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2, APRIL 2013
Abstract—In this paper, we present the design and imple- choice to visualize abnormal epileptiform discharges in patients
mentation of a wireless wearable electronic system dedicated to with epilepsy [4]. Continuous EEG monitoring is commonly
remote data recording for brain monitoring. The reported wire- used for the diagnosis and monitoring of convulsive or non-con-
less recording system is used for a) simultaneous near-infrared
spectrometry (NIRS) and scalp electro-encephalography (EEG) vulsive status epilepticus and assessment of ongoing therapy for
for noninvasive monitoring and b) intracerebral EEG (icEEG) the treatment of seizures in such patients [5], [6]. Some patients
for invasive monitoring. Bluetooth and dual radio links were may benefit from epilepsy surgery if the epileptogenic zone
introduced for these recordings. The Bluetooth-based device was (EZ) can be identified and resected without harm. There are two
embedded in a noninvasive multichannel EEG-NIRS system for steps for epileptogenic zone localization: a) noninvasive, and b)
easy portability and long-term monitoring. On the other hand, the
32-channel implantable recording device offers 24-bit resolution, invasive brain signal monitoring. The noninvasive monitoring
tunable features, and a sampling frequency up to 2 kHz per can roughly estimate seizure activation region. Moreover, due to
channel. The analog front-end preamplifier presents low input-re- the limited spatial or temporal resolution of currently available
ferred noise of 5 and a signal-to-noise ratio of 112 dB. noninvasive localization techniques, accurate delineation of the
The communication link is implemented using a dual-band radio EZ may sometimes be arduous, particularly with non-lesional
frequency transceiver offering a half-duplex 800 kb/s data rate,
16.5 mW power consumption and less than post-correction refractory epilepsy. Therefore, following noninvasive studies,
Bit-Error Rate (BER). The designed system can be accessed and an invasive EEG recordings may be necessary prior to resective
controlled by a computer with a user-friendly graphical interface. surgery. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which can mon-
The proposed wireless implantable recording device was tested in itor local changes in cerebral blood volume and oxygenation
vitro using real icEEG signals from two patients with refractory noninvasively [7], [8], is used both in research to identify areas
epilepsy. The wirelessly recorded signals were compared to the
original signals recorded using wired-connection, and measured involved in cognitive tasks [9], [10] and in clinical settings to
normalized root-mean square deviation was under 2%. monitor cerebral oxygenation during cardiac or carotid surgeries
[11], [12]. Long-term invasive monitoring, over 2–3 weeks, are
Index Terms—Bluetooth and dual radio links, brain imaging,
electroencephalography (EEG), embedded systems, intracerebral performed in epilepsy centers to record seizures in order to de-
EEG, near-infrared spectrometry, refractory epilepsy, wearable lineate the area of seizure onset for curative resection [3], [5],
bioelectronics, wireless data recording. [13] and low-noise preamplifiers would be beneficiary for this
application [14]–[16].
During these monitoring sessions, patients are connected to
I. INTRODUCTION
relatively bulky machines in a small controlled environment.
Wireless portable devices could provide important benefits [3].
Fig. 8. Measured NIRS recordings. (a) NIRS baseline signal. (b) Sensor placement and average HbO concentrations for the visual task. (c) Averaged relative
changes of concentration (dConcentration) of HbO and HbR for the visual task. (d) Topographic reconstruction of hemodynamic changes. (e) Placement of sensors
for motor task. (f) Averaged relative changes of concentration (dConcentration) of HbO and HbR for motor task.
IV. CONCLUSION
We have demonstrated a wireless portable EEG-NIRS
system for functional brain imaging that allows the trans-
mission of 8 EEG and 32 NIRS channels through Bluetooth
connection. The preliminary experimental results have showed
enough sensibility to observe hemodynamic activations and
adequate autonomy for 24-hour. Also, we have presented a new
multichannel wireless icEEG recording system for epilepsy
presurgical evaluation. We demonstrated that proposed im-
plantable module offers great tuneability, with programmable
gain, input-referred noise of 0.5 VRMS, sampling frequency
up to 2 ks/s for 32 channels of uncompressed and low dis-
tortion (NRMSD under 2%) icEEG signals. The C# program
based GUI offers easy remote control and tuneability over the
implantable system, communicating in both directions with a
MICS band transceiver. The RF link has shown suited relia-
bility with corrected BER lower than for a raw channel
quality of . We also have demonstrated that proposed
architecture is scalable, and the 128 channels target could be
obtained with a custom System-on-chip device.
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Islamic University of Technology, Board Bazar,
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SAWAN et al.: WIRELESS RECORDING SYSTEMS: FROM NONINVASIVE EEG-NIRS TO INVASIVE EEG DEVICES 195
Sébastien Gélinas received the B.A.Sc. degree techniques, namely: diffuse optical imaging, OCT, two-photon microscopy and
in electrical engineering from Université Laval, intrinsic optical imaging.
Quebec City, QC, Canada, in 2006.
Currently, he is working toward the M.A.Sc. de-
gree in electrical engineering at École Polytechnique
de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. His work with Maryse Lassonde received the B.S. degree in psy-
Polystim Neurotechnologies, Montreal, QC, Canada, chology from the Université de Montréal, Montreal,
focuses on low-power wireless systems for brain QC, Canada, and the Ph.D. degree from Stanford
imaging applications. He interned at École Nationale University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Supérieure des Télécommunications, Paris, France, She became a Professor at the Université du
in 2005 and at Université Laval in 2002, focusing on Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR, 1977–1988),
image and signal processing techniques. Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada, and then at the Uni-
versité de Montréal. Since the beginning of her
career, she has been associated with several research
centers, among them the Sainte-Justine University
Phetsamone Vannasing received the Electrophysi- Hospital Center and the Centre de Recherche en
ology degree (E.P.M) from Ahuntsic College, Mon- Neuropsychologie et Cognition. She has authored five books, more than 200
treal, QC, Canada, in 1989. book chapters, and articles in scientific journals.
After graduation, she worked in different electro- Dr. Lassonde is a Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association (1994),
physiology fields with pediatric and adult popula- of the Royal Society of Canada (1997), of the Canadian Academy of Health
tions. She joined CHU Sainte-Justine mère-enfant, Sciences (2010), and holds a Canada Research Chair in Developmental Neu-
Montreal, QC, Canada, in 1993. She has worked ropsychology since 2001. She has received several other awards and distinc-
as a Research Coordinator at the optical imaging tions. Among them, she was named Knight, National Order of Quebec in 1999
laboratory as well as the electrophysiology sensory and Officer of the Order of Canada in 2012. She is a member of several editorial
and cognitive laboratories. Her work consists of committees and was named honorary professor at the University of Auckland
teaching technical aspects and data analyses of NIRS and at the Université de Paris V in 2007. In January 2012, she became the Sci-
and electrophysiology to doctoral and master’s degree candidates. entific Director of the Quebec Science and Technology granting agency.
Frédéric Lesage received the Ph.D. degree in Dang K. Nguyen received the M.D. degree from the
theoretical physics at Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
France, and CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Currently, he is an Associate Professor of medicine
Currently, he is an Associate Professor in the at the Université de Montréal, where he completed
Department of Electrical Engineering at École his neurology residency, with expertise in epilepsy.
Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. He practices at Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC,
He did a postdoctoral fellowship at the University Canada, where he acts as the Director of the Epilepsy
of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. He Monitoring Unit. His research interests focus on the
then worked for Advanced Research Technologies study of medically intractable epilepsies. He and
Inc. in molecular imaging. His research interests collaborators are developing and evaluating novel
include molecular imaging based on fluorescence methods to better localize the epileptogenic zone
and photoacoustic, and brain imaging using hemodynamic signals and diverse and allowing its surgical resection in refractory cases.