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CHEMISTRY
Introduction:
Organic Halogen compounds contain one or more halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br or I). This attached
to a hydrocarbon chain and organic halogen compounds does not occur naturally.The halogen
atom modifies the un-reactive hydrocarbon chain and make it more t reactive. The carbon-
halogen bond is polar. This does not make a big difference to the physical properties of the
compounds. All halogenoalkanes are immiscible with water and dissolve in organic compounds.
All reactions of halogenoalkanes involve the breaking of the carbon-halogen bond. The bond
energies are stronger higher up the group and as the halogens are smaller.When move down the
group seven elements, the C-Hal bond gets weaker. Hence the compounds get more
reactive.Chloro compounds are un-reactive and so stay in the environment for a long time.Bromo
and Iodo compounds are reactive. This makes them useful as intermediates in organic
compound synthesis. Substitution reactions take place with the halogenoalkanes.Substution
reaction turns the halogen into a halide ion. Then to test for that ion with silver nitrate solution.
The halogenoalkane is warmed with a mixture of ethanol and water. The halogen atom is
displaced as a halide ion:
R-X + H2O R-OH + H+ + X-
(Where R = alkyl or aryl group; X= halogen atom)
Various precipitates formed from the reaction between the silver and halide ions:
Ag+(aq) + X-(aq) AgX(s)
After some time, the precipitates appear as halide ions react with the silver ions present. The
quicker the precipitate appears, the more reactive the halogenoalkane.
Apparatus:5 test-tubes fitted with corks, test-tube rack, measuring cylinder (10 cm3), teat-
pipette water -bath and stop watch.