C.Teleman_I.C.E.

_IV_LECTURE 3
STEEL STRUCTURES 3_
SPECIFIC ELEMENTS OF STEEL INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
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 STEEL SHEET ROOFING AND CLADDING

• Profiled steel sheet as a cladding for roofs and sidewalls

 Main properties: strength, lightweight, durability, ease/speed of erection and low
cost
 There are recommendations for the slopes of the roofing, for ex:
A) Long corrugated sheets with no end laps between ridge and eaves; long sheets in

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STEEL STRUCTURES 3_
other profiles-trough, tiles, with no end laps between ridge and eaves 50;
B) Unprotected profiled sheets where end laps are necessary 150 .
• The resistance of a cladding sheet to longitudinal bending  proportional with the
depth of the corrugation and the gauge thickness;
• The strength of the sheet  proportional with the section modulus of the profile;
• The stiffness of the sheet  proportional to the moment of inertia of the profile
section.
 The design of the appropriate thickness of the cladding sheet is based on the tables
offered by the producers, depending on the total weight on the roof and on the spans
of the cover sheet. The cladding may be sustained continuously by three, four or
several supports or it may be simply supported. 2
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 STRUCTURE OF THE ROOF AND CLADDING

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PURLINS FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
• Purlins are beams that sustain the layers of a flat roof or the cladding of a sloping roof of the
buildings
• They may be simply supported or continuous beams.
• Types of sections: hot rolled sections, cold formed sections, laced sections
• The connection between the parts of a continuous purlin may be welded at site or bolted

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PURLINS SUPPORTS ON RAFTERS

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Details of supports of purlins on trusses –simply supported purlins

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The purlins made up from Castella beams sections have a greater moment capacity (about 50%
more) than the hot rolled sections; purlins made of trusses (lattice girders) are placed vertically and
make an economy of about 40%

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Different types of sections for purlins placed on wider bays:
a)- Castellated sections; b)- lattice girders; c)- knee braced purlins;
d)- knee braced lattice girders; e)-purlins with hangers; f)- purlins placed alternatively
 PURLIN DESIGN . ACTIONS. COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS

Crt.nr. Actions for design Nominal Value Safety factor Design Value

1. (Gk,1): Self-weight - gp,k [daN/m2]·a*[m]; [daN/m] ** 0,9-1,35 gp,d

*

2. (Gk,2): Weight of roof sheeting (decking) – gsh,k/cosα gsh,k·a gsh,k·a

[daN/m2]·a[m]

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STEEL STRUCTURES 3_
3. (Gk,3): Weight of building service equipment (electric cables) – ge,k·a ge,k·a
ge,k [daN/m2]·a[m]

4. (Qk,1): Snow deposit on the roof- gid,k·a 1,5 gid,k·a

Sk [daN/m2]·a[m]

5. (Qk,2): Weight of industrial dust deposit- gid,k [daN/m2]·a[m] pzn·a 1,05 Sk·a

6. (Qk,3): Wind pressure****- pvnn [daN/m2]·a[m] pvnn·a 1,05 pvnn·a

ULS: ΣG,jGk,j +Q,1Qk,1+ΣQ,i0,i Qk,i qk[daN/m] qd[daN/m]

SLS: ΣGk,j +Qk,1+Σ0,i Qk,i

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 THE SIMPLY SUPPORTED PURLIN

The purlins are members subjected to skew bending. The two components of these loads
projected in the plane of the cross section on the axes of the profile are:

q y ,k ( d )  qk ( d )  cos   wk ( d ) ; q z ,k ( d )  qk ( d )  sin 

Simply supported purlins with sag-rods

Sag-rods are used in the cases of heavier loading, greater slopes or bigger stresses

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STEEL STRUCTURES 3_
(σ>500daN/m2). They will be used only in the case when they clearly determine an
economy in the steel consumption, that is if the section of the purlin simply supported
without a rod is the result if the strength or slenderness condition.
Sag -rods take a part of the loads acting in the plane of the roof (qz) being internal
supports of the purlins in this plane. Both ends of the rod are threaded in order to be
screwed between two running purlins and fixed with nuts at the building site.

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DESIGN OF PURLIN WITH ONE SAG ROD : SIZING AND VERIFICATIONS RELATIONSHIPS
M y,Ed  k  M z , Ed
 Sizing from skew bending resistance condition: Wxnec 
f y /  M0
 Verifications:
 M y ,I,Ed M y,II ,Ed  kM z ,II ,Ed 
M y,Ed M z ,Ed Wy,nec  max  ; 
  f y /  M0  fy /  M f y /  M0 
Wel, y Wel,z  0 
a) Strength:
M y,Ed M z ,Ed M y,I,Ed fy M y,II ,Ed M z ,II ,Ed fy
  f y /  M0  ;  
Wpl, y Wpl,z Wy M 0
Wy Wz M 0

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l2
M y ,I,Ed  q y ,d  ; M z ,I  0
8
l2
M y ,II ,Ed  q y ,d  3  ; M z ,II ,Ed  q y ,d 
1.2l 
2

32 32
Vmax, y,Ed fy
l fy  max   Sy 
Vmax, y ,Ed  q y Vmax,Ed  Vpl,Rd  A v t w  Iy 3   M0
2 3   M0

5 M y,Ek  l 5 M z ,Ek  l
2 2

b) Stiffness: f y , I  f a ; f II  f 2
y , II f 2
z , II  fa fy   ;f z 
48 E  I y,gross 48 E  I z ,gross

max  max  y , z   a  250 12

c) Slenderness: lfy l l l
y   ; z  f z 
iy iy iz 2iz
 SAG RODS DESIGN

a) One sag rod

 
4 N max
N max  max N n1 , N n d0 
  Rt
n
N n 1   Vi  n  1.5  V ;
i 1
n
 n  0.5  V 
l l
N n   Vi 
i 1 2 cos  2 cos 

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STEEL STRUCTURES 3_
l
V  1.25  q z 
2

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DESIGN OF PURLIN WITH TWO SAG RODS : SIZING AND VERIFICATIONS RELATIONSHIPS

M y  kM z
Wy,nec 
f y /  M0

M y,I M z ,I
  f y /  M0
Wy,n Wz ,n

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M y, I
l2
 q y  ; M z , I  qz 
1.3  l 3 2

8 8

fI  f y2, I  f z2,I  f a
N max  N n  n  0.5 
V l
;V  1.1  q y 
cos 
5 M z , I  l 3
3
5 M y, I  l
2 2

f y, I   ; f z,I  
48 E  I y , gross 48 E  I z , gross

max  max  y , z   a
lfy l l l3
y   ; z  f z 
iy iy iz iz
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 PURLINS AS CONTINUOUS BEAMS

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 PURLINS AS CONTINUOUS BEAMS
WITH REDISTRIBUTION OF BENDING MOMENTS ON THE SUPPORTS
The static scheme of continuous beams is most rational especially in the case when there are more than 5 bays along the
building and also, the bays have equal dimensions

M y ,I  0.0779  q y  l 2 ; M z ,I  0.12  q z  l 2  M  kM z , I M y , II  kM z , II M y , III 

Wy , nec  max  y , I , , 
 1.1R 1.1R R 
M y ,II  0.0724  q y  l 2 ; M z ,II  0.125  q z  l 2
M y ,III  0.1053  q y  l 2 ; M z ,III  0

M y ,I,Ed M z ,I,Ed M y ,II ,Ed M z ,II ,Ed

  f y /  M0 ;   f y /  M0 ;
Wy ,n Wz ,n Wy ,n Wz ,n

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M y ,III ,Ed
 f y /  M0 ;
Wy ,n
VEd
 Sy  f y / 3   M 0
t w  I y,n

q y ,k  l 4
f y  f q  f M  0.00307  ;
I y ,gross
5 q y ,k  l q y,k  l 4 5 M q max,k  l M q max,k  l 2
4 2

fq    0.0062     0.00476 
384 E  I y ,gross I y ,gross 48 E  I y ,gross I y ,gross
q y ,k  l 4 M q ,s , k  l 2
f M s  0.00313   0.002976 
I y ,gross I y ,gorss
max  max  y , z   a  250
5 q z ,k  l
4
q l 4 16
fz    0.00621  z ,k ; lfy 0.7l l l
384 E  I z ,gross I z ,gross y   ; z  f z 
iy iy iz iz
f  f  f  fa
2
y
2
z
 CONTINUOUS PURLIN IN PLASTIC DOMAIN

M pl,Ed
Wy,nec 
f y /  M0

M pl, Ed VEd
 f y /  M0 ;  f y / 3  M0 ;
W pl, y Avz
VEd  0.5  q y  l;VEd  0.5 V pl, Rd

max  max  y , z   a  250

q y ,k l 4
f  f q y  f M s  0.00151   fa

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STEEL STRUCTURES 3_
I y ,gross
lfy 0.5l l l
y   ; z  f z  M q ,k ,max q y,k l 4
iy iy iz iz f q y  0.0496   0.00621 
I y ,gross I y ,gross
M q ,k ,max q y ,k l 4
f M s  0.05952   0.0047 
I y ,gross I y ,gross
M q ,max  0.125  q y ,k l 2 ; M s  0.0789  q y ,k  l 2

CONSOLIDATION IN THE FIRST BAY

M1 h
Wy1,nec  ; I1y,nec  Wy1,nec  ; I re inf orcing  I1y,nec  I y
f y /  M0 2 17

Continuous purlin considering the plastic reserves of the sections:

a)- moments for design; b) and c)- consolidation of the cross sections in the first span
 STABILITY VERIFICATIONS-I METHOD

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 STABILITY VERIFICATIONS-II SIPLIFIEDMETHOD FOR DISCRETE RESTRAINTS
Barele încovoiate a căror talpă comprimată este prevăzută cu legături transversale discrete nu trebuie
verificate la stabilitate generală dacă lungimea Lc dintre legături sau zveltetea a tălpii comprimate  f
echivalente, definită mai jos, satisface următoarea conditie:

în care:
Lc - lungimea barei încovoiate între legături (distanta dintre legături);
My,Ed este valoarea de calcul maximă a momentului încovoietor între legături;

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fy
M c , Rd  Wy
M 1

Wy - modulul de rezistentă în raport cu talpa comprimată;

kc - factorul de corectie al zveltetii, care tine seamă de distributia momentului de încovoiere între
legături (tab. 6.6 EN 1993-1-1)
if,z - raza de giratie a sectiunii formate de talpa comprimată a grinzii plus o treime din partea
comprimată a inimii, în raport cu axa minimă de inertie a sectiunii;
c ,0 - parametrul de zveltete limită a tălpi comprimate echivalente
I eff , f c 0  LT ,0  0.1
E 
235 i f ,z 
1    93.9 fy Aeff , f
1
 Aeff , w,c
fy 3

f
Dacă depăseste limita dată, atunci momentul capabil al barei încovoiate pentru flambaj prin
încovoiere – răsucire poate fi calculat astfel:
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f
M b, Rd  k fl    M c, Rd M b, Rd  M c, Rd   f  f 
kfl = 1.1
 STABILITY VERIFICATIONS-III METHOD
FOR CONTINUOUS RESTRAINTS ON THE TOP FLANGE
Dacă o tablă cu profil trapezoidal (ex. notatie, LTP20/0.7) este fixată pe o grindă, această grindă poate
fi considerată ca fixată lateral în planul tablei, la nivelul legăturilor, dacă conditia este îndeplinită:

unde:
S - este rigiditatea la forfecare conferită grinzii de către tablă, în raport cu deformatia acesteia în planul
tablei, considerată fixată în dreptul fiecărei nervuri;
Iw - este moment de inertie sectorial al grinzii;
It - este moment de inertie la răsucire al grinzii;

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Iz - este moment de inertie la încovoiere a sectiunii transversale a grinzii în raport cu axa slabă;
L - este lungimea grinzii;
h - este înăltimea grinzii;
Dacă tabla este fixată doar în dreptul unei nervuri din două, S se va înlocui cu 0,20S.
S, rigiditatea la forfecare în planul tablei se determina conform EN 1993 – 1 – 3 (§ 10.1.1 (10)):

unde:
S - este rigiditatea la forfecare conferită grinzii de către tablă, în raport cu deformatia acesteia în planul
tablei, considerată fixată în dreptul fiecărei nervuri; 22
bac – lungimea tablei – deschiderea panei;
s – deschiderea tablei – distanta intre doua pane consecutive;
htw - este înăltimea tablei cutate.
 PURLINS MADE OF CASTELLA SECTIONS

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 KNEE BRACED PURLINS

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Purlins with hangers

Knee-braced pulins

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Purlins made of lattice girders with braces: a- in compression; b-in tension
 Purlins placed alternatively

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 Purlins made of trusses

Lattice systems for trusses: sections of steel used for purlins

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 The connections between the purlins and truss

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Prinderea panelor cu inima plina de ferme: a- profil UPN; b- profil IPN; c- sectiune sudata

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Prinderea de ferma a panelor cu zabrele
 The steel structure of the sidewalls

STEEL STRUCTURES 3_
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