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    Greek grammar

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    Greek grammar

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    392 просмотров160 страниц

    Reading Greek Text and Vocabulary

    Загружено:

    haritol1979
    Greek grammar

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
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    t published in 1978, Reading Greek has become a best. selling one-year introductory course in ancient Greek for students and adults. It combines the best of modern and Tce ee eer se cee Cea widely in schools, summer schools and universities across the world. It has also been translated into several Po eee eee eee adapted entitely ftom ancient authors, including Cece e eatery ew Cece ee pee ee order to encourage students rapidly to develop their reading si eran Soe a eee en eet numerous illustrations, students will receive a good introduction to Greck culture, and especialy that of Cree aCe reece ete Is. Generous suppo! Sonn Con een arse eared numerous exercises at different levels, Greek-English and English-Greek vocabularies, a substantial reference oe Ten Ese Cea CAMBRIDGE Rivas oesg say Seer deal Bu Cir ‘Asejnqer0A pur axa. iy Foto nn Bee aU eat eet ed Reading Greek Text and Vocabulary Ec Reading Greek TEXT AND VOCABULARY Secon epiniex First published in 1978, Readling Greek has become a best-selling one-year introduc- tory course in ancient Greek for students and adults. It combines the best of modern and traditional language-learing techniques and is used widely in schools, summer schools and universities across the world. It has also been translated into several foreign languages. This volume contains a narrative adapted authors, including Herodotus, Euripides, Aristophanes and Demosthenes, in order to encourage students rapidly to develop their reading skills. Generous support is provided with vocabulary. At the same time, through the texts and numerous trations, students will receive a good introduction to Greek culture, and especi that of Classical Athens. The accompanying Grammar and Exereises volume pro- vides full grammatical suppor together with numerous exercises at different levels, and English-Greek vocabularies, a substantial reference grammar and language surveys. THE JOINT ASSOCIATION OF CLASSICAL TEACHERS’ GREEK COURSE Reading Greek TEXT AND VOCABULARY SECOND EDITION S§ CAMBRIDGE ‘Cambridge. New York, Melbourne, Madeid, Cape Town, Singapoce, So Paulo Press Cambridge C82 8RU, UK Published ithe United States of America by Cambridge Univesity Press, New York worweambridge-org Information on this le: wovw.cembridge or /978052 1698511 © The Join. Association of Classical Teachers’ Greek Course 1978, 2007 ‘This publication is in copyright. Subject o statutory exception and the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, 10 reproduction of any part may take place the writen permission of Camixdge University Press. Fist edition published 1978 “Twonty-seven 2007 Second edition published 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom ac the University Press, Cambridge ‘A coralegue record for this publication is avaiable from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-69851-1 paperbeck ty Pros has no responsibility force persistence or accuraey Part Two Port Three Part Four Contents Foreword Preface to the second edition ix Acknowledgements xii Notes on illustrations xvi Notes io the second edition xxvii Athens at sea ‘Section One A-J: The insurance seam Section Two A-D: The glorious past Moral decay? Section Four A-D: Lawlessness in Athenian life Section Five A-D, Section Six A-D: ‘Socrates comupts the young” Section Seven A-H: Socrates and intellectual inquiry Athens through the comic poet’s eyes Sect WA-C: Aristophanes” Biyds and visions of Utopia Scetion Nine A-I: Aristophanes’ Wasps Section Ten A-B: Aristophanes’ Lysistrata Section Eleven A~C: Aristophanes’ Akhariane ‘Women in Athenian society Sections Twelve to Fourteen: The prosecution of Neaira Section Twelve A-I: Neaira as slave ‘Section Thirteen A-I: Neaira as married woman ‘Section Fourteen A-F: Guarding a woman's purity Section Fifteen A-C: Alkestis in Euripides’ play Athenian views of justice ‘Sections Sixteen to Seventeen: Official and private justice Section Sixteen A-H: Official justice: ships, state and individuals Section Seventeen A~E: Private justice: trouble down at the farm Section Bightcen A-E: How Zeus gave justice to men 2 30 4 a 33 2 89 90. 120 130 138 140 144 161 175 183 190 wh 192 204 218 Part Six Gods, fate and man Section Nineteen A-F: The story of Adrastos ‘Seven Homeric hero and heroine Section Twenty A-G: Odysseus and Nausikas ‘A total Greek-English vocabulary of all words to be learnt Finding the lexicon form of a verb Convention List of proper names, 25 27 243, 246 261 261 268 287 Foreword possible to compose an Ancient Greek course which would satisfy that criterion substantially better than any course already ex ‘There would have been Greek ure on Greek cont there was a gap ‘waiting for a bridge. Bridges cost money, and when an appeal for £40,000 was launched at the beginning of 1974 by Dr Michael Ramsey and others it was ate to wonder how the cause of Greek would fare in competition with sts were justified: by November £63,000 had been than compensated forthe effect of inflation after due to hundreds of individuals, to many schools, colleges, and in particular to the Leverhulme Trust Fund, the Ernest Cook Trust and the Cambridge University Faculty of Classis. It would not have been difficult to compile yet another systematic descriptive ‘Anyone who learns Greek by the first of those two ways will take a very long time to reach the point of reading a genuine Greek text; on the way he will nore grammatical knowledge than he needs and much an he needs of Greek thought and feeling. The technique of compiling a deseriptive grammar for reference purposes and the tech Foreword roducing a learner to a language are ute | misunderstanding — are very high, ‘The Project course has been composed and scrutinised by people who care reryone thinks is right. The Project Panel have been compelled ‘may arise on which one man’s suce! ‘Team has been from frst nother man’s cold cabbage. The resourceful, prompt and cheerful in the face of technical difficul hey have many good reasons to prove, forthe majority of leamers, a straighter and shorter path than any of Greek literature as the Greeks themselves knew it Preface to the second e ‘The Joint Association of Classical Teachers’ Greek Course Reading Greek has ), coupled with a grammar ich ruae in phase with the fh review and ‘us indices. ‘The use of the Course iudents should be encouraged accurate understanding, ead the Texr with as mucl possible. The aroun! Preface tothe second ‘The design of the Course makes ime with their teachers each raded reading, supported by fi plenty of reading which they can do on their own Independent learners Students working on their own will be helped through the course by Ar Independe ro Reading Greek (second edition, 2008), Further help Peter Jones, Lear Ancient Greek (Duckworth/Barnes and Noble, 1998) isa very basics of ancient Greek which has proved a Dictionary James Morwood, Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek (Oxford 2001), After Reading Greek Reading Greek prepares students to read mainstream fifth- and fourth-century Altic, Homer and Herodotus. ‘The second partof the Course consists of three volumes -tw0 trated) and a vocabulary - again published by Cambridge Univers the general ubsic of 'The Joint Association of Classical Teacher series, Bach text consists of 600-900 line selections fromm ‘with facing-page voeebolary and notes: Sophocles. , Thucydides and Plato, literatute, The World of Athens (second edition, 2008) Published in 1984 and now completely revised by Professor Robin Osbomne (King's College Ci Preface to the second edition x provides an up-to-6 history, culture and cated and clearly-written introduction to the 1 Wos these casts. Acknowledgements to the original edi Reading Greek (1978) ‘Treasurer, President, Hughes Hall, Cambridge), ACF. Verity (Headmaster, Leeds Grammar School); Miss E.P. Story (Hughes Hall, Cambridge). Advisory Panel: G.L. Cawkwell (University College, Oxford); Dr J. Chadwick (Downing College, Cambridge); Professor A. College, Oxford); ‘year during the period 1974-8 while the Course was ‘divided up into sub-committees to give specific help to the Project Team on cet tain aspects of the Course, as follows: Teer: KA.D.j B.WH | AMD; AHS. (who, with K.D., have kindly made ind- ‘vidual contributions to the Reference Grammar and Language Surveys). Bxercises: MGB RMG ACR. Background: GL: 8. Ebbesen (Copenhagen, De ); Professor A S. Henry (Monash, Aust Professor HLA. Thompson (Princeton, USA.) ike to stress the immense debt of gratitude which we all owe to the icc, Advisory Panel and our overseas advisers. But we would also lke to make it lear that he final decisions about every aspect ofthe Course and any errors of omission and commission are the sole responsibility ofthe Team, ly acknowledge the help and advice of Professor D. W. Packard NN, Carolina, U.S.A.) on the use ofthe computer in analysing and Acknomledgaments ii printing Greek; and of Dr John Dawson of the Cambridge University Literary and Linguistic Computing Laboratory, who made available co the Computer Centre for printing and analysing draft material in the easly stages of the Project. We have learat a great deal from members of the Team who produced the (Cambridge Latin Course, and are extremely gratef your best thanks centres bo! Greek Summer School in Cheltentam, who allowed us to use our ms ‘School forthe throe years while the Course was being developed, Peter V Jones (Director) ‘The second edition of Reading Greek (2007) ‘The main features of the revised. Reading Greek was original fen on the assumption that its users would mow Latin. Tempora mutancur ~ it has now been revised on the assumption that they do not, and in the light of the experiences of those using the course over neatly thirty years. While the overall structure of the course and its reading. ‘matter remain the same, the most important changes ar: Text 1, ‘The running and learning vocabularies are naw in the Text on the same pages tions of The World of Athens (Second edition) relevant to the story-line and. issues under discussion, Asa result ofthese 1 fora Acknowledgements ‘and historical background of the Test are dis- jon Five has been split into two sections, Five and Six. AS @ result, there are now twenty sections tothe course. ‘and re-designed. The aim has ion to some basics of English grammae and its terruinol- nt Greek, mposed for those who have never learnt ‘out more generous on the eye. Exercises accompany the explanations of each new used to provide item of grammar. IF instant feed-back 4, Deck 0 down, been abanconed. ‘Acknowledgements ‘The revision was conducted under the aegis of a sub-committee of the Joint ‘Association of Classical Teachers’ Greek Commitee, the body that invented the idea ofthe Project and oversaw it from ts inception in 1974, The sub-committee consisted of Professor David Langslow (University of Manchester, chairman), Dr Peter Jones (Course Director), Dr Andzew Morrison (University of Manchester), James Morwood (Wadham College, Oxford), Dr James Robson (Open University), Dr John Taylor (Tonbridge School), Dr Naoko Yamagata (Open University). Dr James Clackson (Jesus College, Cambridge) and Adrian Spooner (Manegement Consultan} po years and took decisions Jones, while the Language Surveys were revised by Professor David Langslow. Members of the sub-committee read and commented on virtually everything. Professor Brian Sparkes (University of Southampton) again advised on the iMlustrations. We are grateful to the students and tutors atthe 2006 JACT Greck Surmmer School in Bryanston for giving a thorough testing to the first half of the revised course in draft form, especially to Anthony Bowen (Jesus College, Cambridge) and to Dr Janet Watson for work on the proofs. ‘Cambridge University Press has given its full backing to the revision. Dr iscussed and met with most of our requests, Acknowledgements w Ducker solved the complicated design problems with elegance and ingenuity and Dr Caroline Murray expertly oversaw the com; etext Dr Peter Jones as Dicectoy earies final responsibility for this second edition. Peter Jones Neweastle on Tyne September 2006 Notes on illustrations ps Pp? ell right p.l6 pls View of the Acropolis of Athens loft are the Propylaia and small Nike temple; 0 the centee isthe Erekhtneion wit the Parthenon standing out at ‘the southern edge. Photo: Alison Frantz (AT 71). Courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Ath ‘Detail of a merchant vessel taken from the same cup depicted ‘on p.7. ‘Attic black-figure cup depicting a merchant vessel on the left and 2 two-level warship on the right. The merchant vessel is round ‘and capacious and powered by sails; the warship is sleek and low ‘and propelled by oars or sail. Late sixth century BC. London, British Museum (B 436). © The Trustees ofthe showing Herakles leus; he puts his axe to a fallen capil, Syleus of Lydia forced passing strangers to dig his vineyard; Herakles uprooted his vines and/or tore down his house. Second quarter of the fifth century BC. Paris, Louvre (G 210). Photo: RMN ~ Hervé Lewandowski, Detail of an Attic black-figore oinakhoe, Keyside Class, showing a ship with one n prow and others in the forepart of the ship — the subject is luncertain. That the ship is not coming to land is shown by the ‘ised mast and sail and by the fact that ships were beached stern first. Late sixth century BC. London, British Museum (B 508). © The Trustees ofthe British Mus buted 10 h some of the ‘trident and a fish. Poseidon is depicted Early fifth century P.22eft p.22right p24 7.26 Notes on ilustrations xvii his staff hela prominent ‘adéed words infront front of him, and the painter has ‘mouth ~ ‘Once upon a time in Tyrins ly the beginning of an epie in hexameters. Early fifth century BC. London, British Museum (E 270). © The Trustees ofthe British Museum. Altic red-figure skyphos, ing a Persian seated on his large wicker fone of a number of representations of have been influenced by the contacts of 2006/Antikensammlung, SMB (V1 3156) Interior design of an Auic red-figure cup, attributed to the Triptotemos Painter, depicting a fight between a Greek and a Persian. A contrasts mace between the outfit of the Greek warrior (bronze helmet, greaves and breas-plate) andthe Persian trouser- suit Both wariors wield curved swords, but the Greek has a shield ‘and the Persian a bow and quiver, Fist quarer of the fifth century m, He is giving an audience to a Median off is making a gesture of respect; in front of him are two incense ‘burners. The poles of the now missing aldacchino separate the armed guards from the central characters. Behind Xerxes stand two high court officials. Much of the architecture and sculpture of the palace at Persepolis betrays the influence and the hand of Greek craftsmen. Early fith century BC. Teheran, Archaeological Muscum, Photo copyright The Oriental ‘Museum, Chicago, all rights reserved. Design on an Attic black-figure depicting a trumpeter, hand on hip, ons. The trumpeter is dressed in armour, Last quarter of the sixth century BC. London, British Museum (B 590). © The Trustees ofthe British Museum, Map of Athens and Salamis. Interior design of an Attic red-figure eup depicting a wearing a loin-cloth and greaves and carrying a shield, helmet and spear. The warrior runs tothe right but looks left; is he flee- ing from the fight? The ‘have a humourous view on life. Last quarter ofthe sixth century BC. Paris, Louvre (CA 1527), Photo: RMN. Notes on illustrations p.38 left p38 ri p40 pad p.S2left p.S3lef Map of Athens and the harbours at Periai Detail of an Attic red-Figure ofan ‘quarter of the Sammlui Claire Ni bur his thunderbolt Second quarter of ‘The workmanship is mos the 8th SMB (10561)(Christa Bega Detail of Attic black-igure one-handled Kantharos showing a ‘man lying on his ber. The woman (painted white) had the duty of prepasing the boy for burial, andthe men now come to pay their respeets and to join in the lamentation, London, British Museum (1899: ‘The Trustees ofthe British Museum Drawing o ye Twelve Gods in the centre of the nomhern edge ofthe Agora, this sanc- of an altar within a Tenced area, was a place of refuge and the point from which distances to otber pat of Greece were measured. The sanctuary was founded by the younger Peisistratos inthe year of his archonship,522/1 B ‘Attic red-figure skyphos, (0 the Eusion Pai depicting Theseus in a cloak and traveling at He caries two. peas. Sins, the pine-bendes, is shown onthe other side ofthe skyphos, seated under a wee and holding club. This is one of| Theseus" adventures on his way from Troizen to Athens. Mid- fifth century BC. © bpk, Berlin, 2006/Antikensammlung, SMB (F 2580yJutta Tiet-Glagow. Detail of an Aticred-figue pike attributed toa painter whois 4 bad imitation of the Chicago Painter, showing Teephos, king of the Mysians, who has seized Jrestes as hostage and has taken refuge on an altar as 2 sup left thigh indicates the place of the wound inflicted spear. Agamemnon (not shown) faces him a quarter of the fifth century BC. London, Bri 382). © The Trustees ofthe British Museum Bronze figurine ofa horse, part of a chariot team of four. The ness is particularly clear, showing the bit with curved cheek piece and the collar to which the traces were fastened. Second ‘quarter of the fifth century BC. Olympia, Museum, Photo: DAL ‘Athen (Olympia 1808). mn of Athenian silver cons of various denominations. im Museum. Reproduced by permission sm Museum, Maseam (E p.él 64 lef p64 right pT? p73 p. 16 left p. 76 right Notes on illustrations xix A clay lamp with lighted wick. This ‘could supply light for 2-3 hours and ba candle, Athens, Agora Museum (L 4137). Photo courtesy of the American School of Class Athens, Agora Museum (P 5 of the American Sehool of Exeavat 500 BC 8862 and Classical Studies A pair of model 1g boots found in an Early Geometric cremation grave of a woman, Athens, Agora ‘Museum (P 19429), Photo courtesy of the American School of, f an Atic red-figure amphora, attributed to the Painter ‘of the Munich Amphora, depicting a pair of boots on a small footstool under a table; above the table a man reclines on @ fifth century BC. Munich, Antikensammlung theate in the foreground, Courtesy of the American School atteibuted to the depicting a pro- cession to Apollo at Delphi, Apollo is seated atthe right on a throne raised on a platform. The setting isa temple represented by four columns of the Doric order. Apollo's attributes consist of «laurel branch and crown, and a quiver and bow on the wall the Delphic location is given by the naval stone and tripod infront of the columns. An official waits for the procession to arc hheaded by 2 young git! in festal robe camying a sacrifi basket ( 6 her head. Third quarter of the fifth century BC. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Ferrara (T 57C VP), is by a Dionysios and his children to the hero Kallistephanos. ‘The main relief above the pedestal is not preserved. Mid-fourth century BC. Athens, Agora Museum (I 7396). Photo courtesy of the American Schoal of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations. East Greek (Samian?) rock erystal with an intaglio design of a hhelmet-maker seated on a stool tapping the crown of the helmet Notes onilustrations. Notes onilustrations i pal p83 peas p90 p. 103 ‘with a small hammer. Ibis a popular motifin gem carving, Late sixth century BC. Munich, Staatliche Munzsammlung (36246). Interior design on an Attic red-figure cup depicting 2 seated rman with tablets and stylus, no doubt correcting the exercise ‘of the boy who stands in front of him. A flute case hangs on the wall. Early fifth century BC. Antikenmuseum Basel und ‘Sammlung Ludwig, Inv. BS 465. Photo: Andreas F. Vogelin and aire Nigai ‘The decorated head of a gold comb from the Solokha barrow near the Lower Dnieper. Above a row of recumbent lioas is a scene of combat between two soldiers on foot and one on hhorseback. The arms and armour are a mixture of Greek and Scythian equipment, and like many objects from Scythian he comb was likely made by a Greek eraftsman living jpacum. Late fith to early fourth century BC. The ‘State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg (Da. 1913.1/1). Detail of a red-figure pelike depicting an Amazon on horse- back; she is in combat most likely with Theseus. She wears trousers, atop with long sleeves, and a soft hat. Her weapon is ‘a spear; other depictions also include a lunate shield and a bow and quiver. Amazons were a popular subject in Greek art and are usually dressed in a vaguely Eastern costume, Syracuse, ‘Museo Archeologico Regionsle “Paolo Orsi” (inv. 9317). C. 440 BC. Photo: Hirmer Fotoarchiv. A terracotta group of two actors taking part in an Athenian comedy of the mid-fourth century BC. They wear short tunics and the stylised masks of a slave and young (bat bearded) man; they are out ona spree. Second quarter ofthe fourth century BC. in, 2006/Antikensammlung, SMB (8403)/Johannes red-figure khous depicting a bearded man in festal robe pointing to & sacrificial basket (Kanoun) held by a second figure. The setting is a smithy, with the furnace at the right and an anvil between the two figures. There is more than a touch of caricature about the Scene. C. 400 BC. Athens, Agora Museum (P 15210). Photo courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations. Sketeh-plan of Athens about 425 BC. Detail of an Attic red-figure pelike, attributed to the Kleophon Painter, depicting a maenad beating a tambourine as she leads the return of Hephaistos. Third quarter of the fifth century BC, ‘Munich, Antikensammlung (2361). Photo: Hirmer Fotearchiv. red-figure cup, atributed tothe Penthesilea Painter, showing a youth standing before another p105iet . 105 right p. LD eft p.10right p lll left p.lil right \who is seated with a lyre, Above their head isthe inscription “The boy is handsome’ (kalos),a popular comment whether in this general form or with a particular name substituted. Second ‘quarter of the fifth century BC. Hambarg, Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe (1900.164) Interior design of an Atic red-figure cup, altibuted (0 the ‘Antiphon Painter, depicting a she-ass with a wooden framed pack saddle, The ass, which was the usual pack animal, has no bit or ‘mouthpiece. C. 480 BC. Boston, Museum of Finc Arts (10.199). James Fund and Museum purchase with funds donated by con- tsibutors, Photograph © 2006, Muscum of Fine Arts, Boston, Attic red-figure pele, attributed toa painter near the Gottingen Painter, depicting Odysscus escaping under a ram, He is in armour and wields a swords he clings on but the lines aczoss the animal make a ing of his comrades. No Cyclops is shown; the story was so well known and distinctive that it could be presented in extract. C. 490-480 BC. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts (61.384). Anonymous gift in memory of Laccy D. Caskey, Photograph © 2006, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Modem replicas of an Athenian water-clock (klepsydra) used for timing speeches in the awcourts. A plug in the bronze tube at the base ofthe bow was released a the slat ofa speech. The two kis indicate thatthe bow! held two khoes (64 the bow! was emptied in six minutes. The name Ay meaning ‘belonging to the Antokhis tribe’, may indicate that this bowl was used when the tribe was presi chamber (Boulewterion), Athens, Agora Museum (P 2084), Photo couresy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations. Interior design of an Attic red-fignre cup, attributed to the Foundry Painter, depicting a reveller, with 2 scarf around his head, a cloak over his shoulders and a stick under his armpit, relieving himself into a jog. Fist quacter of the fifth cencury ‘BC. © bpk, Berlin, 2006/Antikensammlung, SMB (VI 3198) Inerior design of an Attic red-figure cup, ted to ‘Onesimos, depicting balding man picking his way along with a basket and stick in his left hand and a bucket (kados), most likely of bronze, in his right The garland round lis temples proclaims him asareveller. First quarter ofthe fifth century BC. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts (95.29) Catharine Page Petkins Fund. Photograph © 2006, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. A clay bucket (kaos) used for drawing water opposedto the (hyétia) which was us. On the shoulder ofthis bucket the words "Tam a Kados’ have Notes on illustrations pli2 pla ply p. 126 p. 128 left . 128 right p36 of Labes from a modem Greek production of Aristophanes’ Wasps. Courtesy of D. H. Harrisiades and the 3! Tourism Organisation of Greece. A Selection of ordinary Athenian kitchen equipment: a casse- role on a deep firebox, a barrel cooker and a brazier Fifth and fourth centuries BC. Athens, Agora Museum (P 2306 on 16521, P 16512 on 16520, P 2362). Photo courtesy of the American ‘of an Attic red-figure skyphos, Brygos Painter, depicting a reveler and a couttes Batly fifth century BC. Paris, Louvre (G 156), Photo: RMI =Chuzeville. Interior of an Attic red-fgure cup, attributed to Onesimos, depicting a balding man ata party inviting a courtesan (hetaira) to disrobe. The man wears shoes and holds his walking stick; a basket and a lyre are in the background. Fitst quarter of the fifth century BC. London, British Museum (E 44). © The Trustees of the British Museum, Detail of an Attic red-figure cup, attributed to Makron, with ‘a reveler and a courtesan (jetaira) together on a couch. First quarter of the fifth century BC. New York, The Metropolitan, ‘Ast, Rogers Fund, 1920 (20.246). Image © The 12 Museum of Art. the Athenian Agora from the to face his unseen pursuer. He wears an ‘Oriental’ ‘with long sleeves and trousers and a high-crowned Scyt cap. Last quarter of the sixth century BC. London, British Museum Interior of an Attic red-figure cup, in Antiphon ‘a youth holding a cup in his left hhand and a ladle in hs right. Behind him stands a mixing-bowL with a wine-cooler set inside. The garland in is hai is a further indication that this is an extract from a party. First quarter of the fifth century BC. Compitgne, Musée Vivene! (inv. 1102) p38 plas pis. piss the house is represented by a door and a column within which stands the groom's mother also holding torches. A young man serenades the couple on the lyr, ‘This may be 4 version of the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, Second quarter of the fifth century BC. © bpk, Berlin, 2006 Antikeasammlung, SMB (F 2530) Jutta Tietz-Glag ‘The agora area of Athens, with the ‘Hephaisteior side of the agora. The we “Hephaisteion’ stood. The lawcours lay in and around this area. In the middle distance rises the peak of Lykabetos and on t right the range of Hymettos. Photo: DAT Athen, Reconstructed drawing of the monument of the Eponymous Heroes. This consisted of a row of statues of the ‘patrons’ of the ten tribes into which Athens and Attica were divided by Kieisthenes at the close of the sixth century BC. The base ofthe ‘monument was used for the display of drafts of proposed new laws, notices of lawsuits and lists for military service. Courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Detail of an Attic red-figure plaque, found at Bleusis, showing extracts from the Eleusinian cult. Precise interpretation of the scenes isnot sure, but Demeter may be represented twice atthe ide in the upper level and was given (wo di with hollow hub (for condemnation); by forefinger over the hubs the juror could make his vote ‘out revealing his preference. Some dises carry the ins “Official ballo’, some a letier in relief, perhaps to indicate the jury-section, A less sophisticated system of pebbles (psephoi) Photo courtesy of the America Schoo! of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations. Notes on illustrations axe pez p.m p83 p.l87 189 p.204 205 Altic red-figore cup, atibuted to the Brygos Painter, depicting ‘symposium in progress. The men recline on couches; one gi plays the pipes while another prepares to give a cup of wine to ‘one of the men. A youth holds a lyre by a column, of an indoor scene. Baskets hang on the wall, First quarter of the fifth century BC. London, British Museum (E 68). © The Trustees ofthe British Museu, Detail of rolled-out drawing of Dlack-figure lekythos, jeting women at work the so-called led woman at the incense-bumer and the naked flute-girl. The purpose, ‘meaning and place of manufacture are all in doubt. Second guaer of the fifth century BC. Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano (inv. 8670). Photo: Alinati Archives, Florence. Detail of an Attic red-figure onos (used attributed 10 the Eretria Painter, de the wedding of Alkestis (on the right loutropho. myrtle (centre) and lebeies gamikoi with sprigs (lef, 8 of vase connected withthe wedding ceremony. Two other friends play with a pet bird. The abject may have been a Wedding present to a bride. Third quarter of the fifth century BC. Athens, National Archaeological Museum (inv. 1629). Detail of an Apulian reé-figure loutzophoros depicting Alkestis surrounded by her children and with her husband Admetas on the lef, The white-haired woman on the right may be Admetos’ ‘mother or nurse; the old man is the children’s twtor (paida- £60805). This is one of the finest ofthe South Italian Of tragic themes. Mid-fourth century BC. Antikens Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, Inv. $ 21. Photo: Andreas F. ‘Museum, St Petersburg (B-2100). Drawn reconstruction From Annual of the i A bronze hydria. Third quarier of the fifth century BC, Cambridge, Mass., Fogg Museum (1949.89). Reproduced cour tesy ofthe Trustees of the Harvard University Ast Museums. p.207 p.209 p.2id p22 p22 p27 238 p.242 245 Detail of an Attic reé-figure pelike depicting a young man ‘carrying a couch and a small table in preparation for a pasty. Osford, Ashmolean Museum (AN 1890.29 (V 282). Autic red-figure skyphos showing a rare ‘stil-life’ scene of household equipment: Jampstand and buckets, casserole and chest, basket, wine jar and jug. The J. Paul Gey nia (86.AE.265). +, atrbuted to the Dinos of fire which they take with their torches fennel stalk (narthex), Prometheus’ name is written by him, and the satyrs are named Komos, Sikinnis and Simos. The inspi- sation for the scene (and others may have come from Aeschylus’ satyr-play Prometheus Pyrkaias. Last quater of the fifth century BC, Oxford, Ashmolean Museum (937.983) Attic black-figure ovoid neck-amphors, attributed to the ASfecter, depicting Zeus enthroned on the left sending Hermes fon a mission. Hermes is dressed in his winged boots and his traveling hat and holds his caduceus. Third quarter ofthe sixth century BC. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum (G 268/V 508) Attic red-figure emphora, attributed to Myson, depicting Croesus seated on his funeral pyre. His royal status is shown by his throne and scepter. He pours 1 dish (phiate) Buthymos (his name is written by him) sets fire to the timber. C. 500 BC. Paris, Louvre (G 197). Photo: RMN — Hervé Lewandowski ‘Map of Greece and Asia Minor showing Mysian Olympus, the site ofthe boar hunt in which Croesus” som is killed, ‘Attic sed-figure dinos, attributed to the Agrigento Painter, depicting a boar hunt. This may be a version of the Calydonian boar hunt, for although Atalante is not present and none of the participants is named, one hunter wields a batlle-axe which Comes to be associated with Anksies. Second quarter of the fifth century BC. Athens, National Archaeological Museum nv. 1489) Attic red-figure neck-amphora, attributed to the Nausikas ind a tree on icing Odysseus appearing from be ‘which Nausikaa and her companions have 5 ‘washing. He holds 2 branch in each hand and:-looks suitably disheveled, Athene stands between him and Nausikaa who Tooks back as she runs away with her companions. Third quarter of the fith h, Antikensammhung (2322). Ait red-figure stamnos, attributed to the Siren Painter, depict- ‘Odysseus and the sirens. Odysseus is tied to the mast, and p.255 .257 left bated 10 the Burgon Group, depicting two youths anda man in a eart drawn by mules. Second quarter of the sixth century BC. London, British Museum (8 485). © The Trustees of the British ‘Museum. iputed to Aison, depict 1 and her companions 420 BC. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts ce Fund. Photograph © 2006, Painter depict- robes and holding a kithara in in his right, The palm tree makes allusion to Delos, his birthplace. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift cof Mr and Mrs Leon Pomerance, 1953 (53.224). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art Notes to the second edition mar and exer- .e companion Running and learning vocabularies accompany the Text, Gr cises, writen to run in step withthe Tex, are to be found fr because they make a phrase. When t ink ted by intervening words, the linking device takes the shape ' |. "They ‘Transcriptions of proper names into English: (@) Generally, proper names are transcribed from Greck into English in accordance , or other long and short vowels. (b) There are, however, some ‘privileged’ names, so. commor them by the principles of transeri I find, for example, ‘Part One. Athens at séa Introduction Dikaiopolis sails towards the harbour of Athens, Peiraieus. On board ship a criminal plot is foiled, and then the story of the naval battle of Salamis is recalled while the ship passes the island. As the ship comes into port, the Spartans launch a surprise attack. The scene is set during the early part of the Peloponnesian War, which began in 431. Sources Demosthenes, Ovations 32 Aeschylus, Pers Plato, Ion 540eff. ‘Thucydides, A comic fragment, Com. 1.142, 6.32 Adespot. 340 (Edmonds) Xenophon, Hellenika 5.i. 19-23 Lysias, Funeral Speech 27ff. Aristophanes, Akharnians Herodotus, Histories 8.83ff. 393ff. ‘Homer, Iliad (passim) Euripides, Helen 1577ff. Time to be taken Five weeks (= twenty sessions at four sessions a week) Important note on the accompanying vocabulary-lists 1, Each vocabulary-list appears in alphabetical order. 2. Many phrases in the text are joined by the linking devices ~ and Ev Bugaveiyy. ev! be listed in the running rord of the phrase. Thus td nhotév swcervcie will appear under 2v; and 0°on, Links are phased out as noun-types and cases are learnt. Part One: Athens at sea ‘At the end of each running vocabulary-list, and the accompanying Grammar explanations, you of words to be leat. These words will not be repeated in the running vocabulary lists but are grouped together in the Grammar from time to time (e.g. p. 23). All such vocabulary will be found in the Total Greek-English Learning Vocabulary at the back of both the Text volume and the Grammar volume. Accents in the running vocabularies are printed as they appear in the text. 5. Macra—indicating a vowel pronounced long —are marked only in Leaming Vocabularies and the Total Vocabulary at the back. Section One Ac!: The insurance scam 3 6 ZnvéBeg bpd wy ce dxponoRiv xa tov MapBevava 4 Part One: Athens at soa Section One A-K: The insurance scam s Section One A-J: The insurance scam Vocabulary for Section One A go Hegestratos and Sdenothemis are partners in the corn-shipping business. They have insured the load of grain on board their ship {for far more than it is worth and plan to ‘lose’it in an ‘accident’, thus making a healthy profit, They embark in Byzantium, with ple of ‘agreement ‘© Adjectives lke xaAdc Kah xahdy uév...Sonthe one hand. te... xe both... and grain, captain and crew. The ship sails to Khios (where a ‘on the other hos finally rhapsode boards) and Euboia (where Dikaiopolis gets on), and; Bagw-en (he) looks bike iy the eventually comes into sight of Athens and its harbour, Peiraieus BAén-ovol(v) (they) look 8 AuxeéxoAtg Dikaiopol “ily dixpSnoAtv the (modern Piraeus). While Sdenothemis engages the passengers’ ‘88 and; but eames sets (Aeonelis i vat i ticto, into 6 Hyéorparog Hegestatos x; what? attention with an appreciation of the sights, a strange noise is Sete, vo Euboia Sofewogtecpan wrbe ” cig td wRof-ov onto the ship & parpup6-6¢ the chapsode tv TlapBeveiva the -ov to Chios col the Parthenon In World of Athens: ships and sailing 2.4, 19; rhapsodes 3.44; grain -Bartv-et (he) embarks ‘of vadtai the sailors, crew td the trade 6.65-9; loans on ships 5.59; Peiraieus 1.32, 2.235, 32, 5.58; the elo-Baiv-ovei(y) (they)embark ép~& (he) sees ‘1b mhoi-ov the ship, vessel Parthenon 1.51, 2.34, 8.92-9., Evin, on 6p-do1(v) (they) see wpog-ov a noise éy Bulavrfy in Byzantium ody 50, really, therefore OT mAolsy Eorw év-Bvfavetip, 2v! 52 BuLavet, 6° 'Hygotpatos i Etfoig in Eabola we (0 ss Sesabalary tobe learnt Batve ec") oto nate Zqvebepe Pave ic 10-nhoioy, ee ye toads i éhog 8 "xuBeoviitns Kal of vadtin etopaivovar eic"tdmhotov. neta then next hens vatond + 88 "rAotov mhet cic Kiov. ev! BE Ixia, parpipdds eloBaiver ory) Gtere) is sedcviv yivtovardstheland te... Ka(A and B, both A Enerta 58 net 18 nhotov ele EBBouav. Ev" BE 'ESBoig, etoBatver 5 va and pig tbvMlewme towards and B oArKcndmtoAtc, téAog 5 mpdc"re” ABHIvag Het 7S"KAoTOV Kal ‘eat... watt both... and ‘the Peiaieus mpoc"tov Tlerpand. 13! udv obv 'nAoov Act, 6° 58 "ZnvéBeyrc mpagnchv”yiiy BALE ti dp O"ZnvoDeunc; 5 -Zyvodeurc Spa ripv' te 'dxpdnodry Kal Tov TlapGevaiva. Ereita 88 5! ce Wnkandrodtc kai S“KuBEpvetEnG pdt" yiiv BAérovawy. ri Spdaw 5 ArxaidmOAIG Kat o kuBepvritng; Kai S“Aucasnonts Kai S"KUBepwiieng THY’ Te “expdnoht opdot kai tov Naptevava. Eaipyng 5! te Arxondrodtg wai é"Kufepvrizns PSgov dxovovery, ‘ Part One: Athens a sea Section One A-I: The insurance seam 2 oO don't eb you(s) bo vi yes iy &xpémoRuy the chow! ZHNOGEMIE (pointing to the land) wovnow “acopol * Sed po EAE, cd Arkaudrcods, nat BAéne. ey yap ti dpdrodw dpa. pa kal od civ éxpdrodw Spéc; AIKAIONOAIE (peering towards the land) ob dota i xpSmodic; eyed yap tiv -dxpdnoAw ody Opa. ZHN. — Bebp0 ABE, nai PAEne. dpa ody dpac od TOV" HapBevava; AIK. vat. vov yap TV axpénodt Opa ai Eye, ZHN, — & Ze8. dog xabg éov 6° Tap bevesy, xadih SE Hf aKpdrod, KYBEPNHTHE (agreeing) _ GAn@h ob Ayers, & Znvobewn. (with a sudden start) Exove, Ogos: dpa dxoverg; tic Zorw Sd 0«; Spa axoveis Kai od av-Ydqov, & Znvdeu; ZHN. (hurriedly dismissing the subject) Brtuptevy the Parthenon Sretpmes the Peticus bp- I see 5 pe yous) see obno 3B nthing bv so, real nace B Sp-o6 the 0 rot where? oat clearly therefore what? 18 vesipr-ov the naval dockyard ‘Oy FapGeveve the Parthenon bv Teipaé the Peiraicus rev 6g-0¥ the noise ppivatse worry! () (6c. boat’) WS p-0¢ 8 noise ‘Yocabulary to be learnt pa indicates question Bedp0 here, over here ar ea also 6 you(s.) cig, what? who? 50 (addressing someone} 08 HeTAla, odBEv dxodw Zw, & xvBepvejta. wh ppdvace. 1s GNAa Bebpo EGE Kai BAére. Eye yap tO"vedprov pw Kab tov" Meipand. dipa dpaic kai ob to vedipiov; KYB. vat. ZHN. — @ Zed, cog KaAdv Eort to” vewdpiov, Kahdc be 6” Merpareds. KYB. (agreeing impatiently) 20 AnOA Aéyerc, Znvddep. 505, Yoooe, aBOre yao - Tov POgov dxowbu Eywye. AIK. Kai yd tov Spov adBic dxodw, & KUBEpvaita, capac. 2 yd obv Kati od dxobopev tov Wogov. ‘A nechaniman ana wai Vocabulary for Section One B nova Thea Bebpohere, over here 3 ere! hey! look! (S) éxos-e1 you (5) hear ‘ixavénoht Dikaiopolis dod-oyev we hear bye! ove listen! (5) Eyoye Tat least a) beautiful dn the rat 220-4 come! (s.) veah-6v beautifal aN bat ory) Ci is xoBepviire captain a= question 280 Zous xoBepwiien captain a0ic again ZnvéBeuiSdenothemis __Aéy-exg You (S) are speak- - Baérce look! (s) ‘expéxohicthe Acropolis ing yap for fies we i ia by Zeus - Part One: Athens at see ZHN, — (more frantically) Eye 82 odk koe, & GfAor. wh ppoveitere. dAAE Se po Gere xai Bdénere, Sebpo. Spud yap ta-eundpra Kat tic bAxdSag Eywye. pa Space re eundpa Kal speic; KYB. xad AIK. dpGyev Kal Hpets, eM ptiys 5 ZEN. Iyrical) & NbcerBov, ig xahat elow at oh, tag Kahd tort KYB. xove, G Znudteys, veal wh Aye 5 Mad dort re Eup? ueic yap tov"pSpov oacpiic dxovopev. 10 AIK, Ghd dev Ydqos; KYB. (pointing down below) dru Qev, & anxarérons, 5a ob Kacafaivopey Hueic, EGE, b Atxaadnoh — ZEN. (by now quite desperate) 15 Batvere; Siact ob uevere, b gioy wi, povritere. dpa vip Eyes - Vocabulary for Section One C Grammar for 16-9 1 Verbs ending in ~ (present ‘tense, indicative ‘mood, active Woice) ‘©The concept of tense, mood, voice, person and number ‘© Compound verbs (with prefixes) ‘©The imperative [command/ordet ‘mood © The vocative case ithe ba xt; why? ved beautiful, fine a bAxéBes the merchant AtxarénoXeDiksiopotis _—_KatacBatv-oyev we go ips Baye Fs for my part down 08-0 Thear loxv) (they) are xécus8ev from below Aexod-oyev we hear €20-£ come! (5) a couse listen! (6) EAA ut Baiv-ere you ( bp-aTsee Bhér-ere loc pet we Sp-Gev (we) see vyip for xad-af beautiful, fine Spee you bx not 6 (ig-06 the noise xq clearly chine ‘i Eundp-athe markets Section One A-t: The insurance seam ° rg the lary to be learnt aM but ively impossible. The ge was the bullock, at 2mp, whose carts ‘of cereals grown within Attica cause a reputation for being the 1e came to find goods from all pants of the Greek world was have been taken for pleasure, ‘Athenians cleared them from ble at all times of the year. Th to chart their course by reference 10 fixed points, sea. The slow, broad eargo-st average speed of five knois. Nelson’s Victory, a much larger and heavier wa with sails, ave powered by oars were swifter than sail- ing ships, but their lighter bulk and the presence of the rowers fied them for use ‘mainly in time of war. Te trireme, with 170 rowers, was the fastest and the finest ‘man-of-war inthe classical period, and could reach a speed of seven to eight knots ‘were & constant source of danger until the Aegean in the 470s, Nor was a sea voyage possi- traders did nos avoid the open $ depended on sail and wind, and travelled at an World of Athens (second edition), 2.19 10 Part One: Athens at sea The captain goes into the hold followed by Dikaiopol the crew. There they come upon Hegesi mysterious noise. and In World of Athens: helmsman 7.34-7. eKoBepviiens, Kara ‘vaibtan. xérwodev yap Spopos, Kécw SE dv" Hyéorparov dpiiowy 8! te "xuBepveftns Kel & ‘piyéotpatos tov Wogov norel Kat. 5 KYB. obtoc, vi monet; ‘obBEv 01s Eyeaye, & xvPepviira, ob8e pSpov-obbéva 10 axove. wh opdverge. AIK. (looking behind Hegestratos’ back) Sebp0 EGE kal Bhére, xuBepviiea, Eyer yep tev eff BeEMG & Hyéorparos. Ky. ch éyerg ev rif beg, & ‘Hyéorpare; 15 HI, (desperately trying 10 cover up) obBey Ey Zyaye, b pine AIK. & Ze6. ob yap GAGA Aéyer 5 Hygotpaoc, néheKwv yap Eyer ev eff 8eb 1G S” HyEarparos, étevOpuinos to-AoTov xaradven. 20 KYB, (shocked) ti A€yerg, & Atxandrtoh; Set to°nholoy 6” ‘Hyéorpatos (calling to the crew) GNNa sci 08 AcuBavere Oy Bedpo, Sebpo. HP. ofr, pebyuo Eywye, nai Aintw Euavtdy extod"nAo‘ov. KYB, (urging the crew to help) BonGeire, & vatra, Boneite xai Sidxete. tov tvOpunoy, & vairar; 25 Section One A-J:The insurance seam " néhexov yp Exet bore duawrby éx 200 aoiov Vocabulary for Section One D dexod-w [hear és below Tore you (6) are doing xcéeu0ev from below xoRepviia captain AsiBdv-eve you (pl. catch deh the trath Bnérc look! (5) rove (he) is making by fivOpwT-ov the fellow iv Hyéorpa-ov Hegestratos: ‘op6vai-< wony! (scsboutit) yig-ov obBéva any noise ‘Vocabulary to be learnt AmB the leasiffor my then, therefore ‘obr0¢ hey, you! arasBatv-opev we godown 8 66-05 the noise ava-faiv-ovsi(y) (they) go -néhexve axe (nom.) dows réhexoy axe (ace.) vava-Bi-et (he) is sinking noi (1) doing by therefore 2 Port One: Athens at sea Ga 8° pdv "Hyéorpacos pedyer xécwadev, off 8 Watton BorBoda Kat tov~ “Hyéotpacov StdiKovew. dives pever &Znvd8eqnc. 8° yey "Hyéorparog poc abv" ZnvéBeqiv Barer 6! BE Yarden mpb cob vaca, dvaaivouai yep of vader kal SxdKovatv. 5 ZEN, ddd rt notetc, &'Hyéorpate; HP. (running up to Sdenothemis) ib0¥, SidKove! ye of"vadea, & Znvébewn. Ey BE gebyo. wh weve, aAAK pebye xa 06, x Cro moiov. avabatvovsr yap H8n of évBpes. 0 ZHN. — (with a glance at the pursuing crew) . ojpor. rods! yap 'vabtag HO ye on~ptg Opa. od 8 not HI. 15 geavtov cig mv bdAartay, kati ut} peve. Vocabulary for Section One E Adverbs (ly) Aye come ont (s) éori(y) (iy is yor friv-ov0 (they) ae Znvé8eyn Sdenothemis ‘coming up already 6 ASuB-0¢ the life-boat ve above ‘Bn ye yes, already bord see BAgr-e1 (he) looks ‘08 look! (s.) oi; where Boné-obor (they) help xcwev from below ¢ you (3) peme pbs tov ZnveBepv uv... Son the onehand towards Sdenothemis on the other pb rods vairas towards cic rv @dAarray into the uév-et (he) stays/is waiting the sailors sea név-e stay! (6) pines throw! (5) €xto0 Mofov outof the A ZnvéBeIng Sdenothemis _6ap3g clearly ship eHyéorpar-oc Hegesiratos _seavt-bv yourself) év oj BaAdrmp on thesea of evBpeg the men oie save Section One Aci: The insurance scam B afi Oahécrn the sea ge6y-« () am off ov Hyéorpar-ov peby-c1g you (5 Hlegestratos running away 08 the rns of +006 var the sailors/ Vocabulary to be learnt ime, except in battle. There room for supplies (a crew ld need about 300 kg of grain and 500 tres of water a day).The trireme, gen- ly speaking, had to be beached at night for erews to acquite provisions, eat p. The account given by Xenophon ofthe voyage of Iphikrates round the Peloponnese illuminates normal practice; Iphikrates was in a hurry and wanted to train his crews at the same time, but one can infer what was normal from ‘Xenophon's account: "When Iphikrates began his voyage round the Peloponnese, he took with him all tne equipment he needed for a naval battle. He left his large sai if he was sailing to battle, and made very litle use of his small sails even wher ‘the wind was favourable. By proceeding under cars in this way he made bis crews fiter and his ships faster. And when the expedition was due fr its morning meal at any particular place, he would order the leading ships back, round again to face the land and make them race ata signal for the shore... Again, if they were taking & meal on hostile teritory, he set the usual sentries on land but he also raised his ships’ masts and had men Keeping watch from the top of them. They had a far wider view from their point of vantage than they would have had from ground level... On daylight voyages he tained them to form ine ahead or line abreast at a signal, so that inthe course of their voyage they had practised and become skilled atthe manoeuvres needed in a naval battle before they reached the area of sea which they supposed tobe in enemy control.” (Kenophon, Helidnika 62.27-30) (One point, which does not emerge from t the treme was so used in really rough weather. This ‘meant that naval operations were, generally speaking, not possible in in the bad weather caused by the Elesian winds. Weather was a constant factor in naval ‘account, was of great importance: ‘The World of Athens (second edition), In World of Ath art One: Athens at sea Hegestratos and Sdenothemis leap into the waves and head for the life-boat. But the captain has other ideas. friends and enemies 4.2, 14-16; prayers 3.34, 8.13; sacrifice 3.28-32, 8 Hygoxpatos Kat Znvddemtc ob wevovary dé pedyovaty. ery! yap 'BAarcay at of” i "Be TkoBepvrieng tov"AUBoV do &n8°co0-mAotov énoxwopet, 5 ZHN. Hr. ZHN. HP. AIK. KYB. nd from «nd 105 mhofov from the ship éro-Bvyjow-e Lam dying r0-8vfjox-ouev we are dying ir0-Bvyjo%-ovai(v) (they) (thrashing around in the waves) oitio1, 200 éAguBos; mod got, & ‘Hygorpace; £yO tov REpBov ody 4p, d Znvo8eut- ofpou. ércoBvijoKxopev, & 'Hygotpace. BonGeite, & vadrat, 10 Bonetce, fno8vyjoxw — Giga robs -avOpdsnovs 6pic 06, & xuBepveitas dmoBvoxovet yep of GvOpwaron. 6 yiip "AguBoc dnd rob nAolov capac dmoxwopei. is ii ppoverde" Kaxcoi yp eiowy of vOpuror, & ArkardeoAt, ati KaKdic drroBvyjoKovaty, Vocabulary for Section One F veofepvira captain Ev-00016) (hey) wait 8 "Hyéotparog Hegestratos ol dvOpuan-ot the fellows ave-of bad and badly op-B I see thy ooyiv bv AéuB-ov the life-boat Section One A~: The insurance scam Is robs dvepcx-ous the Vo Peiraieus "us, 7-8 km south-west of Athens, was exeated only, ‘that time the Athenians relied on beaching ships in ion of an enlarged navy and increased commerc Jed to the establishment ofthe port of Peiraious on and around the neigh- bouring promontory of Akte, There were three harbours: Kantharos on the west, which was the main harbour and commercial emporium with a market on the east «place for displaying goods; and the smaller harbours of Zea ‘and Mounykhie on the east for warships. All three were noted for their splendid ship-sheds. The town itself was laid out on a regular grid pattem of strets by Hippodamos, anative of the Greek city of Miletos on the west coast of Asia Minor ‘where a similar street plan was also used. In contrast to Athens, notorious for inding streets, the harbour town must have looked rigid ight streets, well placed houses and open public areas. Besides the naval lations, the town boasted many of the armenities that Athens had, including a (of fortifications that were necessary to protect Athens’ trade and a theatre. By the middle ofthe fifth century the harbour was linked to Athens by Long Walls, ‘no mean feat of construction given the distance covered and the marshy character of the terrain at the 1s end. The population of Peiraious was mixed, for ot only did foreign traders lodge there temporarily but many of Athens’ resident aliens (metoikoi) lived at the port, some of whom were responsible for Athens’ (tage and ran businesses such as armouries and banking; the metoikot might also be grain-dealers or carry on such trades as fulling and baking. ‘This mixture of population meant that the shrines and sanctuaries that dotted 4 greater variety of worship than places less accessi- ble to foreign influence, and such non-Greck deities as Bendis and Kybele had 1g of Plato's Republic (2.46): T went down yesterday to the Peiraieus with Glaukon, son of Ariston. I wanted {o say a prayer to the Goddess and also to see what they would make of the fes- 3s this was the firs time they were holding it I must say that I thought the local contribution to the procession was splendid. ‘The World of Athens (second 2.234 KYB. Part One: Athens at sea (suddenly realising the danger) EAE dpa tort o@ov 73° huEtepov Mhotov, ator dE Ka nets rth ob naaBociven xa neptonont éxprB Ey yap Oxupepvrieng Endv odv xo"Epyov, xa Ev eyo} Auerépa cwrnpia. s (xarafaiver 6°KoBepyrfens Kal axonel. 6 BE Wrxatsnonic Aveo pever) AIK, (praying fervently) wiv, & TTécet50v, ote Hpac cig ov" Aiwéva, ues wey yap G01 @voiag BboueV, od 8E dei axpferg tobg"évOpmrOUS exci] ardeenc, Mpeg 58 viv Konig dxoBvrjoKope" 10 es Ev yo" uétepov"motov oagéic Karabiver “hv béAatcaw, 6° 88 huerepoc ASuBos oaxpidg dnoxuupet, xa ob BeBaia iy Hperépa™owrpa. (with relief) coxdsra, & Axeudroh. ochov uv yap vo” uétepov Motav, oor Bera ues veo oby fue dey 1s 6 TleoeSav i ' Section One Act: The insurance seam ” Vocabulary for Section One G ‘Grammar for 1G GvOpan0¢ (man’, 22) and Epyov (work, 26) ‘© The concept of ‘declension’ Neuter nouns as subject of object éy eavB5ve in danger 6 Aum the harbour dxpif-dc closely; in detail dope we are ‘ept-cxor-c ({) look ver Batv-et (he) comes up Eon) around (on deck) ‘fperép-r cwrnelea tthe] MéseiSov Poseidon god af eve above (on deck) our safety he sea) én0-Oviioe-opev we are yy nearby cis thy 6éhareay into the sea lg tov Aupéverto the 120 fpy-ov the take 18 fpécep-ov RAoT-ov [the] harbour our ship Se ti Gahdrens out ofthe ‘obs évpsin-oug men sea 6 duKaidnohic Dikaiopolis &-6y mine xcoBepuriens the captain Vocabulary to be learnt 6 Hytep-o Afu-0¢ [the] ur fife-boat Prayers Prayers like sacrifices, were more or less fixed in their general shape ... The god is invoked by name or titles, witch are often numerous; he is reminded of past kindnesses, then the request is made. Without some reference to the ties binding & god to his worshippers there was no ground for expecting divine sid, for the basic jon was one of A prayer was mado to the Olympians standing, id with hands lowered towards the earth The World of A ns (second edition), 3.34 Part One: Athens at sea ga The captain brings the ship towards harbour. By now it has become dark. A rhapsode, who insists on quoting Homer on every possible occasion, is submitted to a Socratic style of inquiry about his art by Dikaiopolis. In World of Athens: Homer 8.1; Socrates 8,33-6; words and argument 8.18-21. 6 obv xuBepvittns 1d maolov KuBepve Tpdgtov"Atuéva, vawrng! 5E “rag tov KuBepviteny épwrg nod eiaw. 6 yap vadens o8 upc o15E 08 cior’ vik yap or. 6 obv KuBEpvites Adyer Ser ei tov Auuever TA€ovow. Eort dé Ev rH Moly pappbse"nic, 6 8E SaiprpBOs SpnpiGer, 6 BE ArKadmodrc rier npdc roy paxpeoSov omep 3 6 Seoxpéeng npds code paOnreds, NAYTHE 706 touev Hueis, & KuBepvaita; dpa ofa0a ob; ob yap oacpiic olda Eywye. eyed yp ob8ev 694 dua viv "vote, Kal obx olSa n06 éouev. 0 KYBEPNHTHE of6a oagéic, rAgoue yap npdc tov -Atuever, & vadra, PAYQIAOE (butting into the conversation with a Homeric phrase) ‘aAéopev 6 éxi ofvonanévtov? NAY, — tiAgyerd devOpeonos; AIK, BfiASy éotw Sui Sunpiter 6 &vOpwonoc, paipw5ss obvéoriv. 15 PAY. — GAnBi Aéyerc, & tav- ‘nAéopev 8 év vni"uehaivy? AIK. ch Aéyeng, db Berpepdé; ir0 ‘Ev vat weRatvy's od yp néAcivarf Auerépa vade, SAASY dori Sct ppos ef ov, Kai ob ofc Ba obSEy, dAAK naierc mpOc tpi 2 PAY, guna, “Ev vot Boj’ Agoyev, xothn évt vat? AIK. pa dxodere, & vatran; SeGpo EAGete kal éxovere, SAASY Eactv 5ti uGpoc 6 Huérepos papedsc. ob yap olSev obBév dexprBaig 6 devepunog, &AAE naifer mpos Hud. Section One A-J: The insurance scam » Vocabulary for Section One H Adjectives used as nouns. © More particles acialways axpiB-ac closely Bapdy dor tis clear Buk (+000) because of eiyou (s) are dotu(y) helthereft is opev (we) are lou) hey) are Gri (+20e,) over Spord-uo ask Fiuag us vad the ship vothn él vnf ina hollow ship uBepvdcw steer oBepvfia captain (voe.) éhatva black (nom ) Op-0¢ -«-ov stupid vvasimg niga sailor (nom) va Oofiaswitt ship ehaivy a black ship ‘WE night nom.) colvora névrov the wine- faced sea (ace) 6 wadens the sailor 6 Bupsens Socrates cial know citar you (s.) know olBe(9) (he) knows S4mpt{-o quote Homer Seuthat rato (npSs + ace.) joke (ao) rAkoev/nAdovow ee + fer are the only forms of Aée that are contracted in Attic Greek ajio5-dc, 6 thepsode (2a) read Homer, bayn$-dc tig a rhapsode agi clearly wow be quiet ‘tiv my dear chop ‘(Condescendingly) iy vox: the night/dack. 0 what's this? bv Koflepvrfeny the captain cv Aupéva the harbour ‘obs warts therhis students @ rAo‘y the ship Gonep like Vocabulary to be learnt BAho¢ nov clear; obvicus Seuthae ain (7965 + acc.) play; Joke (ai) ‘Rhapsodes Where we read books, Athenians would more ten to live recitations, when a poet or historian or scientist would stand up and address ‘an audience (in public or private) .. Athenians probably heard the Hiad and Odyssey performed by thapsodes (professional rec ‘much more often than they actual of poetry) sat down and The World of Athens (second edition), 8.17 PAY, AIK. PAY, AlK, PAY. AIK. PAY, Part One: Athens at sea ENAic Ey ipo uv OBK Elus roAAK BE yoyo 1g ab ohAdryryvdoxeg Bow pev"oby bu & ei, d Seah. ob yp ofo8a ob mécepov ‘yehanvar ob ud Ala, ob« denatBevrds elt €yd nept“Ouripov. nohAe yap yryvoKw diSti TOAAR ty veboKe1 “Ounpos, yiyvioKer ‘yap “Oumpos é te noAepnKd Epya Ka hk vance Kot cd oxparteotiKd kal ta ocpacnyind — ‘pyveboxerg obv nai ob té otparnyinit Eva ade yo 08; Eudv yp 1 Epyov, 10 11 “Bé; dpa Eueipo ef rept rd orpatnyaxd & bayrnBé; sre1poc uev yap nepi ta oxparqytnek Eye Eoviv “Oumpos, Eusterp0¢ 6€ ely wal Ey, Vocabulary for Section One | énaiBeve-o¢-ov an vai yes oxparnyn-ds 4 -6v of a ignoramas vvavax-é, 1 naval maters general yey know (2b) oxpaciarucd, 14 sol {xde1 because cote you (s.) know @b) d am elyou (s) are “Qung-0¢, 6 Homer (2a) (epic poet, author ofthe 14 5é; what next? dort) iad and Odyssey) Vocabulary to be learnt a6 -A-dv my nepi(+ ace.) about, with —_yryvoxw (ywo-) know; Uunelo-oc-ov experienced regard to perceive: resolve ¥ vag the ship epi Opripov shout Homer gunzigos ov skilled, For roheuve-de Sv of war experienced 6-65 -6v swift OAAG many things (sce) pSipo¢& ov stupid; foolish xot-0¢-1 -0v hollow écepov...fiwhether..or _nept (+ ace.) about ue bia by Zeus ic how? oAAS many things (ace) wéhanwa black (nom.) Gc yp o8: of course vai yes ev obv no, rather ccparnyiked, ta generalship uGp-0¢ -a ov stupid (2) Section One A~S: The insurance scam IK, lat ob "eéyun if te Ybaupuxh xa forpaeny PAY. plaréxvn, @ OrKerdroAL, AIK, oBxovv of &yaBol parpipSof elory dyer xa oxperenyol éryaBots PAY. —vati, & Arkandmoht. AIK. xaiod dpreros paappdac el cov" "EMH vev; PAY, — dhtova, & Atkatsrot. AIK. ad obv, & papwdé, orpaenydc iptotac el taVv" EAH ves PAY. nag yp 08; AIK, el Aéyete, & vatreu ipa uspor 6 parje8ds i ob; NAY. wGpog peveor vi“Alac 6 aip66c, db drxaidroNa, evparnys nev yep Srinov potas réiv"EAAiven docty 6 Spa, GAAéc obx ofBev dxorBisg nérepov \uéAawva" FBO “xotAn' fr vaig, uapbc ob Eorry 8 proto, ae “DAivev oxparcnyog. PAY. BRAS Eorty, & Auxoudrodt, St Saxpareic Kati naiCer¢ pos“eyé. 6° yap SuKpdenc obtws del npdc rode paOntag native AIK, vat. oi” "EAAnves del nibs tow, Vocabulary for Section One J Acyad-b¢-¥-8v g008 chore yes, indeed Banparé-w play Socrates et always heave black (nom,) 105 na@nti the/his cat te same time névrot yes indeed students puot-05-n-ov best bcc réqvn one and the same civ 'ERyivay of the Brjxov of course skill (aom.) Greeks slyou (s) are vada sailors (voe,) dora(v) (het) is viata by Zeus ‘Yocabulary to be learnt iou(v) (they) are oiEMAnves the Greeks el alvays udm olBe(v) the) knows piotos n ov best: very 4 vac the ship 6 Zwxpdeng Socrates ‘00d "i bayepSun the rhapsode’soBkouv not. therefore jul dam (= verb ‘to be!) skill ag thus, this way "EMAnv, 8 Greek 4 ocpacyn the general's ji ee ey awith me ri yp ob; of course a yap ob of course XxG1A-05-1|-0v hollow oxparny-6¢ 6 general (2s) _oxputnyés, 6 general (2a) 10 2 Pert One: Athens at sea Section Two A-D: The glorious past The ship is now passing the , The rhapsode is invited to show his skill by narrating the great naval batile of 480, fought in these straits between the Greeks and Persians. In World of Ail supplication 3.35~ 1¢ Persian Wars 1.27~39; rhetoric and style 8.21; bv vatdg xpd rv” Mlepaud BoaBEwng Epxeren. 5 BE AtKandnohtg xa of vaca xa 6 xofepurfang ua 5 fapdds npdg AAAMAOUG siB€ws BiaAéyovea. Epxeras BE haat 181 xapacchy Zahapiva “ENnyves Kat ol clube rat dn6a01 nirrovow;' 6 BE paxpepb5 tH vavuaylav ABE Siépxerat. KYB. GSE, db parhwpSé, noAAK yoyvesoxenc nepi~“Opripov. noAAd oby yryvedorets Kai nepl xk brtopiKd (AcoptKds yp “OuNpos ob yep) &ye 51, Seipo EASE nat Adye Hpiv ta! mepi LaxAcuiver 10 pong byovecn of ERAN vec xl ol Mot Section Two A-D: The glorious past 2 “xpdyara Exe ub yp Paha Avivo, dpxspeba 58 “pets paBg nap Bxhayiva npg nhs” ABva, Nye ody Au céte MSc ai i! epi Zanayive Wveopaxiay xtc ferépav tO \nar Kai ay viey. ob yip KGa 15, ‘hus of Mépcan, o85 SovAobveat. Aeye Huly tt yiyveran Ey toig Mnbixoig xa nds pdxoveen oF “ENAnves kat of Bréphapo, na Sbg0tnétovm. ob y6p, & ge, o1o8a ou, 8 aden ey Touaw. NAY. PAY. udhiosa fy yp “ote you addeoug Hovxdtere ofv, 6 vara, nal dxovere, Vocabulary for Section Two A ‘© ‘Sandwich’ and ‘repeated article’ constructions © Prepositions governing accusative and dative cases dye come! (5) xGiDioe-o5 -n ov very, —__pnropur-6¢- f-6v shetorical ddU\A-ouc one another (ace) Eahauiva Salamis (acc:) BaipBap-cc, 6 barbarian, ‘ck npéyptsa events Persian 2 rig ABrjv-c Athens ‘hy fperép-ay cSkyeay our ‘courage ‘iy vauuaxtav the naval battle ‘hw vleeny thefovr victory cy Dahauive Salamis ‘iva dpya what deeds (ace.) -olg MB no the Persian Wars ‘oAydew dare, undertake ‘bv Meipand the Peiraieus (0088 and not rapa (+scc.) past, along Vocabulary to be learnt reel'Ouipov about Homer Bux with pleasure, happily tous rire fall, cie ‘howd keep quiet nropus-, ed ehetoric (26) finds ws (@ce.) Bn by now, now, already 2 Part One: Athens at sea Section Two ACD: The glorious past 2s 18 | Vocabulary for Section Two B PAY. —‘pijviv' deibe, cd, Bépfou"' Geiou BactAtjog odhouevny’ &ya0-65 +4 -6v good end goddess (voc.) ‘tay now the ci ol ev obv BépBapor Boadéwns npoogpyoveat mpd, vai @oBoOveat, no (a, moh BE Kal 8 6B, uév obv 'Bvolas toi¢ Beoic Avovow oi nohAdebyoveat, eiofaivouor BE rayéeas ele r8g"vadg kal Undp thi Ehevde pias udyoveen. dyaBOv yap if edevdepia. 10s Be denevob ve ol Tépon, us eof” “iereim, céhos 8¢ vnGot pev 0 vtov Tlepoti ‘AOrivaion, intovot BEot Nigpoa, Hai ob 1s. 6 wv Mepocy Baoieig tress ele-Batv-« embark Eeuep-oBer(v) (they) set free ¥anop(-a the perplexity, (make a) sacrifice Twig Becig to ‘8 mB superior numbers ray ADnvat-ey of the ‘Athenians ay EAN vey of the Greeks ‘Tv Be-v ofthe gods ‘Ov Tlepo-Gv ofthe Persians ‘Gv orpatny-dv of their generals ‘ip tig €hevBep-ac for freedom 988-0 é fear 2a) G08-obvrat (they) fear ov Efowfocihos of Xerxes, the god-like king oi "EMAnves the Greeks rroA-bc much, great (nom.) ‘TOAAG elx-oveat they make Vocabulary to be learnt many prayers eya865 6 good, noble, pos-épy-era (it) advances ‘p0s-épy-ovtt (they) advance 1 Bvo-ag the sacrifices (2a) denopé-w be at a loss: have no resources Béfaios & ov secure Boadéa slowly Vixia Fry 'EMivay the (courage) of the Greeks fatherland ‘The Persian wars two most important sources, Herodotus 8.834F and Aeschylus’ Persians 353ff 6 Part One: Athens at sea gg The captainis {first-hand vers impressed, and proceeds togivehis grandfather's of the battle. In World of Athens: Herodotus 8.40-i, 93; Aeschylus’ Persians 8.49, 60; patriotism 5.83; divine intervention 3.7-9; sea-battles 7.39; Greek (disunity 1.55-6. S parjraBdc, ep! Sahayiive ‘npéypora. curd farlnadéc, 6 8¢ xoBepvifeng Aéyer 6x1 OBBEV AL verve BE Kal 6 xuBepvetens Aéye KYB. obBiv Ayers, d oie, kal od« oloBa odSév. obkovY xdMoro tov Abyov note, 5 Pav, chp {08 KéAAtotOV noid tov Adyov; KYB. ok6ne1 64. Hueis uev yap 18 dANOF CqcOopEV, ob 88 Yevdi déyers. PAY, ob BE néic ofoBa ndtepov wie KAMER Aéyeo fl pevdq%; KYB. — dxove, & pie. 6 yap éamog 5 Eud ZxAcprvoudne, 10 ati noAAdag ta! rept ZaAautva 'npcoyporter dni wor Aéyer, GAAK o8y donep ob, Yevbac. od nev yap Lows KaASy tivar Adyov Hit Aéyers, 6 88 mémnog ti mpayparca. jouxiav! obv lyere, Kad dxovere abl, vara, rit Kaha Epyar chk tOV"EAAH Vn. Ge vip ca mpdyporce te nept 1s Badapitver Meyer 6 nérenos, (ovxtav” Exovew of vara) ashy xsd Section Two AD: The glorious past 2” eguxverean wey ylp xd tov Nepoa vavrindy, xa yy Echautvos weve, eis Be Tay Tepaiy Vie mAgover Bpadéag Boring yyveran, xi EAAnves EvOa kal EvOa, 20 EAAG Byor Eo rend odmayé feet ex tv nerpiov, PABos de yiyverar Ev roic BapBipors. Gxodovsr yap ibn cag, civ Borty: 5 naiBac, yovaikac: vov Snép"ndvtwy eycov? Vocabulary for Section Two C xahév tive Adyov a fine tale ol EAAnves the Greeks obBby Neyo speak nonsense ofixovy not... rratibeg children (voe.) byybc Exdauivoc near Salamis xaBa¢ your children (ac.) Box nga shout viye-sem there yyovaixas your wives (ace.) 4 then, now (stressing) therefore eAevdep-obre free (pl) mdru-as, 6 grandfather (2a) ‘Ekivav of the Greeks nap 8'= nanplu fatherland ey --6v my (ace,) Oe vai EvOa this way and nohAdnac often that ‘x6repov.. fl whether ev Twig BapBpors among o the barbarians Eaheuive Salamis (ace) Exe when Eahoyavoni-ns Uycé-0 seek, took for Salamis fbn now, already st npypararthe ev (the events) ‘.htot-06 -n -ov very fine, most lovely the Greeks ‘rolg BapBépoug the _barbatians Ty DAfvwv of the Greeks Gv Tepo-dv of the Persians ‘Gv nerp-Qv the rocks ‘mip névewy for everything pevd-

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