DE LA SALE UNIVERSITY – DASMARINAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

LESSON 2:
SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM
RELATIONSHIPS

PREPARED BY:
ENGR. ONOFRE E. ALGARA, JR.
OBJECTIVES
1. State the general format of a sinusoidal voltage or current.
2. Determine the instantaneous value, peak value and peak-to-peak value of a
sinusoidal voltage or current.
3. Explain the phase relation between sinusoidal waveforms.
4. Define and compute the average values and effective values of time-varying
waveforms.
5. Define and compute for the form factor and peak factor of a waveform.
6. Determine the characteristics of superimposed DC and AC voltages.
7. Identify the characteristics of basic non-sinusoidal waveforms.
GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM

The basic mathematical formula for the sinusoidal waveform is

GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM

• Am is the peak value of the waveform and a is the unit of measure for
the vertical axis.

• a is the angle through which the coil sides will pass (determined by the
angular velocity of the rotating vector and the length of time the vector
rotates, equal to wt )
• w is the angular velocity which is the velocity with which the coil sides
rotates about the center
GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM
For electrical quantities such as current and voltage, the general format is

where the capital letters with the subscript m represent the amplitude and the
lowercase letters i and e or v represents the instantaneous value of current or
voltage, respectively, at any time t.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A 100-Hz sinusoidal voltage source has an amplitude of 150 volts.
Write the equation for e as a function of time.
2. Determine the following:
a. the angle at which the magnitude of the sinusoidal function
v =10 sin 377t is 4V.
b. the time at which the magnitude is attained.
PHASE RELATIONS
Phase of a Sine Wave - an angular measurement that specifies the position of that
sine wave relative to a reference. (Phase Reference)
PHASE RELATIONS
If the waveform passes through the horizontal axis with a positive-going (increasing
with time) slope before 0°, the expression is
PHASE RELATIONS
If the waveform passes through the horizontal axis with a positive-going slope after
0°, the expression is
PHASE RELATIONS
The sine wave and the cosine wave phase relationship:
PHASE RELATIONS
PHASE RELATIONS
Geometric relationship between various forms of the sine and cosine functions:
PHASE RELATIONS
PHASE RELATIONS
PHASE RELATIONS
SAMPLE PROBLEM
AVERAGE VALUE
AVERAGE VALUE
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SINE WAVE AVERAGES
SINE WAVE AVERAGES
SINE WAVE AVERAGES
EFFECTIVE VALUE
EFFECTIVE VALUE
EFFECTIVE VALUE
EFFECTIVE VALUE
EFFECTIVE VALUE
EFFECTIVE VALUE
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM
FORM FACTOR
SUPERIMPOSED AC AND DC
SUPERIMPOSED AC AND DC
NON-SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS
NON-SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS
NON-SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS
COMPLEX WAVEFORMS
COMPLEX WAVEFORMS
COMPLEX WAVEFORMS
COMPLEX WAVEFORMS
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM
PRACTICE PROBLEM
PRACTICE PROBLEM
PRACTICE PROBLEM
PRACTICE PROBLEM