLdf
cy{lj:tf/df km}lng' . l;Fuf/k6f/ ;lxtsf] b:tfj]h
Nofpg' . cfˆg} gLlt lgb]z { g lkP/ 6Gg c3fpg' .
cfˆg} l;4fGtsf ;]pnf rkfP/ ufOe}F;L h:t}
pu|fpg' . sfo{gLlt kR5\ofP/ leQf] eTsfpg' .
/0fgLlts rfnafhL eGb} l8n cfnL vGg' . bf/f
gË|f Ps};fy rnfpg' . 8'8F leq ;'8F x'ns ] f] aª\u/' emF}
cnd:t ag]/ s'F8f]n] 9fl8g' . ;Gtf]ifdf hu/
xNnfpg' . c3fP/ km';t{ df eOF vf];g| ' . b]zsf]
df6f] ;s]hlt cfFwLdf p8fpg' . g;s] hlt af9Ldf
aufpg' . k5fl8 e"d08nLs/0fsf] gftf hf]8g\ ' .
k'R5/ ufF:g' . efjL ;GtltnfO{ c/alt/ e]Hg' .
afFsLtfFsLnfO{ klg aËfnlt/} a;fOF ;f/]/ ;gkf6
/f]Kg] sfd lbnfpg' . uf]8d \ n] ug]{ d];f] ldnfpg' .
nf}sfefG6fsf] uf]bfd nufP/ rf}lsbf/Ldf /dfpg' .
oltn] gEofP cfkm}+ b'D;L aGg' . cfˆg} b]zsf] leQf]
vf];g| ' . 5]p dfem b"nf] kfg'{ . kf}/vL kfv'/f ahf/]/
cfkm}n+ ] agfPsf] ToxL Ejfªleq n's/] ;'/lIft /xg' .
afFsL ;fFw ;Ldfgf s]xL geGg' . s';L{ ljof]usf]
nIf0f b]lvP pbf/dgf eP/ ;/sf/L 9's6' L afFl8
lbg' . ;'/f;'Gb/Lsf dxlkmn ;hfP/ e]8fav|fnfO{
rg{ 5fl8 lbg' . c¿sf] /fhgLlt gfpFsf af/aGwg,
au}rF fhlt PsPs u/]/ kmfFl8 lbg' . k|ltåGbL kf/fsf
sf]xL xGa]gf{ cfOnfu] 3/af/} phfl8 lbg' . 5/l5d]s
/ jfl/kfl/sf wf}n] 3/x?sf] ;w}F Vofn /fVg' . cd/
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 81
l;+, eLd]g yfkf nufot Oltxf; k'?ifx?af6 rflxFbf]
kf7 l;ls/fVg' . hLjgsf] ljof]ufGt kL8fsf] kl/ro
g la;{g' . ;w}F ;lDem/fVg' . ;Rrf dflnsjfbL
aGg' . csf{ n ] lbPkfPsf] tfn' s bf/LnfO{
akmfbf/Lk"j{s ;dfNg' . xfjfdf aGb's k8\sfP/
lbgel/ gDj/L b'Zdg tf]Sg] sfd ug{ s;}u/] g5f8\g' .
/ft ;fFem h:s]nf rxf/]/ v'§f ahfb}{ ltg} b'zdg
bfbfnfO{ ;nfd 7f]Sg' . dbf{ dnfdL ag]/ zª\v
km'St} nfzsf] kl5 nfUf]/ d;fg3f6 k'Ug' . a9\bf
al/oft ag]/ bdfxf 7f]St} / ;g} ahfpFb} cl3
nfUg' . clg eGb}, s'nb{ } klg ug'–{ xfd|f] dxfg
qmflGtsf/L kf6L{n] kmnfgfnfO{ gDa/ jfg b'Zdg
7x/ u/]sf] 5 . kmnfgf] bfbf d"wf{jfb Û ;xdlt
vf]Hg] eGb} l;pk'/L, w'lnv]n, xfQLjg, uf]s0f{
stfstf tfs k5{– pt}pt} efFrf] s:g' . Sofl;gf],
af/ d;fh s]Gb| x'bF } /ft ;fFem e§L rfxfg{] sfd
/fd|/L ug'{ . zf;sx? zf;g dfq x}g /dfOnf] ug{
klg hlGdPsf x'G5g\ eGg] j:t' ;TonfO{ 5fofÍg
u/]/ hgtfdfem 5\ofË kfl/lbg' . st} 3'dn {} f] jf of]
Tof] b]lvP/ b[li6e|d g xf];\ Û 5n{Ë b]vfO lbg' . o;
sfo{sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu v'§f a6fb}{ nfKkf v]Ng]
x}lot;Dd dfq k'Ug' . ;8s b'36{ gfsf] lzsf/ ag]/
;lxb x'g] ;kgf rflxF ;se/ g b]Vg' . b]lvxfn]
;lxb kl/jf/n] kfpg] eQf ;'ljwf cfkm}n] lhpFb}
ntfg'{ . Tolt a]/;Dd kv{g] w}o{ g /fVg' .
s' g } lbg hgtfn] 3f] q m] 7 \ o fs nufPsf
Vjfldtsf kblrGXdf nDk;f/ k/]/ kl;|g' . l5s]{
bfp nufP/ ;Qf l6sfpg] ;Tsfo{sf nflu dxfg
/fi6«jfbL aGg' . cfOkbf{ ifi6fË b08jt;lxt Hofg}
la;fP/ ndtGg kg'{ . s';L{ ljof]usf] 5fF6sfF6
b]lvP ljklQsf syf Jofyf la;fpg' . dgsf] afFw}
eTsfP/ UjfF UjfF ?g' . Ps};fy ePe/sf] ax kf]Vg' .
k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv bz+}df lbg] k'Vof}{nL cflzjf{b
;lDemP/ ;w}F To;sf] ljlgdf{0flt/ nfUg' . ;k"t
hlGdP5' eg]/ cfkm} v'zLdf sf]lSsg' . o:t}
pknIodf n8\8' afF8g\ " .
cfkm" slxNo} pFwf] gnfUg' . c¿ cfˆgf ;dsIfL,
cg'r/ g]tf, sfo{stf{nfO{ s;}u/] pFef] plSng glbg' .
lbP 5ft], x'Ss], a}7s]sf] kbk"lt{sf nflu cln ;fFu/' f]
;
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 82
k|1f–ultljlw
cf]xbf, 7fpF;Dd lbg' . oL afx]ssf RofFv] w'kf}/x] ?nfO{
e/;s l9lDsg} glbg' . guLrsf gftfuf]tf Oi6–
s'6D' anfO{ lardf To;} g5f8\g\ ' . a]/f]huf/Ln] larNnL
x'g glbg' . ky/f gkfg'{ . efO, 5f]/f, elthf hdftnfO{
5f8f ;fF8] z}nLdf hdhdfpg lbg' . ltg} ;fF8] nufP/
7]sbf/, a]kf/L, ls;fg, xf]6n ] , af/, Sofl;gf] ;f/f
hutnfO{ hhdfg agfP/ xKtf dlxgfjf/L c;'Ng]
rfFhf] ldnfpg' . ;fnf;fnL ;f8'tkm{ ljz]if Wofg
k'¥ofpg' . ltg} ;'of]Uo dxfzox?nfO{ b]zleq–aflx/sf
gfdLbfdL, dfnbf/ :+f:yf, sfof{no, lgof]u, cfof]udf
7f8f] lgo'lQm lbP/ ;'zf]let u/fpg' . nf]s;]jf n8]/
cfPsf /fi6«;j] s hltnfO{ a]nf s'an ] f e]nf u/]/
xKsLbKsL kfg{' . hyfefjL khgL u/]/ lbg/ft x}/fg
kfg'{ . leqleq} ugfPsf] cfˆgf] s'?k :jR5 5ljdfly
PghLcf] sDkgLsf] ljb]zL lqmd kf]Tg' . kfp8/ 3;]/
wDd/w';] sfof b]vfpg' . c¿nfO{ vKsL v'jfP/} tx
nufpg' . dlxg} / xKt}lkR5] hyfefjL ;?jf u/]/
lgd'vf sd{rf/LnfO{ x}/fg kfg'{ . xb};Ddsf] v]bf] u/]/
tf/Gtf/ ax lknfpg' . cfˆgf] em08f af]Sg] k08f
hltnfO{ ;'of]Uo vfF6L /fi6«;j] s eg]/ ;w}F sfFwdf
af]Sg' . g]tf / kf6L{sf b"nf h:s]nf rfxf/]/ ;'of]Uo
ag]sf rfs/ e[Tox?nfO{ eG;f/–wG;f/sf uf}8F f
ulN58fsf] bfOhf] lbnfpg' . tLg ;fFrf ;'lDkg' .
nfdf] xft ug]{ lsQf, sfF6L / lsl;d 5fg]/ eQfdfly
eQ}eQf lbnfP/ chL0f{ u/fpg' . o;}nfO{ k|zf;g
;'wf/sf] gd"gf dfGg' . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍsf]
pknlAwdf k/fsfi7f ;lDemg' . cfkm" s'g} klg
Jofj;flostfdf cof]Uo eP/ /fhgLltdf nfu]sf]
eGg] g b]vfpg' . ;§fdf la/fn] gfs rf6]/ c¿s}
dfq wHhL p8fpg' . clg ;w}F olQd} ;Gtf]ifsf] tLgkfg]
lguf/ lkpg' . gq …k]6sf] u8a8L /]gLsf] b'O{ uf]nLÚ
rl/tfy{ xf]nf, Vofn ug'{ .
;Qf zlQmsf] g;fdf lbg /ft TolQs} n6\7
kg'{ . Tofusf] gfddf dnd"q TofunfO{ ljz]if
k|fyldstfdf /fVg' . clg hlta]/ hxfF klg cfk"mn]
u/]sf] Tofu / tk:ofsf] efif0f vf]Sg' . cnv hufpFb}
ToxL efif0f e6\6o\ fPsf] e/df cfP / kfPhlt /f;g
krfpg' . tdf;] ag]/ b]zLljb]zL b'lgofF grfpg' .
a; Û
ofqf lgaGw
sf]ªb\ ] 5]psf] tftf]lr;f]
o'j/fh gofF3/]
d]/f cfFvf h'w] sf]ªb\ ; ] uF .
p;n] lg x]l/ /Xof] . d} lg k/]nL glemDsfO
x]l/ /x]F . lgs} a]/ cfFvfsf] efsfdf s'/f eP xfd|f .
p;sf nflu d gf}nf] . d]/f nflu pm lg gofF .
xf], xfdLn] x]/fx]/df lgs} ;do vr{ u¥of}F .
n'Snf embf{ laxfgsf] pHofnf] v'ns ] f] lyof] .
afbn lyof] e'jfaf6 slgsfdf 5flgPsf] . lr;f]
:ofF7 lyof] hAa/, cl/d6\7] / lh/fxf .
d t y'?/{ eOxfn]F Û
3/ 5f]8b\ f laxfgsf] kfFr ah]sf] df3] 7G8Ln]
lryf]/Y] of] sf7df8f}d F f . hxfhaf6 cf]ng{ ] lalQSs}
Tof] lryf]/s ] f] 7fpFdf c¿ g'g 5ls{lbof] n'Snfsf]
lr;f]n] . d]/f bfFt ah], cf]7 yy{/fP clg cfFvfdf
cfF;' el/P ;//{ .
…o:tf] hf8f], o:tf] lxpF kg]{ a]nfdf tkfO{+
n'Snf hfg] < ef], o:tf] d'Vof{OF t s;}n] lg gu?g\ ÛÚ
rf/ lbg cl3 kTgLn] 3/df eg]sL lyOg\ .
t/ Tof] …gu?g\Ú pgL;Fu} /Xof], d t pl8
xfn]F . pgL eGb} ul5{g— \ d …ug'{ k5{Ú eGb} lxdfnlt/
x'OlF sO{ xfn]F .
^ df3 @)&) .
xf], o} s7\ofª\lu|bF f] lbg xf] n'Snf em/]sf] lbg . o}
slqmFbf] lbg xf] . o} l;l/ª\lubf] lbg . d k'uy] F] n'Snf .
;+;f/sf bz 8/nfUbf ljdfg:yndf k5{
n'Snfsf] hxfh la;f}gL Û st} k9]sf] of] s'/fn] dgdf
ulx/f];uF sf]k/]Yof] . 5ftLdf b¥x};uF r:sf kf/]Yof] .
clg d'6d' f lvne}mF u9]Yof] of] s'/f . o} ljdfg:ynaf6
klZrdlt/ clUnPsf] sf]ªb\ ] lxdfn;Fu d]/f cfFvf
h'w] . kSs k/L d x]l/ /x]F . ;]tf] r'nLdf pNsfsf]
lxpF–k'mn . csf;n] lxpF 5'g tn} cf]ln{Ph:tf]–
sf]ªb\ s
] f] ¿k, ;f}Gbo{ / lx;L .
xf], n6\7} k/] d]/f cfFvf .
p;sf] lbJotf, p;sf] eJotf / p;sf] ;f}Dotf
x]/s
] f] x]¥o} ePF d . r'nLdf lxpFsf] nkSs u/L .
cw{ rGb|fsf/ eP/ ;lDdPsf] ;]tf] lxpF . 7fpF–
7fpFdf lxds0f 6fFl;Psf] . slt 7fpFdf lxpFsf] kq]
3]/f] . dg tflgxfNof] sf]ªb\ ] lxpFrn ' Ln] Û
ljdfg:ynaf6 aflxl/g] a]nfdf nfSkf k'm6L
z]kf{n] eg]sf] ;'g— F] …ljb]zLsf v'§f oLF 6fFl:;G5g\,
lxdfn x]/s ] f] x]/s
] } .Ú
…:jb]zLsf lg To} x'bF f /x]5g\ ÛÚ d;Fu} /x]sf
pQd e§/fO{n] hjfkm lbP . sf]ªb\ ] lxdfn x]//] d'Uw
ePsf] dnfO{ cf}NofpFb} af]ns ] f lyP pgL . xf], d
dVv, d:t / cjfs\ lyPF . sf]ªb\ ] lxdfnsf] pQ'ªu\
r'nLdf x/fPsf] lyPF d .
v'§f ufl8P/ l7ª\luPsf] lyPF .
s]xL l5g cl3 xfdL cfPsf] hxfh p8L t
uof] . x]bf{xb] {} hxfh k/sf] s'O/f]df lanfof] . d
kmGsf] df/]/ klZrdkl§ r'lnPsf] sf]ªb\ s ] f] a};
F df
tflgP/ n'Snf ahf/lt/ nfu]F .
ev{/ k/]sf] lxpFsf rSsf c;/Nn lyP htftt} .
st} rfdn kf]vh ] :tf], st} kL7f] 5/]h:tf]—
htftt} lxpF g} lxpF . slt ?vkftdf t?gLn]
lnlkSs} kfp8/ 3;]h:t}—htf;'s} lxpF g} lxpF .
k"jk{ l§ ;]tfDd] lxpF r'nL lyof] d]/f lks .
Tof];uF } 6fFl;P/ pQ/klZrd k;fl/Psf] 5]qfnosf]
kxf8 lyof], 3g3f]/ / uhw'Dd . t/ cgf}7f] s] lyof]
eg]—d]/f r'nLdf Ps kf]yf| lg lyPgg\— lxpF / s8f
r§fg dfq lyP . otf 5]qfnodf lxpFsf] gfdf]lg;fg
lyPg—?v / kf]yf| n] 9flsPsf] b]lvGYof] ;n{Ss .
3'Dg t lxFl8Psf] lyof] .
bu'g{' kg]{ t lyPg . xtf/ ug'{ kg]{ lg lyPg .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 83
nDs]/ u}ÚxfNg' lg kg]{ lyPg xfdLnfO{ . z]kf{, e§/fO{
/ gofF3/]sf kfOnf eP p:t}, pxL / pq} .
af6fdf lxpF vfFlbP/ lrKnf] ePYof] . lrg]/
6]Sg' kg],{ 9'ªu\ f xf] ls lxpFsf] rKk/L . p:t}–p:t}
b]lvG5g\ .
;a} k;n, 3/ / xf]6n ] df tfNrf 7f]lsPsf]
b]lvGYof] .
…of] ckm l;hg xf] lg ÛÚ
…;a} dfG5] sf7df8f}F uO ;s] ÛÚ
…dfG5] ptf uP otfsf, ptfsf xfdL r}F otf
em¥of}F ÛÚ
nfSkfsf s'/f x'g\ oL .
hDd} 3/ aGbfaGbL 5g\ . ;a} 3/ ;'g;fg
5g\ . hDd} cfFug rsdGg 5g\ . hDd} lkF9L l/Qf
5g\ . 9f]sf 5]pdf u'8F l' NsPsf ‰ofKn] ef]6] s's/'
lg 3'//] x]b{} d'G6f] 3';fl/ xfN5g\ . e'Sg] si6 lg
u/]sf 5}gg\ ltgn] .
…c¿nfO{ hf8f] nfUbf xfdLnfO{ udL{ x'G5 ls
Sof xf] <Ú
d}n] lrl;Psf] sfg unaGbLn] afFWb} eg]F .
;fyLx? lvltQ xfF;] .
xfdL ahf/ l5rf]n/] lgs} j/ cfO ;s]sf
5f}F . jl/kl/sf lxdfn / kxf8df afbnn] 3]b{} cfO
/x]sf] 5 . lkmlk{m/] xfjf rNg yfn]sf] 5 . lgnf]
cfsfzdf afbnsf] gfr x'g] v08 b]vf kb}5 { .
Psfw s'O/]x? n6\7L 6]Sb} uPsf] b]vF] d}n] .
…oLF t nf}/f] 6]S5g\, ;u/dfy} k'Ubf r}+ s]
6]Snfg\ logn] <Ú d}n] s'O/]lt/ x]b{} eg]F .
…cfUnf] 6]Snfg\ lg ÛÚ pQdn] 6f]kL lgwf/lt/
;fb}{ eg] .
k]ml/ xfF;f] rlDsof] .
clulNt/ uPsL z]kf{n] xfd|f s'/f a'emL xfFl;g\ .
xfF:bf cfFvf clns 7'nf b]lvP pgsf .
t]5f]{ af6f] eP/ klZrdlt/ nfUof}F xfdL .
kftnf 3/ dfemaf6 uPsf] v'8l\ snfdf vfFlbPsf
lyP, lxpFsf /f; . tL c//f lyP, lrKnf lyP /
hAa/ lyP . v'§f 6]Stf dg sfDYof] y'?/{ . cl3 g}
d lgs} v]k wl:; ;s]yF] ;'nn ' '.
xf]l;of/, xf]l;of/, xf]l;of/ Û Û Û
dg lrRofpg 5f]8g] .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 84
k|1f–ultljlw
af/Lsf kf6fdf ;fusf a]gf{ lyP, slqmPsf .
:ofF7, xfjf / l7xLn] 7'lF u /x]sf] b]lvGYof] .
rf/ kfFr hf]Sk]x? rf}/df rb}{ lyP . gfs /
ofsaf6 ldl;P/ hGd]sf hf]Sk]x? ef/L af]SgnfO{
kflnFbf] /x]5 .
…of] e]ufF o;sf] df;' lg k|l;4 /} 5 ÛÚ e§/fO{
af]ns ] f lyP .
z]kf{n] d'G6f] xNnfP/ ;3fOg\ .
xfdL cfn' /f]Kg l7Ss kfl/Psf u/f 6]Sb}
klZrd uO /x]sf 5f}F . afbnsf] k5\of}/Ln] j/k/
a]/af/ kfl/ /x]sf] 5 . uds al9/x]sf] 5 xfjfsf] .
3fd t lgs} dw'/f] .
…lr;f]df 3f]lnPsf] 3fdsf] tftf] ÛÚ d}n]
k5fl8sf] emf]nf ldnfP/ eg]F .
…3fddfly lxpFsf] babaf ÛÚ e§/fO{ s'ln{P .
u/}u/fsf] af6f] lgs} nfUof}F xfdL . dfl:t/sf]
xl/of] jgn] 5f]lkPsf] kxf8n] cfFvf tflg /x]Yof] . d
t sf]ªb\ d] } k'¥ofpFy] dg lg, cfFvf lg, w'sw'sL lg .
blIf0flt/ clnslt nlDsFbf Pp6f 7'nf] 9'ªu\ f
k;fl/Psf] e]l6of] . To;}dfly pleP/ z]kf{n] tnsf]
a:tL b]vfOg\—d';] ufpF .
cxf], slt ;'Gb/ Û kmfFl6nf 6f/af/L, u/fdf ykSs–
ykSs 3/x? . ‰ofDd–‰ofDd ?vkft . dfly 8fF8fb]lv
tx ldn]/ tnlt/ uPsf] 3dfOnf] a:tL .
…b'wsf];L xf] k/ leQfdf efl:;P/ au]sf] ÛÚ
z]kf{n] aNntNn olt elgg\ .
…of] t ;u/dfyfaf6} /;fP/ au]sf] kfgL xf]
lg ÛÚ e§/fO{ cfFvf k'5b\ } af]Nb} .
d]/f] 9f8df u¥x'Fuf] emf]nf 5 . To;nfO{
a]nfa]nf em6\sf5'{ / ldnfpF5' b]a–]| bflxg] . 3RrLsf]
cfgGb x'g] 7fpF /x]5—Tof] 7'nf] ah|f7F 9'ªu\ f] . tn
a:tLaf6 cfPsf ufpFn] lg psfnf] pSn]kl5 oLF
la;fP/ n'Snflt/ nls{b+ f] /x]5 . n'Snfaf6 ahf/
e/]/ cfPsfx? oLF y]lRrP/ clg dfq a:tLlt/
embf{ /x]5g\ . sf]ªb\ ; ] uF oxfFaf6 emg\ /fd|f] af]nrfn
ef] Û j/k/ y'k}| kxf8sf n:s/ eP klg lardf
sf]ªb\ s] f] t'hu' } /jflkmnf] .
kftnf] afbn k/ v'lDanfsf r'r'/faf6
otflt/ xfFkemfFk ul/ /x]sf] b]lvGYof] . xfjfsf]
;'D;'DofOn] hf8f] ylk /x]sf] lyof] emg\emg\ .
 afSnf] jglt/ uf]/6] f] cfln{of] . xfd|f uf]8f tLF
ldl;P . ;fydf csf{ Ps hgf efO 5g\—hfª\a'
z]kf{ .
lxpF e]l6of], dHhfn] 5l/Psf] .
af6f] cf]/fnL, To;d} ;lh;hfp lxpF .
…o;n] kmf]6f] lvr\ eGof] ÛÚ ?vsf] r]kdf 8ª\u/'
lxpFsf] y'kf| ] x]b{} pQd af]n] .
…o;n] rfv klg eGof] ÛÚ kftdf y'ks ]| f] lxpF
d'vdf xfNb} d af]nF] .
af6f] lgs} cf]/fnL lyof] . 9'ª\ufsf l;F9L
3'dfp/f] a;]sf e]l6Gy] . 7fpF–7fpFdf c/luHh ePsf]
lxpFn] cf]/fnLdf cfFvf tYof]{ . d k'msL–k'msL kfOnf
rfln/x]sf] lyPF .
…o;n] k5fl/g' klg eGof] ÛÚ d lxpFsf] y'kf| d ] f
lrlKnPF .
leQf] ;dfpg gldNg] 7fpF lg slt xf] slt .
o} af6f] psfnf] cf]/fnf] ug]{ z]kf{n] afNosfnsf
s'/f atfOg\ . pgL ljleGg a'6o\ fg b]vfpFb,} kft
df8]/ ;'3fpFb} clg slnnf lklk/f rvfpFb} lxFl8
/x]sL lyOg\ . cf]/fnL lyof], uHhas} . v'§f vfFlbP/
emf]nf x'lQP/ z/L/ lgs} lylNylnPsf] lyof] .
hf8f];uF } cf]/fnLsf] udL{ h'¢} lyP z/L/df .
plQ;, u'/fF;, ;Nnf / 8fn] 3fF;sf ?v lyP
‰ofDd–‰ofDd . dl;gf kf]yf| sf u]8f / k'mn lrgfpFb}
z]kf{n] af6f] s6fO /x]sL lyOg\ .
cf]/fnL lg 3/L–3/L dfemdf e]l6g] 9'ªu\ fnfO{
bflxg] kf/L 3'Dg' kYof]{ . dfg] agfOPsf tL 9'ªu\ fdf
cg]s Znf]s, dGq vf]lkPsf x'Gy] . clg tL 9'ªu\ fsf
cIf/nfO{ ;]tf] / sfnf] /ªn] lrNNofP/ cem ;'Gb/
kfl/Psf nfUy] .
sf]ªb\ ] lxdfn;Fu s'/f eO g} /x]sf] 5 .
lxpF 6]Sb} kmfF6lt/ eml/ /x]sf 5f}F xfdL . af6fdf
e'/f 8f]¥ofP/ psfnf] plSn /x]sf a'9L z]lk{gLx?
e]l6G5g\ .
…yfª\af] ÛÚ
pgLx? elg /x]sf 5g\ .
of] clejfbg t xf] lg Û c¿ ga'em] klg olQsf]
cy{n] dnfO{ cfˆg} kf/fdf n}hfG5 . d}n] c¿ w]/}
efiff a'em]sf] v'zL nflu /x]sf] 5 . of] Pp6f ;Gtf]if
xf], k|flKt xf] / pNnf; xf] .
…r}t, j}zfvdf kf] cfpg' kg]{ /} 5 ÛÚ e§/fO{n]
u'/fF;sf k]mbdf cl8P/ eg] .
…of] lg cfjZos lyof] ÛÚ d}n] lxpF r/Kk 6]Sb}
eg]F .
eL/d'lg vQt lxpFsf] /f; v;]sf] lyof] . lalng
t sfF xf] sfF—emg\ cl/dlÝP/ a;]sf] lyof] lxpFsf]
y'k|f] .
lgs} tn k'lu ;s]5f}F xfdL .
k]ml/ dfg] e]l6of] . bflxg] 3'd/] kfOnf a9] .
lgwf/df pd|] xn'sf kl;gf . t/, sfgdf :ofF7n]
lrl/Ss–lrl/Ss lrdf]6g\ r}F 5f]8s ] f] 5}g .
cfn' /f]Kg l7s kfl/Psf u/fsf dfem–dfemdf
kts/sf y'kf| lyP . ;f]Q/ dnsf] y'kf| ] . 9'ªu\ g] L
uf/f]n] af6f] / cfnLsf] sfd u/]sf lyP .
…Tof] kfl/sf] tft] ufpF xf] ÛÚ z]kf{n] b'wsf];L
kfl/sf] 8fF8f] b]vfOg\ .
7fpF7fpFdf lxpFsf rKk/L b]lvGy] . kfvfdf
o:t} cf7b; /ª\uLla/ª\uL 3/x? lyP .
…of] rf}/Lvs{ jl/kl/ Sof]ªdf, b'ªb\ ,] nDhf],
gfª\a' ufpF 5g\ .Ú
nfSKffsf] s'/f ;'lg /x]5' .
pgn] b]vfPsf y'Dsf, kv]/f, eL/ / u'hd ' H' h]
3/lt/ cfFvf grfpF5' . 3fd nfU5 lr;f] . afbn
/ lxpFsf bu'/fbu'/df ;a} lxpFrn ' L 3]l/G5g\ .
xfdL v]tsf dlnnf u/f 6]Sb} 8fnL z]kf{sf]
3/df 6]Sg k'U5f}F .
)))
& ut] df3 .
/flt lgs} hf8f] ef] .
…;fueft vfg] ls <Ú
8fnLsf klt k'mkf{ UofNh]n] xfdLnfO{ ;f]w] .
…hxfh r9]/ cfPsf] vfg]s/' f So} gvfg] ÛÚ
e§/fO{n] eg] .
clg sf]bfsf] l9F8f] dHhfn] kfs]Yof] . e6\df;sf]
emf]ndf sf]bfsf] l9F8f] lglnof] ;'Kn's–;'Kn's .
…cf/f vfg] ls <Ú UofNh]n] ;f]w— ] /S;L b]vfP/ .
…z/L/n] y]Ub}g ÛÚ
d}n] kfgL vfPF tftf], ykLykL .
l9F8f] vfP nuQ} Pp6f 7'nf] lrlgofF efF8f]df
;fukft, cfn', df;', ds}sf] RofFVnfdf lk7f]sf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 85
8Nnf xfnL kmTsfPsf] …;]SkfÚ cfOk'Uof] . e'8F L eof]
bdfxf . afkm/], w]/} kf] vfOof] of] t Û
…d}n] 5 dlxgfnfO{ k'Ug] ul/ vfPF . ca r6
gk6fO ;'T5' .Ú e§/fO{n] eg] .
…x'G5, s'Des0f{Ho" ÛÚ
d}n] o;f] eGbf z]kf{sf vlnsk'/ xfF;] .
8fnLsf] gflt pu]n{ b'O{ jif{ lg gk'us] f] 5's5's]
t/ af/Ldf dHhfn] 9lndnL lxF8Y\ of] . af]nL /fd|f; ] uF
k'ml6 ;s]sf] lyPg . cfk"meGbf 7'nfn] u/]sf] sfd
x]b{} gSsn uYof]{ .
p;sL cfdfn] d'v hf]t/] p;nfO{ vfgf v'jfO{
lbGyL— cfˆgf] bfFtn] rafPsf] vfg]s/' f . clg dfof
ga9f];\ s;/L < cfdf / 5f]/fsf] ddtfnfO{ kl9
/x]sf] lyPF d .
af/Lsf kf6fdf a'9fn] d'v hf]t]/} ;fgf]
afR5fsf] y'tg' f]leq kfgL xflNbFb} 5g\ . slt w]/}
k|d
] Û laxfg a'xf/Ln] ul/g\ To} sfd . clxn] a'9f
ub}5 { g\ ufO{sf] afR5fnfO{ To} sfd . k|d ] n] eO /x]5
x/]s sfd .
aflx/lt/ af/Lsf] 3fd 9f8df kfl/ /x]sf] lyPF .
xfjf / :ofF7n] xft]dfnf] ul/ /x]sf 5g\ .
ltgn] v]Ng] 7fpF lyof] d]/} cg'xf/ . cem sfg, gfs
/ cfFvfdf tL lgl:kmqmL 8'Ny] .
3/ 5]psf] af6f] eP/ gfDr] pSn]sf] csf]{
9'ª\u]gL af6f] lyof] . nufnu b]lvGy] vRr8 /
hf]Sk]sf aufn . d/Ls'Rr] ef/L af]ss ] f kz' v]lb/x]sf
/ftufn] tGg]/Lx? df]afOndf 3f]l/{Psf nfUy] .
uLtsf tfndf tL l;s{gf nfO /x]sf b]lvGy],
hf]Sk]nfO{ .
dWo lbpF;f]lt/ e§/fO{ d]/f 5]pdf cfP/
km';k'm;fP—…zf}rfnodf cfˆgf] t So} gcfpg] ef] ÛÚ
…lsg, s] ef] / <Ú
…b]Vg' ePg ultu/f; ÛÚ
d}n] cfPs} lbg b]vs] f] lyPF . zf}rfno jl/kl/
5 kts/sf] /f;}/f; . leQfsf] ‰ofndf ;;fgf
cª\s; ' ] l;Gsf / lemqmflemqmLx? lyP .
lb;f ug]{ 7fpFdf Ps–Ps cdnsf km/fsdf
sf7] afsn lyP . b'O{ v'§f cnUu} /fvL dnd"q
Tofu ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 . clg 5]psf] kts/n] 5f]Kg' kg]{
/x]5— lb;fsf] es/fg /f; . xtkt gs'lxg] dfq
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 86
k|1f–ultljlw
xf]Og— af/Ldf dnsf] sfdsf nflu Tof] dnd"qsf]
;f]Q/ / kts/n] 5f]k5fk kfl/Psf] /x]5 .
Tof] b]v/] 3f]/ lbuldu nfu]5 e§/fO{nfO{ .
d}n] t af6f] nfu]kl5 krfPs} lyPF w]/} s'/f .
pgL af/Ldf dnsf y'k|f–y'k|f b]vL emg\ ;f¥x}
cQflnPsf lyP . wGg uGw eg] rn]sf] lyPg .
x/s g} cfpg] xf] eg] t 3/d} al; g;Sg] x'GYof] .
3fd /Gs]kl5 dfl:t/sf] u'Daflt/ uof}F xfdL .
v]tsf u/fdf s]6fs]6L hf]ltO /x]sf lyP .
cfn' /f]Kg] 8\ofª, pjf 5g]{ kmfF6df 3f]lK6 /x]sf lyP .
leq}bl] v b'Mv nfUYof]—kl;gfsf] csNkgLo aufO
b]Vbf . u'Daf 3'd/] 3/ k:bf ;fFem k/]Yof] emdSs .
)))
* ut]sf] df3] lr;f] .
d}n] laxfg p7]/ sf]ª\b];Fu aftlrt u/]F .
cfh pm emg\ cb\et" b]lvPYof] .
sf]ªb\ ] lxdfnsf 6fpsfdf lxpF a]:;/L k/]5 .
jl/kl/sf 8fF8fx?df afSnf] lxpF k/]sf] b]lvGYof] .
5]ps'gfdf lyof] afbnsf] kftnf] k5\of}/L .
cufl8sf d]/f lksdf ltVv/ lxpF 5/5f/
kf/]5 /fltsf] xfjfn] . blIf0fkl§sf r'r'/fx?df
;]tfDd] nfUy]—tft] 8fF8fsf] yfKnf] .
3fdn] j/k/ pHofnf] 5/]kl5 xfdL k"jl{ t/
a/flng uof}F—blIf0flt/sf] 3gf ;Nnf3f/Llt/ .
To;nfO{ l5rf]n]/ lgs} tn uPkl5 b]lvof]—
b'wsf];Lsf] xl/of] kfgL .
cl3 Ps hgf a'9fn] eg]sf] ;lDemPF d}n— ]
…blIf0fkl§sf] b]zn] of] ;a} kfgL PSn} lsg]sf] 5 ÛÚ
…lsg kfnf <Ú
pgnfO{ d}n] …afÚ eg]sf]df v';L eP tL z]kf{
a'9f .
…;u/dfyfsf] kljq kfgL xf] lg of] t ÛÚ
a'9f Psl5g Totf 3f]l/P/ jglt/ :ofpnf
sf6\g k;] .
xfdL clns tn em¥of}F .
9'ªu\ fsf cg]s r]k lyP . cf]8f/ / vf]r F nfO{
;Nnf3f/Ln] lgn]sf] lyof] ;n{Ss} . n]sfnL kf]yf|
;KnfPsf lyP . r§fg / la?jfsf] cgf}7f] ;'Gb/tf
lyof] ToxfF .
k"jl{ t/ Pp6f uf]/6] f] uPsf] b]lvGYof] .
 …sfFÚ;Dd k'U5 Tof] hª\undf bu'/s ] f] af6f] <Ú
…P, Tof] < ;'s; {] Dd .Ú
d}n] Tof] gfd stf–stf ;'gh ] :tf] nfUof] .
st} yfxf kfPsf] jf st} kl/lrt gfdn] em:sfO
/Xof] dnfO{ .
…Tof] t kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{sf] ufpF ÛÚ nfSkf
k'm6Ln] atfOg\ .
klxnf] g]kfnL kj{tf/f]xL dlxnf kf;fª Nxfd' Û
lxdfn r9]/ pt} b]x la;fpg] gf/L Û r'nLdf k'u/]
hLjg nLnf u'dfpg] ;fx;L dlxnf Û
;'sd {] f 3fd nfu]sf] lyPg .
7'nf7'nf kxf8x?sf] r]k lyof] . tnkl§ b'wsf];L
alu /x]sf] lyof] . dfl:t/sf] d]/f r'nLsf sfvh:tf]
lyof] ;'s{] . lgs} ;]lknf] nfUYof] ;'s{] a:tL .
d}n] w]/} a]/ ;'s{] j/k/sf y'Dsfdf dg x'¥ofPF,
cfFvf x'TofPF, b[li6 k'¥ofPF .
w]/} a]/ j/k/ 3'dk] l5 xfdL vf]nflt/ em¥of}F .
;'sl{] t/af6 cfPsf] af6f] o} vf]N;f]df 7f]lSsFbf]
/x]5 . vf]nfsf] tL/df vRr8 vls{/x]sf lyP,
hf]Sk]x? pu|fO/x]sf lyP . ef/L ldnfpg] el/ofn]
lgwf/sf] 8fd 5fld /x]sf lyP . psfnf]df cf]8f/
lyof]—9'ªu\ g] L cf]8f/ . cf]t nfUg], :ofF7 5]Sg] .
;fFemdf sf]ªb\ ] x]b{} ;do laTof] .
)))
( ut]sf] laxfg .
laxfg} csf; x]/F] . afbnn] 3]b{} Nofof] . 3fd
plQsf] v'ng] . v'lDanf / sf]ªb\ d ] f emg\ ;f¥x} lxpF
k/]sf] lyof] .
…cfh t wf]sf lbg] ef] 3fdn] ÛÚ
6f]kL s:b} pQdn] eg] .
pgL d]/f] 6fpsfdf 6f]kL / unaGbL gePsfdf
clns lvGg lyP . k6s–k6s 6f]kL ldnfpg cfO
k'lu xfNy] .
…e/] 6fpsf] b'Vbf aNn tkfO{s + f 3}6F fdf 3fd
nfUg]5 ÛÚ
pgL d]/f] EofTn] 6f]kL 6fpsfdf e'm08fO xfNy] .
dnfO{ r}F ‰ofpnf] nfUYof] 6f]kL . t/ pgsf]
dgnfO{ yfdy'd kfg{ nfOlbP h:tf] lg ul/ xfNy]F .
3fdn] lrxfof] la:tf/} .
j/k/ pHofnf] ef] . lhTb} nUof] tftf]n] .
afbnsf] kL7f] dl;lgP/ 5l/of] csf;df .
…vfgf vfg hfpmF x} ÛÚ
l3p / g"g ldl;Psf] ;'–lrof vfFb} 8fnL af]lng\ .
pgsf xftdf hlta]n} x'GYof]—nfDrf] lunf; . clg
5]pdf ltAatL kf/fsf] lrofbfgL klg .
yfndf b'O{ 8Nnf l9F8f] r'lnPsf lyP . dHhfn]
vfOof] . sf]bfsf 8Nnf—gofF :jfb ;lhof] lha|fdf .
3fd psflnPkl5 xfdL nfUof}F n'Snflt/ .
d';] ufpFsf] klZrdL kfvf] x'bF } dfly 8fF8flt/
nfUof}F . gfDr] hfg] af6f] klZrdlt/ nfUof] n'On F O' F .
xfdL t]l5{of}F pQ/ k"jl{ t/ . 9'ªu\ f / kf]yf| sf] ;fy
kfOof] . psfnf]df /fd|; } uF bd k'mNof] . 9'ªu\ fdf
cl8Fb} / kf]yf| sf] l;ofFndf cf]t nfUb}5' d . c¿ t
nDsgd} /dfPsf 5g\ .
v'66\ f e'Od
F f nls{P klg cufl8sf] lxpFdf
6]Sb} uPsf] nfUb} 5 .
kmgSs 3'ds ] f] uf]/6] f] pSn]kl5 kmfFl6nf] 8fF8fdf
k'Uof}F xfdL . oLFaf6 d]/f lkssf] ltl/ldl/ pHofnf]n]
Ps v]k k]ml/ DjfOF vfof] d]/f ufnfdf .
af6fdf dx]Gb|Hof]lt ljBfno lyof] . lxnf/Ln]
agfPsf] of] ljBfno ;f]nv ' D' a's} /fd|f] / u'0f:t/
lzIff lbg]df ulgFbf] /x]5 .
ljBfnosf] rf}/ gf3]/ tn embf{ kmfFl6nf
6f/;Fu e]63f6 eof] . dfl:t/ k;fl/Psf] 5]qfn
cem ;'Gb/ b]lvof] . leQ}df 6fFl;P/ tnlt/ k;fl/Psf]
kmfF6 b]lvGYof] lgs} pj{/ .
afbn, xfjf / lr;f] oltv]/ ylGsPsf lyP .
/lGsPsf] lyof] 3fd . lgwf/df kl;gf cfO /Xof] .
k5fl8sf] emf]nfn] yNNofpFYof] xfdLnfO{ .
3'dfp/f] af6f] hª\un / lkF9L 3'd/] cfpFbf yfSYof}F
xfdL . lsgeg] To} af6f]df lyP xfd|f kfOnf .
…sfFÚ;Dd xf] <Ú
…n'Snf ÛÚ
…clg hxfh pl8 ;Sof] t ÛÚ
…ef]ln laxfgnfO{ lg ÛÚ
z]kf{ / af6fdf e]l6Psf pgsf lrgf? lar
s'/f x'Gy] .
kmfF6 lgs} ;'Gb/ lyof] . cfn' vlg /x]sf
z]lk{gLsf ufnf /ftf–cfn'eGbf sDtfsf b]lvFbg} y] .
kf]l6nf tL z]lk{gLx? v]tdf hf]ltPsf lyP a]:;/L .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 87
aVv'df ltgsf] ¿k lyof]—cfFv} yflDdg] .
t]5f]{ / kmfF6 lgs} lxF8k] l5 gfDr]af6 cfPsf]
3'dfp/f] af6f];uF e]6 eof] . af6fdf s'lxg] / gs'lxg]
kmf]xf]/ 5'6o\ fPsf 9'ªu\ g] L 9\jfª b]lvP lgs} 7fpFdf .
…s'O/]nfO{ v';L kfg{ dfq xf] eg] sfd 5}g .
cfk"m klg ;kmf;'U3/ x'g] xf] eg] l7s 5 ÛÚ
d]/f] dgn] cf}n F f 78\ofof] .
t]5f]{ af6f]df lxpF lanfPsf] lyPg . 3fd rsf]{
xf]Og . lapFlemPh:tf] dfq, dw'/f] lyof] . j/k/
xfjfn] kª\vf xlDs/x]sf] nfUYof] .
…3fdnfO{ xfjfn] bfbflu/L u/]sf] xf] ls <Ú
e§/fO{ af]ns ] f] ;'G5' .
af6fsf vf]r F / cf]l;nf kfvfdf lxpF n5k|}
b]lvGYof] . ;]t} skf; 5/]h:tf] . ;]tfDd] kfvfdf
3fd 7f]lSsFbf cfFvf ltld{/fpFy] .
d t ly/L ly/L Û
s:tf] lrKnf] af6f] . lxpF vfFlbP/ hAa/ ePsf]
5 . cfˆgf] cg'xf/} b]lvg] lxpFsf] P]gf—slt 7fpFdf t Û
sf]ªb\ ] lxdfndf wfl/nf–wfl/nf lxpF jiff{ .
d} n ] x] l //x] F . pm afbndf n' S of] . pm
e'mlNsGYof] . pm nf]k x'GYof] .
cg]s b[Zodf b]lv/x]yF] sf]ªb\ s ] f] df]xs a};
F .
lxpFdfly lxpFsf] r'Dag Û lxpFdfly lxpFsf]
cflnªug Û lxpFdfly lxpFsf] ;dfud Û pTkftsf]
lxpF–snf Û
n'Snf k'luof] lbpF;f]lt/ .
r'krfk / df}g . 9f]sf nfu]sf zfGt 3/x? .
n'ªb\ / xlNnPsf cfFugx? . 5]b/ lkmlk{m/fO /x]sf
rf]sx? .
3fddf d:t 5 n'Snf .
x]lnsK6/sf] nsf]{ 5 n'Snfsf] csf;}el/ .
cgf}7f] dflg/x]sf] 5' .
…;wF} olQs} p8\5g\ t oL lrnuf8L <Ú d}n] ;f]wF] .
…;g\ !((^ df cf7 hgf cd]l/sL ;u/dfyf
r9\bf d/]y] . ltgs} ;Demgfdf Pe/]i6 l;g]df aGb}
5 dfly a];SofDklt/ . l;g]dfs} ;fdfg, dfG5],
Nofpg olt ljlb p8]sf x'g\ oL .Ú g]kfn k|x/Lsf
kb\d axfb'/ s];Ln] eg]y] .
j/k/ afbn e]nf eP/ lxpF knf{–knf{h:tf]
;
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 88
k|1f–ultljlw
b]lvG5 . kfgL cf]Ol/P/ c¿ :ofF7 yKnf–yKnf
h:tf] nfUb}5 . xfjf / lxpFdf x/fpF5 dg .
xfdL j/k/ 3'Dof}F .
d]/f r'nLdf sfnf r§fg emg\ s8f / ;'lsnf
b]lvGy] .
wfl/nf 9'ªu\ fdf d'l:snn] vlK6Psf lxpFsf
rKk/Ldf dg pEofPF lgs} v]k .
tnsf] b'wsf];Lsf] rsdGg aufO 3l/3l/ cfFvfdf
cfpFYof] . xl/of]df n'ss ] f] lyof] lxdfnsf] cfnf]s .
x/]s kxf8, x/]s lxdfn / x/]s r'nLnfO{
s];f| s];f| df lvKg] /x/ pDn]/ cfO/xG5===cfO/xG5 .
n'Snfsf] kNnf] s'gfdf /x]sf] kf;fª Nxfd'–
lgsf]n lgSsL c:ktfnlt/ lg a/flnof}F . klUng
afFsL lxpFsf] /f;n] af6f]df a'sl{' ;g /f]ss ] f] 5 .
sf]ªb\ s
] f] ¿kdf df]lxt 5 dg t .
w]/} a]/ d]/f lksdf x/fPF . v'lDanfdf x/fPF .
sf]ªb\ d
] f x/fPF . r'krfk, zfGt / PsfGt . lxdfnsf
df}gtfdf nLg x'bF f— ;a yf]s v';L .
Pp6f t[lKt, Pp6f c3fpFhL :jfb, Pp6f
;Gtf]s . cfFvf eP/ dg leq–leq;Dd k'u/] lylu|
/x]sf] 5===lylu| /x]sf] 5 .
d}n] j/k/ la;]/{ hLjgsf txdf ;+;f/ ptf/]F .
ulxl/P/ a;]sf] r]tgfnfO{ aflx/ NofPF .
k9\5,' k9\5' / k]ml/ kl9/x]sf] 5'—of] ljs6tfdf
l3l;| /x]sf] dfG5]sf] ;Eotf . cflbd ofqfsf kfOnf
x]l//x]sf] 5' .
rsdGg 5 n'Snf .
d ef]ln laxfg} of] 7fpFaf6 af6f] nfU5' . afbn
gcfP x'GYof], lxpF gal;{lbP x'GYof], s'O/f] gd8fl/lbP
x'GYof] . x':;' ef]ln laxfg;Dd gcfOlbP x'GYof] .
5ftL 9's9'lsb}5 F of] r'krfkdf .
hf]Sk]sf] ayfg 3G6L ahfpFb} uO /x]5g\ gfDr]lt/ .
cxf], slt w]/} ayfg . slt w]/} ef/Ln] r'OlF sPsf .
6fª6fª===6'ª6'ª===dw'/f] Wjlg d]/f] sfgdf
el/Psf] 5 Psgf;n] . k/===k/af6 n'Snf;Dd cfO
/x]5 306Lsf] pxL t/ª\u .
cfh afbndf 5kSs} 5f]lkP5 sf]ªb\ ] .
…e]6 gxf]nf t ef]ln <Ú
v'lDanfaf6 cfPsf] xfjfn] lr;f] kf¥of] 5ftL Û
ofqf lgaGw
So' uf8]g{ sf] ;f}Gbo{ r'Db} ;fpyn k'Ubf
d'sG' b kf]v/]n
l;sf/Lsf] xftaf6 s}b r/f d'Qm ePem}F d
v';L x'G5', ofqfdf . So' uf8{g] hfg] ;+of]u aNn
cfh h'¥of] . of] cfsl:dstf eg] xf]Og, of]hgf
a'gs] f] s]xL lbg cufl8 g} xf] . dg pxfF k'Ubf klg
tg k'Ug ;s]g . rfF8} hfg] eGbfeGb} b'nxL l;Fuf/]
h:t} l9nf eO xfNof] . To;df laxfgsf] rf/f] l6k]/,
3/af6 lg:sFbf 6\ofª 6'ª 6\ofª :j/ u'~hgdf
38Ln] P3f/ 7f]ls xfNof] . ck/flht ;do, ofqfdf
lgM;[t gbLn] lsg klv{/xGy] xfdLnfO{ . …cfw'lgs
±@ / sn]hsf x]Nd]6 l6r/nfO{ em},F Ú Ps k6s
em:sfof] klg ;don] .
cª\uh]| L j0f{sf] !& cf}F cIf/ So'sf] z}nLdf
lgld{t of] au}r F fsf] gfd xf], …So' uf8{g] Ú . of] uf8{g]
nG8gsf] clt Jo:t lxy|f] ljdfg:yn glhs} kb{5 .
r/femF+} k|To]s lt; ;]sG] 8df Pp6f xjfO{ hxfh
p8\g] / cjt/0f ug]{ u5{ eG5g\ oxfF . So' uf8{g] n]
cg'kd z}nLn] dnfO{df tfGof] . d]/f ;xofqLx?
lyP kTgL /df, a'xf/L ;Demgf / ;Ltf alxgL .
;Ltfsf] a;fO So' uf8{g] s} ;lGgs6 ePsf] x'bF f
pxfF;Fu e]6sf] to pt} af6f]lt/} ePsf] lyof] .
;Ltf ;DemgfsL ;fyL, g]kfnL d"n bflh{lnªsL
x'g\ .
p8\g nfu]sf] jfo'ofgem}F+ So' uf8]g{ hfg e'OF
5f]8s ] f oL d]/f uf]8fn] /x/ nfUbf] /ftf] a;df
6]s] . ToxL a]nfb]lv g} dgdf /d0fLo tf]/Lsf] km'n
;hfpFb} …s'g a]nf e]6 xf]nf So' uf8]g{ ;FuÚ eGg]
;f]lr /x]F .
of] af3sf] ;'Gb/ sfo h:t} ;nSs k/]sf]
Pstn] gofF a; xf] . o;sf] ;+jb] gzLn cª\udf
xfdLn] l6s6n] ;xh} :kz{ uØf}+F . gu/] cj}wflgs
x'G5, ToxfF . sG8S6/ a;]/ l6s6 / k};fsf] ljlgdo
ug]{ Joj:yfsf] emGem6 klg ePg oxfF . o:tf]
OdfGbf/L, ;Eo k4ltsf] ljsf;n] o; b]zsf] oftfoft
Joj:yf w]/} ;/n dfq xf]Og, ;'/lIft Pjd\ ;'ljwfo'Qm
klg ag]sf] 5 . a]sG;lkmN8af6 hfg] dWo]df /df
/ d pQm :yfg, dflg; / tL df}g a:tLsf b[Zo;Fu
ckl/lrt lyof}F . gofF kfx'gf g} eof}F t/ ;Demgfn]
kl/lrt u/fpFb} nlug\ . a;af6 afXo b[li6 5bf{
ToxFfsf cfsif{s ejg, j;Gt kf]lvPsf ?vx?
s'bs ] f, dfG5] kfOnf gfKb} km'Qk'mQ kl5kl5 x6]sf
b]Vbf d /f]dfl~rt x'bF } uPF . cem} ;fgf ;fgf kfs{
a;af6 tnlt/ x]bf{ ultzLn xFb' ,} uGtJodf k'Ug
bf}8s ] f /]n dfq b[Zodf cfPgg\, cfsfzdf :jtGq
x'bF } p8]sf r/fx? klg b[Zodf cfpFbf, d Hofb}
;Ddf]lxt ePF . zAb ;d|f6 ?;f]n] eg]em}F …d klg
tL r/f h:t} :jtGq hGd]sf] Pp6f dfG5] x'ÚF eGg]
;Demgf dl:tissf] s' g faf6 cfof] . o:tf]
dgf]/~hgk"0f{ If0fdf tGdo x'bF } hfFbf a; abNg'
kg]{ :yfg cfO ;s]5, dnfO{ kQ} ePg . u'8' b\ f–
u'8b\ s } f] a; ha /f]lsof] xfdL klg h'd/{' fpFb} p7\ofF,}
clg v'?v'? cf]ln{of}F a;af6 . ToxfF uf]/LsL cfs[ltdf
;Ltf 6'Kn'Ss cfO k'Ug' eof], 3fdsf] e'mNsf]emF} .
;Ltf;Fu enfs';f/L ubf{ ub}{ csf]{ a; klg cfO
xfNof] .
ToxFfaf6 xfdL a; r9\o\ f}F . a; df5f h:t}
;nNn ;8sdf aUb} cfˆgf] lglb{i6 ofqf 5f]6o\ fpg
nfUof] . d eg] ;xofqLx?sf] ukmdf d:t dfq
lyOgF, af6fdf e]l6Psf b[Zo÷tl:j/x?;Fu ;fIffTsf/
ub}{ dUg klg lyPF . ;do r/Ln] Tolt afFs6] xfg]
h:tf] kv]6f km6\sf/] h:tf] nfu]sf] klg lyPg
dnfO{ . t/ a; 9\ofSs s] /f]lsPsf] lyof], ;LtfhLsf]
;'l/nf]] :j/ u'l~hof] …cfof] So' uf8]g{ n cf]nf}Ú{+ eGb}
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 89
nodf . To;kl5 xfdL ofqL g xf},F cf]ln{of}F ;ª\sl] tt
:yfgdf lsgls cfh xfd|f] kyk|bz{s pxfF g} xf] .
gofF 7fpFsf] gofF dfG5] g ePF d, ;8s lsgf/flt/
aflx/L b[Zodf a/flng yfnF] .
;Ltf eg] xfdLnfO{ 5f]8/] cln k/ hfg' eof] .
hxfF xfOj] / ;xfos ;8ssf] ldng ePsf] lyof] .
;Ltf Totf lsg PSn} hfg' eof] < eGg] d]/f] dgdf
SjfF6Lsf] cfFs/' f knfof] . 58\s] a'‰bf ;Ltf …uf8]g{
kf;Úsf] k|tLIffdf x'g' xFb' f] /x]5 . ;LtfhLnfO{ lsg
PSn} 5f]8g\ ' < eG7fg]/ xf]nf /df / ;Demgf klg
Tot} nfu] . d cln j/} lyPF . So' uf8]g{ sf] cfj/0f
snf, ;8ssf] rxn–kxn x]b{} d'Uw lyPF .
;fyLx? Tot}lt/ cf–cfˆgf z}nLdf ;do
sf6\b} lyP . ;do;Fu} cfo' 5f]66\ s ] f] ltgLx?nfO{
ofb} lyPg . ;dosf] s]xL kbrfkkl5 Pp6f /ftf]
sf/ cfP/ £ofRr /f]lsof] . 3¥ofSs sf/sf] 9f]sf
vf]n/] Pp6L uf]/L dlxnfn] ;LtfnfO{ b'O6{ f ;lkª
Aofu lbOg\ . /df, ;Demgf;Fu klg lzi6frf/kl5
s]xL s'/fsfgL ul/g\ .
tL dlxnf eg] lgs} xtf/sL ofqL h:tL
b]lvlGyg\ . ToxFfaf6 labf x'bF } sf/ x'OSF ofpFb} pgL
xfOj]lt/sf] ofqfdf nflug\ . ;Ltf;Fu ;'kl/lrttf
dfq xf]Og, 3lgi7tf klg /x]5 . ltgn] To;}n] kf;
;lxtsf] Aofu NofP/ lbOg\ .
cfh leQ]kfqf]n] ( clk|n, @))^ b]vfO /x]sf]
5 . xfdL So' uf8]g{ lt/ hfFb5 } f}F . hfFbf Tof] rlr{t
au}r F f s:tf] xf]nf eGg] pT;'stf d]/f] cGt/dgdf,
;d'bs | f] nx/em}F pl7 /x]sf] lyof] . ;Ltfn] kf;
k|jz] sfpG6/df lbg' eof] . Ps hgfsf] 6fpsf]df
afx| kfpG8sf] ef/ kg]{ /x]5 . Tof] klg kf;n]
hf]ufO lbFbf, xfdL cToGt xlif{t eof}F .
u|Lg sfk]6{ cf]5o\ fP h:t} b'af]sf] cfFugdf
k'Uof}F . ToxfF u|Lg xfp;n] :jfut u¥of] . :jfut
kfpFbf d]/f] dgdf SofS6;sf] km'n km'Nof] . Ps
l5g Tot} cfltYo u|x0fdf /dfPF . s]xL ;dosf]
lj>flGtkl5 k|km'Nn dgdf u|Lg xfp;leq l5¥of}F .
aflx/ 3fdsf] Gofgf] /fk, leq jfkm p7\b} /x]5,
cGtl/If g} :kz{ u/f}n F fem}F . k|jz] åf/sf] ;flGgWodf
Pp6f xl/of] afF;sf] emfª e]l6of] . ToxFf l;l/l;l/
xfjf rln /x]sf] lyof] . jfo'sf] :kz{df Tof] emfªsf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 90
k|1f–ultljlw
Pp6f afF; gtd:ts x'bF } dnfO{ b]v/] hfkfgL z}nLdf
d':s'/fof] . Tof] b]Vbf d Hofb} xlif{t ePF .
cfh oxfF bz{sx?sf] eL8ef8 sd lyPg .
x'g t oxfF d}n] of] klxnf] kblrGx nufPsf] lbg
xf] . Tolt hfgsf/L t dnfO{ 5}g . km]l/ d clxn]
cg';Gwftf klg xf]Og . Pp6f ofqL . x]b{} hfFbf
;]8df kxf8, ;d'b| agfPsf :yfgdf b[li6 k¥of] .
ToxFf ˆofp kf/]/ PSjfl/od agfPsf] /x]5 .
k|fs[ltsem}F nfUg] pQm PSjfl/oddf ;'gf}nf ;lxt
/ËLla/ËL df5fx? /flvPsf /x]5g\ . ltgdf ;fgf
/ dem}fnf b'jv } fn] /x]5g\ . cfxf Û slt ;'Gb/ tL
df5f, :j:km"t{ v]ln /x]sf b]Vbf d]/f cfFvf Tot}
nLg eP . dg cToGt k|efljt x'bF } cl8g vf]Hbf
cfgGb cfof] . of] ljzfn u|Lg xfp;df 5Gb ldnfP/
;hfPsf jg:kltx?sf] cjnf]sg u¥of}F . tTkZrft\
aflx/ hfg] 9f]sf cfof] . aflx/lt/ lgl:sg vf]Hb}
lyPF, au}rF fsf] :k];n] lgDtf u¥of] . bË k/],F km]l/
cltly aGg kfOg] eof] eGb} . ckem{6 kfgL k¥of] .
kfgL;Fu,} lxpF klg em¥of] . kftn gu/Ldf k|jz ]
u/]sf] Ps dlxgf eP5 . 7'nf] kfgL k/]sf], kfgL;Fu}
lxpF k/]/ cfFvfsf] ;fIfL a;]sf] klxnf] k6s oxL
xf] .
olt a]nf d]/f] dg a'na'n r/Lsf] t'na'n
h:t} eof] lsgeg] aNn aNn ;do h'/s ] f] a]nf
kfgLsf] jh|jf0fn] st} au}r F f cw'/} 5f]8g\ ' kg]{ t
xf]Og < eg]/ . kfgLn] d]/f] dgf]lj1fg a'em] 5 ls
Sofxf] Û Ps l5g kl5 6Ss /Xof] . lxpFn] klg labf
lnof] . d rflxF r}tsf] r/fn] cfxf/f e]6] h:t}
Psbd v';L ePF .
cjnf]sgs} qmddf csf]{ ;]8df ha d k'u,F]
ToxfF ljleGg k|hfltsf km'n, af]6, la?jfx? x]/F] .
Tolt a]n} /fd|fd ] f dfq gfRg vf]Hg] d]/f cfFvfnfO{
dfemLn] df5f tfg] em} ‰jf6\6 tfg] lgufnf], pGo"F
/ ss{nfn] . ltgLx?n] dlt/ dfbstfsf] b[li6
nfpFb} eg], …ltdL;Fu e]63f6 gePsf] nfdf]
sfnv08 eof] . xfdL Gofl;|Psf klg 5f},F aNn
cfh e]6 eof] .Ú tL jg:kltsf dgf]j1 } flgs egf}F
jf cd"t{ s'/f a'em]F . g]kfndf oqtq kfOg] dxŒjk"0f{
/ nf]slk|o jg:kltnfO{ ToxfF e]6b\ f d lgs} k|;Gg
ePF . ltgdf emg\ cfnf]s 5b{,} ylkg cfof] kfgL
sdn . o:tf jg:kltx?sf] cf–cfˆg} ljz]iftf t
5'§} 5Fb}5, hfb'n] n¶¥ofP em}F dnfO{ st} hfg}
lbPgg\ ltgn] .
d klg ltgsf] dfof, ;befjk"0f{ jftfj/0fnfO{
5f]8/] r6Ss} sfl6Psf] rËfem}F cufl8 hfg} ;lsg .
;fyLx?n] a? dnfO{ PSn} 5f]8/] uP ls < eGb}
58\s] gh/n] tL/ df/]F . ;fyLx? Tot} tGdo b]Vbf
ddf klg ;don] a's; {' L df¥of] ls eGb} cflQg' kg]{
cj:yf cfPg . ;]8sf] s}baf6 sxLF d'Qm lyP,
au}r F f leqsf pk–au}r F fx? . h'g b[Zo b]v/] dnfO{
syf leqsf] pk–syfsf] ofb cfof] .
o;/L x]b{} hfFbf kfgLsf] em/gf v;fNg] :yfgdf
k'Uof}F . of] 5ª5ªfPsf] ;'Gb/ em/gf t kfgL ljgfsf]
dfgj lgld{t em/gf /x]5 . Tof] b]Vbf stf–stf
clngf] t/sf/L h:tf] nfUof] . st} aRrfnfO{ em}F
Gofgf] kfb}{ k/fnn] ;kSs kf/]/ 5f]ks ] f jg:kltx?
klg b]v]F . cu|ultdf nfUb} hfFbf SofS6;\ cfO
k'Uof], xfd|f cufl8 . oxfF To:tf SofS6;\ dfq} ;of}F
ju{df ljeQm /x]5g\ .
o; uf8]g{ df rfln; xhf/ eGbf a9L k|hfltsf
jg:kltx? xf]nfg\ . ltgn] dnfO{ cfkmGtn] em}F
k]l| dn efjn] x]g{ yfn] . d]/f] klg tLk|lt cfTdLotf
k|uf9 xFb' } uof] . ljleGg /fhgLlts e"uf]n /]vfª\sg
ePsf b]zaf6 /f]hf xFb' } cfPsf s]xL oL ofofj/
jg:kltx? x'g\ . logLx?sf] gfd;Fu} hGd b]z klg
cª\lst 5, oxfF .
ultdo ;do laTbf 38Ln] b'O{ k}lF t;sf] ;ª\st]
u¥of] . To;kl5 xfdL a]~r /flvPsf] kf]v/L cfsf/sf]
kfs{df k'Uof}F . of] kx]n F f] vfnsf] b'af]sf] cfsif{s
kfs{df cf/fd ub}{ ;Ltfn] dufpg' ePsf] vfhf
vfof}F . vfhfn] xfjf v':s]sf] tlsof h:tf] k]6
psf:of}F .
Totfaf6 v'nf au}r F flt/ xflgofF} . ljleGg
km'n kmqmFb,} km'Nb}, kmn kmNb} u/]sf 7"nf ?vx?;Fu
klg ldng eof] . au}Frf 3'Dg] qmddf dnfO{
k|sl[ tjfbL slj n8{ 6]lg;g st} km'n /f]Kb} 5g\
ls < cyjf lj?jf sndL kf] ub}{ 5g\ ls < eGg]
cfef; eof] .
To:tf kmnkm"nsf j[Ifx? b]Vbf d nfnflot
dfq eOgF, dgdf x'6x'6L klg rNof] . oxfF k|z:t
ljb]zL ko{6sx? cfPsf lyP . tL dWo] s]xL xftdf
8fo/L / 86k]g lnP/ la?jf lgofNb} lyP .
ltgLx?nfO{ d}n] ;f]wF] …tkfO{x+ ? s] ub{} x'g' x'G5
oxfFÚ eg]/ . Ps hgf kfsf josfn] …xfdLx? cWoog,
cg';Gwfg ub{5 } f}F oL jg:kltx?sf] af/]dfÚ eg] .
o;/L ToxfF cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{, cg';Gwftf /
cjnf]sgsf nflu w]/} ko{6sx? cfpFbf /x]5g\ .
oxfFsf ?vx? b]Vbf dnfO{ cln cg'kd nfUof] .
crDd klg . d}n] ;DemgfnfO{ ;f]wF] …x}g otfsf
?vx?sf] ljz]iftf xf] ls, xfjf, kfgL, df6f] g} To:t}
xf] < clwsf+z ?vx? k[YjLlt/} x]l/ /x]sf x'G5g\ .Ú
pgn] d':sfg 5b}{ elgg\, …otfsf ?vx? k|foM o:t}
k|sl[ tsf 5g\ .Ú dnfO{ nfUof] g]kfndf t a}; F sf
?v / aFfF ; pd]/ k'Ubf gtd:ts x'bF } k[YjLlt/
em'ss ] f x'G5g\ . c¿ t rGb|dfnfO{ g} l6kf}n F fem}F
dflylt/} nfu]sf x'G5g\ . ;fob hGdlbg] cfdf log}
x'g\ eGb} k[YjLsf] ;Demgf u/]sf x'g\ ls Û ls t slj
lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8n ] sf] sljtf+z …k'mn]sf] j[Ifsf]
xfFuf] ge'ms]sf] sxfF 5 /Ú eg]em}F n6/Dd kmnkm"nn]
;lhPsf j[Ifx? dfq lgx'/s ] f b]lvG5g\ .
xfd|f] ofqf Tolt xtf/sf] t lyPg . t}klg x]g{
afFsL au}r F fsf] cu|efutkm{ nfUofF} . k|jz ] åf/af6
bfofF kl§ u|Lg xfp; kl/;/df csf]{ kf]v/L e]l6of] .
pQm kf]v/L cfotgdf xfd|f] /fgLkf]v/L eGbf ;fgf]
t/ :jR5 / dgf]/d lyof] . To;df em/gf eml//x]sf]
lyof] p;s} ;'/ / tfndf . of] lgs} zfGt, ;f}Do
klg nfUof], a'4 jfl6sfem}F . u|Lg xfp;kl§sf]
lsgf/df kIfL/fh u?8 ;lxtsf ljljw d"lt{x?
/x]5g\ . oL d"lt{x?n] g]kfnsf ;'Gb/ Pjd\ snfTds
dlGb/ / d"lt{x?sf] tfhf :d[lt emNsfP .
So' uf8{g] zfGtdo jftfj/0fdf lgld{t au}r F f
xf] . h'g So'sf] ljDadf /fgL Plnhfa]ysf] k|tLs
klg x'g ;S5 of] . of] !*( Ps8 hltdf lj:t[t /
a]nfotsf] h}ljs ljljwtfo'Qm auFr +} f xf] . of] ;'Gb/
dfq 5}g, ljZjdf TolQs} Voflt k|fKt klg 5 .
dnfO{ o'jtLsf cfFvfn] tfs]sf tGg]/L h:t} nfUof],
of] uf8{g] . hlt x]/] klg /x/ slxNo} gd]l6g], d}n]
b]vs] f] of] ck|ltd au}r F f xf] . o;af6 d cToGt
k|efljt klg ePF . t/ ;dosf] ultnfO{ k5¥ofpFb}
So' uf8{g] ;Fu labf x'bF } xfd|f] kfOnf rNof] .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 91
 cfh kfgLn] lsg xf] < xfdLnfO{ lgs}
k5\ofof] . km]l/ kfgL em¥of], x'/L atf; klg kfgL;Fu}
rNof] . x'g t a]nfotdf 3W -tLg 8An'_sf] ljz]iftf
w]/} rlr{t /x]5 . tL x'g–\ j]b/, cf]dg] / js{ .
logLx?sf] e/ slxNo} x'bF g} eGg] . lgjf;lt/ kmls{g]
ljrf/n] a; rl9of] . Tolt a]nf d]/f cfFvf k'nS' s
38Ldf k'u5 ] g\ . 38Ln] ;f9] rf/sf] ;Í]t u¥of] .
a; af6f] s]xL gfKb} lyof], kfgL kg{ 5f8\of] . ;dosf]
;LldttfnfO{ dgdf emNsfpF b } xfd| f ] kl/jf/
;fpynlt/ nfUof] . ;Ltf sfo{Jo:ttfn] 3/lt/
nfUg' eof] . hFfb} ubf{ Olnª ahf/df g]kfnLx?n]
k9\g] Olnª sn]h klg x]l/of] . Tof] /fd|f] /x]5 .
ToxfFsf] l8kf6{dG] 6n :6f]/ x]g{ pT;flxt gog /
dgsf] wf]sf] eg] ck"/} /Xof] . cfOtaf/sf] lbg
ePsfn] oxfFsf] l8kf6{dG] 6n :6f]/n] kfFr ah] g}
5'l§ lnO ;s]5 . cf:bf, ;]G;j/L, cfOlsof /
6]:sf] h:tf ;'k|l;4 a]nfotsf l8kf6{d]G6n
:6f]/x?sf] klxn] g} cfFvfn] :jfb rfv]sf]n] vf;}
lj:dft dfGg' k/]g .
o:tf l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/x?df cfjZos
;fdfg 5fGb} 6«nL jf af:s]6df xfn]/, lan sf6\g
hfFbf cToGt /dfOnf] nfU5, dnfO{ . k|foM o:tf
:6f]/df Sofl;o/x? p7]/, sDKo'6/df lan sfl6
/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;/L ple/xFbf ltgsf uf]8f slt
uNbf x'g\ < Tof] b]Vbf dfof nfU5 . oxfF Pl6Pd
sf8{ k|0ffnLn] ubf{ w]/} ;lhnf] dfq xf]Og, ;'/lIft
klg 5 . sDKo'6/sf dfWodn] l6s6 lng], /sd
hDdf ug{] cflb sfo{df ;/ntf Pjd\ ;xhtf x'G5 .
otf qm]l86 sf8{åf/f kl5 ltg{] u/L /sd lemSg,
;fdfg lsGg klg ;lhn};uF kfOG5 .
;fpyndf ef/tLo k~hfaLx? a9L b]lvP
eg] u'h/ftL, >LnÍfnL / g]kfnLx? klg oqtq
e]l6P . o;/L e]l6bfF d}n] w]/} /dfOnf] cg'el" t u/F] .
/dfOnf] gxf];\ lsg < o'/f]kdf uP/ cfˆg} g]kfnL,
l5d]sL ef/tLo / Pl;ofsf dflg;x? e]l6bfF . of]
Pp6f cfTdLotf tyf ;+:s[ltsf] k|efjsfl/tf xf]
;
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 92
k|1f–ultljlw
t/ st} b]lvPsf s]xL g]kfnLx? 7f]lsg} nfUbf klg
ts]/{ lxF8g\ vf]Hbf /x]5g\ . ;fpyn blIf0f Pl;ofsf
dflg;x?sf] d' V o j:tL /x] 5 . To;sf/0f
;fpy+cnaf6 ;fpyn ePsf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfUof] .
oxfFsf] ahf/sf 7Ffl6Psf k;nx? b]vF] . oL
b]Vbf xfd|f] ;Ldfkfl/sf ef/tLo /S;f}n ahf/,
gf}tgjfsf ljDa cfP . cK;/f gfdsf] k;n;Fu
PSsfl; hDsfe]6 x'bF f emg\ d st} /S;f}ndf t
5}g < eGg] efg k¥of] . oxfF ljleGg s'yf{ ;'?jfn,
/]l8d]8 sk8fsf k;nx?, rdsbf/ ;f8Lx? dfq
cfPgg\, r'/f, kf]t,] cfsif{s u/uxgf cflbsf k;nx?
klg xfF:b}, tF5f8 d5f8 ub}{ k|ltof]lutfsf ;'Gb/L
cfP em}F cfP . o:tf] b]Vbf /df / ;Demgf emg\ Totf
lsg 5'6y\ ] < Ps l5g To;}n] ;do vfof] .
o:t} b[li6 5g]{ qmddf, lhn]jL k;n e]l6of] .
ef/tLo d"nsf] k;n] /x]5, …lhn]jL s:tf] 5 <Ú
eg]sf] …w]/} dL7f] 5Ú eGof] . ukmdf tfQftf] lhn]jL
vfFbf g]kfns} h:tf] ld7f] :jfbdf /dfof}F . ;fpyn
ahf/df Pp6f dlGb/ /x]5 . ToxfFsf] jf:t'snf Pjd\
Joj:yfkgsf] s]xL hfgsf/L eof] . ToxfF lzjhLnfO{
hn / ufO{sf] b"wn] :gfg u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]5 .
tLhdf g]kfnLx? pQm dlGb/df bz{g / gfrufg ug{
hfg x'?Ss} x'bF f /x]5g\ . u0f]z, ;Ltf/fd, nIdLgf/fo0f,
eujtLsf ;'Gb/ d"lt{x? klg ToxfF af]lnxfNnfg\ ls
h:tf] u/L l;Fufl/Psf lyP . To;sf] glhs} u'?åf/f
/x]5 . rr{ t htftt} e]l6g] eO uP . o;/L ;f+:s[lts
a}ljWo klg e]l6of], a]nfotdf .
Tot} a/flng vf]Hb} lyof], of] lszf]/L jo
h:tf] dg . o:tf] dgnfO{ …OlG;8] G 6 k| m ] ~ r
s¥ofDkÚsf] 3f]8r8Ln] nufd lvr]emF} tfg]F . km]l/
hlt x]¥of] plt x]g{ vf]Hg], oL d]/f rd{rIf'nfO{
aNnaNn df]8F] . ;do kbofqL em}F /flqsf] zfGt,
;f}Do psfnf] r9\glt/ nfUof] . xfdL a; r9\b}
lgjf;lt/ nfUof}F .
af6f]df cfpFbf klg d]/f] dg Tof] ;'Gb/, zfnLg
So' uf8]g{ / Tot}lt/sf b[Zodf 8'aN' sL dfb}{ cfof] .
ofqf lgaGw
P];flNsg Odfgfn'Pef
eLid pk|t] L
P];flNsg Odfgfn'Pef lslu{h x'g\ t/ pgnfO{
d}n] lslu{:tfgdf e]6s] f] xf]Og . hd{gLsf] ˆof{ªkm6{df
;g\ @)!! df hd{gLsf] a'G8]; a}s + n] cfof]hgf u/]sf]
a}s+ ;'k/efOh/x?sf nflu af;]n @ / # ;DaGwL
tflnddf efu lng hfFbf xfd|f] e]6 ePsf] xf] . pgL
lslu{:tfgsf] s]Gb|Lo a}s
+ df sfd uly{g,\ d}n] g]kfnsf]
s]Gb|Lo a}s
+ df sfd u/]h:t} . Tof] Ps xKt] a;fOFdf
pgL;Fu vf;} w]/} cgf}krfl/s eOgF lsgeg] ToxfF k"j{
;f]leot ;ª\3af6 cfpg]x?sf] Pp6f ;d"x aGof]
¿;L efiffsf] sf/0fn] eg] k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofaf6
cfpg]x?sf] csf]{ ;d"x aGof] ;femf efiffs} sf/0fn] .
ca afFsL /x]sf xfdLx? -d, sDaf]l8og, aª\unfb]zL,
>LnÍfnL, d]lS;sfnL, e]gh ] P' nfnL, ckmufgL cflb_sf]
csf]{ ;d"x aGof] cfk}mF . s]xL s'/fx? ;femf ePkl5
To;n] cfk}mF Pstfa4 u/fpg] /x]5 ;a} lrh cun
cun ePsf] 7fpFdf . xfdL;Fu ;femf x'g g;s]sf]
s'/f rflxF ;femf lyof] ToxfF .
P];flNsg prfOdf cf};t g]kfnL dlxnfh:t}
lyOg\ . 5AaL;, ;QfO; jif{sL nfUg] dª\uf]n cg'xf/sL
pgL d]/f] dgdf ;'Aaf jf u'¿ª ;d'bfosL g]kfnL
dlxnfsf] ;Demgf u/fpg kof{Kt lyOg\ . ;fdfGo kl/ro
eO ;s]kl5 cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s e]63f6df
clejfbg ;f6\g] / d':s'/fpg] uly{g\ . d}n] pgnfO{
a};
+ fn' pd]/hGo ;fdfGo ;kgf af]ss ] L Pp6L ;fdfGo
;'Gb/Lsf] ¿kdf dfq x]/s ] f] lyPF . t/ Ps lbg n~rkl5
tflndsf] csf]{ ;q ;'? x'gc ' l3 pgn] p7]/ elgg\–
…s[kof ;'lg lbg';,\ Pp6f PgfpG;d]G6 ug{ rfxG5' .Ú
xfdL ;a}sf] Wofg PsfPs pgLtk{m df]l8of] .
xfdL r'krfk pgnfO{ ;'Gg yfNof}F .
…xfd|L >LnÍfaf6 o; sfo{qmddf cfPsL ;fyL
;'nf]rgfsf] cl:tsf] lbg zx/sf] e|d0f ubf{ kfFr
;o o"/f] rf]/L ePsf] 5 . cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;a} k};f
rf]/L ePsf] kL/n] pgL b'MvL l5g\ . xfdL of]
sfo{qmddf cWoog ug{, s]xL l;Sgsf] ;fy} /dfOnf]
ug{ klg cfPsf xf}F . t/ xfdL;Fu} ePsL xfd|L
Pp6L ;fyL b'MvL l5g\ eg] xfdL rflxF s;/L v';L
x'g / /dfOnf] ug{ ;S5f}F < d t ;fdflhs ;]jfsf]
sfd klg u5'{ d]/f] b]zdf . To;}n] dnfO{ ;fyLx?;Fu
Pp6f k|:tfj /fVg dg nfu]sf] 5 .Ú pgn] elgg\ .
pgsf] k|:tfj s] xf]nf < d]/f] dgdf Pp6f
;fgf] pT;'stf p7\of] .
pgn] elgg\– …;'nf]rgfn] x/fPsf] k};fnfO{
xfd|f] ;ª\Vofn] efu ubf{ @) o"/f] kbf]{ /x]5 Ps
hgfsf] efudf . @) o"/f] w]/} 7"nf] /sd klg xf]Og .
xfdL ;a}n] pgnfO{ a9Ldf @) o"/f];Dd OR5f
cg';f/n] ;xof]u u¥of}F eg] xfd|f] w]/} vr{ x'bF g} t/
xfd|L ;fyLnfO{ w]/} 7"nf] ;xof]u x'G5 . pgL oxfF
a;'Gh]n xfdL;Fu} v';L x'g ;Sg] l5g\ / kms{b+ f
oxfFaf6 cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf nflu ;d]t pkxf/sf]
¿kdf s]xL v';Lx? af]s/] n}hfg] l5g\ . ;a} hgf
Pp6f kl/jf/ eP/ a;]sf] 7fpFdf ;a}sf] dg pHofnf]
eP/ /dfPg eg] xfdL s]xLn] dfq v';L ePsf] s]
cy{ xf]nf / <Ú o;kl5 pgn] aflx/ sf]6x? /fVg]
u/]sf] sf]7fsf] Pp6f s'gfdf vfd /flvPsf]n] ToxfF
;a}n] OR5f cg';f/ s]xL /sd hDdf ul/lbg cfu|x
ul/g\ . sfo{qmddf nfdf] tfnL aHof] . To;} klg
pHofnL P];flNsg emg\ w]/} pHofnL ePsL lyOg\ .
d]/f] dgdf P];flNsgk|lt klxnf] k6s >4f
efj knfof] / pgsf] dgsf] ;kmfkgnfO{ k|z; + f ug{
dg nfUof] . ;'nf]rgfn] sfnf] afbnn] el/Psf]
;fpgsf] cfsf;h:tf] cg'xf/ agfP/ lxh} dnfO{
k};f x/fPsf] s'/f eg]sL lyOg\ . d}n] pgnfO{
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 93
sfo{qmdsL ;+of]hs;Fu s'/f ug{ ;Nnfx lbPsf]
lyPF / P];flNsgsf] h:tf] ;f]r d]/f] cfPg .
g] k fn kms] { s f] nfdf] ;do;Dd klg
P];flNsg;Fu ;Dks{ ePg . d]/f] ;Demgfaf6 Ps
lsl;dn] pgL x/fO ;s]sL lyOg\ .
k]g OG6/Gof;gnsf] c:;Lcf}F ;fwf/0f ;ef
lslu{:tfgsf] la:s]sdf ;g\ @)!$ sf] ;]K6]Da/df x'g]
lg0f{o eof] . OG6/Gof;ng k]gn] a9Ldf Ps hgfsf]
vr{ lbg] jf Tof] klg glbg] / k]g g]kfn cfly{s ¿kn]
tGgd ;+:yf ePsf]n] Tof] s+u; ]| df efu lnFbf cfˆgf]
uf]hL l/Tofpg' kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . d]/f] ;Demgfdf
PsfPs P];flNsg cfOg\ . ;f]r–F] logsf] kfx'gf x'g] xf]
eg] xf]6n ] sf] vr{ arfpg ;lsG5 . hd{gLaf6 labf
x'bF f pgn] ljhg]z sf8{ lbPsL lyOg\ . d}n] pgsf]
ljhg]z sf8{ vf]h/] pgnfO{ Od]n n]vF] . pgn] t'?Gt}
hjfkm n]lvg\ . xfdL km];a'sdf klg hf]l8of}F . xfdLlar
;fdfGo s'/fsfgL x'g yfn]kl5 Ps lbg pgnfO{ k]gsf]
sfo{qmd / cfˆgf] efu lng] ljrf/ ;'gfPF . pgL v';L
eOg\ / elgg\ – …ltdL cfpF5f} eg] d]/f] 3/df :jfut
u5'{ . xf]6n] sf] h:tf] geP klg Pp6f sf]7f, afy¿d,
tftf]lr;f] kfgL / jfOkmfO ;'ljwf– d]/f] 3/df olt
5 .Ú
…o;df yk csf]{ s'/f klg 5 xf]6n ] df gePsf] .Ú
d}n] eg]F .
pgL 5Ss kl/g\, pgsf] 3/sf] ;'ljwfsf] af/]df
d}n] eg]sf] ;'g/] . d}n] eg]–F …kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f .Ú
xfdL b'j} xfF:of}F .
o;kl5 d k]g OG6/g]zgnsf] sfo{qmddf hfg]
tof/Ldf nfu]F .
P];flNsg ca d;Fu w]/} v'n/] s'/f ug{ yfn]sL
lyOg\ . pgL w]/} a]/;Dd klg s'/f uly{g\ . o;}lar
Ps ;fFem P];flNsgn] n]lvg\– …cfh d Psbd
tgfjdf 5' .Ú
…lsg < s] eof] <Ú d}n] cln w]/} lh1f;f /
clncln 8/ ldl;Psf] cj:yfaf6 ;f]wF] . d'6s ' f]
rfn klg clncln a9\of] .
…d pgGtL; jif{sL ePF . s]Gb|Lo a}s + h:tf]
/fd|f] clkm;df sfd u5'{ . Pd=P= kf; u/]sL 5' .
s:tL 5' ltdLn] b]vs ] } 5f} . t/ d]/f] clxn];Dd
klg AjfOk|m] G8 5}g .Ú pgn] elgg\ .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 94
k|1f–ultljlw
dnfO{ dgdg} xfF;f] klg p7\of] . ;De]m–F dfG5]sf
;d:of klg yl/yl/sf x'G5g\ . k]ml/ ;f]r,F] of] jf:tjdf
uDeL/ ;d:of klg xf] Pp6L o'jtL ;fdfGot vf]lhg]
;a} lrh eP/ klg pgGtL; jif{;Dd AofOk|m] G8 gx'g'
jf lax] gx'g' sltko ;dfhdf ;d:of g} xf] . slxn]sfxLF
t To:tf o'jtLdf cfGtl/s ¿kd} kf] s]xL ;d:of 5
ls eg]/ ;d]t ;f]Rg] ul/G5 . k"j{ ;f]leot ;ª\3sf]
v'Nnfkg pkof]u ul/ /x]sf] eP tfklg pgsf] ;dfh
d'l:nd ;dfh xf] . eg]F – …w}o{ u/, ltdLh:tL /fd|L
/ of]Uosf nflu sf]xL 5, cjZo 5 . ltdLn] rfF8}
e]§fpF5f} p;nfO{ .Ú
pgL k"/} cfZj:t eOgg\ . To;}n] elgg\ – …ca d
csf]{ ljifo k9\g yfN5' ljZjljBfnodf / Aofn] gfr
klg l;S5' . d cfk"mnfO{ Jo:t /fV5' .Ú …vfnL lbdfu
;}tfgsf 3/Ú eG5g\, of] s'/f lognfO{ klg yfxf /x]5 .
pgsf] tgfjnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ Pp6f tl/sf pgn]
cfk"mnfO{ Jo:t /fVg' klg xf] . pgn] l7s} ;f]lrg\ .
xfdL b'jn } fO{ 5f]P/ / 5f]8/] ;do kfgL au]
h;/L g} alx/Xof] / alu/x]sf] 5 gkms{g] u/L . xfdL
cf–cfˆg} Jojxf/df Jo:t lyof}F / 5f}F . slxn] e'N5f}F
/ slxn] ;DemG5f}F ;fyL;ª\utL / kl/j]znfO{ .
d]/f] la:s]s hfg] tof/Ln] ult lnof] . cfof]hs
;]G6«n Pl;of k]g / k]g OG6/g]zgnsf] x]8 clkm;
nG8g;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ / kqfrf/ eO/Xof] . lxF8g\ ]
s'/f ;f]Rg hlt ;lhnf] 5 ;fFRr} k'mQ lxF8g\ k]ml/
TolQs} ufx|f] klg 5 . log} ufx|f] ;lhnf]sf] lardf k]g
g]kfnsf ldl6ªx? klg eP . cGTodf le;f, sfof{nosf]
labf, p8\g] l6s6 ;a} eO ;s]kl5 p8\ge' Gbf l7s b'O{
lbg cl3 P];flNsg;Fu nfdf] s'/f eof] . b'O{ xKtfcl3
dfq pgn] d]/f] la:s]s a;fOel/sf nflu ljleGg
sfo{qmd agfP/ dnfO{ k7fPsL lyOg\ . t/ clxn] pgL
oxL ;dodf ljhg]z e|d0fsf nflu ;x/ aflx/ hfg'
kg]{ s'/f elgg\ . d Ps l5g;Dd cjfs\ ePF / /GylgPF .
pgnfO{ e|d0f Ps xKtfnfO{ k/ ;fg{ klg cfu|x u/]F .
t/ pgn] 3/df pgsf] a'af cd]l/sg ljZjljBfnosf]
k|fWofks ePsf]n] /fd|f] cª\uh ]| L af]Ng] / efO k'/}
k'm;{bdf x'g] x'gfn] p;n] d]/f] a;fO cjlwe/ ;fy lbg]
atfOg\ . d]/f] nflu cf]5o\ fg tyf cGo cfjZos ;a}
aGbf]a:t u/]/ dfq hfg] elgg\ .
d ld7f] ;kgf b]lv /x]sf] a]nfdf s;}n] emfk8
xfg]/ Ao'e F mfO lbPsf] h:tf] cj:yfdf k'uF] . e|d0f /2
ug{ klg ;lhnf] lyPg . hfg klg ca Ps lsl;dsf]
c;lhnf] t eof] g} . s] ug]{ s] ug]s { f] cj:yfdf
k'uF] . d k'us ] f] t];f| ] lbg;Dddf 3/df cfO k'Ug]
x'gfn] s]xL c;lhnf] gdfgL cfpg cfu|x ul/g\ . of]
t l7s ;dodf wf]sf lbPh:tf] eof] t/ 3/df s;}nfO{
elggF . / @# ;]K6]Da/ @)!$ sf] lbpF;f] ;'6s]; /
Pp6f emf]nf af]s/] lxF8] Po/kf]6l{ t/ .
d la:s]s k'uF] @$ ;]K6]Da/ a]ns ' f ;f9] ;ft
ah] . Po/kf]6a{ f6} kmf]g u/]F P];flNsgnfO{ . pgn]
d;Fu k};f eP gePsf] ;f]lwg\ . d}n] Po/kf]6s { f]
dlgr]~r/df :yfgLo k};f ;f]d ;f6]sf] hfgsf/L
u/fPF . pg}n] 6\ofS;L 8«fOe/;Fu s'/f ul/g\ . cf7
;o ;f]ddf 6\ofS;Lsf] ef8f ldnfOg\, 8«fOe/sf]
df]afOn g+= lnOg\ / dnfO{ hfg elgg\ . pg}n] 3/df
pgsf] efOnfO{ ;d]t kmf]g u/]/ dnfO{ lng tn
af6fdf cfpg klg elgg\ . Po/kf]6a{ f6 6\ofS;L
lnP/ lsPef:sfof ;8ssf] !^! g+= sf] ckf6{dG] 6
cufl8 k'uF] . P];flNsgsf efO hf]on dnfO{ lng
cfP . #$ g+= sf] pgsf] ckf6{dG] 6df k'Ubf;Dd klg
hf]on;Fu s'g} s'/fsfgL ePg . 3/df k'u/] sf]7fdf
;'6s]z / xft]Aofu /fv]kl5 xftd'v wf]PF . hf]onn]
ANofs skmL agfP . ToxfF pgsf ;fyL klg lyP .
xfdLn] skmL / la:s'6 vfof}F . hf]on cToGt yf]/}
cª\uh ]| L af]Nbf /x]5g\ . pgL;Fu bf]xf]/f] s'/fsfgL ug{
g} sl7g . d}n] pgnfO{ pgsf] a'afsf] af/]df ;f]Wbf
hf]onn] a'af aNn aNn ;'lt ;s]sf] atfP . xfdLn]
OG6/g]6df u'un cg'jfbssf] ;xfotfn] s]xL s'/fsfgL
u¥of}F . ef]lnsf nflu sfo{qmd agfof}F . pgsf] lbbLsf]
;fyL eg]/ hf]on ;s];Dd /fd|f] ug{ vf]Hy], w]/}
s'/fsfgL ug{ vf]Hy] t/ efiffsf] sl7gfO lyof] . xfdL
Ps csf{nfO{ x]//] d':s'/fpFYof}F dfq . s'g} s'g} a]nfdf
Psfw zAbdf s'/fsfgL x'GYof] .
csf]{ lbg . hf]onn] slgs'ly eg]] – …lbbLsf]
s]6fsf] af/]df yfxf 5 <Ú
…clncln yfxf 5, ltd|f] lbbLn] dnfO{ eg]sL
l5g\Ú d}n] eg]F . pgn] slt a'em] yfxf ePg . s]xL
dlxgf cl3 Rof6df P];flNsgn] Pp6f s]6fnfO{
dg k/fpg yfn]sf] s'/f n]lvg\ . ;fy}, pgn] s] klg
n]lvg\ eg] p;n] klxnf] >LdtL;Fu 5f]8kq u/]sf]
5 / p;sf] Pp6f 5f]/f klg 5 . d}n] ;f]ws ] f] lyPF–
…ltdLnfO{ ;fFRr} dg k5{ pm <Ú
P];flNsgn] dg k/]sf] t/ pgsf cleefjsn] dg
gk/fPsf] ;d]t elgg\ . dnfO{ pgLx?sf] /Llt, k/Dk/f
/ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf Pjd\ Jojxf/ yfxf lyPg . To;}n]
…ltdL lzlIft 5f}, s] ltdLnfO{ /fd|f] x'G5 hfG5\of}, To;}n]
;f]r/] sfd u/Ú eg]sf] lyPF . clxn] hf]onn] P];flNsgsf]
s]6fsf] s'/f ubf{ em§ ;De]mF of] s'/fsfgL .
…lbbL p;sf] s]6f] ;fyLsf]df s]xL lbg a:g
uPsL l5g\ .Ú hf]onn] o;f] eGbf P];flNsgn] dnfO{
eg]sf] ljhg]z l6«ksf] ofb cfof] cgfo; . slt;Dd
eg] d}n] la:s]ssf] dfg; Po/kf]6a{ f6 kmf]g ;Dks{
ubf{ klg P];flNsgn] cfk"m lahg]; l6«kd} ePsf]
eg]sL lyOg\ . d cndNn dfq kl/gF, ;f]rdUg klg
ePF . o; ljifonfO{ pgLx?sf a'af phn cª\sn;Fu
p7fpg] ljrf/ u/]F .
csf]{ laxfg skmL lkpFbf phn cª\snn] d]/f]
P];flNsg;Fu s'/f eof] ls eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof] . d}n]
eof] eg]F / ef]ln cfpF5' eg]sL l5g\ eg]F . pxfFn]
cln crDd dfg] h:tf] u/]/ …xf] <Ú eGg' eof] . d
Ps kN6 k]ml/ cndlnPF . ;f]w–F] …P];flNsgn] rfF8}
lax] ug{ nfu]sL l5g\ xf] <Ú
…vf;df t pgn] lax] ul/ ;lsg\ . clxn]
>Ldfg\sf] 3/df uPsL x'g\ .Ú Ps l5g ;f]r/] phn
cª\snn] eGbf d k]ml/ Ps k6s rlst ePF . of]
ofqfdf d P];flNsgsf] sf/0fn] k6s k6s rlst
Pjd\ e|ldt eO /x]sf] 5' . pgn] dnfO{ lsg ;a}
geg]/ ljhg]z l6«k eg]sL xf]lng\ . ;fob nhfOg\
ls Û ;fob o;f] eGbf dnfO{ pgLx?sf] 3/df cfP/
a:g c;lhnf] xf]nf eg]/ geg]sL x'g\ ls Û ;fob
pgL dnfO{ ld7f] ;/k|fOh lbg rfxlGyg\ ls Û
la:s]s cfPsf] xKtf lbg eO ;Sbf klg
P];flNsg;Fu d]/f] e]6 ePg . la:s]s cfpg'cl3
d}n] lrg]sf] Ps dfq lslu{h pg} lyOg\ t/ oxfF cfP/
cg]syl/ dfG5]x?;Fu e]63f6, lrgfhfgL / s'/fsfgL
eO ;Sbf klg pgL;Fu e]6 x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . of]
klg Pp6f /dfOnf] g} xf] . pgL sd;]sd klg lbgdf
Ps k6s dnfO{ kmf]g uly{g,\ d]/f] xfnva/ ;f]lWyg\
/ dnfO{ s]xL c;'ljwf 5 ls jf k};fsf] ;d:of kf]
k/]sf] 5 ls ;f]lWyg\ . ev{/ lax] u/]/ dw'df;df
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 95
/x]sL pgn] o;/L dnfO{ ;De]m/ d]/f] c;'ljwfsf]
af/]df ;f]lw /x]sf]df pgLnfO{ emg} cfb/ ug{ yfn]F .
Ps xKtfkl5, cS6f]a/ ! tfl/vsf] lbg ;fFem
xfdLn] e]6o\ f}F . P];flNsg d]/f] sfo{qmd eO /x]sf]
bdf; xf]6nd} cfOg\ ;fFem % ah] . lax] u/]kl5
pgL emg /fd|L eO l5g\ . emg\ pHofnL eO l5g\ .
6f9}bl] v d':s'/fOg\ pgL dfgf}+ la:s]ssL /ftf] u'nfkm
x'g\ . xfdLn] xft ldnfof}F / naLsf] Pp6f s'gfdf
a;]/ s'/fsfgL ug{ yfNof}F .
naLdf skmL, la:s'6, s'lsh / cGo s]xL
vfg]s/' f lyP . …oxfFaf6 s]xL d}n] lnP x'G5 <Ú pgn]
elgg\ . jf:tjdf tL ;a} xfd}| sfo{qmdsf nflu
ePsfn] d}n] pgnfO{ Pp6f Kn]6df /fv]/ lbPF . kf]xf]/
AjfOk|m] G8 geP/ tgfjdf ePsL pgL clxn] ev{/}
lax] u/]/ xFl;nL lyOg\ . To;}n] lax]sf] nflu awfO
lbFb} ;f]w–F] …ltdLn] lax] u/]sf] slt eof] <Ú
…Ps xKtf .Ú pgn] elgg\ .
…d ltd|f] 3/df cfPsf] klg Ps xKtf g} eof] .
lsg olt xtf/ u/]sL <Ú ;f]wF] .
pgsf] s'/f pT;'stf a9fpg] vfnsf] dfq
xf]Og, a8f] /dfOnf] klg lyof] . pgn] oxL a]nfdf
o:tf] k/]sf]df d;Fu dfkmL dflug\ / elgg\ – …of]
s'g} of]hgfa4 lyPg . d}n] olt l5§} lax] ub}5 { ' eGg]
s'/f dnfO{ g} yfxf lyPg .Ú
…yfx} geOsg s;/L lax] u¥of} t <Ú of] k|Zg
oxfFg/] :jfefljs xf], To;}n] ;f]wF] .
…xfd|f] k/Dk/fdf s]6fn] dg k/]sL s]6LnfO{ lax]
ug{ ckx/0f u5{ . p;n] cl3Nnf] lbg kmf]g u/]/ ef]ln
kfs{df 3'Dg hfcf}F eGof] . d]/f] klg k'm;{b ePsf]n]
uPF . kfs{df k'uk] l5 p;n] ltdL l/;fpGgf} eg] ltdLnfO{
cfh ckx/0f u5'{ eGof] .Ú pgn] elgg\ .
…clg <Ú dleq emgemg\ pT;'stf a9\of] pgsf]
s'/f ;'Gg] .
…Ps l5g t d lhNn k/]F . of] 36gf olt
ck|Tofl;t lyof] ls dnfO{ s]xL eGg g} cfPg .
Ps l5gkl5 ;f]r,F] pm d}n] klg dg k/fPsf] s]6f]
xf] . dg k/]kl5 ckx/0f g} u/]/ n}hfg] t k/Dk/f
/ rng g} xf] . p;n] t k]ml/ klg d]/f] dGh'/Lsf
nflu ;f]w/] dnfO{ ;Ddfg u¥of] . ltdLn] gdfGg]
xf] eg] d s]xL ulb{gF klg eGof] . dnfO{ p;sf] of]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 96
k|1f–ultljlw
s'/f dg k¥of] .Ú elgg\ .
pgsf cfFvfdf x]b{} pgnfO{ ;'Gb} lyPF . …pm
d}n] dfof u/]sf] dfG5], dg k/fPsf] . cfh uP klg
of ef]ln, p;n] d]/f a'afcfdf;Fu d]/f] xft dfu]kl5
klg t p;};uF hfg] xf] . cfh p;}n] cg'/f]w u/]sf]
a]nfdf lsg ghfg] eGg] nfu]/ x'G5 eg]F . o;/L
p;n] dnfO{ kfs{af6} nUof] .Ú
dnfO{ pgsf] s'/f a8f] /dfOnf] / 3tnfUbf]
nfUof] . pgnfO{ t p;n] nUof] t/ la:s]sdf d eg]
k'/} xKtf lbg PSn} ePF . hf]on k|foh;f] d};uF eP/
klg d PSn} ePF . efiffn] dflg;nfO{ s;/L PSnf]
agfpFbf] /x]5 / Tof] cj:yf slt kL8fbfoL x'bF f] /x]5
d}n] o;kfln a'emF] . t/ pgsf] 7"nf] ;d:of ;lsPsf]
lyof] . pgL tgfjd'Qm xFl;nL lyOg\ .
eg]–F …slt ;lhnf] x} .Ú /, k]ml/ ;f]wF] – …ltd|f
a'afcfdfn] s]xL eg]gg\ <Ú
…a'afn] s]xL eGg'ePg t/ cfdfn] rflxF slxNo}
gb]vs ] f], glrg]sf] dfG5] eg]/ dg k/fpg' efÚsf]
5}g .Ú pgn] elgg\ / k'gM elgg\– …t/ of] d]/f] hLjg
xf], d]/f] lg0f{o .Ú
pgsf] cfFvfdf Pp6f alnof] ljZjf; lyof] .
d}n] pgnfO{ pgsf] lg0f{o ;w}F ;xL / ;'vbfos xf];\
eg]/ z'esfdgf lbPF . pgsf a'afcfdf cnucnu
a:g' x'GYof] . d}n] pgsL cfdfnfO{ e]6g\ ] df}sf t kfOgF
t/ pgsf] a'af;Fu ;f]ws ] f] lyPF – …P];flNsgn] Tof]
s]6fnfO{ dg k/fPsf] tkfO+x{ ?nfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg /]
xf] <Ú phn cª\snn] hjfkmdf …xf]Og, d Hofb} g/d
x[bosf] dfG5] x'F . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cfˆgf] lg0f{o slxNo}
yf]klb{gF . pgLx?sf] v';L ;w}F rfxG5'Ú eGg'ePsf] lyof] .
clxn] P];flNsgn] a'afn] s]xL eGg'ePg eGbf d}n] em§
of] s'/fsfgLnfO{ ;De]msf] x'F .
…d ca nf]Ug]sf] 3/df a:g yfn]F . d]/f] a'afsf]
3/df ltdLnfO{ s]xL c;'ljwf eof] ls < w]/} ;'ljwf
t 5}g ToxfF . dnfO{ dfkm u/ x}, ltdLnfO{ ;do
lbg ;lsgF .Ú pgn] k]ml/ elgg\ .
d}n] cfˆg} 3/h:tf] 7fg]sf], cfˆg} kl/jf/;Fu
ePh:tf] nfu]sf] s'/f eg]F . pgL emg} pHofnL eOg\
v';Ln] . jf:tjdf slxNo} gb]vs ] f], slxNo} ge]6s
] f]
dfG5]sf] 3/df PsfPs uP/ a:bf c;lhnf] / ;+sf]r
rflxF y'k}| nfu]sf] lyof] ;'?df . t/ Ps, b'O{ lbgkl5
t Psbd kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f / cgf}krfl/s
;DaGwn] ubf{ ;lhnf] eof] dnfO{ . d}n] klxnf] e]6d}
pgsf] a'afnfO{ tkfO{+ d]/f] ;fyLsf] a'af ePsf]n]
cª\sn eG5' eGbf pxfFn] xfF;/] x'G5 eGg' ePsf]
lyof] . To;kl5 …cfˆg} 3/h:tf] 7fGg" x}, efG5fdf jf
lk|mhdf 5] h ef]s nfu]kl5 lgsfn]/ vfg", cˆ7\of/f]
gdfGg"Ú eGg' eof] . o;/L ;fyLsf] 3/df xf]Og,
cª\snsf] 3/df a;]sf] lyPF, kfl/jfl/s t lyPF g} .
d}n] pgnfO{ g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] a]Daf] ;n /
;ª\uLtsf] l;8L pkxf/ lbPF . pgn] v';L;fy
l:jsfl/g\ / ;f]lwg\– …ltdL lr+luh cfOtdftesf]
lstfa vf]Hb} lyof], kfof} <Ú
d}n] vf]Hg] ;do gkfPsf] eg]F .
…ltdL ce}m rfxG5f} <Ú
…xf] .Ú
…s'g lstfa <Ú
…hldnf jf cGo s'g} eP klg x'G5 t/
;
cª\uh ]| Ldf rflxG5 .Ú eg]F .
…d lsg]/ ltd|f] 7]ufgfdf kf]i6 ul/ lbG5' .Ú
pgn] elgg\ .
o;/L cfwf 3G6fsf] e] 6 3f6df xfdLn]
JolQmutb]lv kfl/jfl/s s'/f ug{;Dd Eofof}F . pgn]
pgsf] a'af, cfdf / efOsf] af/]df u/]sf] s'/f ;fFRr}
g} k|z; + gLo lyof] . pgL ;a}nfO{ cufw k|d] / >4f
ulb{/lxl5g\ . cfˆgf] sf/0fn] s;}sf] dg gb'vf];\ eGg]
rfxg] pgL;Fusf] of] bf];f| ] e]6 eP tfklg jiff}+{ k'/fgf]
ldqsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sof}F . pgnfO{ s'g} a]nf
ldNof] eg] a'9fa'9L b'j} hgf g]kfn 3'Dg cfpg" eg]F .
xfdLn] k]ml/ xft ldnfof}F / labf eof}F . pgnfO{
xf]Og, xtf/ dnfO{ g} lyof] . To; ;fFem dnfO{ csf]{
Pp6f ljZjljBfnodf x'g] sfo{qmddf hfg' lyof] .
hfFbfhfFb} P];flNsgnfO{ kms]/{ x]/F] k]ml/ Ps
kN6 . pgL hlt /fd|L / uf]/L l5g\ x]bf{, pgsf] dg
klg To:t} uf]/f] / ;kmf 5 jf:tjdf .

n3'syf===
Go" Oc/
– l;Gw' uf}td
3/ l5g]{ lalQs} d]/f] 3/df klg To:t} jftfj/0f b]V5', h'g cl3 af6fdf b]vs ] f] lyPF . lemlnldnL
aQL, pT;flxt dfg;k6n, cln a9L rxnkxn, o:t}o:t} .
–…8\of8L Û n l56f] k|m] ; xf]O:of], clg Tof] xh'/sf] a]8df /flvlbPsf] 8«; ] df /]8L xf]O:of] x} ÛÚ
5f]/Lsf] af]nL g;lsFb} 5f]/f] aDsG5— …6Gg ufF7 xfln:of] x} 8\of8 Û km]l/ nf:6 6fOdh:t} em'/ xf]nf .Ú
…nn Û /]8L xf]O:of] ÛÚ –s]6fs]6L lhb\bL ub}5 { g\ .
–…cfh xfdL s;}sf] ay{ 8] dgfpg hfg] klg xf]Og, 3/df s]xL :k];n 8] klg xf]Og, s;}sf] kf6L{df
hfg' klg 5}g, clg lsg ltdLx? <Ú
–…Xof Û 8\of8 klg n]6 eO/fsf] a]nf s] srsr ul/:of Û l56f] lxFl8:of] eGof ÛÚ
…sxfF hfg] <Ú –d emls{PF .
…Xof Û 8\of8L klg Go' Oo/Oe ;]lna|6] ug{ k/]g < ;a} ;fyLx?n] kmf]6f] cknf]8 ul/ ;s] . xfdLn]
xf]6n
] cGgk"0ff{df 6]an' a's ul/ ;s]sf 5f}F .Ú
d}n] lg?Q/ eP/ ;f]w— F] …ltdLx? r}q d;fGtdf t o:tf] Knfg slxNo} ub}g{ f} t <Ú
–…8\of8 klg Û ;a} s'/fdf ljb]zL k|efj 5, clg b]zs} cj:yf lahf]u eO ;Sof] . g]kfnd} ;'t/] laxfg
p7\bf cs}{ b]zsf] gful/s eOPnf h:tf] slG8;g cfO ;Sof], efif0f dfq lbOl;G5 . xh'/sf] r}q y6L{ klg
dgfOlbpFnf x'Gg < cfhnfO{ l56f] lxFl8:of] . km]l:6e d'8 glaufl/:of] xfd|f] .Ú
cgfof;} d]/f xft vNtLsf] jfn]6df k'u] . jfn]6 6]andf ˆofQ v:of] .
;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 97
ofqf lgaGw
;]tf] ofqf
;fDa 9sfn
ljqmd ;Djt\ @)&) ;fnsf] sflQssf] klxnf]
lbg . z/b ofd ;'? dfq s] ePsf] lyof] htftt}af6
kfgLsf] cf]O/f]n] k'/]/ g]kfnLsf] rf8nfO{ vNNff]
dNnf] dfq x}g lxnf] / d}nf] kfg]{ dg;'g] ;fF9]
uhwDd k/]/ a;]sf] lyof] . cfsfzdf sfnf] afbnsf
rk/Lafx]s s]xL lyPg . oqtq ;j{q kfgLs} /hfO+{
g;lsPsfn] xfd|f] yf]/fª\nf kf;sf] ofqf klg clngf]
x'g] ;Defjgf JofKt lyof] . d;Fu lxF8g\ t}of/Ldf
/x]sfdf Ps]s rf]6L cGgk"0f{, nfs]n { fkf; h:tf
kbofqf EofO;s]sf nIdLr/0f >]i7, slj s[i0fb]j
l/dfn / ljB'tsdL{ ofbj 3n] v'§f prfln /x]sf
x'G5g\ . xfdL b'O{ -nIdL dfdf_ / d x]6f}8F faf6 .
l/dfnhL / 3n]hL sf7df8f}aF f6 l;w} 8'dd ]| f e]6g\ ]
of]hgf d'tfljs xfdL To:t} u/L ofqfsf] cf/De
u5f}+{ . xfd|f] ofqf a8f] 3dfOnf] / pT;fxk|b aGb}
lyof] .
ljqmdfAb @)&) sflQs ! ut]sf] laxfg
3fdsf d'nfod ls/0f lkmFhfl/P/ xfd|f] efudf k/]sf]
k[YjL 3fddo e}/x]sf] lyof] eg] xfdLn] prfn]sf
;–;fgf kfOnfdf yf]/fª\nf pSng] 7'nf] cfF6 /
;fx;sf] ldng lyof] . xfdLnfO{ pHofnf]s} lbgdf
ndh'ªs \ f] df6f] 5'g] df}sf ldN5 . tgxF' / ndh'ª]
kl/;/sf xl/of 8fF8fsf km]bLel/ wfgsf afnfn]
?gem'g ?gem'g aHg] u/L xfjf;Fu jonL v]ln
/x]sf . cfFvfsf ;Ldfn] EofP;Ddsf b[Zof+zx?df
gLnf] / xl/of]sf] ;'nlnt ld>0f . zf/bLo km'nx?sf
h'n; ' x?sf] dfgs k|bz{g . ;a} ;a} a;sf] l;6af6
b]lvg] b[ZofjnLsf emns lyP . afbnkf/L st}
n'ss ] f lxdfnsf z[ªv \ nfdf cfa4 lxd 6fs'/Lx?
;'nQ ' k/]/ cfFv} cufl8 t]l;{g cfO k'U5g\ . cfFvfdf
c6];d6]; cfO a;]sf ofjt k|fs[lts lrqx?sf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 98
k|1f–ultljlw
hLjGt Sofgef;nfO{ dgn] s;}u/L s}b u/]s} lyof] .
dg g k¥of], k/eGbf k/ s] b]lvG5 eg]/ tGs]sf]
tGSo} . cfFvf / dgsf] 8f]/L tgfOn] xfdLnfO{
a];L;x/ cf]/fln ;S5 a;n] .
xfdL o; kfnL ;]tf] ofqfdf lxF8s ] f Û o;kfnL
pHofnf] dg af]s/] cFWof/f] eufpg vf]hs ] f Û ;]t}
;]tf]dfly lxF8/] sfnf] lgld6\ofGg kfg{ lxF8s ] f Û
lxpFs} yfKnfdf 6]s/] lxpFs} ;fd|fHo gf£g lxF8s ] fÛ
lxF8o\ f}F lg lxF8g\ t ÛÛ t/ sflQs] dg;'gn] xfdLnfO{
ndh'ªs \ f] RofDh]bl] v nv]l6 /Xof] . g /ftf] 3fd
pbfPs} b]Vof},F g km';f| ] c:tfPsf] 3fd . xfd|f] yf]/fª\nf
ofqfsf] klxnf] jf; RofDh] . x'g t xfdL rfd];Dd
df]6/df hfg] eGg] ;f]r kfn]/ lxF8s ] f lyof}F 3/}bl] v .
t/, ldtL{ vf]nfsf] klx/f] afwfsf] uhjf/ eP/
t]l;{of] . rfd];Ddsf] k"/} ofqf uf8Ldf ug]{ xfd|f]
dfq xf]Og, dgfªjf;Lsf] ;kgfdf km]l/ wfFhf kmf6]sf]
lyof], xfdL t kfx'gf g hf] k¥of}F Û
ldtL{ vf]nfsf] k}xf| ] l5rf]n] kl5 Psfw 3G6fsf]
lxF8fOd} tfnsf] 5]p5fp k'lug] /x]5 . egf}F tfnsf]
/f]dxif{s÷/f]df~rs b[Zo ToxfF kv]/{ a;]sf] /x]5 .
lgaGwdf ;lqmo Pjd\ dw'ks{sf ;Dkfbs dxf]bo
>L cf]d /f]bg / kf]v/]nL ldq slj Pjd\ snfsf/
/d]z >]i7sf] a8f] pbf/ ;bf;otfn] @)^% ;fndf
cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f cfof]hgfdf ePsf] ;+/If0f sljtf
ofqfdf oxLF :yfgdf tt\:yfgLo cf;'/rgf sljtf
;'gfOPsf] lyof] . of] ofqfdf tfn dgfª lhNNff
k|jz] åf/ klg xf] . ndh'ª ;lsg] / dgfª ;'? x'g] .
tfndf cfP/ d:of{ªb\ L dgnfUbf] u/L lkmFhfl/P/
aUb5 . ;fob oxLF cfP/ tfn kg]{ u/L d:of{ªb\ Lsf]
k|jfx /f]lsPsfn] klg tfn elgPsf] /x]5 . ;;fgf]
ahf/ . nh / xf]6nsf] af]8n { ] l;Fufl/Psf] em'?Kk
k/]sf] /ª\uLrª\uL h:tfsf] 5fgf] x]bf{ sDtL /dfOnf]
5}g tfn . zLt / s'lx/f]sf] dh]qf] cf]9s ] f] tfn
ahf/ d:of{ªb\ Lsf] lsgf/}df 7l8Psf] cUnf] sfnf]
r§fg] kxf8df c8];f nfu]/ a;]sf] 5 . sfGrg x'g
tof/ d:of{ªb\ L km';b{ lnOlnO dgf]dfgLn] ;';fpFb}
au]/ blIf0f xflgFbf] 5 eg] xfdL klZrdf]Q/ nlDs
/x]5f}F .
rfd]sf nflu uf8L r8\g] ;kgf t'xfpFb} xfdL
qmdzM dgfªleq 7f8} v'§fn] l5l/ /x]5f}F . df]6/
af6f] eP klg k}bn af6f]em}F pxL kRofª\, pa8
vfa8 / 9'ªu\ g] L . kfOnfdf hf];, dg cltzo
km'?ª\ . t/ hf];, pdª\u / km'?ª\usf lgZjf;
c6'6 l;dl;d] kfgLsf yf]kfn] kufnL lbG5g\ .
kfgL klg s:tf] cfPsf] cfo} clj/nh:t} . wGg
KNffli6ssf] 3'd agfP/ lxF8s ] f lyof}F sfd nfUof] .
xl/of Knfli6ssf] 3'dn] dgfª] kfgLsf dl;gf
yf]kfnfO{ yfld/x]sf] dfq lyof] . o;kfnL uHha
nfUof], vRr8sf nfjfnZs/, 3G6Lsf 6fª\6fª\
6'ª6\ ª' , e]8fRofª\uf| sf em'G8 s]xLsf] klg af6f]df
hDsfe]6 ePg, yf]/fª\nfkf; geP;DdnfO{ . a?
cfsfzsf] v'DRofO, emNofs em'ns ' 3fdsf] pHofnf]
clg sfnf / hAa/ kxf8sf] cfsfz 5]8g\ ] ofqf,
s'g s'gfaf6 slQv]/ lrofpg] Zj]t lxdfR5flbt
r'r/' f] rflxF Ho"s F f To"F lyof] . d]/f nflu of] af6f]
bf]xf]l/Psf] lyof] . ;fyLx?sf] klxnf] .
xfd|f] of] ;]tf] ofqfdf sxLF st}af6 efFhf]
gt]l;{P tfklg eml/nf] b}lgsLn] s]xL g ul/ /x]s}
lyof] . d}n] of] ofqfnfO{ lsg ;]tf] eg]+ < of] eGg]
sf/0fdf s]xL c¿ lhls/ 5}g . xfdL lxF8b] l] v g}
kof{j/0fn] 3dfOnf] x'g} kfPsf] lyPg eGbf x'G5 .
;a}sf] d'vaf6 ;'lgGYof], dgfª x}g rfd]bl] v g} lxpF
k/]sf] 5 . o;kfnL yf]/fª\nf, ltlnrf] s]xL x'g}
;Sb}g . Jofks lxdkftdf s;/L yf]/fª\nfkf; ug]{ <
of] kb ofqfdf lg:s]sfx?sf] ;':s]/fdf oxL s'/f
x/avt bf]xf]l/GYof] . htftt} lxFpsf] ;fd|fHo ePkl5
d}n] of] ofqfnfO{ ;]tf] ofqfsf] gfd lbPF . ;]tf]
/ªnfO{ zflGtsf] k|tLsfy{df klg lnOG5 . o;} p;}
klg t s]xL ;do lxpFs} y'Dsfy'DsL, lxFps} k7f/,
lxFps} eGHofª, lxFps} b]p/fnL, lxFps} pkTosf, lxFp
g} lxFpsf] /f; kf/ ub}{ yf]/fª\nf lxF8g\ ' kg]{ ePsfn]
klg d}n] of] ofqfnfO{ ;]tf] ofqf eg]F . kljq p2]Zon]
ul/Psf] ofqf ePsfn] ;]tf] ofqf eg]sf] x'F .
tfn jfl/ cf/fd / lrofsf s]xL 3'6s \ f] lgNb}
b[Zofjnf]sgaf6 gc3fOsg} lxF8\g' kg]{ eof] .
6f9f;Dd 8fF8} 8fF8fdf vlgPsf] df]6/ af6f] afª\uf]
l6ª\uf] wsf]{ tfg] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . xfdL RofDh]af6
ToxL wsf]d { fly dfly r9]/ cfPsf /x]5f}F . cem
df]6/ af6f] vGg' cufl8sf] ofqLx? lxF8g\ ] k}bn
af6f] klg cUnf cUnf 8fF8fsf] sfv}sfv st} 8f]l/P/
uO /x]sf] lyof] .
xfd| f ] klxnf] jf; kl5sf] klxnf] vfgf
wf/fkfgLdf vfG5f}F . cfsfz} 5'g h'?Ss p7]sf
sfnf kxf8x?sf] km]bd } f wf/fkfgLsf Ps bh{g 3/
kfx'gf s'l/a;]sf] 5 . oxL ofqfdf au/5fk /
bfgfSo" k5fl8 5'6b\ } uP . j]zL;x/af6} ofqfdf
e]l6PsL Pp6L eb| dlxnfsf] bfgSo"sf] cfTdLo
:jfut xfd|f nflu w]/} yf]s eof] . bfgfSo"df
3fdkfgLsf] /fd|} tdf;f x]l/of] klg . xfd|f] ofqfel/
tfnaf6} kfgLsf] ;fy 5'6g] , ha xfdLn] ltdfª\sf]
xf]6nsf] kfnLleq xl/of] KNffli6ssf] 3'dnfO{ 3';fPsf
x'bF g} f}F . ltdfª\s} /ft klg /ft /fte/ /f]O /Xof] .
xfdLleqsf] ofofj/L hf]; oxLF k'u/] emg\ lgGofp/f]
eof] . ca xfdLnfO{ o:tf] nfUg yfNof] ls cfsfz}
Kjfn k/]sf] 5 / of] slxNo} 6flnb}gF . eml/nf],
j]/l;nf] / cf]l;nf] ;fFemnfO{ ltdfª\s} /ftnfO{
;'Dk]/ lgbfpg] r]i6f ubf{ub{} slQv]/ lgbfOP5 kQ}
ePg .
l7xLn] c7\ofPsf] laxfg} ltdfª\ gf3]/ lxF8g\ s' f]
ljsNk lyPg xfd|f] . ltdfª\df 5f]8s ] f] ldld{/] pHofnf]
oxfF xfdLnfO{ 3dfOnf] 3fd ag]/ PSsf;L cf]lR5g
cfOk'U5 . Psl5g cndn / e|dsf lar ?dlNnof}F
rf/}hgf . sxfF /ft}el/ g5f]8]sf] kfgL sxfF
cfsfzaf6 km'Q v;]sf] 3fd . 3fdsf] e|d w]/a} /]
/x]g . yfgrf]snfO{ k5fl8 dfq s] kf/]sf lyof},F
xfd|f 6fpsfdfly kfgLsf lala{/fpFbf yf]kfx? hDdf
eP/ st} l;dl;d], st} st} ‰jf/{/={ ==kfOtfnf;Fu}
ahfl/O /x], af6f]el/ . htf hfG5f},F Tot} kfgLsf
l56f cufl8 k5fl8 nfUg 5f]8g] g\ . 3fdsf] z]if
pHofnf] kfgLsf] afSnf] yf]kf cl3 nNofsn'ns '
b]lvGy] . s;} u/L xfd|f] ofqfnfO{ yf]/fª\nfdf psfNg'
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 99
lyof], p;}u/L kfgLsf afª\uf l6ª\uf yf]kfn] o;
ofqfnfO{ klg afª\uf] agfpg e/dUb'/ oTg ul/
/x]sf] x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ dg;'gn] s'g} eg;'g gnufpg]
l:ylt k}bf u/fPsf] lyof] . lg/Gt/sf] zf/bLo
j;f{bs \ f] r'6fO{ lgSs} e]l6of] . bfofF / afFof ub}{
lxF8\g] af6f] 5]psf] d:of{ª\bLsf] hf]z rflxF cFx
k6Ss} 36]s} lyPg . klt{/ af6fdf st} lvGofp/f
kmn nfu]sf t st} lagf kmnsf :ofpsf af]6x?
b]lvP . yfg rf]ssf dfG5]x? laxfgLnfO{ vf]lsnfdf
xfn]/ lxF8]sf e]l6Gy] . a:t'efpsf aufn r/g
hfg xtfl/Psf e]l6Gy] . otf xfdL;Fu ePsf]
pT;fxsf KjfFv emg{ yfn]sf] lyof] . xtf/n] cfO
k'us] f] ;fFemsf] sx/nfO{ anft\ :jLsfb}{ pT;fxsf
s]xL afFsL kv]6fnfO{ 9's/' kf]v/Ldf nu]/ yGSofpF5f}F .
lr;f]n] xfdLeGbf s7\oflª\uP| sf] 9's/' kf]v/Lsf]
sdnf xf]6ndf xfd|f yfs]sf kfOnf ux|ª' u\ f];uF
kfgLn] leh]sf] cfFugsf] 9'ªu\ ] 5kgLdfly dHh}n]
ahfl/G5g\ . oxfF klg ysfOn] l;/fgLdf lgb|fsf]
8ª\u/' nflu;s]sf] 5 . lgb|f cufl8sf] 9's/' kf]v/Lsf]
/ft / lgb|f k5fl8sf] /ft lgSs} km/s ag]/ b]vf
k5{ . x]bf{ x]b{} cfsfzdf x/fPsf tf/fk'~h / glhs}sf]
sfnf kxf8 dflysf] lxFpsf] b[Zof+z k'/} km/s aGof] .
dfgf},F af6fx? k'/} xfdLnfO{ ;3fpg cfpF5g\ /
h'?Ss prfn]/ yf]/fª\nf kf/ u/fpF5g\ . ?em]sf] /
dwf}? /ftnfO{ 9f]sf aflx/} /fv]/ lgbfPsf xfdLnfO{
laxfg x]bf{ Tof] /ftn] hGdfPsf] x}gemF} nfUof] . /ft
t To;}To;} hudufP/ 9's'/kf]v/Lsf] cfFugdf
6lNs/x] s f] kf] 5 . cfsfzel/ l6dl6dfPsf
tf/fx?sf] nfjfnZs/ lyof] . v'8F ] h'g hf]8hf]8n]
rlDs/x]sf] lyof] . glhs} kxf8df kftnf / xf]rf
?vx? yy{/L sfd]/ plePsf lyP . uf]/fx? klg
v'zLn] xfdLeGbf a9L g} plk|m /x]sf lyP .
km'Q 6fpsf] lgsfn]/ Pp6f cgfd r'r'/f]
Zj]tfe lxFpsf] rdsbf/ asf]n { ] a]l/P/ l7ª\u} plePsf]
lyof] . eGg] xf] eg] cGgk"0f{ z[ªv \ nfsf lxdfnx?
g} xfd|f] cufl8 cfP/ l7ª\u plePsf lyP .
dWo/ftaf6} l/dfnhL / 3n]hLnfO{ v'zLsf] cfj]un]
lgb|f gk/]sf] 3f]if0ff eO ;s]sf] lyof] eg] xfdL
b'On
{ fO{ klg ef]ln v'Ng] laxfgLsf] emNsf]n] pTkft
v'zL pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . laxfgLsf] lr;f]df v'zLsf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 100
k|1f–ultljlw
x'n ldl;P/ cfPsf] lyof] . rlDsnf] pHofnf] af6f]el/
5l/Psf] lyof] . xfdL ;a}sf] d'xf/df Pp6} v'zL
tGs]sf] lyof] / dgdf pTkm'Nntfsf] vft a9\b}
lyof] . cfFvfdf gofFkgsf] b[li6 ylkPsf] lyof] .
cem egf},F xfd|f] dgsf] dem]/Ldf ;a}eGbf pHofnf]
ePsf] lyof] . xfdL 9's/' kf]v/Ld} yf]/fª\nf r9]sf
lyof}F . qmdzM xfd|f] ofqf dgfªlt/ nlDs/x]sf] lyof] .
cl3Nnf] uGtJo lk;fª . 9's'/kf]v/Ldf knfPsf]
v'zLsf kfn'jf af6f]el/ kmqmFb} uPsf] lyof] . ;Dd
k/]sf 7fFpx? aNn ;'? ePsf] lyof] . 9's/' kf]v/Lsf]
km/flsnf] rf}/el/ plePsf] w"kLsf xfFufx?nfO{ 3fdn]
;'D;'DofPsf] x]l/ /Xof}F . jg a'6o\ fgx? afpGg] x'bF }
uPsf] kof{j/0fLo ;"rgf lyof] .
xft}n] 5'g EofOPnfem}F cGgk"0f{, ndh'ª
uª\ufk"0f{ lxdfnx?n] xfdLnfO{ af6} 5]sn F' fem}F u5{g\ .
To;nfO{ k5fl8 kf/]/ kmf]6f] lvRg Sofd]/fx?sf]
pl5gkfl5g rN5 . bf]xf]/f]nQL b]lvg] ljb]zLx?sf]
b]vfl;sLdf xfdL klg lxdfnnfO{ cf8 kf/]/ t:jL/
lnG5f},F ljleGg sf]0f kf/]/ . st} ;'Vvf lxpFn] vfP/
lvOFb} uPsf s'kf| ] cyjf snfsf/ ;Nef8f]/ 8fnLsf
k]lG6ª\em}F :jfefljs cfsf/ lau|bF } uPsf kxf8 .
ToxLF glhs}, lxdfR5flbt wjn z[ªv \ nf . crDdsf]
ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf, rfv nfUbf] h}ljs ljljwtf .
lk;fªdf e]l6Psf] 3dfOnf] 3fdnfO{ 9f8df
af]s/] s] lxF8s ] f lyof},F ev{/} dfq sfnf] kq]df
?kfGt/0f ePsf] x'Db] Po/kf]6d { f 7f8f] cfFvf k5{ .
emg\ sfnf] kq] u/]kl5 xjfOhxfh gcf]ns {] f] dlxgf}F
eof] /] x'Db]df Û oxfFsf] of] Po/kf]6s
{ f] ;]jfn] sd;]sd
lj/fdL / czQmx?sf] d2t k'UbYof] . dWo lbgsf]
kxfl/nf] 3fdn] k}bnofqLsf] hfFu/df gofFkg /
af]Ng] tf}/tl/sf leGg} b]lvG5 . tLg lbgb]lv
g/f]lsPsf] kfgLn] cTofPsf] xfd|f] ;]tf] ofqfdf
casf] k}bnofqf ;a} ;]tf]df cg'jfb e};s]sf] 5 .
xTs]nfn] 7]lnPnfem}F} lxdfnsf leQf ca xfd|f] 5]pd}
7l8Psf 5g\ . cfFv} vfg] ;]tf lxds0fn] ;bfaxf/
9flsPsf lxdz}nx? ;lbof}bF l] v plePsf] pleo} 5g\ .
gfd lbOPsf] 5 lg cGgk"0f{ z[ªv \ nf eg]/ . x]bf{
nfUg] pxL t xf] lg Û ;]tf] g ;]tf] kxf8sf] nZs/ .
af6f]el/ lxdfnL kxf8s} cf8 nfu]/ lxFl8/Xof}F
dgfªdf /ft latfpg . aNn cfsfz lkmFhfl/Psf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . ndh'ª l5/]bl] v g} ;fF3l' /Psf] cfsfz
9's/' kf]v/Laf6 km/flsnf] x'g yfN5 . kxf8x? xf]lrFb}
hfG5g\ . htf x]¥of] Tot}af6 km'Qkm'Q lxdfnn]
lrofpg yfN5 . dgfª 3'Dbf g3'Db} lrl;Fbf] /ft
PSs} rf]l6 xfdLdfly vlgof] . uª\ufk"0f{ lxdfnaf6
au]sf] lxFpaf6 tfn ag]]sf] uª\ufk"0f{ tfnnfO{
xfjfsf] emf]Ssfn] xNNffO/x]5 . xfdLnfO{ klg Tof]
xfjfn] lrdf]6]/ uof] . ;fFem x'g} nfUbf tfn
5]p5fpsf b[ZonfO{ Sofd]/fdf ;d]6/] d:of{ªb\ Lsf
au/ s'NrFb} dgfª pSnG5f}F . dgfªs} larahf/df
/x]sf] Do'lhoddf dgfª] hLjgsf emfFsL lgofn]/
;fFemsf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ af;df kms{G5f}F .
casf] ofqf yf]/fª\km]bL;Ddsf] . ;]tf] ofqfdf
;3fpg xfdLnfO{ 3dfOnf] lbg aflx/ kf]lvO ;s]sf]
5 . cGgk"0f{ Ps, b'O,{ uª\ufk"0f{ / ndh'ª lxdfndf
k/]sf] slnnf] l;Gb'/] 3fdn] cnf}lss lrq agfO
/x]sf] lyof] . ;fFRr} oL dgf]xf/L b[Zo s'g} lx;fan]
st} s]xL;Fu klg t'ngfof]Uo x'g} ;Sb}g . ;fob
log} b'ne { e"lrqx? x]g{} oxfF;Dd wfP/ cfpg'sf]
cs}{ cfgGb 5 . vf]h/] } sxfF kfpg' o:tf k|fs[lts
ck|fKo cfnf] Sofgef; < sltko 7fpFsf] b[ZofjnLsf]
j0f{g t zAbsf] cefjdf eGg} ;lsGgF Û xfdL lxFl8
/x]sf] af6f] ca 6ª\sL dgfª x'bF } dfl:t/ pSnFb}
5 . lxdfnsf] 6fpsf] 5]p5fp p8]sf kf/bzL{
afbnsf rf]S6fx? rnfodfg b]lvGy] . ;'Vvf 8fF8f
Psflt/ dl;gf kf]yf| x? ;hfP/ 3fd tflk/x]sf] 5
eg] ptf lxdfnx? l7ª\u pleP/ ;]tf] x'gs ' f] ujf]G{ dQ
5fFl6/x]5 . cfsfz cem a9L gLnf] b]lvPsf] 5 v}
lsg < cUnf kxf8df xl/of] x/fPsf] 7fpFdf klg
gfp/sf ayfg r/0f vf]lh /x]sf e]l6Gy] . Sofd]/fsf]
n]G;n] Eofp~h]n kmf]6f]x? lvR5f}F . oxL af6f]df
ofssf x'nnfO{ uf]7fnfx? l;6\7L ahfpb}F nv]6s ] f]
e]l6G5 . dWo] 3fdnfO{ rf/}lt/af6 cfPsf] ltvf]
l;/]6f]n] ysfpF5 .
af6f] uf]/6] f]÷3f]86] f] b'j} ePsfn] xfdL lxF8s ] f]
af6f]df 3f]8r8Lx? k6sk6s e]l6O/xG5g\ .
6f9f;Dd b]lvg] ;lk{nf]af6f]sf] cGTo 5}g h:tf]
slxNo} ;lsFbg} . ;]tf] ofqfsf s]xL v08 k5fl8
5f8\b} yf]/fª\km]bLsf] 5]p5fpd} k'luof] . ;fFem ;3g
x'bF } 5 . yf]/fª\nfkf; ug{ yf]/fª\km]bLdf af; a:g]
cfd k|rng xf] . cfkm"nfO{ ToxfFsf] jftfj/0f;Fu
3'nldn ug{sf nflu /ft af; a:g] / ToxfFeGbf
Psfw 3G6f otfptf nfUg' eG5g\ prfOdf k}bn
ofqfdf nfUg]x? . n]s nfUg] ;Defjgf ePsf
:yfgsf] cfjxjfdf gldnL w/} 5}g . xfdL cFWof/f]
/ lr;f]df s7\ofª\lu|Psf] yf]/fªkm]bLsf] ldr'ª u'?ªsf]
xf]6ndf yfs]sf kfOnfn] s7fnf]df af]ss ] f] emf]nf
yGSofpF5f}F . 5]p5fpsf sfnf 8fF8fsf 6'Kkfdf ;]tf
lxF p sf rk/Lx? hd7 eP/ a;] s f 5g\ .
cfwfpwL 8fF8f ;'Svf eP klg dfly yfKnf]df lxdfn
ag]/ a;]sf b]lvG5g\ . d:of{ªb\ Lsf] Pp6f eª\ufnf]
/ftsf] gL/jtf lrl//x]sf] 5 . %,$!^ ld6/sf]
yf]/fª\nf r9\g] oxL dlxgf xf] cyf{t\ ebf}b]lv
dª\;L/;Dd, g hf8f] g udL{ x'g] df};d . o;
kf;nfO{ 6«l] sª ug]x{ ?n] afNsf]gL 6«s
] eGbf /x]5g\ .
oxfF a f6 7" n f 7" n f lxdfn ofqfsf] ;' ? jft
x'G5 eGbf /x]5g\ . xfdLnfO{ olQ yfxf lyof],
yf]/fª\nfkf; ubf{ lxdfn} lxdfnsf] laraf6 u'hg| '
k5{ . oxfFaf6 lxdfnsf ck"j{ b[Zof+zx?nfO{ cfˆg}
cfFvfn] b]Vg kfOG5 . clg of] kbofqfsf] cfgGb
zAbdf j0f{gftLt 5 .
laxfgL ;a} 7fpFsf] ;'vbfoL dfq xF'b}g,
/f]Dff~rs klg x'G5 . yf]/fª\nf r9\g] hf]; /
/f]df~rstfn] dg / dl:tisnfO{ h'?Ss prfn]sf]
5 . laxfgLdf yf] / fª\ n fkf/ ug] { x ?sf] nsf] {
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;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 101
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;f6f;f6 ug{ xfdL klg kl5 kb}g{ f}F .
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wjnflul/sf z[ªv \ nf x]b,{} d':tfª\sf k7f/ lgofNb}
d'lQmgfysf] glhslt/ xfdL lxF85 \ f}F . yf]/fª\nfkf;
cl3 psfnf]df ofqLx?sf] ns{g lyof] eg] ca
cf]/fn} cf]/fnf]sf ofqLx? . lxF8g\ nfO{ psfn} ;lhnf]
dfGg]x? klg e]l6P eg] cf]/fnf] lxF8g\ ufx|f] dfGg]x?
klg TolQs} e]l6P . ofqf ofqf xf] . ofqf psfnf]
klg xf], cf]/fnf] klg . psfn} psfnf] cf]/fn}
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kmf]xf]/fn] 3n]hL / dnfO{ af6f] sf6\g w]/} ;lhnf]
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cf]/fnf] embf{ d'lQmgfydf cFWof/f] cf]ln{ ;S5 .
xfdLnfO{ ca ysfOeGbf jf;sf] lrGtf nfUg
yfn]sf]n] d'lStgfy glhs /fgLkf}jfdf af; a:5f}F .
k|r/' ysfO, lgb|f ljxLg /ftx?sf] si6 ca cfP/
oxLF yGSofpg' k/]sf] 5 . casf] ofqfdf xfdLnfO{
df]6/n] 7]ufgdf k'¥ofpg]5 . ;fob} lxF8g\ ' kg]{ 5}g .
/fd|} lgb|f k/]5 d':tfªdf . Jo'e F mbf laxfgL
l5lKkFb} lyof] . 3fdsf kfOnf /fgLkf}jfdf kl/ ;s]sf]
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;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 102
k|1f–ultljlw
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3/ k'Ug] gofF hfFu/ / pNnf; Ps}k6s knfpF5 .
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;
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kftfn] 5fFuf], ;]tLsf uN5]8+ f st} uOPg . e]l6Pg,
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gdHhf ldl;Psf] lyof] . t}klg jxfFsf] cg'xf/df
lj;~rf]sf] /]vf 3l/ :ki6 3l/ c:ki6 b]lvGYof] .
3n]hL cfk"md} lgdUg .
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bf]efg d'lUng ahf/ cfO k'Uof] . cfˆgf] uGtJosf]
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pgsf] OdfGbf/ s'/fx? sfgdf 7f]lSsb} ubf{
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;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 104
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cfF;s ' f] lr;f] wsf{n] klg kf]ln g} /Xof] .
pgn] dgdf afNosfnb]lv ;Fufn]/ /fv]sf]
rfxgfsf] u'/fF;nfO{ Ps k6s klg kms]/{ x]g{] cfF6
u/]gg\, To; avt . pgsf] ljb]z lxF8fO ;Fu;Fu}
pgsf cgGt /f]hfO / cfsf+Iffsf vx/]x? qmdzM
;'Sb} ;'Sb} pRrf6 nfUbf] anf}6] au/df kl/0ft eP .
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;okqL km'Ng ;s]g . jiff}k+{ l5 klg p:t} phf8kgfsf]
dx;'; ul/ /x]sf 5g\, r}qsf] phf8 8fF8f h:t} .
w]/} ;do eof] pgsf] d'xf/df 3fdsf] kfl/nf]
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t emg\ pgsf] hLjgnfO{ k'/} lg/;tflt/ ws]lnlbPsf]
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pgL o;/L eml:sP/ AoFl' emP ls, To; lbgkl5 pgL
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kmf]g ahfOn] pgnfO{ ql;t kf5{ .
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ck|Tofl;t s'/fx? ;'Gb} ubf{ . pgL hf] rfxFbg} lyP
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nflu ljb]l;Psf lyP . h;sf nflu oL ;a u/]sf
lyP cflv/ pgL g} /x]gg\ ca . SofG;/n] a'jfnfO{
nuL 5f8\of] . pgn] kL8f hlt cfk"mnfO{ ;f/]/
cfkmGtnfO{ v';L lbg vf]hs ] } lyP t/ ;s]gg\ .
pgL r's] st} . pgL t a'jfsf] clGtd cj:yfsf]
;fIfL;Dd klg x'g kfPgg\ .
lgolt ;fx|} s7f]/ eO lbG5 . o;n] af/Daf/
xfdLnfO{ cfkm};uF x/fO lbG5 . k/fhosf] ;fdgf
;lhnf] 5}g . Pp6f hf]l;nf] o'jfsf nflu t k/fho
emg\ d[To' hlQs} eofgs klg x'g ;S5 . ;f; km]//] }
klg dl/ /x]sf] cfefif lbG5 Tof] qf;n], Tof] k/flht
dgl:yltn] . clg Tof] eoª\s/ cGwsf/af6 lg:sg'
km]l/ csf]{ h'gL lng' xf], Ps rf]l6 d/]/ afFRg' xf] .
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Tof] lxDdt Pp6f bx|f] d'6; ' uF dfq} x'G5 . b]V5',
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;S5 . clGtd lbgx?df a'jfsf] 5]p x'g gkfPsf]
ulx/f] kL8fn] ufFhs ] f pgL .
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h'gLdf x'g] 5}g .Ú
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kmGbfdf pgL k/] . a'jfsf] sfddf pgL b]z kms{g
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kfpg'sf] v';Ldf pdª\un] plk|mg' ls a'jfsf] ;Demgfdf
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d sNkG5' pgsf] 3/ k'Ug] lalQs}sf] ¿k .
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k5{ . pgsf] d'G8g u/]sf] 6fpsf], ljlws} nflu eP
klg nufpg' kg]{ ;]tf] j:q, cn'gf] vfg]s/' f . Hof==
k'l/O ;s]sf] 3fp km]l/ Ps k6s cfnf] x'g] 5 . pgL
cfkmGt;Fusf] v';Lsf] dx;'; eGbf klg b'O{ jif{
cl3sf] 36gfnfO{ km]l/ tfhf u/fpg afWo x'g] 5g\ .
kl/jf/ k"/} Ps k6s km]l/ zf]sdUg x'g5 ] .
hf] d sNkb} 5', ;fob pgLn] klg cfˆgf] o:t}
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5 . To;}n] cfhsn pgL cy{xLg lbgx? sf6\b} 5g\
lagf s'g} pT;fx / pdË . d]/f ;fd' pgn] kf]vs ] f
Ps Ps OdfGbf/ zAbx? s]nfpb} ubf{ ToxfF hLjg
sd / hLjgk|ltsf] ljt[i0ff a9L e]65 \ ' . ;fob pgL
leqleq} a]:;/L sf]kl/Psf 5g\, cglulGt kL8fsf
gª\uf| x?af6 . ha pgL Tof] kL8fsf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{
/f]Sg ;Sb}gg\ s;} ubf{ klg clg km]l/ d]/f ;fd'
vf]ln lbG5g\, dgdf aGb u/]sf efjgfsf lasf]x{ ? .
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s'/fn] .
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pgLx?nfO{ a'‰g] k|of; g} ug]{ 5}gÚ
pgsf oL efjgfx?n] c;ª\Vo c;Gtf]ifsf
tfkx? cf]sn]em}F nfU5g\ . dWo /ft;Dd ug'{ kg]{
/]i6'/G] 6sf] hflu/af6 ysfOn] r'/ eP/ kms{b+ } ubf{
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;fob To; avt oL c;Gtf]ifsf lemNsfx? 89]nf]
eP/ x[boel/ km}nG5 . x'g ;S5 pgL To; avt
lat]sf a'jfnfO{ Ps k6s ufnL u5{g,\ clg cln dg
;DxflnP kl5 km]l/ dgdg} dfkmL klg dfUbf x'g\ .
ljb]zsf] of] lans'n km/s hLjgn] pgnfO{ /fd|; } uF
d'Ssf xfg]em}F nfU5 . t/, Tof] kL8fsf] /GygfOs}
dfem klg Ps k6s cfˆg} 3/sf] Tof] ;fgf], Gofgf]
sf]7fsf] ;Demgfdf x/fFpbf pgL v';L eO lbG5g\ .
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;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 106
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emNofsem'ns ' pgsf ylst cfFvf cl3lNt/ cfO
k'Ubf x'g\ . ;kgfdf h:t} b]lvg] wldnf d'xf/x?n]
klg Tof] vfnL a;df PSn} 3/ kms+b{ } ubf{ tGb|fdf
klg cfkmGtsf] Gofgf]kgf lbP h:tf] xFb' f] xf] . cflv/
;Demgf g} t xf] PSnf] xFb' f ;fy lbg] . log} ;Demgfx?n]
klg ;fy 5fl8lbg] xf] eg] hLjg slt gld7f] x'GYof]
xf]nf . t/ dfof ug]x{ ?sf] ;fysf] cefj ;Demgf
dfqn] y]lug/xg] /x]5 . /ftsf] ysfO / pbf;L;Fu}
pgsf gogx?df kL8fsf nx/x? k'ifsf] x':;'em}F 8Dd
9flsG5, ;+;f/ r's cGwsf/df ablnG5 clg pgsf]
5ftLleq st} r;Ss x'G5 .
kl/jf/sf] v';L / cfˆgf] b'Mv, pgLx?sf] hLt
/ cfˆgf] xf/sf] e'd/Ldf pgsf] lbdfu ;Nanfpg
yfN5g\ ta w]/} hl6n k|Zgx? pgnfO{ 3]/f xfNg
cfOk'U5g\ . pgsf] dl:tissf g;f g;fdf xf/
hLt, v';L / b'Mvsf nx/x? lg/Gt/ bf}l8/xG5g\ .
pgL lgisif{df k'Ug} ;Sb}gg\ . lbdfu /Gylgb} ubf{
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hlt ;'G5g\ clg b'O{ k]u XjL:sL lgN5g\ . pgL
dgsf] b'Mv 9fSg g;fsf] Rofb/ cf]8g\ k'U5g\ .
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s8f g;fn] . dgdf pDn]sf] nfef cln zfGt
ePsf] dx;'; u5{g\ .
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rËf x'bF } hfG5g\ . csf]{ lbgsf] hflu/df xflh/ x'g 5
306f dfq} afFsL /xG5 t/ pgL Ps k6s klg ‰ofKk
lgbfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o:tf clgbf lr;f /ftx?sf]
n]vfhf]vf /x]g ca, s]jn dgsf] ul0ftn] hf]8b\ } 5
csf]{ Ps lbg . ysfOsf] r/d ;Ldf klg gfl3;Sof]
pgsf] lgl/x z/L/n] . pgL cem} klg ToxL xf/ /
hLtsf] k'R5/ ;dfP/ lbdfuL bf}8fOdf 5g\ . Pp6f
kL8fbfoL ;Tosf] TofGb|fdf em'lG8 /xG5g\ .
w]/} a]/;Dd dfgl;s n8fOF rln /xG5 .
pgnfO{ z/L/sf] ysfO / dgsf] af]emn] ;fob Ps}
k6s 5f]K5 . pgL cw{rt] g cj:yfdf km8\lsG5g\ .
lbdfu ;]tf] Rofb/n] 9flsPh:tf] x'G5 . ca cl3sf]
lbdfuL emu8f afFsL /x]g ToxfF . Ps l5g cl3sf]
zf/Ll/s ysfg klg 5}g . sNkg} gu/]sf] pHofnf]
la:tf/} la:tf/} rf/}lt/ km}lnb} 5 . To;} avt
xl/of] ;fgf af]6la?jf x]bf{ x]b{} a9]/ cUnf] x'G5
clg cfFvf cl3 Tolt g} v]/ slt ;'Gb/ km'n km'ln
lbG5 . Pp6f /ª\uLrª\uL k'tnL cfP/ km'ndfly
6Ss al; lbG5 . pgL xif{n] ub\ub\ x'G5g\ .
To; a]nf pgL Pp6f dvdnL ;+;f/df k'U5g\ .
cfkm"nfO{ xl/of] d'nfod b'af]sf] ljzfn r/gdf klN6P/
5\ofª\u pl3|Psf] gLnf] cfsfznfO{ lgofNb} u/]sf] e]65\ g\ .
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e'jfh:t} xn'sf] x'G5g\ . cfkm" cl3sf] pHofnf], km'n /
k'tnLnfO{ k5\o\ fO /x]sf x'G5g\ .

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df};dL dfOsfnfn
– /fdljqmd yfkf
p;sf] jf:tljs gfd t yfxf ePg . p;sf] sfd cg';f/ p;nfO{ dfOsfnfn eG5g\ dfG5]x? .
Gjf/fgsf] gfd h];s ' } xf];\ . ljs6 kxf8L ufpFsf] ;bfjxf/ g]tf xf] pm . dfq Ps 3/sf] Tof] afx'gn] ;f/f
u|fdjf;L hghfltx?nfO{ ljut rfln; jif{bl] v zf;g ul/ /x]5 . pm slxNo} cf]/fnf] emb}g{ . psfnf] r9]/
dfly klg k'Ub}g t/ cfˆgf] oyf:yfg slxNo} 5f8\bg} .
k~rfotsfnLg ufpFkms{ cleofgaf6 p;sf] /fhgLlt k|f/De eof] . cyf{t\ ufpFkms{n] p;nfO{
ufpFsf] g]tf agfof] . k~rfot / /fhfsf] ;Rrf kx/]bf/ eP/ k6s k6s k|wfgk~r eof] . slt ljsf;]
rfdn vfof] . ax'bn / lgb{nsf] r'gfjdf lgb{nLo Joj:yfnfO{ lhtfpg dflyaf6 cfPsf] /sd klg
vfof] . c/fli6«o tTj eGb} sfªu|; ] / sDo'lg:6sf dfG5]x?nfO{ e"m7f d'2f nfof] . ;'n;'n] kf/fdf l;l8cf]
sfof{no wfof] . dfOsfnfnn] Tof] a]nf /fhfaf6 kbs / tSdf klg nfof] . o;/L p;n] @)$^ ;fn;Dd
/fhf / k~rfotsf] uLt ufof] .
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pm 3u8fg sfª\u; ]| eP/ lgl:sof] . rf/tf/] em08fsf] ;fydf dlRrdRrL …ho g]kfnÚsf] gf/f nufof] .
d~rx?df cf}n F f] 78\ofP/ eGYof] –…sDo'lgi6 cyf{t\ Pdfn]n] lht]df ;f7L jif{ k'us ] f a'9fa'9LnfO{ uf]nL
xfg]/ df5{, r]nLa]6L eGb}g, ef/tn] g'g k7fpg aGb u5{ .Ú g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| sf tkm{af6 pd]åf/ eP/ r'gfj
lhTof] / e"k" k|wfgk~r ca uflj; cWoIf eof] .
kfFr jif{kl5sf] r'gfjdf ufpFdf cs]{ xfjf rNof] . kf6L{ kl/jt{g u/]/ dfOsfnfn /ftf/ft
sfª\u;]| af6 Pdfn] eof] . Pdfn]sf tkm{af6 uflj; cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt eof] . sfª\u; ]| sf] ;Qf];/fk u¥of] .
;'/fsL u/]/ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] xTof u/fof] . ljkIfLx?nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] cf/f]kdf em"7f d'2fdf
km;fof] . sltnfO{ h]nsf] lr;f] sf]7fdf k;fof] .
dfcf]jfbLsf] o'4lj/fd eof] / b]z zflGt k|lqmofdf cfof] . ufpFsf] hgnx/ ca dfcf]jfbLtkm{
9lNsof] . p;nfO{ s'g} kZrftfk / cfTdUnfgL ePg . lgw{Ss dfcf]jfbLsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug{ yfNof] .
cl:tsf] sfª\u; ]| / lxhf]sf] Pdfn] dfOsfnfn cfh vfF6L dfcf]jfbL eof] / l6s6 kfof] . :yfgLo
lgjf{rgdf ljhoL eP/ ufh; k|dv ' eof] . sf];Ldf w]/} kfgL aUof] . x'/Ln] w]/} ?vx? 9fNof] . gofF
af]tndf k'/fg} /S;Lx? el/P . k'/fgf lstfax?sf uftfx? dfq km]l/P . uLtx? pxL, efsfx? dfq
km]l/P . dfG5]x? pxL, n'ufx? dfq km]l/P . kbflwsf/Lx? pxL kbx? dfq km]l/P .
s] sf] ;dfj]zL < s:tf] If]qLo, lnª\uLo, juL{o / hftLo < k~rfot ls ax'bn < nf]stGq ls
u0ftGq < ljs6 ufpFdf t ;w}F pxL dfOsfnfn .
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;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 107

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bh{geGbf a9L s[ltx? k|sflzt 5g\ eg] pxfFn] w]/} k':tsx?sf] ;Dkfbg ;d]t ug'{ ePsf] 5 . kfZrfTo
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gfOlG6g P6\6L kmf]/ h:tf s[ltx? / dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL cfVofg ;flxToaf6 ;d]t k|efljt eP/
cfˆgf gf6s, syf / pkGof;df :j/}sNkgfsf] k|of]u ug'{ ePsf zdf{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf :j}/sNkgfsf
k|jt{s x'g' x'G5 / To;nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd klg pxfFn] ug'{ ePsf] 5 . To:t} g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfdf
j:t'jfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf k|jt{s zdf{n] z}nL j}1flgs ;dfnf]rgfsf dfWodaf6 g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfdf
gofF wf/ / df]8 ;d]t Nofpg' ePsf] 5 eg] xfn pxfFsf pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL ax'njfbL k|jl[ Qsf
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zdf{n] …n]vgdf sNkgfnfO{ gf3]/ ha aflx/ uOG5, ha xfd|f ;+1fgx? aflwt x'G5g\ ta :j}/sNkgfsf]
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;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 108

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pQ/ cfw'lgstfs} jr{:j sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQ/ cfw'lgstfsf] 5ftfd'lg /x]sf cg]s
l;4fGtdWo] g]kfnL ljlgdf{l0fs, gf/LjfbL,
8fo:kf]l/s, n}ªl\ us, gj dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds, pQ/
cf}klgj]lzs, kof{j/0fjfbL, cj/hg -;afN6g{_
d"ns cflb l;h{gf / ;dfnf]rgf a9L k|rlnt
/x]sf 5g\ . clxn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;fOa/
cfVofg / ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf klg /fd|/L
km:6fPsf] 5 .
• g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] s] s:tf] k|efj — ;flxlTos s[ltdf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf ljljw
b]Vg' ePsf] 5 <
— g]kfnL ;flxTodf / ljz]iftM cfVofgsf If]qdf
;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] afSn} k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ljZjdf
k|ljlwsf] cltzo ljsf;sf sf/0f k|ljlw g} o;
o'usf] ;+:s[lt ag]sf] 5 . k|ljlw cGtu{t ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf If]qdf emg} ce"tk"j{ ljsf; ePsf] x'bF f
;fOa/ k|ljlw g} ;fOa/ ;+:s[lt aGb} hfg' /
To;sf] k|efj ;flxlTos n]vgdf klg kg'{
:jfefljs} xf] . ;d;fdlos g]kfnL n]vgdf klg
g]6, sDKo'6/, lel8of], lj1fkg cflbsf] ;3g
k|efj k/]sf] x'bF f ;fOa/ emNsf] lbg] s[ltx?sf]
;ª\Vof a9\bf] 5 . oGq dfgj tyf ltgsf cw{
dfgjLo / cw{ oflGqs ultljlw ePsf s[ltx?n]
klg g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|;f/
u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} clxn]sf s[ltx?df k|ljlw;Fu
;Da4 k/f]If oyfy{ / cltzo oyfy{sf] a9\bf]
k|of]un] klg ;flxTodf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] uxg
/;a;tkm{ Oª\lut u5{ . ca clxn]sf] cTolws
k|rlnt ;fOa/ zAbnfO{ cYof{pg' pko'St xf]nf .
ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ;~hfndf ljz]iftM OG6/g]6;Fu
hf]l8PsfnfO{ ;fOa/ eg]/ kl/eflift ul/G5 .
of] g} ;fOa/sf] ;f]emf] / :ki6 cy{ xf] .
• ;fOa/ ;+:s[lt / ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf lar s]
s:tf] ;DaGw 5 <
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sf/0f sDKo'6/ qmflGt ePsf] xf] / kl/0ffd:j?k
;fOa/ ;+:s[ltn] hGd lnPsf] xf] . o;};uF ufFl;P/
;fOa/ ljdz{, ;fOa/ ;flxTo, ;fOa/ kª\s
cflbsf ;fy} ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf] klg z'ef/De
ePsf] dflgG5 oxfF s] x]Ssf u/fpg' cfjZos 5
eg] ;fOa/ ;+:s[lt oyfy{ geP/ k/f]If oyfy{
xf] . ljZju|fd / To;sf ;d'bfox? klg o:t}
k/f]If ;Qf x'g\ . k/f]If eP klg k|fljlws pGglt
;Fu;Fu} gfl6P/ cfPsf] ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltn] jt{dfg
ztfAbLsf] ljZj hLjg, ;flxTo / ;dfnf]rgfnfO{
ulx/f] u/L k| e fljt u/] s f] 5 . ;fOa/
;dfnf]rgfsf] hGd g} ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltaf6 ePsf]
xf] .
• vf;df ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
kIfnfO{ vf]Hg], vf]tNg] / ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{
;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf elgG5 . ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rs
:6f;L luln;sf cg';f/ …;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf
k|ljlw lj1fg -6]Sgf]nhL_÷k/f]Iftf -er'c { fln6L_
/ b]x -b a8L_ ;Fu, clg k|ljlw lj1fgsf]
ljZn]if0f;Fu / ;fy} k|ljlw j}1flgs ;fwg /
k/f] I f ;d' b fosf] cWoog;F u ;Da4 5 .Ú
jt{dfgdf o; ;dfnf]rgfsf] kl/lw emg\ km/flsnf]
x'g k'us ] f] 5 . clxn] o;n] k|ljlw ;+:s[ltsf]
lnª\u ljwfgsf ;fy} h}ljs / ch}ljs ;DaGwaf/]
cWoog ;d]t u5{ . ;fy} o;n] k|ljlw lj1fgaf6
pTkGg x'g] 8/x? / ;fOa/ zlStsf if8\oGqx?sf]
klg vf]hL, ljZn]if0f / JofVof u5{ . ;fOa/
;dfnf]rgfnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ cfPsf dflysf
tYox?sf cfwf/df ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rsn] s] u5{
eGg] s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf klg k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
5f]6s/Ldf eGg' kbf{ ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rs Tof] xf] h;n]
;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] ljs]Gb|0fsf/L ;DefJotfx?;Fu
kl/lrt eO To;sf] cWoog u5{ . bf] ; | f ]
ljZjo'4kl5 xn'sf xn'sf ldld{/fpg yfn]sf]
;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf O{= gAa]sf] bzssf dfemb]lv
jN8{jfO8 j]a (WWW) sf] Jofks pkl:yltsf
sf/0f k|fl1s Pj+ z}lIfs If]qdf ;d]t /fd|/L
lkmFlhPsf] xf] .
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 109
• ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf s'g} lglZrt ;}4flGts tTjx?
klg 5g\ ls < tL s] s] x'g\ <
o; o'udf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] r/df]Tsif{df sf/0f
b]x Pj+ h}ljstf / k|ljlw Pj+ oflGqstfsf] b"/L
d]l6P/ b'js} f larsf] leGgtf cyjf k[ys\ klxrfg
x/fPsf] 5 eGg] ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf] k|dv
;}4flGts kIf xf] . cfhsf] dfgj ;fOaf]u{ -cfwf
dflg; / cfwf d]l;g_ sf cj:yfdf k'u' s ] f] x'bF f
h}ljstf / oflGqstf Pp6}df ldl;P/ Ps k|sf/sf]
a]Un} ld>0f tof/ x'g k'us ] f] 5 . t/ o;sf
;}4flGts kIfx?nfO{ a'bF fsf ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf]
5M
!= jt{dfgdf ePsf] oflGqs–k|fljlws ljsf;sf
sf/0f g};lu{s / s[lqdsf] e]b ;dfKt ePsf]
5.
@= To:t} dl:tis / z/L/sf] leGgtf klg b'af]W{ o x'bF }
uPsf] 5 .
#= b]x / oGqsf] k[ystf d]l6Fb} uP/ oL b'js } f lar
;dfgtfsf] ;DaGw a9\bf] 5 .
;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfn] d'VotM k|fljlws Pj+ oflGqs
ljsf;sf sf/0f dfgjsf] eljio s:tf] x'g] xf] /
p;sf] lgolt s] x'g] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljj]rgf
u5{ .
• ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfn] s[lt ljZn]if0fsf nflu s]
s:tf k|f?k -df]8]n_ lbG5 <
— ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfn] s[lt ljZn]if0fsf nflu
s'g} ;}4flGts k|f?k jf 9fFrf lgwf{l/t u/]sf]
5}g . ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rs kfos kbf]{ s'g} klg
9fFrf lgwf{l/t u/]/ ljZn]if0f Pj+ JofVof ug{
:jtGq 5 . ;fOa/ ;flxTo cfVofg ePsfn]
;fOa/ pkGof; jf ;fOa/ syfsf] ljZn]if0f
ubf{ cfVofgsf tTjx? -syfgs, kfq, kl/j]z,
pb\bZ] o, b[li6laGb' efiff / z}nL_ sf cfwf/df
ul/G5 . o;f] ubf{ s[ltdf k|oS' t lgDg lnlvt
s'/fx?sf] ljz]if vf]hL, ljZn]if0f / JofVof ul/G5
M ;fOa/ :k];, ;fOa/a8L, ;fOa/ g]l6S;,
er'c{ n l/ofln6L, er'c { h cfO8]lG66L, er'c { n
:k];, er'c{ n sDo'lg6L, ;fOaf]u,{ ;fOa/ kª\s,
;fOa/ ;]S;, l;d'n; ] g, l;d'nfqmf, xfOk/ 6]S:6
cflb . oL ;a} zAbx? ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf kl/rfos
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 110
k|1f–ultljlw
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x'g\ .
• oxfFn] cfˆgf] …kNnLÚ pkGof;df ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf]
k|of]u ug'{ ePsf] 5, o:tf] ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf]
k|of]u oxfFsf cGo s[ltx?df klg ePsf] 5 <
— d}n] kNnL pkGof;df ;fOa/tTjsf] vf;} pkof]u
' u/]sf] 5}g . o;df hxfFhxfF lsG8nsf] ;Gbe{
cfPsf] 5 ToxfFToxfF dfq ;fOa/ kIfsf] pkl:ylt
/x]sf] 5 . d]/f cGo s[ltx?df odf ;fOa/
gf6ssf ?kdf ;+/lrt 5 . o;df dfgj kfqsf
;fy} /f]a6 kfqn] klg cx+ e"ldsf v]ns ] f 5g\ .
o; afx]s d}n] s]xL syfx?df ;d]t ;fOa/
k|of]u u/]sf] 5' . o; k|sf/sf] d]/f] klxnf] syf
ldt]/L cfFvf xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . of] syf
ev{/ -@)^*_ gfds d]/f] syf ;Fufnfdf
;dflji6 5 . of] syf d'VotM df]afOn P;PdP;
/ PdPdP;sf dfWodaf6 cl3 a9]sf] 5 . cem}
kq klqsfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf syfx?dWo] s]t'
-@)^*_ KofFnf] Vofs -@)^*_, clUgd'v -@)^(_,
;ft gDa/ a]Gr -@)^*_ cflb klg ;fOa/ syf
g} x'g\ . oL ;a} syfx?df k|dv ' kfq ;fOaf]u{
5g\ . d}n] ev{/} n]v/] 6'ªU\ ofPsf] km'nx? s'Nr]/
bf}8]sL s]6L -ck|sflzt_ klg ;fOa/ syf xf] .
• Pp6f ;fOa/ pkGof;df oxfFn] n]Vg' ePsf] uxg
e"ldsf k9]sf] lyPF, To;df oxfFn] ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf
af/]df k|z:t s'/f p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . To;df
;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgff ljifosf s] s:tf s'/f
;d]l6Psf 5g\ <
— xf], d}n] 6ª\s rf}nfufO{s + f] lh/f] s6]h gfds
pkGof;df ;fOa/ pkGof; M ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf
zLif{sdf e"ldsf n]Vg] k|of; u/]sf] 5' . pSt
e"ldsfdf d}n] pko'S{ t pkGof;nfO{ g]kfnLsf]
klxnf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fOa/ pkGof; dfg]sf] 5' . o;
e"ldsfdf d}n] d'VotM lgDglnlvt s'/fx?nfO{
;d]6s ] f] 5' M k|ljlw ;+:s[lt / ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf]
lrgf/L, ;fOa/ zAbsf] cy{ lgwf{/0f, sDKo'6/ /
OG6/g]6sf] lj:tf/sf ;fy} ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf]
k|;f/, k/f]If oyfy{, ;fOa/ lbs\, ljZju|fd /
k/f]If ;d'bfosf] tfTko{, ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf]
kl/efiff / JofVof, ;fOa/ pkGof; / ;fOa/
kª\s cfVofgaf/] vf]nj' fsf ;fy} ;fOa/ kª\sdf
 k|oS' t x'g] Xofs/ cflb ljlzi6 zAbx?sf] cy{, s6]h gfds pkGof;df /x]sf] d]/f] e"ldsf g}
lh/f] s6] h sf] syf;f/sf] k| : t' l tsf ;fy} klxnf] ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf xf] . o;tkm{ c¿
pkGof;df kfOg ;fOaf]u{ / cGo kfqx?sf] s]xL l56k'6 sfo{ eP klg lj:t[t Pj+ uDeL/
kl/ro, ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf / kof{j/0fjfbL k|of;sf ?kdf e'jg lqkf7Lsf] cgnfOgsf g]kfnL
;dfnf]rgfsf] lgs6tfdfly k|sfz tyf lh/f] syfdf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|of]u -ck|sflzt
s6]hdf lrq0f ul/Psf] k|ljlwåf/f k|b"lift g]kfnL Pd=lkmn= zf]wk|aGw, @)&!_ b]lvPsf]
kof{j/0fsf] ljj/0f, efO/; kfq / ltgsf] ultljlw, 5 . o;df ;fOa/ ;+:s[lt Pj+ ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf
cg'?k0f -l;d'n];g_ / cg'?lkt kfqx?sf] ;DaGwL lgDg lnlvt ljifox?sf] lj:t[t ljj]rgf
ljj/0f, efO/; cfqmd0fdf k/] / / ;fOa/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;+:s[ltsf] Pp6f alnof] ynf] lh/f] s6]hsf] ljgfz ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] cjwf/0ff,
tyf pkGof;sf] qf;b 6'ªU\ ofpgL cflb . ;fOa/ syfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ cfwf/,
;fy} d}n] cfw'lgs tyf pQ/cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfdf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|of]u / k|of]hg,
kf7sd}qL ;dfnf]rgf -@)^^_ df klg ;fOa/ g]kfnL syfdf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj,
;dfnf]rgfnfO{ o;/L lrgfPsf] 5' M g]kfnL ;fOa/ syfsf] /rgf ljwfgut :j?k .
…dflg; / d]l;gsf] ;DaGw tyf k|ltlqmofnfO{ ;fy} o; zf]w k|aGwdf ;f]x| hgf syfsf/sf
vf]tNg] cWoognfO{ ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf elgG5 . Ps Ps j6f syfsf] klg ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf
dflg;n] sDKo'6/nfO{ cfˆgf] a'l4, d]l;gnfO{ cfwf/df ljZn]if0f Pj+ JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
cfˆgf] an / /f]af]6nfO{ cfˆgf] cfj]u -k|]d, • kfZrfTo ;flxTo / g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;fOa/
3[0ff, qmf]w cflb efjgf_ / sfo{sz ' ntf -3/]n' cfVofgsf] s] s:tf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 <
Pj+ Jofj;flos lzi6frf/ cflb_ lbPsf] 5 . log} — ;fOa/ cfVofg eg]sf] ;fOa/ pkGof; / ;fOa/
;Gbe{af6 dfgj / d]l;gsf ;DaGwsf] vf]hL syf xf] . kfZrfTo ;flxTodf ljlnod luA;gn]
ug'{ o; ;dfnfrgfsf] d'Vo If]q xf] .Ú ;fy} lgp/f]dfG;/ -;g\ !(*$_ pkGof;åf/f o;sf]
s[ltdf k|oS' t OG6/g]6 tyf To;sf] ;~hfnsf] yfngL u/]kl5 a|; ' :6ln{ª, Kof6 Sofl8ug, hf]g
k|sfo{ Pj+ cj:yf vf]tNg' klg o;sf] nIo xf] . l;n],{ ?8L /s/ cflbn] ;flxlTos ;fOa/ kª\s
• kfZrfTo hut\ / g] k fnLdf ;d] t ;fOa/ pkGof;nfO{ pTsif{sf] r'nL;Dd k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
;dfnf]rgfsf] s] s:tf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 < ;g\ !(*) sf] sDKo'6/ qmflGteGbf klxnf klg
— kfZrfTo hut\ d f ;fOa/ ;dfnf] r gfsf] ;fOa/ cfVofg g/lrPsf] xf]Og, h:t}— hh{
ljsf;qmd lgofNbf bf];f| ] ljZjo'4kl5 o;sf] cj]n{ sf] gfOlG6g P6L–kmf]/ M c gfa]n, s'la|ssf]
yfngL cToGt IfL0f ?kdf ePsf] kfOG5 . @))! M P :k]; cf]8;] L -;g\ !(^*_ cflb . dfl/of
Toltv]/ gf}nf] Pj+ cltjfbL ljifosf ?kdf cf/De :ofnLsf] pkGof; ˆ|ofª\sl] :6g -;g\ !*!*_ nfO{
ul/Psf] b]x / k|ljlwsf] ;DaGw ;DaGwL ;}4flGts klg ;fOa/ cfVofg >]0fLsf] s[ltleq /fVg ldNg]
ljdz{nfO{ o; lbzfdf rflnPsf] k|fylds tyf /rgf dflgG5 . pko' { S t k" j { j tL{
lemgf] k|of; dflgG5 . ;g\ !(*) df sDKo'6/ pkGof;sf/x?sf] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x] klg
qmflGtsf kmn:j?k ;fOa/ ;+:s[lt Pj+ ;fOa/ kfZrfTo ;flxTodf ;fOa/ kª\s pkGof;n]
;dfnf]rgfn] k|;fl/t x'g] cj;/ kfPsf] xf] . luA;gaf6 Pp6f cfGbf]ngsf] :j?k kfPsf] xf]
;g\ !(() sf] dWolt/ www sf] Jofkstfsf eGg] dflgG5 .
sf/0f o; ;dfnf]rgfn] :yfloTj kfpgfsf ;fy} g]kfnL ;flxTodf k"0f{tM ;fOa/ pkGof;sf]
k|fl1s Pj+ z}lIfs If]qdf ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpF klxnf] afGsLsf ?kdf lh/f] s6]h -@)^*_ b]vf
cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 . k/]sf] 5 . o;kl5 c¿ s]xL pkGof;df ;d]t
g]kfnL ;flxTotkm{ @)^* df k|sflzt lh/f] o;sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5Ù
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 111

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 h:t}— /d]z kf}8n ] sf] b ;'lk|d Xo'dg pkGof;df
k"0f{tM ;fOa/ k|of]u 5 eg] xf]d/fh cfrfo{sf]
6'Ns' pkGof;df cf+lzs ;fOa/ k|of]u 5 . g]kfnL
;flxTodf pkGof;sf t'ngfdf syfdf ;fOa/
;+:s[ltsf] a9L k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL — dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljlzi6 zAbx?sf] k|of]u
;flxTodf ;fOa/ syfsf] yfngLaf/] e'jg
lqkf7Lsf] egfO o:tf] 5 M
…g]kfnL ;dfhdf sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6, df]afOn
h:tf ;fOa/hGo kIfsf] k|of]u geO ;s]sf]
tTsfnLg, ;dodf syfsf/x?n] sNkgfsf]
cfwf/df syfx?df k|ljlw ;+:s[ltsf] l56k'6
k|of]u lt;sf] bzsaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] t/
;dfhdf k|ToIf k|of]udf ePsf] ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf]
oyfy{ :j?knfO{ syfdf ;d]6/] n]Vg] sfo{sf]
lg/Gt/tf eg] ;f7Lsf] bzsaf6 ePsf] xf] .
k"jj{ tL{ r/0fb]lv syf n]Vg ;'? u/]/ ;dsfnLg
r/0f cGtu{t ;fOa/ ;+:s[lt k|of]u u/L syf
n]Vg] syfsf/df df]xg/fh zdf{, kßfjtL l;+x,
/fhj, ljho rfln;], cljgfz >]i7 cflb x'g\ .Ú
-P]hg, zf]w k|aGw, k[= @#_ .
e'jg lqkf7Ln] ;dsfnLg r/0fdf ;fOa/
syf n]Vg] syfsf/x?sf] o:tf] lj:t[t gfdfjnL
klg k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ M cgdf]ndl0f, dgf]h
af]xf]/f, ;'ifdf dfgGw/, OlGb/f k|;fO{,+ nId0fk|;fb
uf}td, ef/tL uf}td, ljBf ;fksf]6f, uf]ljGb
a]Naf;], avtaxfb'/ yfkf, zld{nf v8\sf, ldng
;ª\uf| n
} f, bLkshª\u xdfn, lgd{n 1jfnL, pbo
uf}td, e'jg lqkf7L, /fh]z gtf+z, >Lw/ kf}8n ] ,
;'lj;'wf, ;'dg d~h/L, Clif/fd kf08], hgs/fh
e§, ljKnjdfg l;+x, ;ljgf l;Gw', xf]d ;'jb] L,
emns ;'jb] L, ;ljgl;+x, wL/hs'df/ >]i7, dl0f
nf]xgL, ;'dg l3ld/], ldng aufn], lqm; n]6fª,
xl/ l3ld/], ljGb]z du/, ljef]/ a/fn, /fhs'df/
kl08t If]qL, ;'wL/ Vjlj, dxfb]j clwsf/L, lah'
clwsf/L cflb . pgn] pko'S{ t ;a} syfsf/sf
Ps b'O{ ;fOa/ syfsf] zLif{s tyf k|yd k|sfzg
ldlt ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . -P]hg zf]w k|aGw, k[=
@#–@$_ .
• ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfdf clwsf+ztM k|oS' t x'g] ljlzi6
zAbx? dWo] er'c{ n l/ofln6L, xfOk/ l/ofln6L,
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 112
k|1f–ultljlw
web source: www.khasskhass.com
ljZju|fd, e"d08nLs/0f, ;fOa/ lbs\, ;fOa/
g]l6S;, ;fOa/ kª\s, ;fOaf]u,{ xfOk/ 6]S;,
k/fdfgj, PS:6«fl] ko, Xofs/, syfsf/, l;d'n;] g
cflbsf] tfTko{ s] xf]nf <
;fOa/ ;+:s[lt, ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf / ;fOa/
cfVofgdf k6s k6s eO/xG5 . pko'{St
zAbx?sf] ;+lIfKt cy{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
er'{cn l/ofln6L M lbs\ -:k];_ df gePsf]
cjf:tljs oyfy{nfO{ k/f]If oyfy{ -er'{cn
l/ofln6L_ elgG5 . k/f]If ePsfn] of] e|d xf],
t/ lkmNd, ;flxTo cflbdf o;nfO{ oyfy{em}F
k|:t't ul/G5 . o;sf] cf}krfl/s pkl:ylt st}
klg x'bF g} .
xfOk/ l/ofln6L M ;fFRr} nfUg] t/ 5'g g;lsg]
oyfy{nfO{ cltzo oyfy{ -xfOk/ l/ofln6L_
elgG5 . of] >Job[Zo ;fwgåf/f kbf{df b]lvg]
eP klg o;nfO{ ;dfO /fVg ;lsGg .
ljZju|fd M ;g\ !(^) df df;{n Dofsn'xfgn]
ljZju|fd -Unf]an len]h_ sf] cjwf/0ff cl3
;f/]sf x'g\ . o;sf] tfTko{ ;"rgf Pj+ ;~rf/sf]
k|fljlws ;~hfndf a]l/O k"/} ;+;f/ ;fF3l' /P/
Pp6f ufpF ;dfg aGg' xf] . o;f] x'bF f If0fd}
lkmFlhP/ Ps 7fpFsf] k|efj ljZjel/ k5{ . of]
klg k/f]If oyfy{ xf] .
e"d08nLs/0f M JolStsf] hLjg / :yfgLo
;d'bfonfO{ ljZjJofkL cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts
zlStåf/f k|efljt kfg]{ k|lqmofnfO{ e"d08nLs/0f
-Unf]anfOh];g_ elgG5 . o;nfO{ ljZj Ps
8Nnf] aGb} hfg] k|lqmof dflgG5 .
;fOa/ lbs\ M sDKo'6/sf kbf{ k5fl8sf] To;
7fpFnfO{ ;fOa/ lbs\ -;fOa/ :k];_ sf] gfd
lbOG5 hxfF ljB'tLo ;Gb]z cflb sDKo'6/x?sf
dfem k7fpFbf l:yt /xG5 . of] sfNklgs 7fpF
xf] .
;fOa/g]l6S; M On]S6«fl] gs lgoGq0f k|0ffnL /
oflGqs pks/0fx?sf] cWoogsf ;fy} ltgsf]
t'ngf h}ljs k|0ffnL;Fu ug]{ lj1fgnfO{ ;fOs/
zf:q -;fOa/g]l6S;_ elgG5 .
;fOa/ kª\s M lj1fg cfVofgsf] Pp6f e]b
 dflgg] ;fOa/ kª\snfO{ k|ljlw tyf sDKo'6/åf/f
lgoGq0f ul/Psf] slNkt efjL ;+;f/sf af/]df
n]lvPsf] cfVofg dflgG5 .
;fOaf]u{ M ;fOa/ cfVofgdf kfOg] To; hLjnfO{
;fOaf]u{ elgG5, hf] cf+lzs dfgj / cf+lzs
d] l ;g x' G 5 . o:tf kfqdf h} l jstf /
oflGqstfsf] ld>0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
xfOk/ 6]S:6 M k/Dkl/t kf7 Pj+ n]vg /}lvs,
kl/a4 / l:yt x'G5 t/ xfOk/ kf7 -xfOk/
6]S:6_ / To:tf] n]vg gfg'qmlds -cl3kl5
x'g,] tndfly hfg], leq aflx/ ug]_{ x'G5 .
o;nfO{ sDKo'6/ jf oGqsf dfWodaf6 dfq
n]Vg / k9\g÷b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;n] kf7sf]
;LdfnfO{ tf]8]/ clg n]vg Pj+ k7gsf]
cfofdnfO{ km/flsnf] kf/]/ ultzLn, j]ujfg\ • g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;Gbe{df ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf
/ t/n t'NofpF5 .
k/fdfgj M k|ljlwsf] bf]xg u/]/ hLjgsf] k|Tofzf
tyf dfgj zSotf a9fpg vf]Hg] JolStnfO{
k/fdfgj -6«fG; Xo'dg_ elgG5 .
PS:6«fl] kog M cGtl/If pklgj]ztkm{ k|an ?lr
ePsf] k/fdfgjtfjfbL JolStnfO{ PS:6«fl] kogsf]
;+1f lbOG5 .
Xofs/ M sDKo'6/sf] k|0ffnL jf ;~hfndf anft\
l5/]/ rf]g{ ;kmn eO To;sf] k|of]u cfˆgf
lxtsf nflu ug]{ JolSt Xofs/ xf] .
S|ofs/ M sDKo'6/sf] k|0ffnL jf ;~hfndf l5g{
/ rf]g{ c;kmn eP klg To;nfO{ k|efj kfg]{
JolSt S|ofs/ xf] .
l;d'n;] g M jf:tljs oyfy{sf] cg'sl[ t jf gSsn
tof/ kfg]{ k|lqmofnfO{ cg'?k0f -l;d'n; ] g_
elgG5 . jt{dfgdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f
jf:tljs / cg'st[ sf] leGgtf d]l6Psf] 5 /
jf:tljssf ;6\6f cg'st[ s} k|of]u a9LeGbf
a9L x'g yfn]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/ tyf cGo
pks/0fdf jf:tljseGbf To;sf] k'g?Tkflbt
ljDasf] jr{:j Pj+ k|of]u a9]sf] 5 .
• ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf] d'Vo s]Gb| s] xf] <
— ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf] d'Vo s]Gb| ;flxTo Pj+ • ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL
hLjgdf ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] a9\bf] k|efjsf] cWoog
Pj+ ljZn]if0f ug'{ xf] . cltzo k|fljlws pGglt
web source: www.khasskhass.com
dfgj ;dfhsf nflu hlt lxtsf/L 5 Tolt g}
clxtsf/L ;d]t eP klg jt{dfg ;dodf
dflg;sf hLjgdf o;n] ckl/xfo{ :yfg lnPsf]
5 . kmntM dfgjLo eljio Pj+ lgoltn] lng;Sg]
c;nv/fa df]8af6 dflg;nfO{ ;ts{ t'Nofpg'
klg o;sf] Pp6f d'Vo ljifo xf] .
;fOa/ cfVofg d'VotM k/f]If oyfy{;uF ;Da4
x'g] x'bF f ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf] d'VotM k/f]If
oyfy{sf] ljZn]if0f u5{ / ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf]
k|efjsf sf/0f dflg;sf] efjL hLjgdf cfpg]
cj:yf Pj+ kl/jt{gsf] lbUbz{g u/fpF5 .
ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws pGglt cfjZos eP
klg clwsf+z ;fOa/ lrGtsn] cTolws k|fljlws
pGgltnfO{ ljgfzs ;d]t dfg]sf 5g\ .
slQsf] pksf/s -cg'sn" _ / cksf/s -k|lts"n_
xf]nf < o;n] g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ stflt/
n}hfnf <
— jt{dfg g]kfnL ;flxTodf klg ;fOa/ cfVofgsf]
n]vg a9]sf] 5 . o:tf s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f Pj+
JofVof ljz]if 9ª\udf ugf{sf lglDt ;fOa/
;dfnf]rgf dfq ;dy{ /x]sf] x'bF f ;dfnf]rgfsf]
of] k|sf/ klg cfjZos 5 . ;fOa/ s[ltsf]
cWoog ug]{ ;Gbe{df of] ;dfnf]rgf k"0f{tM
pksf/s 5, lsgeg] o:tf s[ltsf] uxg / lj:t[t
ljj]rgf ug]{ of] dfq Pp6f cfwf/ xf] . ;fOa/
;dfnf]rgfnfO{ cksf/s eGg ldNb}g t/ g]kfnL
hLjgdf ;d]t lelh;s]sf] ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltnfO{
rflxF pksf/s tyf cksf/s b'j} eGg ;lsG5 .
;fOa/ Ot/ s[ltsf] cWoog gug]{ ;fOa/
;dfnf]rgfn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf Pp6f gf}nf]
;dfnf]rgf afGsLsf] clej[l4 u/]sf] 5 . cGo
efiffsf ;dfnf] r gfem} F g] k fnL ;fOa/
;dfnf]rgfn] klg ;ª\st] ug]{ d'Vo tYo s] xf]
eg] a9\bf] ;fOa/ ;+:s[ltn] xfd|f] efjL hLjgnfO{
;'vs/sf ;fy} b'vs/ klg agfpg ;S5, t;y{
xfdL o;tkm{ ;fjwfg /xg' k5{ .
ax'njfbL k|jl[ Qleq /fv]/ x]l/g] ePsfn] sltko
dfS;{jfbL jf k|ultjfbLx?n] t o;sf] lj/f]w
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 113
 u5{g\ lg < o;k|lt oxfFsf] b[li6sf]0f <
xf], ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgf ax'njfbL xf] eg] dfS;{jfb
PsnjfbL, Psnjfbn] cfˆgf] uf]?sf] afx|} 6Ssf
ug]{ x'bF f c¿sf h'g;'s} s'/fnfO{ klg cdfGo
u5{ . k|ultjfbLn] ;fOa/ ;dfnf]rgfsf] lj/f]w
ug'{ klg oxL PsnjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] kl/0ffd xf]
eGg] b]lvG5 .
• oL s'/fx? afx]s o; ;DaGwdf oxfFsf cGo s'/f <
— pko'S{ t afx]s cGo s'g} s'/f] eGg' kbf{ Pp6f s'/f]
eGg] /x/ hfu]sf] 5 . d ;fOa/ cfVofgsf] l;h{gf
ug{ rfxg] n]vs;Fu klxnf lj1fg cfVofg / ;fOa/
cfVofgsf larsf] leGgtf /fd|/L a'‰g / To;kl5
;
dfq snd rnfpg cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' .
d]/f] a'emfOdf lj1fg cfVofgsf] ljifo s'g}
j}1flgs zf]wvf]h, cfljisf/ jf cGtl/If ofqf
cflb x'G5, t;y{ of] ;fdfGotM sfNklgs eP
klg :j}/ sfNklgs x'bF g} . o;sf ljk/Lt ;fOa/
cfVofgsf] ljifo OG6/g]6 / To;s} ;~hfn,
dflg; / d]l;g, :jrflnt oflGqs ultljlw
cflbdf cfwfl/t x'g] x'bF f sfNklgs, :j}/ sfNklgs
tyf k/f]If x'G5 .
cGTodf, o; k|Zgf]Q/åf/f d}n] ;fOa/
;DaGwL s'/fx? eGg kfPsfdf ;Da4 ;a}nfO{
xflb{s wGojfb lbG5' .

n3'syf===
e"ldsf n]vs
– k'is//fh e§
;flxTosf] ahf/df xNnfvNnf dRrfPsf, va/ kqsf/n] lgs} prfn]sf v'v F f/ ;dfnf]rsaf6
e"l" dsf n]vfpg kfpFbf n]vg If]qdf rrf{sf] lzv/ 5f]OGYof] sL <
p;sf] dgdf ghflgFbf] cfzf knfof] . oxL cfz lnP/ k|s6 eof] rlr{t ;dfnf]rssxfF . klxn] lgs}
;f]wvf]h u/]kl5 ;dfnf]rs dxf]bo cfˆgf] avfglt/ nfu] .
…d}n] 5f]Pkl5 lktn klg ;'g aG5 . d}n] ev{/sf efOx? Kfmnfgf======== kmnfgf======nfO{ b]zs} rlr{t
;flxTosf/ agfO lbPF . d}n] e"ldsf n]vk] l5 pgLx?sf] ahf/ olt a9\of] sL Tof] s;}n] ;f]rs ] f] lyPg .Ú
pm klg dgdg} v'zL eof] . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ahf/df p;sf] gfd rrf{sf] lzv/df cfPsf]
sNkgfdf dUg eof] . kf08'lnkL ;dfnf]rs dxf]bonfO{ a'emfP/ 3/ uof] . lbg, dlxgf clg jif{ lbg lat] .
;dfnf]rs dxf]bosf] s'g} hjfkm 5}g .
ahf/df pgn] Ps hgf ;fyLsf] k':ts e]6\of] . k':tsdf pg} ;dfnf]rssf] e"ldsf lyof] .
/rgfeGbf e"ldsf 7'nf] lyof] . e"ldsfdf n]vsnfO{ ;dsfnLg r/0fsf c;fwf/0f k|ltef eg]/ k|z; + f
ul/Psf] lyof] .
p;n] ;fyLnfO{ uP/ ;f]wL xfNof], …x}g, ltdLn] slxn] e"ldsf n]Vg lbPsf lyof} / <Ú
…Ps xKtf eof]Ú ;fyLsf] hjfkm cfof] .
…d]/f] k':tssf] Ps jif{;Dd e"ldsf n]Vg km';b{ gx'g] ;dfnf]rsnfO{ Ps xKtfd} e"ldsf n]Vg] km';b{
s;/L eof] <Ú p;n] lh1f;f /fVof] .
…s] ltdLn] d]/f] /rgf dg k/]/ of] e"ldsf cfPsf] xf] eGg] ;f]rs
] f 5f} eg] e|ddf 5f} . e"ldsfdf
;dfnf]rs x}g, d}n] pgnfO{ r9fPsf] e]6L af]ln/x]5 . ltdL klg e]6L r9fpm, dxfg\ ag .Ú ;fyL af]Nb}
uof] .
;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 114

k|1f–ultljlw
ljZj ;flxTo÷gf]an] k'/:sf/
gf]an] lah]tf ;flxTosf/ df]lbofgf]
dx]z kf}8o\ fn
…d ;To tYosf] j:t'tf k|:t't ug{ ;lStgF .
d s]jn ltgLx?sf] 5fofF k|:t't ug{ ;S5' .Ú
of] egfO xf] k|mfG;]nL pkGof;sf/ tyf ;g\
@)!$ sf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf n]vs k]l6«s
df]lbofgf]sf] . o;} egfOaf6 k|:6 x'G5, bf];f| ] ljZj
o'4kl5 ljZj ;flxTosf] cu| efudf /x]sf] oyfy{jfbL
pkGof;sf] eL8df k]l6«s df]lbofgf]n] Ps km/s
:jfbnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ .
;g\ @)!$ sf] ;flxTotkm{sf] gf]an] k'/:sf/sf]
3f]if0ffn] w]/n
} fO{ cfZro{ rlst kfl/lbof] . nfdf]
;dob]lv rrf{df /x]sf hfkfgL pkGof;sf/
d'/fsfdL tyf sf]l/ofnL slj sf] pgsf] af/]df
c8\sn sf6\bf la/n} gfd ;'lgPsf tyf yf]/}
cg'kftdf cGo efiffdf cg'lbt ePsf k|mfG;]nL
pkGof;sf/ k]l6«s df]lbofgf]n] k'/:sf/ xft kf/]kl5
dfq} ljZj ;flxTosf] kl/k]|Iodf pgLk|lt rf;f]
a9]sf] xf] . k|mfG;leq}, k|mfG;]nL efifL kf7sdfem
eg] pgsf pkGof; / ltgLx?df cfwfl/t rnlrqsf]
nf]slk|otf ce"tk"j{ /xFb} cfPsf] a'lemG5 .
df]lbofgf]sf] hGd #) h'nfO{ ;g\ !($% df
k]l/;sf] cw{ ;x/L Onfsf af}nf]g–langsf]6d{ f ePsf]
xf] . ox'bL d"nsf pgsf a'jf d'bf| / t]nsf] Jofkf/df
;ª\ U nUg lyP . ;do;F u } pgn] cQ/ tyf
k'/ftflTjs j:t'sf] Jofkf/ klg ;'? u/] . s]xL
;do pgL t:s/L / sfnf ahf/Ldf klg ;+UnUg
ePsf] atfOP tfklg pgL kqmfp eg] k/]gg\ .
df]lbofgf]sL cfdf n'Ohf sf]Nk}g ˆn]ld;
d"nsL l;g] snfsf/ lyOg\ . afa' cfdf b'j} cf–
cfˆg} k];fdf Jo:t ePsf]n] afns df]lbofgf]
Sofyf]lns luhf{3/sf] ;flGgWod} x'ls{P . ox'bL d"nsf
ePsfn] luhf{3/df klg pgn] w]/} k|sf/sf lje]bsf]
;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] . sl7g lszf]/fj:yf latfPsf
df]lbofgf] bf];f| ] bhf{sf] dflgPsf] lghL :s'ndf egf{
eP hxfFaf6 pgL k6s k6s efu]sf lyP .
lj/lStPsf df]lbofgf]nfO{ pgsf] kl/jf/sf] glhssf
z'elrGts Pjd\ n]vs /]d08 SjLGo"n] n]vgdf
nfUg clek|l] /t u/]sf x'g\ .
hLjgdf cfO k/] s f cg] s ck| T ofl;t
kl/jt{gsf sf/0f df]lbofgf]sf] dt cfˆg} afa';uF
klg ldn]g / pgLx? lar emu8fsf] l:ylt pTkGg
x'g k'Uof] . To;kl5 df]lbofgf]n] cfˆgf afa'nfO{
slxNo} e]6g] g\ . df]lbofgf]n] cfˆgf] cfTdj[QfGt
cg lkl8u|Ldf cfˆgf a'jf bf];f| ] ljZj o'4kl5 ePsf]
ox'bL lj/f]wL cleofgdf k|mG] r u]:6fkf]df dfl/Psf]
s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
k]l6«s df]lbofgf]sf clwsf+z k|z; + sx? pgn]
ljutsf] ;Demgf / cle3ftnfO{ cfVofgdf k|of]u
ug]{ lzNk / snfsf nflu ;DemG5g\ . pgL cfd
kf7ssf lareGbf klg n]vg sd{d} nfu]sf cGo
l;h{gzLn n]vssf lar a9L rlr{t / nf]slk|o
/x] . cfSsnem'Ssn dfq} cfd ;~rf/, ljz]if u/L
6]lnlehgdf b]lvg] df]lbofgf] d[b' / cNkefifL n]vs
x'g\ .
df]lbofgf]sf] klxnf] pkGof; nf Kn]; l8
PnO6f]O hd{gLn] k|mfG;dfly u/]sf] pklgj]zsf
k|of;sf] kl/k|I] odf n]lvPsf] pkGof; xf] h;df
oyfy{ / sfNklgstfsf] ;'Gb/ ;lDd>0f /x]sf]
kfOG5 . ;g\ !(^* df k|sflzt pgsf] o;
pkGof;kl5 x/]s b'O{ jif{df pgn] Pp6f pkGof;
k|:t't ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . pgn] cfkm}n] :jLsf/
u/]sf] tYo xf] ls pgsf ;a} pkGof;, pgsf] lk|o
ljifo ljutsf] ;Demgf, klxrfgsf] vf]hL / ablnFbf]
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 115
;don] NofPsf] Iflts} ljleGg ;+:s/0f x'g\ .
z[ªvnfa4 ¿kdf k9\bf nfU5, df]lbofgf]sf pkGof;
l;Sj]n x'g\ / cl3Nnf] pkGof;sf kfqx? k'/fg}
;d:of af]s/] gjLg kl/l:yltdf pkl:yt ePsf
5g\ / gofF lx;fan] cfˆgf ;d:ofsf ;dfwfgx?
vf]lh /xG5g\ .
s]xL ;dfnf]rsx? df]lbofgf] hf]h{ l;d]ggsf
hf;";L pkGof;af6 k|efljt ePsf] klg eG5g\
t/ n]vgsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} df]lbofgf]n] cfˆg} Ps
df}lns w/ftn lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . jftfj/0fLo
b[Zo, uf]Ko cg'el" t, ;'b/" / c:ki6 ;Demgfsf]
cfsfzaf6 cjtl/t eP/ cfpg] kfqx?, c:ki6
ljut cflb sf/0fx?n] pgsf] cfVofg ljlzi6 aGg
k'us] f] 5 . pgsf] cfVofgdf ljljw k[i7e"ldsf kfq
cfpF5g\ t/ ltgLx? w]/h } ;f] Psf+sLkgsf kIfw/ /
c:jefljs Jojxf/sf 5g\ . logLx?df cª\u|]h
hflu/], aflNsaf;L ;fdGt, k|l;l4sf qmddf /x]sf
lrqsf/, c1fg k[i7e"ldsf ;fx; ofqL / kbf{
aflx/ cfpg lxlRsrfpg] ;dlnª\uL k|dv ' 5g\ .
;txL k9fOdf kfl/jfl/s uGygsf syf dfq nfUg]
df]lbofgf]sf pkGof; k9]kl5 w]/} a]/;Dd cfˆgf
vl08t Wjlgx?s} sf/0f kf7s dl:tisnfO{ t/lª\ut
kfl/ /xG5g\ . pgsf] cfVofg :ki6 sygsf] cfVofg
xf] h;df xfdL 5f]6f / s0f{lk|o jfSox? k9\g
kfpF5f}F . cfVofgsf] lar lardf c;d~h:osf
knx? 5g\, ljz[ª\vn ck|;ª\ux? 5g\ / 6'qmf
6'qmfdf ljeQm k|;ª\ux?sf lj;ª\ut ljGof;x?
5g\ h;aLr ;ª\ult vf]Hg' kf7snfO{ ultnf] u[xsfo{
x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdf of] ck]lIft ;ª\ult e]l6G5
/ sltko cj:yfdf k|of]us} nflu ;fob of]
n'sfOPsf] x'G5 .
s]xL kf7sx? df]lbofgf]sf] ;jf]T{ s[i6 /rgf
s'g} pkGof; geP/ pgsf] syf bf]/f a|8' / -!((&_
xf] eG5g\ . o; syf dfG5] / pgLx?sf] lgoltaLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ pTvgg\ ug]{ sf]l;;df 5 . k]l/; ;f]O/
klqsfdf 5flkPsf] o'4sf] Ps t:jL/ / o;;Fu}
n]lvPsf] ljj/0fn] hd{g pklgj]zsf] ;dodf
crfgs x/fpg k'us ] L Pp6L s]6Lsf] ljutaf/]sf]
syf xf] of] . pQm s]6Lsf] ljut sf]6o\ fpFbf n]vs
cfˆg} afa'sf] ljutsf] syf klg sf]6o\ fO /x]sf
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 116
k|1f–ultljlw
5g\, sf/0f pgL klg t aGws ag]sf lyP,
logLx?sf] . o;/L pgLx?sf lgoltx? Ps cfk;df
ufFl;Psf 5g\ / ;Fu} cufl8 a9\5g\ Tof] a]nf;Dd
ha 8f]/f a|9' g] , b'ef{Uojz o; lardf dfl/g k'lU5g\ .
w] / } h ;f] cj:yfdf k| y d k' ? ifL sygdf
n]lvPsf df]lbofgf]sf pkGof;x? pgsf ;'b/" sf
;Demgfs} clen]v x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 . ljutsf
6'qmf6fqmL ;Demgfx? pgsf] sNkgfzLntfsf]
sn]j/df cfVofgsf kfgfx?df ha kf]lvG5g\, cy{
/ cg'e"ltsf gjLg k/tx? kf7s dl:tisdf
cjtl/t x'bF } hfG5g\ . jf:tjdf, df]lbofgf]sf d
kfq;Fu s'g} ;';ª\ut / d"t{ jt{dfg ePsf] k|tLt
x'bF g} / pgLx?sf] cl3sf] ;+;f/ e|dk"0f{ / s'g}
;ª\ultsf] k|tLIffdf /x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/} klg
pgsf pkGof;el/ d kfq jf cGo s'g} kfqx?n]
hLjgnfO{ k"0f{tfdf slxNo} cg'et" u/]sf] kfOFbg} /
pgLx? cfˆgf] ;do hlQs} vl08t / ck"0f{ b]lvG5g\ .
kf7sn] cfˆgf lghL cg'ej, :yflkt dfGotf /
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df u/]sf cg'dfg df]lbofgf]sf
pkGof;sf] cu|ultdf st}lt/ klg rl/tfy{ x'g
cfPsf] b]lvFbg} . o:tf] ck|Tofl;t hLjg ultsf
nflu kfq ljz]ifsf] e"t, jt{dfg / eljion] Ps}
rf]l6 sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljut, ;Demgf / clGtd dflgPsf] ;To klg
cflv/sf/ xftaf6 lrKnFbf] /x]5 t/ klg dfG5]
ljut / jt{dfgsf b'O{ lsgf/aLr ;b}j x]lNnO/x]sf]
x'G5 . ljut / jt{dfgaLrsf] oxL x]NofO df]lbofgf]sf
pkGof;sf] Ps ;a}eGbf k|d'v ljifoj:t' xf] .
xfdLnfO{ 5SofP/ efu] s f ;dosf sljtko
k|x/x?nfO{ k'gM ;dfpg] / k'gM cg'et" ug]{ k|of;
df]lbofgf]sf kfqx?n] lg/Gt/ ul/ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
;Demgf elgg] cj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ tL c:yfoL
ljDax?dfly lgoGq0f ug{ ;tt sf]l;; ul/ /xg'
df]lbofgf]sf kfqx?sf] lgolt xf] .
bf];|f] ljZj o'4kl5sf] ;dosf] k|mfG;]nL
;flxTosf] kl/b[Zodf df]lbofgf]sf] l:ylt nueu
cfuGt'ssf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ kf7s lardf pgsf]
nf]slk|otf s'g} /}yfg] k|mfG;]nL n]vssf] eGbf sd
5}g . !(&* df ¥o' b]; a'l6S; cf]A;So';{ gfds
pkGof;sf nflu lk|S; uf]Gsf]6{ k'/:sf/ lht]kl5
pgsf] pkl:ylt alnof] eof] . df]lbofgf] cfˆgf
/fhg}lts ljrf/sf nflu lrlgPsf xf]Ogg\ . o;
lgs} hl6n cj:yfsf] k|mfG;df k|To]s n]vs s'g} g
s'g} /fhg}lts cf:yf / o;s} jl/kl/ rNg] u/]sf]
pgLx?sf] sndsf sf/0f lrlgG5g\ . df]lbofgf]sf
/rgfdf klg /fhg}lts lrGtg k"0f{tM cg'kl:yt 5
eGg rflxF ;lsFbg} . pklgj]zsfnLg k|mfG;sf sxfnL
nfUbf lrq0fx? k|foM /fhg}lts g} x'g\ .
bf];|f] ljZj o'4kl5sf] k|mfG;df o'4sfnLg
cg'ejx?sf] ;fk]Iftfdf cfˆgf] la;{g nfos
Oltxf; bf]xf]l/g glbg] Ps vfnsf] gful/s:t/sf]
k|lta4tf lyof] . o;f] eP klg k|mfG;sf] /fli6«o
lrGtg eg] o'4 sfns} pGdfbaf6 k]l| /t x'bF } w]/}
bzs;Dd wl:;of] . t/ n]vs / :jtGq lrGtsx?
o'4sf] lg/y{stfaf/]df n]vL /x], af]nL /x] . oLg}
;
n]vf]6 / af]nLdf ldl;of] df]lbofgf]sf] cfjfh .
pgLx? o'4sf wldnf / s'?k kf6fx?sf] pTvgg\df
cfkm}n
F fO{ ;dlk{t u/L g} /x] .
k|mG] r, hd{g, :j]l8;, :k]lg; / cGo w]/} o'/f]kn ] L
efiffdf k|sflzt df]lbofgf]sf pkGof;dWo] s]xL
dfq} cª\uh ]| L efiffdf pknAw 5g\ . h;df gfO6
/fpG8\; -!(&!_, l/ª\ /f]8;\ M P gf]en -!(&$_,
nsf]Da n'l;Pg M b slDkn6 l;gfl/of] cfkm b
lkmNd -!(&%_, leNnf l6«:6L -!(&&_, ldl;ª\ k;{g
-!(*)_, P 6«]; ckm d]nfO; -!(**_, xlgd'g
-!((@_, 8f]/f a|8' / -!(((_, s]yl/g ;l6{Ro'6
-@)))_ / b ;r{ jf/G6 -@)))_ h:tf cª\uh ]| L
pkGof; k|dv ' dflgG5g\ .

n3'syf===
a]Odfg n]vs
– cRo't l3ld/]
• slj bfO sf]dfdf x'g' x'G5, xfdL ;xof]u h'6fpg] cleofgdf 5fF–} ukmsf] l;nl;nfdf cfVofgsf/n]
eGg' eof] . pm cToGt >4f uYof]{ slj bfOnfO{ . …d klg slj bfOnfO{ ;xof]u u5'Ú{ eGof] p;n] .
To; lbg To:t} ukm eo]f . Ps lsl;dsf] pbf; dg af]s/] 3/ kmSof]{ pm . p;n] g]kfnL sljtf
;flxTodf slj bfOsf] ljlzi6 klxrfg ePsf] s'/f ;D‰of] . o:tf] ;|i6fnfO{ t /fi6«n] pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf ul/ lbg' kg]{ xf] . /fi6«sf] gh/af6 u'dgfd slj bfOsf] efj's / :JffledfgL JolQmTjn] b'O{
rf/ lbg p;sf] dgnfO{ lk/f]ln /Xof] .
• oxL qmddf sjloqLn] …d lj/f6gu/ hfFb5 } ' . rGb|u9L dfOt klg hfG5' . ToxLFaf6 cfVofgsf/ ;lxt
l;nu'9L slj bfOnfO{ e]6g\ c:ktfn hfG5f}F xfdL . slj bfOnfO ;xof]u ug]{ eP u/, s]xL ;xof]u
a6'ns ] f] 5'Ú elgg\ p;nfO{ . p;n] …x'G5Ú eg]/ s]xL /sd ;xof]u u¥of] slj bfOsf nflu . To;sf]
xKtf lbg glaTb} slj bfOsf] d[To'sf] vj/ cfof] . efjljXjn agfof] p;nfO{ .
• jif{, b'O{ jif{ lat] . p;sf] :d[ltk6df slj bfO kftnf] b]lvg yfNg' eof] . Ps lbg kmf]g cfof] …s]
5 afa', d piff efph" .Ú …lrlggF tÚ p;n] eGof] . …slj bfO Sof eb|k/' .Ú ca rflxF lrGof] p;n] .
emG8} cfwf 306fsf] kmf]g jftf{df b]j/– efph"sf w]/} s'/f eP . piff efph"n] eGg'eof] – …afa'
dw'ks{df bfOnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] s'/f n]Vg' ePsf] /x]5 . d}n] t ;|i6fx?af6 ;xof]u jfkt p7fOPsf]
s'g} /sd g} e]l6gF tÚ p;n] slj bfOnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] g xf], ck/fw t u/]sf] lyPg . piff efph"sf
s'/fn] pm 5fFufaf6 v;]h:t} eof] . efph"sf s'/fn] w]/} lbg;Dd p;nfO{ uDeL/ ;f]rdf 8'afof] .
;f]Rof] –…n]vs olt ult5f8f t gx'g' kg]{ xf] .Ú
;

;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 117

ljZj ;flxTo÷cf/NofG8 syf
k|mG] 8 l/Dan
hf]g aL= sLg
-hf]g aL= sLg cf/NofG8sf Voflt k|fKt ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . syfsf/sf cltl/St slj, gf6ssf/ klg
x'g\ . pgsf] s[ltx?df cfol/; hgtfsf] b'Mv–bb{ eln efFlt JolSt ePsf] x'G5 ._
k|mG] 8 l/Dansf] pTklQ # ;]K6]Da/ !(&) sf]
/f]hgfdrfdf d]uLsf] efG;f3/df ;ft ah]/ ltg
ldg]6df ePsf] lyof] . of] df}sfsf] s'g} g Hof]ltifLo
dxŒj lyof] g t /f]hgfdrfsf] s'g} ;fgf] :yfgdf
xnrnsf] s'/f g} ePsf] lyof] .
…lgZro g}Ú d]uLsGnf]gsf] 5f]/f lhdn] kl5
atfPsf] lyP . cfˆgL cfdfsf] s0f{–z"nsf] kL8fn]
Jolyt gePsf] eP lar/fn] k|]mG8 l/DannfO{
cfljisf/ g} ug'{ kg]{ lyPg .
t/ d]uL of] lsl;dn] cfˆgf] :jf:Yok|lt olt
lrlGtt lyOg\ ls pgnfO{ s]xL g s]xL eO g} /xGYof] .
:yfgLo 8fS6/x?n] hfFr]kl5 klg ljz]if s]xL
kfPgg\ . /x:o of] lyof] ls tdfd lsl;dsf cf}iflw,
dndx?sf] k|of]u ubf{ klg pgL hLljt lyOg\ /
cfˆgf] /f]u–lrtfsf] cflwSoeGbf klg u|:t /f]lu0fL
alg /xg] ?lrsf] /dfOnf] lx:;f xf] lyof] . p;sf
b'O{ lktf pm eGbf klg klxn] :juL{o eO ;s]sf
lyP .
d]uLsf' b'O6{ } klt Hofbf kl/>dL lyP . h;nfO{
lj>fd / ;]jfsf] cfjZostf lbge/sf] ldx]gtaf6
hf] ldNg' lyof], Tof] d]uLaf6 pgLx?nfO{ slxn]
ldn]g . a; laxfgsf] lem;ld;]bl] v cfwf /ft;Dd
b'j} d]uLsf] kL8fsf] cfjfhsf] pQ/df otfptf
lxFl8 /xGy] . p;nfO{ slxn] tftf]kfgL rflxGYof],
slxn] s], slxn] s] . cg]s k6s kltx?nfO{
e¥ofªaf6 pSng], cf]ng{ ] ofqf dfq ug'{ kb{Yof] .
laxfgsf] gf:tf d]uLaf6 tof/ ePsf] cyjf ;fFemdf
pT;fx / pNnf;sf ;fy :jfut u/]sf] eGg] s'/f
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 118
k|1f–ultljlw
pgLx?n] slxNo} e]66\ fPg\ .2
pgsf] /f]u slxn] vtd ePg . pgsf] 5f]/f
lhd b'O{ ljjfxsf] PSnf] kl/0ffd lyof] / pm cfˆgf]
lktfsf] d[To'sf] s]xL lbgkl5 dfq hGd]sf] lyof] .
Pp6f qm'/ l5d]sLsf] egfO lyof]— …p;sf]
lktfnfO{ st} s]6L ghlGdof];\ tfls Pssf] ;§f
b'O6{ f d]uLsf] ;]jf ug{ k/f];\ .Ú ;To s'/f t of]
lyof], pgLx? ysfgn] ubf{ g} d/] .
d]uLsf] 5f]/f lhd zfGt :jefjsf] s]6f lyof] .
pm Pp6f £o" k;ndf lx;fa lstfa x]g{] ub{Yof] .
p;nfO{ kof{Kt tna ldNYof] . pm ljjfx uYof]{ .
lsg eg] Pp6L vf; n8sL p;df lbnr:kL lng]
ub{yL .
…d ltdL;Fu ljjfx ug{ tof/ 5' lhd ÛÚ Tof]
s]6Ln] egL, …t/ ltdLn] ;x/df a:g' k5{ .Ú
…cfˆgf] cfdfnfO{ 5f]8/] t d hfg ;lStgF .Ú
…5f]8g\ nfO{ sNn] eGof 5 / < ltdL ;Ktfx
cGtdf pgnfO{ e]6g\ hfg' . olb pgL rfxlG5g\ eg]
slxn] sfxLF xfdL sxfF cfP eO xfN5 lg . d
plDdb ub{5,' olb ltdLn] cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ ;DemfO
a'emfO u¥of} eg] dfgL xflNng\ lg .Ú
…o:tf] t d}n] slxNo} ;'lggFÚ, cfdfn] lhdsf]
s'/f ;'g/] elgg\ .
clg ToxL lbgsf] dWofXgdf d]uL c:ktfnsf]
z}øof ;'ts ] L lyOg\ . pgL s;fOsf] k;naf6 kms{b+ f
n8]sL lyOg\ . pgsf] /Strfk / x[bo laNs'n l7s
lyof] / Ps ;Ktfxkl5 pgnfO{ c:ktfnn] l8:rfh{
u¥of] . o;kl5 lhdn] 3f]if0ff u¥of], pm cfˆgf] 3/
5f8]/ hfFbg} .
Pslt; jif{sf] ePkl5 p;nfO{ xf]z cfof] .
ha pm 3/df k'Ub5 To;a]nf ghfg] s'g rflxF
cfkt cfOnfUg] xf] . a;, oxL lrGtfsf] bf}/fgdf
;x;f k|mG] 8 l/Dan of] b'lgofFdf cfof] .
…cfh d}n] lemldSs cfFvf klg lrDn]sL 5}g
/ Ps 6'qmf klg vfPsL 5}gÚ of] lzsfotn] el/Psf]
s'/f d]uL eGblyg\ . pgL krxTt/ jif{sL lyOg\ .
pgsf] skfn clxn] klg sfnf] lyof] . cfFvf l7s
lyof] .
…p;n] cfˆgf] afofF sfg s6fof] .Ú
…afofF sfg ÛÚ
…xf]Ú p;sf] gfd k|mG] 8 l/Dan lyof] . lar/f Û
…s] pm oxL ;x/sf] Yof] <Ú
…8lAngsf] ÛÚ
…lar/fÚ d]uLn] lrGtf k|s6 ul/g\, …s'g
c:ktfn nfu]sf] 5 <Ú
…st} klg 5}g .Ú
…d}n] t s]xL klg a'‰g ;lsgFÚ, d]uLn] elgg\ .
…pm lah'nLsf] cfn' sf6\g] d]l;g b]vfpFb} lyof],
lah'nL aGb eof] / ;'Ggsf nflu sfg glhs} n}hfFbf
sfg sfl6of] . p;n] sf6]sf] sfgnfO{ a/kmsf]
aflN6gdf xfNof] / sfgdf ?dfn xfn]/ pm 8lAnglt/
efUof] .Ú
pm dWofXgdf vfgsf nflu cfpFbf p;sL
cfdf sfd ul/ /x]sL lyOg\ . p;sf] sfgsf] kL8f
vtd ePsf] lyof] . u/d vfgf p;sf nflu tof/
lyof] .
…k|m] G8 l/Dansf] af/]df s'g} va/ 5 <Ú a'9Ln]
;f]lwg\ . p;sf] d'vdf ufF; lyof] dfgf}F pm ;dfltPsf]
h:tf] eof] t}klg rkfpFbf rkfpFb} p;n] cfˆgf]
sNkgfsf] pkof]u u¥of] .
…k|mG] 8 l/Dan efUodfgL lyof], pm aRof] .Ú
…s] pm 8lAng uPsf] lyof] <Ú
…xf]Og . pm t sf/df a]xf]z ePsf] lyof], Tof]
klg cNk /utn] ubf{ clg sf/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] vDafdf
7f]lSsP/ .Ú
…x] O{Zj/ ÛÚ d]uL lrRofOg\ .
…km]l/ s] eof] <Ú
p;nfO{ PDa'nG] ;df 8lAng nluof] . p;sf]
sfg aflN6gaf6 ;8sdf v:of], ;fob s'g} sfun]
nUof] xf]nf .
clg p;sL cfdfn] qm;sf] lrXg agfOg .
…s] pm ljjflxt lyof] <Ú
…xf] .Ú
…clg p;sf kl/jf/ <Ú
…p;sf] rf/ j6f 5f]/f / rf/ j6L 5f]/L 5g\ .Ú
…O{Zj/n] p;nfO{ /Iff u?g\ .Ú
lhd cfˆgf] sfddf uof] .
p;n] ;f]Rof], slxn];Dd wf]sf lbO /xg] .
cfdfsf nflu p;nfO{ gofF gofF syfx? pAhfpg'
kYof]{ . x/]s ;KtfGt pm l5d]ssf] e§L k;ndf
hfGYof] .
…Hofb} ljrf/ dUg 5f}, lhdÚ Pp6f ;fyLn]
;f]Wof] . …d]/f] Pp6f ;fyLsf ;fy b'36{ gf 36\of]Ú,
lhdn] pQ/ lbof] .
Ps xKtfkl5 d]uL km]l/ cf]5o\ fg kl/g\ .
…o;kN6 t afFlRbgF .Ú
…l/DansL kTgLn] p;nfO{ 5f]8/] uO{Ú, lhdn]
3f]if0ff u/] h:t} u/L eGof] .
…s] s'g} csf]{ dflg;sf] nflu <Ú
…dnfO{ 8/ nfUof 5, oxL g} ;To xf]nf .Ú
…sf]xL l5d]sL xf] <Ú
…xf], p;sf] Kof/L ;fyL .Ú
csf]{ laxfg d]uL b'?:t lyOg\ . lhdsf nflu
/fd|f] gf:tf tof/ lyof] .
xKtf klg laTg kfPsf] lyPg km]l/ pgL la/fdL
eOg\ . …of] kN6 k|mG] 8 l/Dansf] b'j} v'§f sf/ b'36{ gfn]
nUof] . p;sf] csf]{ sfg klg uof] .Ú
lqm;d;sf] ltxf/df of] b'3{6gfn] d]uLsf]
ckm;f]r hfx]/ ub}{ /lxg\ . km]l/ pgn] ;'emfjdf
ltxf/df k|mG] 8 / p;sf aRrfx?nfO{ cfdlGqt ug{
elgg\ .
…pm cfpFbg} .Ú
…To;f] eP p;sf] vfgf s;n] agfpF5 <Ú
…s'g} ;d:of 5}g . 5f]/Ln] agfpF5] . pm kGw|
jif{sL 5] / l5d]sL Pp6L dlxnfn] d2t ul5{g\ .Ú
…s'g rflxF :jf:gL dfG5] <Ú
…;+of]un] ToxL :jf:gL dfG5] t x}g h;sf]
kltsf] ;fy l/DansL kTgL efu]sL lyO{ .Ú
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 119
 …xf]Og .Ú
…j;Gt Ct' cfO /x]Yof] . d]uL lrpF8f];Dd
cf]9gL tfg]/ la;Grf]sf] lrGtfdf la/fdL lyOg\ .
ca rflxF d'6s ' f] la/fdL eOg\ . lhdn] k|mG] 8sL
5f]/Lsf] d[To'sf] va/ lbof], d]uLn] ;a} cvaf/
x]l/g\ . s'gd } f klg pNn]v lyPg .Ú
…lsg <Ú
…k|mG] 8 x/]s lsl;dsf] k|bz{gnfO{ ?rfpFbg}
cfdfÚ, lhdn] eGof] .
…To;f] eP xfdL p;nfO{ Pp6f/ tf/ k7fcf}F .Ú
d tf/ k7fO lbG5' . ltdL lr7L n]v dWofXgdf
nu]/ 8fFs 3/df kf]:6 ul/ lbG5' .
dWofXgdf p;n] lr7L lnof] / hnfO lbof]
clg Pp6f sfNklgs lr7L cfˆgL cfdfsf gfddf,
8lAngsf] sfNklgs 7]ufgf /fv]/ k7fO lbof] . Tof]
Hofb} /fd|f] 6lgs ;flat eof] . d]uL km]l/ s}og\
xKtfsf nflu tª\lu|g\ .
h;} c;/ sd x'g nfUbYof], lhdn] Pp6f
aRrfnfO{ ljif}n] vfgfaf6 d[t 3f]lift ul/ lbGYof],
csf]{nfO{ b'3{6gfaf6, t];|f]nfO{ cfuf]df hnfP/
df¥of] . of] cfuf]n] k|mG] 8sf] 3/ hNof] / efUojz
pm aRof] . afFsL b'O{ aRrfsf] d[To'sf] c;/ d]uLdf
ulx/f] ?kdf k¥of] .
u[id laTof], hf8f] cfof] . d]uL km]l/ cf]5o\ fg
kl/g\ . 8fS6/x?n] pgL :j:Yo 5g\ eg] t/ pgnfO{
ljZjf; lyof], pgsf] 3fF6Ldf SofG;/ 5 . s}og\
xKtf laTof] . lhd Jofs'n eof] . hf] ;Gt'li6 p;nfO{
ldn]sf] lyof] Tof] ctLtsf] s'/f eO ;s]sf] lyof] .
Ps /ft pm e§L k;naf6 kms]/{ cfpFb} ubf{ Hofb}
;
;dsfnLg ;flxTo ÷÷ 120
k|1f–ultljlw
web source: www.khasskhass.com
pQ]lht lyof] . jf:tjdf pm s'/fsf] em6f/f]
ˆofFSg]jfnf lyof], Tof] klg cflv/L .
…w]/} eofjx va/ 5Ú, p;n] cfˆgL cfdfnfO{
;"lrt u¥of] .
cfdf r'k /lxg\ .
…k|mG] 8 l/Dansf] b]xfGt eof] .Ú
pgdf va/sf] k'/f c;/ k¥of] . pgL l;wf
al;g\ .
…s;/L eof] <Ú pgn] O{Zj/;Fu bofsf] sfdgf
/fVb} ;f]lwg\ .
…elgG5, p;sf] d'6' g} 7Kk ePsf] lyof] /] .Ú
…cf]xf] Û lar/f . ===Ú
s]xL lbgkl5 elTsPsf] rr{df uP/ pgn]
zflGtsf] nflu k|fy{gf ul/g\ . d]uL c:ktfnaf6
3/ kms]/{ cfOg\ . kms{gf;fy pgn] vfgf tof/
ul/g\ . /ftL km]l/ pgL cf]5o\ fg kl/g\ . …s] eof] <
lhdn] l/;fP/ eGof]Ú bz ldg]6 klxn] t ltdL Hofb}
v';L lyof} / ltdLn] xnLn] vfP h:tf] ul/ e/k]6
vfPsL klg lyof} .Ú …yfxf 5, dnfO{ yfxf 5Ú,
sdhf]/L k|blz{t ub}{ elgg\, …d]/f] klg lbn 7Kk x'g]
xf] ls h:tf] nfUof 5 .Ú
…r'k nfu .Ú
…xf]Og === xf]Og ===Ú pgn] elgg\, …cGTosf]
k|ltIff ul/ /x]5' .Ú ;fFem lhd pbf; d'v nufP/
e§Ldf a;]sf] lyof] . …dnfO{ x]/ Dof6Ú, p;n] Pp6f
;fyLnfO{ eGof], …dnfO{ x]//] eg t d sf] x'F <Ú
…d]/f] ;fyL, d]/f] l5d]sL .Ú
…xf]Og, xf]Og Û o:tf] dfG5] h;n] cfˆgf]
;fyLnfO{ df¥of] .Ú
-cg'= 8f= /fdljqmd l;hfklt_