32 Section 1D Word-building diicé has another stem, duct-. Use the ‘pool’ of prefixes (pp. 32, 43) and your knowledge of common endings to produce at least ten English derivatives, with meanings. See how large a score you can make with audi6, audit- and dico, dict- in the same way. Real-Latin Martial Martial (c. AD 40-140) was a Roman satirical epigrammatist. ‘Thaida Quintus amat. ‘quam Thaida?’ Thaida luscam. finum oculum Thais nén habet, ille duds. 3.8) ‘Thais nanie of a very quam which? ille ‘but he’ ic. Quintus us Roman luse-us a um one-cyed (sc. nén habet) ‘Courtesan (acc, jin-us a. um one duds two (cycs) = Thaida) NB. The Romans thought of love as blind and lovers as ‘blinded’. bee Africinus miligns, tamen captat. Ortiina multis dat nimis, satis nialli. (12.10) miliéns 100 million capté 1 1 hunt legacies niillt to no-one Semterces multis to many Vulgate Dominus regit mé. (Psalm 23) Ordinary of the Mass 1m nOmine Patris et Filil et Spiritiis Sancti. 56Section 1E 33> Running vocabulary for 1E adsum 1 am near, at hand, present acgré hardly aequ-us a um content anin-us 7 2m. mind, heart, spirit asin-us 72m. donkey audi hear! listen! audisne: ne turns audis into a question bene well, thoroughly blande ingratiatingly bon-us a um good bés bou-is 3m. ox ceré without doubt cogndut | know consili-um 7 2n. plan dis dot-is 3. dowry dubi-us a um in doubt diic lead! take! exisne: ne turns exis into a question fac do! make! “facile casily “facimus we do, make “facinora (nom.) schemes acinus (nom., acc.) deed, scheme Sacit (he/shefit) makes, does Jer carry! bring! “fers I carry, endure ‘fers you (s.) carry, endure ‘fert (he/sheyit) carries “for-um i 2n, forum ‘grauid-us a um pregnant hercle by Hercules! heus hey! hic here hodié today homo homin-is 3m. man, fellow iaced 2 I lie immortalés immortal imperé 11 order irride6 2 1 laugh at (+ne=?) lut-um 7 2n, mud mihi (to) me mox soon nefari-us a um wicked nihil nothing niipti-ae drum 1f. (pl.) marriage-rites occidi I'm done for! ‘omnia (acc.) everything onus (acc.) load, burden oper-a ae 1f. attention opus (nom.) need ord6 érdin-is 3m. rank, class pate 2 1 am obvious, lie exposed Paupertas paupertat-is 3f. poverty perit I'm lost! Perspicu-us a um obvious pol certainly (lit. ‘by Pollux’) posc5 3 1 demand, ask for (in marriage) Praeterea moreover promitte promise! promitts 31 promise quasi as if quid consilt what (of) plan? qué to where? respicié 3/4 I give a second glance to salué hail! saliité 11 greet, welcome scelus (nom., ace.) crime; criminal, villain scelera (nom., acc.) crimes; criminals, villains sécum with himself/herself sic thus, as follows sine (+abl.) without stult-us a. um stupid subit-us a um suddenly tibi to you transcend6 3 1 cross over (to) (ad+ace.:= 1 become) naleé 21 am well; I wield influence; ualed a (+abl.) I am well from the point of view of bi where? uéré truly is you (s.) wish, want uolé I wish, want uolumus we wish, want ule (he/she/it) wishes, wants uultis you (pl.) wish, want 5733 33 Section 1E Learning vocabulary for 1E Nouns niipti-ae drum 1£. pl. advice, judgement marriage-rites dis détis 3£. dowry animus ¢2m. mind, homo homin-is 3m. man, spirit, heart fellow cOnsili-um 7 2n. plan; Adjectives. bon-us a um good; brave; fit; honest Verbs inides 2.1 laugh at, mock salué welcome! primitt-6 3 promis- prmiss- pose-5 3 1 demand 1 promise tore (to) whi i th if I'm lost! qué (to) where — vig cron: esi as if, like sécum with/to himself] hai juid consit? what (of) herself mals plan? ubi where (at)? o«tidi 'm done for! New forms: nouns | acinus facinshis 3n, deed; onus oner-is 3n. load, scelus sceler-is 3n. crime, Gime; endeavour | ———sburden. villainy; criminal, villain New forms: verbs oo. Sticd 34. fe, face V make, fer-d 3 tul-, Hat- 1 bear, uol-6 1 wish, want * lead Grammar and exercises for 1E cay Present indicative active (3rd/4th conjugation): capid ‘I 1st s. cépi-6 ‘I capture’ etc. 2nd s. chpi-s 3rd s. cdpi-t 58Section 1E 36 1st pl. capi-mus 2nd pl. capi-tis 3rd pl. capi-u-nt Notes 1 There are a number of verbs which draw their forms from both 3rd and 4th conjs. You have met facid, ‘I make, do’. 2 capié appears to be straight 4th conjugation in the pres. ind. act., but observe a difference. True, it keeps the -i- all the way through, but the -i- remains short as in the 3rd conj. 34 uold ‘I wish’, ‘I want’ (irregular): present indicative active Ist s. udl-d ‘I wish’, ‘I want’ ete. 2nd s. ules 3rd s. uul-t (uol-t) ist pl. 2nd pl. uiiltis (uél-tis) 3rd pl. udl-u-nt NB. The stem of wold is irregular but observe that the personal endings are regular, i.e. -0, -s, -f etc. 35 ferd ‘I bear’, ‘I carry, ‘I lead’ (irregular): present indicative active Ist s. fer-3 ‘I bear’ etc. 2nd s._ fer-s 3rd s. fer-t Ist pl. fér-i-mus 2nd pl. fer-tis 3rd pl. fér-u-nt NB. _Itis the absence of -i- between stem and ending in 2nd, 3rd s. and 2nd pl. that makes this irregular. 36 Present imperatives active (all conjugations) 1 2 3 4 34 ma ‘love!” habé ‘have!’ pésc-e ‘ask!’ addi ‘hear! cdp-e —‘take!” ama-te habé-te pdse-ite audi-te capi-te 5937 38 36 Section 1E Note 1 We use poscé for 3rd conj. as dico has an irregular imperative, and capié ‘I take’, ‘I capture’ should be learnt now, as it will exemplify 3rd/4th conj. throughout. 2 Note the similarity of 3rd and 3rd/4th conjugation imperative forms. Despite the presénce of the -i- in capid, the imperative form in the s. is still cap-e, Irregular imperatives sume dich diicé fers Sacio es be!” I'gol” dic ‘say!” dic ‘lead!’ fer ‘bring!’ fac ‘do’, ‘make!” Gte ite dicite diicite fér-te faci-te Notes 1 Herewith a mnemonic to help you remember four of the irregular imperatives: ‘dic had a diic with fer on its back, and that’s a fac’. 2 Observe the lack of -i- in ferte. Exercises 1 Translate into Latin: you (s.) make; hear! (pl.); they carry; bring! (s., vo verbs); she wishes, we do; he bears; go! (pl.); you (s.) want; demand! (5);1 do; take (6) the dowry (optional: we make; you (s.) endure; you (Pl) bring; you (pl.) wish; love your father! (s.)). 2 Translate the following, then change s. to pl. and vice versa: facimus; fert; ult; ferunt; dic; ferte; uolumus; est; eunt; facis; dicite; ite; capite (optional: fac; uis; es; habent; dicit; audite; faciunt; fers). 3rd. decl. nouns: onus oner-is 3n. ‘load’, ‘burden’ a pl. fom. énus nema acc. énus — énera en. éner-is éner-um dat. énerionér-ibus abl. ner onér-ibus 6039 Section 1E 39 NB. All 3rd decl. nouns in -us, -eris are n. (cf. ndmen 26). Observe that, as usual, the nom. and acc. forms are the same; and that, like nomen, the nom. and acc. pl. end in -a. It is vital to know the full categorisation (i.e. onus oner-is 3n.) of nouns like onus, for fear of confusing them with 2nd decl. m. nouns like thésaurus, dominus etc. onus isa consonant-stem noun. Exercises 1 Give the correct form of multus for these cases of onus: onus, oneris, onere, onera, oneribus. 2 Find the words which agree with the given form of pulcher: pulchré: oneris, scelere, domini, facinus, dei, di pulchra: fémina, facinora, scelera, seruae, senex pulchrum: opus, seruum, féminam, senés, Larem, scelus, facinoris pulchr6érum: ndminum, seruarum, dedrum, senum, scelerum Questions in -ne? -ne attached to the First word of a sentence turns a statement into a question, e.g. puerum amas ‘you love the boy’ — amdsne puerum? ‘do you love the boy?” NB. Emphasis is placed on the first word in such questions. puerumne amas? means ‘is it the boy you love?’ Exercise Read out these sentences in Latin, correctly phrased. Then translate. Next turn each into a question, putting the word to be questioned first, and adding -ne to it. Translate and read out the Latin again, (a) est bona puella. (b) imus ad aedis Euclidnis. (©) fert bene onus serua. 6140 Section 1E (4) optimuri cfsilium habent. (c) Euclid filiain statim promittit. _ (£) Megadéras satis péciiniae habet. (g) soror fratrem bene audit. (bh) scaenani wuidétis. (i) Euclid hondrem numquam dat. Gj) _uxérés nimis auri semper habent. quid+ gen, ‘We'have already met satis-+ gen. ‘enough (of)’, and nimis + gen. ‘too much (of)’. quid+ gen. =‘what (of)?’, e.g. quid consili est? ‘what (of) plan isthere?’ quid nego est? ‘what (of) trouble is there?’ ‘what's the problem?’ is another example of the so-called ‘partitive’ genitive (cf. 31). Exercises 1 Translate: in aedis; € déte; in animé; ad hominés; ab aqua; ex ignibus; domi; & periculd; in exitium; ad aquas; in periculum. 2 Translate these sentences: ) bi est Megadorus? quid consili habet? (b) uxdremne pulchram uult uir dives? quid negoti est? (¢) ds igitur bonds habed. (@) seruf in aedibus nimis faciunt scelerum, nimis facinorum maldrum. (€) quid oneris fers? qué is? 3 Translate these sentences: (a) festind lenté. (Suetonius) (b) _uirtis sdla uitam efficit be’tam. (Cicero) (C) nihil inuitus facit sapiéns. (Seneca) (4) auctor opus laudat. (Ovid) . (€) nihil in uulgo modicum. (Tacitus) (f) neque bonum est uoluptas neque malum. (Aulus Gellius) 62Section 1E (festin | U hurry, hasten lenté slowly uirtits uintiit-is 3f. goodness sél-us a um alone, only hitea ae 1f. life effcis 3/4 1 make (x acc., vy acc.) Reading exercises beat-us a um happy, blessed nihil nothing -s a um unwilling(ly) sapiéns sapient-is 3m. wise man auctor auctor-is 3m. author Aa opus oper-is 3n. work laudé 1 1 praise uulg-us 7 2n. crowd, mob modic-us a um moderate uoluptas uoluptat-is 36. pleasure 1 Read through each of these pairs of sentences. In each case (1) say whether the subject of the second sentence is m., f. or n., (2) say to what or whom the second sentence refers, (3) translate the sentences, (4) read aloud in Latin, correctly phrased. (a) Megad6rus filiam Euclidnis sine déte domum diicit. optimus igitur homo est. (b) Megadorus domi hodié neque niiptias parat neque coqués uocat. malum est. (c) Eunomia soror Megadari est. bona fémina est. (d) Eunomia fratrem habet. nén dubium est. (e) Euclid filiam amat. malus non est. (f) Euclid timet. nén dubium est. (g) Staphyla cénsilium Eucliénis audit. malum est. (h) Staphyla in aedis redit. ciirae enim pléna est. nv adjective. Analyse the following piece, stating, as you read, subject, verb, object, But anxious Cares the pensive Nymph oppress’d, And secret Passions labour'd in her Breast. Not youthful Kings in Battle seiz’d alive, Not scornful Virgins who their Charms survive, Not ardent Lovers robb’d of all their Bliss, Not ancient Ladies when refused a Kiss, Not Tyrants fierce that unrepenting die, Not Cynthia when her Mantle’s pinned awry, E’er felt such Rage, Resentment and Despair, As thou, sad Virgin! for thy ravish’d Hair. (Pope) 10«40 Section 1E Reading exercise / Test exercise Read carefully through this passage, translating in the order of the words, analysing the function of each and the groupings of the words, and anticipating the direction of the sentences. Translate into correct English. Then read aloud the Passage with correct phrasing, thinking through the meaning as you read. Use the running vocabulary of 1E. Megadorus Eucliénem uicinum uidet. 4 ford abit Euclid. anxius est. nam animus Euclonis, quod aurum non uidet, domi est, Euclid ipse (himself) foris (outside), Euclisnem blandé saliitat Megaddrus, homo diues Paupérem. timet autem Euclid, quod Megadorus uir diues est. Perspicnum est. Megadorus thésaurum Euclinis yult. ndn dubium est. Euclid in aedis it, uidet aurum, saluum est. ex aedibus igitur exit. Megadérus fam Euclignis ux6rem poscit. filiam promittit Euclid, sed ‘Sinedote. pauper enim est. dotem igitur habet nillam. Megaddrus détem uult niillam. bonus est et diues satis. naiptiae hodié sunt. coquum igitur Yocat Megadérus in aedis. timet autem Staphyla, quod Phaedra @ Lycénidé grauida est. Megadorus uxdrem domum diicit grauidam. malum est, English-Latin Translate the Latin sentences into English. Then translate the English sentences into Latin, using the pattern of the Latin ones to help you arrange the word-order correctly, @) intidésne mé, homo malus uirum optimum? Ts he, a rich man, pouring scorn on Euclio, a poor man? (©) malum est. Megadorus enim filiam Eucliénis uxdrem facit. There’s no doubt. The old man considers the girl his daughter. (©) redite ad Larem, serui! coronas ferte multas! Go into the house, slave-woman. Bring your burdens. (8) quid cénsili est? Megadorusne dotem uult? malum est. ; What's up? Do you want money? There’s no doubt (of that). (©) qud abis? isne in aedis? nliptiisne paras hodié? optimum est. What do they want? Are they going home? Are they carrying loads? They're good lads. (€) bonum habé animum, Megadére. nam cénsilium bonum est. Cheer up, master. The deed’s a very good one. 64Section 1E 4 Deliciae Latinae Word-building trans means ‘across’. Sometimes it appears as trd-, e.g. trédo‘Ihand over’, ‘I hand across (the ages)’ — whence ‘tradition’. prd means ‘in front of’, ‘on behalf of’, ‘for’. Learn three important stems: mittd has another stem miss- (thus pro + mittd ‘send ahead’, ‘send in advance’ gives ‘promise’) facié has another stem fact-. When facié has a prefix, it becomes <6mn-ium> dat. —6mni> «6mn-ibus> ab, -émnis «6mn-ibus> Notes 1 Just as with 2nd decl. adjectives like mult-us a um, 3rd decl. adjectives must agree in gender, number and case with the nouns they describe (14). 2 M.and f. forms are the same as each other ins. and pl. —a useful saving of labour for the learner. 3 Generally, 3rd declension adjectives are -i- stems (cf. 12) and have: abl. s. in -i, acc. pl. in -is, n. pl. in -ia, gen. pl. in -inm Contrast 3rd declension consonant-stem nouns, which have: abl. s, in -e, acc. pl. in -és, n. pl. in -a, gen. pl. in -um 4 Similar to omnis: trist-is e ‘sad’; facil-is e ‘easy’; difficil-is e ‘difficult’. 3rd decl. adjectives: ingéns ingéns (ingent-) ‘huge’ ‘ pl. mf. n m.lf. n. ftom. ingéns — ingéns ~—ingént-s ingént-ia acc, ingént-em ingéns . ingént-is (ingént-ts) ingént-ia gen. ingéntis> +ingént-ium—> singéntis abl, ingént-io «ingént-ibus> NB. Observe the stem change of this common type of adjective in -éns and note that its n. s. form is the same as the m./f. form in the nom. Otherwise, its endings are identical to those of omnis. 7046 Section 1F 46 3rd decl. adjectives: audax audax (audac-) ‘bold’, ‘courageous’ pl. milf. n nom. audic-és aud: ace. audic-is (audac-és) audi gen. audic-ium> dat. +-audac-ibus> abl. dat, = —diuit—> «-diuit-ibus> abl. @-diuit-e> «diuit-ibus> s pl. milf. n mf. n tom. paper -padper padiper-és__ patiper-a cc. patperem padper patiper-€s_patiper-a gen, +patiper-is—> «patiper-um—> dat. patiper-i> «paupér-ibus> #1 patipere> «paupér-ibus> ‘When used to describe a noun, these two adjectives mean ‘wealthy’ or poor’. But they can be used on their own, when they act as nouns, and mean ‘a wealthy person’, ‘a poor person’, e.g. Euclid diuités amat ‘Euclio adores the rich/rich people’ (noun); but Euclid homo pauper est ‘Euclio is a Poor man’ (adjective). The same principle applies to all adjectives in Latin. When used on their own, they can stand as nouns. In such circumstances, it is very important to pay close attention to the gender of the adjective, e.g. multi (pl) ©n its own would mean ‘many men’; multae ‘many women’; multa ‘many things’. omnés could mean ‘all men’ or ‘all women’; but omnia would mean ‘all things’, ‘everything’. NB. These are consonant-stem adjectives. Contrast omnis, ingéns, audax 44-6,Section 1F Be Exercises 1 Translate into English: (a) (b) () (a) (e) (f) cénam igitur ingentem coquus audax coquere uult. quaré omnia coquérum némina scire uis? c6nsilium autem audax in animé habés. ubi in aedis intrare uultis, statim nds uocate. scelera audacia omnis pauper facere uult. turba hominum audacium ingéns ad aedis Megadéri adit. 2 Translate into English: (a) (b) (2) (a) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) @ multae neque dormiunt neque cénam coquunt. bona aufert. omnia scire uultis. pulchri pulchras amant. omnés pectiniam habére uolunt. multi fugiunt, multi autem stant. pauperem diues ndn amat. omnés boni ciuis ciirant. mali mala cégitant. peciinia omnis uexat. 3 Translate these sentences: (a) (b) ©) (d) (i) aeu-um aeuum omne et breue et fragile est. (Pliny) senectiis insanabilis morbus est. (Seneca) ira furor breuis est. (Horace) ratiénale animal est homo. (Seneca) facilis est ad beatam uitam uia. (Seneca) difficile est saturam nén scribere. (Juvenal) difficile est longum subité déponere amorem. (Catullus) natiram quidem mitire difficile est. (Seneca) uarium et mitabile semper femina (Virgil) turpe senex miles, turpe senilis amor. (Ovid) 7 2n. age morb-us 72m. disease animal animal-is 3n, e short ir-a ae 1f. anger animal e brittle, frail furor furdr-is 3m. madness _bedit-ns a um happy, senectils senectiit-is 3f. old “ratidndil-is e possessing. blessed age reason uitea ae If. life insinabil-is e incurable 73<47 Section 1F ui-a ae 1f, road, way subité suddenly mits 1 1 change, alter diffcil-is e difficult dépond 3 V lay aside uari-us a um variable satura ae 1f. satire amor amor-is 3m. love miitabil-is ¢ changeable scribd 3 1 write nitiir-a ae 1f. nature turp-is e disgraceful Tong-us a um long, long _* quidem indeed (emphasises miles milit-is 3m. soldier lasting preceding word) senil-is e in an old man Reading exercises 1 Analyse these examples, in the order of the words, determining subject, object, verb, infinitive. (a) The intellect of man is forced to choose Perfection of the life, or of the work. (Yeats) (>) To err is human, to forgive divine. (Pope) (0) And that same prayer doth teach us all to render The deeds of mercy. (Shakespeare) (4) We'll teach you to drink deep. (Shakespeare) (e) To make dictionaries is dull work. (Johnson) () Love looks not with the eyes but with the mind, And therefore is wing’d Cupid painted blind. (Shakespeare) 2 Say, as you translate in the order of the words, what the functions of the words and the word-groups are in these incomplete sentences. Complete them (with Part of uols) and translate into correct English. Then read them aloud, Phrasing them correctly. (2) ubi pauper cénam ingentem habére . . .? (b) qué ta inire .. .? (©) cliris diuitis ferre omnis pauper - - (@) amare puellis pulchras et aurum domini auferre nds serui . . . (€) facile ferre onus ciués omnés . - - (f) uds apud Eucliénem cénam coquere numquam . . . Reading exercise / Test exercise Read this passage, translating in word-order, defining the function of each word 4nd anticipating the construction. Translate into correct English. Then read the Passage aloud in Latin, phrasing correctly, thinking through the meaning as you read. Use the running vocabulary of 1F. Megadérus niiptis facere uult. coqués igitur uocat mults ad acdis. coquérum opus est cénam coquere ingentem. uxdrem domum diicit 74Section 1F 483 Megadorus Phaedram, Euclidnis filiam. sed coqui Euclisnem uirum pauperem habent et tristem. nam nil dmittere uult. follem enim ingentem, ubi dormire uult, in ds imp6nit. ita animam, dum dormit, non Amittit. apud ténsGrem praesegmina, quod nihil uult amittere, colligit omnia et domum dicit. aquam dare nén uult. ignem dare, quod amittere timet, ndn uult. uir tristis est. coqui igitur in aedis inire Megadéri, uiri diuitis et facilis, uolunt. periculum autem in aedibus Megadori multum est, uasa argentea ingentia, uestés multae, multum aurum. sf quid serui Amittunt, coqués firés putant (think) et comprehendere uolunt. apud Eucli6nem autem coqui salui sunt. uasa argentea ex aedibus auferre Euclidnis facile ndn est, quod uasa niilla habet! English-Latin Translate the Latin sentences into English. Then translate the English sentences into Latin, using the pattern of the Latin ones to help you arrange the word-order correctly. (a) quaré in aedis Megad6ri, uiri diuitis, onus ferre uultis? Do you want to cook dinner in a poor man’s, Euclio’s, house? (b) ciués omnés é periculd exire uolunt. Resolute slaves want to escape from the house. (c) ingentem enim Amittere peciiniam quis uult? ‘What woman doesn’t want to find a bold slave? (4) diuités ubi naptias faciunt, coqués in aedis uocant. When they want a large dinner, masters ask for a good cook. (ce) omnés coqui cultrés portant ingentis. A beautiful woman draws (ferd) a big crowd. (f) apud tamen pauperem céna tristis est. At a rich man’s house dinners are excellent. Deliciae Latinae Word-building aJab appears as au as a prefix to ferd, ie. auferd ‘I take away’. in means ‘into’, ‘upon’ in inuenid ‘I come upon’, ‘I find’. Observe the interesting combination of elements in negotium ‘busi- ness’. The word is built up of nec(g)- ‘not’ + dtium ‘leisure’. 75 10