Referencing APA 6th v1.0

Learning Commons
APA 6th Referencing Guide
APA (6th edition) Referencing Guide

This referencing guide was last updated on 14th January 2015, version 1.0. Please ensure you have the current
version.
Following a recommended style ensures that your references are compiled in a consistent
format and that it is possible for the reader to clearly identify and locate resources listed in
your reference list and bibliography.
If your course of study is at a partnership university, you may need to use their recommended
style guide which you can access from their website.
Table of Contents
Overview ..............................................................................................................................................4
Why Reference?...............................................................................................................................4
The Author – Date System ..............................................................................................................5
Reference List ..................................................................................................................................5
Bibliography .....................................................................................................................................7
In-Text Citations ...............................................................................................................................7
Quotes ..........................................................................................................................................9
Direct or Indirect Quotes.........................................................................................................9
Brief or Longer Quotes ......................................................................................................... 10
Punctuation................................................................................................................................... 10
Common Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 11
Further Resources ........................................................................................................................ 11
Referencing Assistance................................................................................................................ 11
Explanations and Examples ............................................................................................................ 12
Audiovisual Materials ................................................................................................................... 12
Referencing Information .......................................................................................................... 12
1
Holmesglen Learning Commons 14-Jan-16 Q:\Learning Commons\Website\originals for site\Referencing APA 6th v1.0.docx
Learning Commons
Motion picture, DVD, or video ................................................................................................. 12
Streaming Media ...................................................................................................................... 13
Books............................................................................................................................................. 13
Books and Electronic Books .................................................................................................... 15
Book Chapters .......................................................................................................................... 15
Illustrations, Tables and Figures ................................................................................................. 16
Citing Images, Table and Figures ............................................................................................ 16
Tables........................................................................................................................................ 16
Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Illustrations ............................................................................................................................... 17
Image in another work ......................................................................................................... 17
Published Image................................................................................................................... 18
Creative Commons ................................................................................................................... 18
Journals, Magazines and Newspapers ....................................................................................... 19
Journals..................................................................................................................................... 20
Magazines ................................................................................................................................ 20
Newspapers .............................................................................................................................. 20
Standards and Patents ................................................................................................................ 21
Standards ................................................................................................................................. 21
Patents ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Web Sources ................................................................................................................................. 22
2
Learning Commons
Webpage ................................................................................................................................... 22
Online Document ..................................................................................................................... 23
Application ................................................................................................................................ 23
Social Media ............................................................................................................................. 23
Unpublished Works ...................................................................................................................... 24
Personal Communications ...................................................................................................... 24
Theses ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Lecture Notes ........................................................................................................................... 25
3
Learning Commons
Overview
This guide provides an overview of referencing using APA 6th edition. More details on
referencing using this style can be found in the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. Copies of this book are available through the Learning Commons.
The online version of this guide is available at http://holmesglen.libguides.com/apareferencing
Why Reference?
Referencing is a standardised method of uniquely identifying and acknowledging sources of
information that you have used in your assignment.
You must give credit to the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your
assignment. This allows your readers to locate and follow up resources you have used and
assess the value of your research. It also protects you from the serious charge of plagiarism.
Plagiarism is taking information that has been produced by someone else and using it as your
own. For more information on plagiarism and how to avoid it, visit:
http://www.holmesglen.edu.au/about_us/policies/plagiarism
All submitted and assessed work must be fully referenced, with a Reference List suppled at the
end of the assessment. This includes presentations; hence you need to include citations for
images, text and charts used on slides and a full reference on the Reference List at the end of
the presentation.
What must be referenced:
 Direct quotes
 Facts
 Figures, diagrams and images
 Ideas and theories
 Published works
Purpose of referencing:
 Avoid plagiarism
 Verify quotes
 Readers can find the cited work
 Demonstrate reading of relevant background literature
4
Learning Commons
The Author – Date System

There are many different styles for citing references and compiling bibliographies. APA style is
an author-date citation system that uses in-text referencing and a reference list. This style of
referencing is widely accepted in academic publications, although you may see a number of
variations in the way it is used. Harvard and APA 6th are examples of the author - date system.
Reference List
A Reference List is a list of books, articles and other resources which you have referred to
(cited) in the text of your work.
The Reference List must be listed in alphabetical order. The order is determined by the first
letter of the author's/editor's surname or name of organisation. If there is no author, use the
title of the text. When using the title do not order by 'A', 'An' and 'The', refer to the next word in
the title. Your Reference List should be included on a separate page, at the end of an
assignment.
Make sure you follow the punctuation of the referencing style (commas, full stops, spacing,
brackets, use of capital letters and lower case).
Format
 Hanging indent: all lines but the first are indented about half an inch.
 List in alphabetical order: a, b, c...
 For 2-7 authors: separate names of multiple authors with commas, and place an
ampersand (&) before the last author.
 For 8 or more authors: list the first 6 authors, then insert 3 ellipsis points (...) and then
give the last author's name. E.g. Autio, N. (n.d.). Bright [photography]. In N. Autio, L.
Whelan, M. Drew, L. Grant, H. Smith, M. Pam, ... J. Ogden, 10x100 (p. 14). Sydney, NSW:
T & G Publishing.
Authors
 Use surname first, then initials, with a full stop after each initial.
 If more than one author has the same surname and initials, include their full name in
square brackets with full stop. E.g. Have two Smith, J. authors. Use: Smith, J. [John]. and
Smith, J. [Jane].
 Spell out the full name of a group (organisation, government department, association,
etc), followed by a full stop. E.g. World Health Organisation.
 If the author is an editor, place their name(s) in the author position and include (Ed.) or
(Eds.) in brackets after the last editor. For more information, refer to Book Chapters.
5
Learning Commons
Additional Title Notation
Additional title information can be included immediately after the title in square brackets if the
information will assist in identification and retrieval of the work. Capitalise the first letter. Below
are some examples.
[Letter to the editor]

[Abstract]
[Brochure]
[Audio podcast]
[Motion picture]
[Lecture notes]
[CD]
[Video webcast]
For more referencing information for each reference type, refer to the appropriate source.
Example
Reference List
Autio, N. (n.d.). Bright [photography]. In N. Autio, L. Whelan, M. Drew, L. Grant, H. Smith, M.

Pam, ... J. Ogden, 10x100 (p. 14). Sydney, NSW: T & G Publishing.
Armstrong, G. (2012). Principles of marketing (5th ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson
Education Australia.
Carnovale, M. (2014). Road policing drug and alcohol section. Police Life, summer, 16-17.
Felisitas, C., Molline, M., & Clotildah, K. (2012). The hospitality and tourism honours degree
programme: Stakeholders' perceptions on competencies developed. Journal of Hospitality
Management and Tourism, 3(1), 12-22. Retrieved from
http://academicjournals.org/JHMT.
Hooper, T. (Director)., & Canning, I., Sherman, E., & Unwin, G. (Producers). (2010).The King's
speech [DVD]. United States: The Weinstein Company and Momentum.
Hopkin, P. (2012). Fundamentals of risk management: Understanding, evaluating, and

implementing effective risk management (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com
Kim, T., Yoo, J. J., Lee, G., & Kim, J. (2012). Emotional intelligence and emotional labour acting
strategies among frontline hotel employees. International Journal of Contemporary
Hospitality Management, 24(7), 1029-46. doi:10.1108/09596111211258900
Reyes, S. D., & Ebbeck, M. (2010). Children redefine learning in science through play. In M.
Ebbeck & M. Waniganayake (Eds.), Play in early childhood education: Learning in diverse
contexts (pp. 197-211). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.
6
Learning Commons
Robbins, S., Judge, T., Millett, B., & Boyle, M. (2014). Organisational behaviour (7th ed.).
Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia.
Teegardin, K 2009, Balancing the account by hand, photograph, viewed 16 March 2014,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/26373139@N08/5913014568
VEA. (2010). First things first: Working effectively in an office [video file]. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.holmesglen.vic.edu.au/login?url=https://clickv.ie/w/R2fe
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2015, January 6). No #Ebola cases detected in #Iraq
http://goo.gl/0wX7lu [tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/WHO/status/552472776033173506
Further information about the reference list is available in the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th edition), p. 180-192.
Bibliography
You may sometimes be required to create a Bibliography at the end of a written assignment. A
Bibliography includes all the books, articles and other sources of information that you found
useful for the writing of the assignment, not just those you cited. Your Bibliography should be
included on a separate page, after the Reference List if both are required.
APA Style usually requires a Reference List. If you have been asked to include a Bibliography
with your assignment, consult with your lecturer or refer to your assignment outline.
In-Text Citations
In-text citations appear in the body of your assignment. When you use ideas from other
sources, you need to give brief details acknowledging the source. Therefore you must include
an in-text citation when you are using text (direct or indirect quote) or an image, illustration,
chart or table that has been copied or adapted from another source.
Three important pieces of information about the source are included in the in-text citation in
the body of your text.
 The surname of the author or authors

 The year of publication
 The section: page number, chapter or paragraph - which of these depends on the layout
of the source of the information. E.g. if the book has page numbers, use the page
number. If the webpage has paragraphs, use paragraph number.
7
Learning Commons
Citations may be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation) in
parentheses.
Examples
Citing a work with 1-2 authors:
 Bond (2015), or (Bond, 2015)

 Tsukino and Shields (2014), or (Tsukino & Shields, 2014)
Citing a work with 3 -5 authors:
 In first citation list all authors. In subsequent citations list first author followed by 'et al.'
E.g.: Potter, Weasley and Granger (2015), or in parentheses as (Potter, Weasley &
Granger, 2015) in subsequent citations is Potter et al. (2015), or in parentheses as
(Potter et al., 2015).
Citing a work with 6 or more authors:
 In first and subsequent citations list the first author followed by 'et al.' E.g.: Wayne et al.
(2013).
8
Learning Commons
Multiple authors with the same surname:
 Use their initials to differentiate the authors. E.g.: J. H. Bond (2015), or in parentheses
as (J. H. Bond, 2015), and J. A. Bond (2015), or in parentheses as (J. A. Bond, 2015).
Multiple citations in one reference:
 List in alphabetical order, and separate with a semicolon. E.g.: (Bond, 2015; Tsukino &
Shields, 2014).
Multiple works by the same author with the same date:
 List them in the order that they appear in the Reference List, but differentiate by adding
a-z in alphabetical order after the year. E.g.: (Bond, 2015a) and (Bond, 2015b). Bond,
2015a will be the first Bond with the year 2015 listed in the Reference List.
Secondary citation:
 If you are citing information found in one source that has been cited from another
author’s work, ensure you mention both sources in your citation. E.g.: Logan (as cited in
Preston, 2014) where ‘Logan' was referred to in 'Preston'. The 'Preston' reference is the
work that you read. Only the source that you read is included in the reference list.
Further citation information is available in the Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th edition), p. 174-179.
Quotes
Direct or Indirect Quotes
Direct quotes are when you reproduce an author’s work word-for-word with the same
punctuation and spelling. When quoting another’s idea exactly, their words must be in “double
quotation marks”. The author, year and location (e.g. p. 33 for a book page, or para. 4 for a
webpage) must be cited.
Indirect quotes are when you express another’s idea using your own words or summarise the
research of others. When paraphrasing, you do not need to include the page or paragraph;
however including this information is useful for long texts so that others can find the
information you reference.
9
Learning Commons
Brief or Longer Quotes
Brief quotes are less than 40 words. Refer to direct or direct quotes for format.
Longer quotes are 40 words or more. Format as a block quotation, as explained below:
 Do not use “quotation marks”

 Start the quote on a new line
 Indent the block quote about half an inch on the left margin
 At the end of the quote, cite the source after the final punctuation mark. If the author
was referred to in the sentence before the quote, then only need to reference the page
or paragraph at the end.
Example of a longer quote
The study by Preston and Logan (2014) showed that
this is the quote here. It started in lowercase because it is continuing on from the
sentence above. The quote goes for at least 40 words. The paragraph can continue after
this block quote; just continue with the text aligned on the left margin, in line with the
sentence that introduced this quote. This quote then stands out, indented on its own. (p.
78)
Further information about quoting and paraphrasing is available in the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association (6th edition), p. 170-174.
Punctuation
Explanation of punctuation is included throughout this guide. This includes formatting quotes,
citations and references.
10
Learning Commons
Common Abbreviations
Some terms commonly used in references are abbreviated.
c. circa
(Ed. / Eds.) editor / editors
Trans. Translator(s)
(ed.) edition
(Rev. ed.) Revised edition
(2nd ed.) Second edition
et al. and others
n.d. no date
n.p. no publisher
N.p. no place of publication
p. / pp. page / pages
para. Paragraph
No. Number
(Vol. / Vols.) Volume / Volumes
(Tech.) Technical Report
Further Resources
The resources below provide more details on referencing using APA 6th edition. They are
available through the Learning Commons.
 APA Publication Manual [book]

 Pocket Guide to APA Style [book]
 APA Style Simplified: Writing in Psychology, Education, Nursing, and Sociology [e-book]
 APA Guide to Electronic References, 6th ed. [pdf]
Referencing Assistance
The Academic Skills Unit and the Learning Commons can assist with referencing enquiries. For
contact details and further information, visit the webpages below:
Academic Skills Unit: http://www.holmesglen.edu.au/asu
Learning Commons: http://www.holmesglen.edu.au/learningcommons
11
Learning Commons
Explanations and Examples

When referencing, ensure you follow the examples given, paying attention to capitalisation,
italics, commas, full stops, brackets and more.
Audiovisual Materials
Referencing Information
The reference information can often be found on the cover of the DVD case or the website on
which the streaming video is located.
Referencing details that are needed include:
 Author(s)/creator(s)/director(s)
 Year of production
 Format (e.g. DVD/ online video)
 Distributor
(Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable.)
Motion picture, DVD, or video

Format
Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year of release). Title [Format].

[Additional contributions]. Country of origin: Company.
Format includes: DVD, Motion picture, Videocassette
Additional contributions include: Narr. by, With (used to note the leading actors), and Written
by.
Examples
Canning, I., Sherman, E., & Unwin, G. (Producers), & Hooper, T. (Director). (2010). The King's
speech [DVD]. United States: The Weinstein Company and Momentum.
Besson, L. (Producer), & Megaton, O. (Director). (2014). Taken 3 [Motion picture]. United
States: 20th Century Fox.
12
Learning Commons
Streaming Media
Format
Author, A. A. [User name]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://xxxxx
If real name of author is not known, use username without square brackets:
User name. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Example
VEA. (2010). First things first: Working effectively in an office [video file]. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.holmesglen.vic.edu.au/login?url=https://clickv.ie/w/R2fe
Books
The referencing information is often found on the front and back of the title page of a book.
 Author/editor
 Year of publication
 Title
 Edition
 Volume number
 Place of publication
 Publisher
13
Learning Commons
Example
14
Learning Commons
Books and Electronic Books

Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.
If the item is accessed online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after the title instead of
publication Information.
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Example
Armstrong, G. (2012). Principles of marketing (5th ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson
Education Australia.
Hopkin, P. (2012). Fundamentals of risk management: Understanding, evaluating, and

implementing effective risk management (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com
Book Chapters
When a book consists of many chapters written by different authors, reference each chapter
that you use.
Format
Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. x-x). Location:
Publisher.
Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. x-x).
Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Example
Reyes, S. D., & Ebbeck, M. (2010). Children redefine learning in science through play. In M.
Ebbeck & M. Waniganayake (Eds.), Play in early childhood education: Learning in diverse
contexts (pp. 197-211). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.
15
Learning Commons
Illustrations, Tables and Figures
Citing Images, Table and Figures

All figures and tables, including images and photographs, must be numbered above the item,
and a note with the author and copyright holder included in the caption below. In-text they are
referred to as Figure # or Table #. Refer to the tables and figures headings for explanation of
the layout of the information within the text.
If the tables or figures are reproduced or adapted from another source, then they need to be
referenced in the referencing list.
 Creator
 Year of publication
 Title (If there is no title, create a title and use it in square brackets in place of the title)
 Description of material (e.g. photography, illustration etc)
 Publisher
 Place of publication
Tables
Format in-text
Table #
Table title
[The table] Refer to APA Publication Manual (p. 129) for further details on the layout of tables.
Note. Caption (General notes for the table appear here, including definitions of abbreviations.)
Example in-text
Table 1
Number of Easter eggs consumed by the Jones family
16
Learning Commons
[The table]
Note. Adapted from "Chocolate consumption of the Jones family" by L. E. Brady, 2015, Journal
of the Learning Commons, 2, p. 34.
Figures
Types of figures include graphs, charts, maps, drawings and photographs.
Format in-text
Figure #. Descriptive title
[The figure]
Figure #. Caption. Copyright statement, particularly if your work is being published.
From a website: Figure #. Title of image. Reprinted/Adapted from Title of website, by A. A.

Author, Year, Retrieved from http://xxxxx
From a journal: Figure #. Title of image. Reprinted/Adapted from "Title of article," by A. A.

Author, Year, Journal title, Volume(issue), Page-Page.
Example in-text
Figure 1.2. Photograph by N. Audio
[The photograph]
Figure 1.2. Bright. Reprinted from 10x100, by N. Autio, L. Whelan, M. Drew, L. Grant, H. Smith,
M. Pam, ... J. Ogden, n.d., Sydney, NSW: T & G Publishing.
Reference
Reference the item as image, journal article, etc.
Illustrations
How to reference illustrations, such as artwork and images, included and cited in your work.
Note that illustrations must be formatted in your work as a figure. Refer to Figures in this guide
for requirements.
Image in another work
Format
17
Learning Commons
Creator, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of image [Description of material]. In A. Author (if

different from the creator). Title of work (pp. x). Location: Publisher.
Example
Autio, N. (n.d.). Bright [photography]. In N. Autio, L. Whelan, M. Drew, L. Grant, H. Smith, M.

Pam, ... J. Ogden, 10x100 (p. 14). Sydney, NSW: T & G Publishing.
Published Image
Format
Creator, A. A. (Year of creation). Title of image [Description of material].
Creator, A. A. (Year of creation). Title of image [Description of material]. Retrieved from

http://xxxxx
Example
Teegardin, K. (2009). Balancing the account by hand [photograph]. Retrieved 16 March 2014
from http://www.flickr.com/photos/26373139@N08/5913014568
Creative Commons
In-text: Information about the Creative Commons Licence is entered directly after the item is
used.
Figure 1. Balancing the account by hand
Figure 1. Reproduced from “Balancing the account by hand”, by Teegardin, 2009. Retrieved
from http://www.flickr.com/photos/26373139@N08/5913014568. Used under a Creative
Commons Attribution 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).
Reference List: Reference the item according to its format. Information about Creative
Commons Licences is included as part of in-text citations only.
Eg: Teegardin, K. (2009). Balancing the account by hand [photograph]. Retrieved 16 March
2014 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/26373139@N08/5913014568
18
Learning Commons
Journals, Magazines and Newspapers
Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are known
as serials or periodicals. Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication
information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead.
Each reference should include the following elements:
 Author
 Date
 Title of article
 Title of Periodical
 Volume
 Issue number
 Page numbers
 View date (Electronic Journals, magazines and newspaper only)
 DOI (Digital Object Identifier), database or website address (Electronic Journals,
magazines and newspaper only)
Example
19
Learning Commons
Journals
Format
Print: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
Volume(Issue), Page-Page.
Online, with DOI: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical,Volume(Issue), Page-Page. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
If you can't see the DOI in the database or on a page in the article, check at
http://crossref.org/
Online, without DOI: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Examples
Felisitas, C., Molline, M., & Clotildah, K. (2012). The hospitality and tourism honours degree
programme: Stakeholders' perceptions on competencies developed. Journal of Hospitality
Management and Tourism, 3(1), 12-22. Retrieved from http://academicjournals.org/JHMT.
Kim, T., Yoo, J. J., Lee, G., & Kim, J. (2012). Emotional intelligence and emotional labour acting
strategies among frontline hotel employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management, 24(7), 1029-1046. doi:10.1108/09596111211258900
Magazines
Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of periodical, Volume(Issue), Page-Page.
Example
Carnovale, M. (2014). Road policing drug and alcohol section. Police Life, summer, 16-17.
Newspapers
Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Periodical, p. x.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Periodical. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Example
20
Learning Commons
Robinson, L. (2014, December 14). Racist attack on bus: offender's Youth Justice Conference.
The Age. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/
Standards and Patents
 Corporate Author/ Inventor

 Year of publication/application
 Standard number/ patent number/ patent application number
 Standard/ patent name
 Publisher (for printed standard only)
 Place of publication (for printed standard only)
 Page numbers
 View date (for online standard only)
 Database name/ website address (for online standard only)
Standards
Format
Author. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Location: Publisher.
Author. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Retrieved from xxxxx
Example
Standards Australia. (2013). Scaffold decking components (AS/NZS 1577:2013). Retrieved

from http://www.saiglobal.com
Patents
Format
Inventor, A. A. (Year). Patent Identifier Number xxx. Location: Source Name.
21
Learning Commons
Example
Ford, R. H., & Bright, S. J. (2014). Australian Patent AU 2014201783. Canberra, Australia:
IPAustralia.
Cite in text with (Country Patent number, Year).
Web Sources
Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add
retrieval information:
 Author
 Date
 Title
 View Date
 Website Address
Include the date you viewed the page if the source material is likely to change over time. For
example: wikis; or if your lecturer or tutor has asked you to provide the viewed date.
Additional Online Content
For an online book (e-book), refer to Books.
For an online journal (electronic journal), refer to Journals, Magazines and Newspapers.
For online video such as those viewed on YouTube or Vimeo, refer to Audiovisual Materials.
Webpage
If you are mentioning a website only, then cite the URL in parentheses in the text and do not
include it in the Reference List. For example, the World Health Organization
(http://www.who.int/en/) is the United Nations health authority.
If citing particular information from a webpage, then it must be referenced.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of source. Retrieved from Name of the website:
http://xxxxx
22
Learning Commons
If it is clear from the URL what the name of the website is, it is not required.
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of source. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Example
Holmesglen. (n.d.). Plagiarism. Retrieved from

http://www.holmesglen.edu.au/students/current_students/student_policies_and_procedures/
plagiarism
Online Document
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document [Format]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Example
Victorian Law Reform Commission. (2006). Review of family violence laws: Report [pdf].
Retrieved from http://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au
Application
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of software or program (Version number) [Mobile application

software]. Retrieved from http://xxxx
Example
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2014). ABS stats (Version 1.2.4) [Mobile application software].
Retrieved from https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/abs-stats/id521958758
Social Media
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document [Format]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Format: Blog post, Blog comment, Tweet, Facebook page, Facebook post
Example
23
Learning Commons
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2015, January 6). No #Ebola cases detected in #Iraq
http://goo.gl/0wX7lu [Tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/WHO/status/552472776033173506
Unpublished Works
 Author
 Date
 Title
 DOI
 Website address
(Not all these details will necessarily be applicable.)
Personal Communications
Personal communications are unpublished sources that are not accessible to the reader. They
are cited in-text only. They are not included in the reference list.
Personal communication includes personal letters, conversations, interviews, email messages,

photographs, images, tables and data.
Format of in-text citation
A. Author (type of unpublished work, Month Day, Year)
Give an exact date if possible.
Example of in-text citation
J. Smith (personal photograph, December 11, 2015)
Theses
Format
Print: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (Type of thesis). Name of Institution, Location.
24
Learning Commons
Database: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (Type of thesis). Retrieved from Database.
(Accession or Order no.)
Online: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (Type of thesis, Name of Institution). Retrieved from
http://xxxxx
Online, from a university outside the United States: Author, A. A. (Year of creation). Title of work
(Type of thesis, Name of Institution, Location). Retrieved from http://xxxxx
Example
Carter, C. H. (2010). Kwathi ke kaloku ngantsomi : engaging with oral art forms to support
drama pedagogy and intercultural understanding (PhD Thesis). Retrieved from
https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/35806
Lecture Notes
Check your assignment out line for research expectations, or with your lecturer or tutor, before
referencing lecture notes as they may not be regarded as a suitable source.
Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of lecture [Format of file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
The title of the lecture may include the unit code, unit name and week.
The format of file may be PowerPoint slides, Word document.
Use the home URL for the Holmesglen online learning space if retrieved from online.
Example
Smith, J. (2015). ABC123: The alphabet, week 1 notes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://online.tafevc.com.au/holmesglen/
Further reference examples are available in the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th edition), p. 193-224.
25

Referencing APA 6th v1.0

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Referencing APA 6th v1.0

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Learning Commons

APA 6th Referencing Guide

APA (6th edition) Referencing Guide

The Author – Date System ..............................................................................................................5

Reference List ..................................................................................................................................5

In-Text Citations ...............................................................................................................................7

Direct or Indirect Quotes.........................................................................................................9

Brief or Longer Quotes ......................................................................................................... 10

Common Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 11

Further Resources ........................................................................................................................ 11

Explanations and Examples ............................................................................................................ 12

Audiovisual Materials ................................................................................................................... 12

Referencing Information .......................................................................................................... 12

Motion picture, DVD, or video ................................................................................................. 12

Streaming Media ...................................................................................................................... 13

Referencing Information .......................................................................................................... 13

Books and Electronic Books .................................................................................................... 15

Book Chapters .......................................................................................................................... 15

Illustrations, Tables and Figures ................................................................................................. 16

Citing Images, Table and Figures ............................................................................................ 16

Referencing Information .......................................................................................................... 16

Image in another work ......................................................................................................... 17

Creative Commons ................................................................................................................... 18

Journals, Magazines and Newspapers ....................................................................................... 19

Referencing Information .......................................................................................................... 19

Standards and Patents ................................................................................................................ 21

Referencing Information .......................................................................................................... 21

Web Sources ................................................................................................................................. 22

Referencing Information .......................................................................................................... 22

Online Document ..................................................................................................................... 23

Social Media ............................................................................................................................. 23

Unpublished Works ...................................................................................................................... 24

Referencing Information .......................................................................................................... 24

Personal Communications ...................................................................................................... 24

Lecture Notes ........................................................................................................................... 25

The online version of this guide is available at http://holmesglen.libguides.com/apareferencing

What must be referenced:

The Author – Date System

Additional Title Notation

[Letter to the editor]

Autio, N. (n.d.). Bright [photography]. In N. Autio, L. Whelan, M. Drew, L. Grant, H. Smith, M.

Hopkin, P. (2012). Fundamentals of risk management: Understanding, evaluating, and

 The surname of the author or authors

Citing a work with 1-2 authors:

 Bond (2015), or (Bond, 2015)

Citing a work with 3 -5 authors:

Citing a work with 6 or more authors:

Multiple authors with the same surname:

Multiple citations in one reference:

Multiple works by the same author with the same date:

Further citation information is available in the Publication Manual of the American

Brief or Longer Quotes

 Do not use “quotation marks”

Example of a longer quote

The study by Preston and Logan (2014) showed that

 APA Publication Manual [book]

Academic Skills Unit: http://www.holmesglen.edu.au/asu

Learning Commons: http://www.holmesglen.edu.au/learningcommons

Explanations and Examples

Referencing details that are needed include:

(Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable.)

Motion picture, DVD, or video

Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year of release). Title [Format].

Format includes: DVD, Motion picture, Videocassette