47 Section 1F Word exercises 1 Give the meaning and Latin connection of: civilised, nihilistic, cook, dormitory, fugitive, negotiate, initial, invention, science, emit. 2 Give English words from the Latin: facilis, audax, omnis (dat. pl.), aridus, lapis (NB stem), tnsor. Real Latin Sayings of Cato quod (an amount which) satis est dormi. aleam (gambling) fuge. meretricem (whore) fuge. Vulgate beiti pauperés quia uestrum est régnum dei. (Luke 6.20) beatus blessed esirum yours régnum kingdom beati pauperés insert sunt Giovanni Cotta (1480-1510)* M6, quod fateor, meam Lycorim, oe ‘4s iuvenés amant puellas; amat mé mea, quod reor, Lycoris, ut bonae iuvenés amant puellae. od fator‘as admit?’ —_iauenistuten-is3m. young quod reor ‘as I chink’ ‘Yorim=ace, s, of man Lycoris ores ; atin was the ff scholarship and international communication throughout the ° ip and international comm , aiance (Gch ooo creh coin) and wats felrby andlage to be the proper medium forliterature alo, Theseare the frst four lines ofa poem in which the poet's girl gives him some eee of her hair 2s a love-pledge. The poet bums them, since they have, he claims, ‘burned” him — wit love! Mottoes' fac récté et nil timé. (Hill) 4 des et patre, (Thomas) amat uictoria ciiram. (Clark) rect rightly don the side of uictdria victory * These mottoes originate in medizeval times or later. Many families have several. 76Section 1G 8 Word study uestis means ‘clothes’ (uestid ‘I dress’), so English ‘vest’. uestidrium ‘dressing room’ emerges in English as ‘vestry’. inuestire ‘to put clothes on’, ‘surround’ gives ‘investiture’ and ‘invest’ (clothing one’s money with yet more?). trans ‘across’ + uest- yields ‘transvestite’, one who crosses over to the clothes of the opposite sex, or simply one who disguises himself: hence ‘travesty’. di- (indicating separation) + nest- gives ‘divest’, ‘take clothes off’. Donot confuse with ‘vestige’, from uestigium ‘footprint’, ‘trace’: hence e.g. ‘investigate’, which means ‘following on someone’s tracks’. Section 1G Running vocabulary for 1G age! come! auré 3.1 run immé more precisely alter alter-a um one ot custédid 41 guard immortal-is e immortal other (of two) custds custid-is 3m.f. guard impudéns impudent, amb-é ae 6 both dé (+abl.) about, shameless (one) amor amér-is 3m. love concerning inrépo 31 creep an or dextr-a ae Vf. right (hand) insan-us a um mad animé aequé in a calm doms (from) home inwenié 4 1 find frame of mind, ic. ébrid (to) a drunkard iuuenis iuuen-is 3m. youth cool, collected ecce look! laew-a ae 1f. left (hand) animé bond in a cheerful —_edepo! by Pollux! licet it is permitted to frame of mind, i.e. em here you are! there! (+ dat) cheerful es! be! (s.) loc-us 7 2m. place, site ante (+acc.) before esse to be lumbric-us 7 2m. worm auferd 3 1 take x (acc.) etiam still manum (acc.) hand away from y (dat.) fané (to) the shrine mécum with me caee-us a um blind “fan-um 7 2n, shrine melins better centé without doubt ‘fateor | confess mihi to/for me; from me cert for a fact Fidés Faith miserd (dat.) miserable arédé 31 believe x (dat.); fords outside nescid 4 | do not know entrust x (acc.) to hheus hey! nisi except (dat.) homint (from) the man noster nostr-a wm our aulp-a ae 1f. blame, guilt id quod that which iilla continentia of no self- um (+ abl.) with igndscé 3 (+dat.) | pardon restraint 7748 ostends 3.1 show perds 3 1 lose, destroy plag-a ae 1f. blow; plagas do (+dat.) I beat plard 11 weep préferé 3 I show, hold out Prohibed 2 1 prevent, stop propter (+acc.) on refer 3 1 hand back rirsum again situs a. um placed spectatdribus (dat. pl.) to the audience summa audacia of great boldness summa pulchritidine of account of great beauty quiduis whatever he likes summa uirtite of great quod what, that which; uprightness which tango 3 1 touch, lay hands redo 3 1 give back on Learning vocabulary for 1G Nouns audaci-a ae 1f. boldness, ckin Verbs age! come! reds 3 crit. ert. T believe (+ dat); i iat) X ace.) to Others cert? without doubt fir-um 7 2n, shrine iuuenis inuen-is is 3m. young man surmm-us a un highest, top of ostends 3 1 show, reveal reddo 3 reddid- reddit- I return, give back certo for a fact Section 1G terti-us a um third (hand) tibi toffor you; from you triftir triple thief tmé (dat.) your uae shame on! uerb-wm 7 2n. word uerberabilissim-us most floggable ér-us a um truc uin-um i 2n. wine uirtiis uirtiit-is 3f. manliness, courage, goodness tangé 3 tetig- tact- 1 touch, lay hands on Grammar and exercises for 1G The dative case: usage and meaning 1 The dative isin one sense only the ‘giving’ case (the word derives from 6 datus‘I give’). Thatis, ifI give something to a person, the person who 78Section 1G 495 receives it is in the dative case, e.g. mihi aulam dat ‘he gives me the pot / the pot to me’. But equally, it is the * ‘losing’ case too, since if I take something from a person, the person goes into the dative case, e.g. homini aulam auferé ‘I take the pot from the man’. So one can say that the dative is the case defining the gainer or the loser, the one advantaged or disadvantaged. 2 Another ‘advantage’ sense is that of possession, expressed by sum + dative, e.g. est mihi peciinia ‘there is money to me’, ‘I have money’. 3 Another common usage of the dative is to denote the person spoken to also, in some sense, a gainer — a gainer of the words you have spoken), e.g. feminae dicit multa ‘he says many things to the woman’. €. ‘to the advantage of’) and ‘from’ (i.e. ‘to the disadvantage of’) (and sometimes ‘for’) will translate the dative best for the time being. But you should note that the usages and meanings of the dative are very wide, and that when they are all gathered together the common idea behind them all seems to be that the person in the dative is somehow involved or interested in the action of the verb: that action has some consequences for the person, sometimes specific, sometimes quite vague. So when you come across a dative, ask first ‘how is the person in the dative case affected by the verb?” Distinguish between ‘to’ and ‘from’ indicating primarily motion (when Latin uses ad, ex, ab) and the dative usages (indicating gain or loss) outlined above. Exercises 1 Form the dative s. and pl. of these noun + adjective phrases: senex miser; puella audax; puer ingéns; onus multum; cénsilium audax; (optional: soror optima; nomen meum; culter tuus; seruus omnis). 2 Pick out the datives in this list: cram, animé, fana, uirtiti, audaciae, hominis, animés, diuitibus, uxor, oneri, peciiniam, filiis, aquae, dominé, ignibus, uicinum, dis, honérés, feminis, corénae, consilid. 3. Give the Latin for: to the huge slaves; for me; to the unhappy old man’s disadvantage; to the wicked wives; for us; belonging to you (s.); (optional: to the advantage of the best citizen; belonging to the bold slave-girl; to the good father’s disadvantage; for every boy). 4 Translate these sentences: 7949 Section 1G (a) deinde Lar familiae aulam Eucliéni dat auri plénam. (b) senex miser tarien aurum omne fan crédit. (©) sed seruus audax seni miserd aurum auferre uult. (d) Euclid autem ita serué clamat malé; ‘quid tibi negdti est in find? quid mihi aufers?’ () seruus igitur timet et Eucliéni aurum n6n aufert. (£). Euclid autem 4 find aulam aufert, quod nunc deé aurum crédere non uult. 49 The ablative of description The ablative is used to describe the qualities people or things have which enable them to act as they do. This is the ablative of description, e.g. uir summa wirtite ‘a man with/of great courage’, iuuenis nulla continentia ‘a young man with/of no self-control’. Translate such ablatives as ‘with’ time round, then adjust to produce a smooth English version. Exercises 1 Form the ablative s. and pl. of these noun + adjective phrases: senex miser; Puella audax; puer ingéns; onus multum; cénsilium audax; (optional: Soror optima; nomen meum; culter tuus; seruus omnis). 2 Pick out the ablatives in this list: cura, animo, finum, uirtitis, audaciis, homine, animi, diuiti, uxdre, pectinia, filiis, aquam, domins, ignibus, uicinds, deus, hondribus, femin’, corénis, cénsilié, scelere. 3 Give the Latin for: in the shrine; away from the woman; out of the Waters; in a crime; out of the mind; in the plans; out of the fires; (optional: away from worry; out of the pots; in the household; away from a brother; out of the names). 4 Translate these sentences: (@) Euclid uir est summi continentia. (b) Lycdnidés iuuenis summi pulchritiidine est, nalla continentia. (c) animé aequé es, mi fill. (a) t& serua es summa audacia, summa pulchritidine, continentia nalla. €) eo bond sum, quod filiam meam summi uirtiite puellam e,Section 1G 50> 5 Translate these sentences: (a) fortis fortiina iuuat. (Terence) (b) n&mo est in amare fidélis. (Propertius) (c) omnis ars natirae imitatid est. (Seneca) (d) patet omnibus uéritas. (Seneca) (e) omni aetati mors est comminis. (Cicero) (f) magna di cirant, parua neglegunt. (Cicero) (g) Britanni capillo sunt promissé atque omni parte corporis rasi praeter caput et labrum superius. (Caesar) fortis e brave uéritas uéritdteis 3f. truth capill-us 7 2m. hair Jortiin-a ae 1f. fortune aetis actét-is 3f. age prémiss-us a um long iad 11 help mors mort-is 3f. death aatque and némo (nom.) no one commiin-is e common (to: pars part-is 3. part, amor amér-is 3m. love + dat.) corpus corpor-is 3n. body fidel-is ¢ faithful paru-us a um small ras-us a um shaved ars artis 3f. art neglegs 3 I neglect, do not —_praeter (+acc.) except natiit~a ae 1f. nature bother with caput capit-is 3n. head imitatio imitation-is 36. Britann-i drum 2m. pl. labr-um 7 2n. lip imitation Britons superius upper (n. s.) pated 2 1 lie open Reading exercises 1 Read through these sentences carefully. As you translate, in the order of the words, define the function of each word (making certain that you phrase the words correctly). When you meet a dative, if you have not yet had any clue to help define its function closely (e.g. a verb like créd6, reddé), register dative as ‘affecting x’ and proceed until the precise meaning emerges, e.g.: crédé (I entrust— you expect an object + a dative) tibi (dative —to you, solved by créd6) aurum (object — the gold, already anticipated) aurum (gold — subject or object) tibi (dative — with some effect on you; not solved yet — we expect a verb) auferé (‘I take away’ — aurum. object, tibi ‘from you’, solved by construction of auferd). (a) seni miser6 seruus audax multa dicit mala. (b) unguentum et corénas et aurum mihi ostende. (Cc) uxdri meae domi nimis cirarum est. (4) quaré ti mihi meum aurum nén reddis? (e) ego tibi, quod uicinus es bonus, meam filiam promittd. (f) uxdrés pulchrae diuitibus, quod coquis peciiniam multam dare uolunt, aurum semper auferunt. 8149 Section 1G (g) tibi multés seruds peciiniamque multam do. (h) serué audaci et seruae pulchrae nihil umquam crédé. () wird diuiti, quod mihi dos nila est, filiam meam prdmittere uolé, (ij) ndbis coréna, unguentum udbis domi est. 2 In these sentences, the verb has been omitted. By doing as in the previous exercise, say what you anticipate. Then fill the gap (it may often be possible to insert verbs which alter the function of the dative completely). Translate. (2) hominibus bonis ciués omnés peciiniam . . . (6) quaré mihi aurum . . .? (©) ndbis animus bonus . . . (4) find, ndn homini audaci, Euclid aurum . . . (¢) ta ndbis quaré corén’s omnis et omne unguentum . (€)puellis audcibus et iuuenibus pulchris niilla continentia . . . (g) ego filiae meae dotem 4 wird . . . ) quaré pater tuus mihi té uxSrem non 2 @) scelus, quid tibi negoti in aedibus meis . @) omni bons iuuent uirtitem audacia . . . Reading exercise / Test exercise Read the following passage carefully, defining, as you translate, in word-order, the functions of the words and word-groups, and anticipating the following parts Of the sentence. When you have done this, translate. Finally, read out the Passage, phrasing correctly, thinking through the meaning as you read. Use the running vocabulary of 1G. est Eucliéni aula auri pléna. Euclid aulam ex aedibus portat. timet enim ualdé, omnibus enim bonis firés omne aurum auferre semper uolunt. uult igitur in €ind aulam célare. ubi aurum in fané célat Euclid, Strobilus uidet. & find exit Euclis, bond animé est, quod nunc farem timet nallum. Strobilus autem ut Jumbricus in finum inrépit. nam aulam Eucliéni miseré auferre uult. sed seruum audacem uidet Euclid. serus audaci mala multa dicit et aurum poscit. seruus autem seni aurum reddere n6n uult, quod aurum nén habet. Euclisni manum dextram seruus ostendit. deinde seni miserd ostendit laeuam. Euclid autem manum tertiam rogat. seruus Eucliénem insinum habet et exit. aulam Euclid 4 fand aufert et alteri (dat. s. m.) locd clam credit. 82Section 1G 50> English-Latin Translate the Latin sentences into English. Then translate the English sentences into Latin, using the pattern of the Latin ones to help you arrange the word-order correctly. (a) Euclid uir summa uirtité est. Phaedra is an extremely beautiful girl. (6) bond animé es et di mihi peciiniam. Be calm (s.) and take the gold from the slave. (c) senex miser homini malé aulam auri plénam crédit. All the old men are returning the pots full of money to the good citizens. (d) uds autem quaré seni aurum non redditis? But why are you taking the young man’s garland from him? (e) quid tibi negati est in aedibus senis miseri? What business have you (pl.) in the shrine of my household god? (f) est mihi pater optimus, uir summi continentia. I’ve an excellent son, a young man of the highest qualities. Deliciae Latinae Word building (a) Prefixes sub- (sometimes appears as su-, sus-) ‘under’, ‘from under’ dé- ‘down from’ per- ‘through’, ‘thoroughly’, ‘very’ Exercise Divide each of the following words into their compound parts and suggest a meaning for each: Guocd, circumdiicé, perfacilis, transmittd, reded, prouided, efferd, praeficid, amittd, reddd, subdiicd, édiicd, subed, permultus, antefer6, tradé, perficid, circumdé, dédiicé, refers, déuocd, summitté, perst6. (6) Noun formation Many nouns are formed from verbs or adjectives. This is often done by placing a suffix (sub-fixus ‘fixed on under’, i.e. at the end) onto the verb or 83+49 Section 1G adjective stem, This suffix frequently gives a clue to the meaning of the noun, e.g.: -sor or -tor (gen. s. -dris m.) means ‘the person who’, e.g. amator ‘lover’ -or (gen. s. -dris m.) means ‘activity’, ‘state’ or ‘condition’, e.g. amor ‘the state of loving’, ‘love’ -i6, -ti6, -sié (gen. s. -idnis £.) means ‘action or result of an action’, e.g. cégitatié ‘the act of thinking’, ‘thought’ -ium n. means ‘action or result of an action’, e.g. aedificium ‘the result of making a house’, ‘a building’ -men (gen. s. -minis n.) means ‘means, or result of an action’, €.g- nd-men ‘means of knowing’, ‘name’ Exercise 1 Give the meaning of the following nouns: auditor, cirator, uex: ‘inuentis, consilium, dictis, turbator, promissid, maleficium, beneficium, habititis. 2 Form the genitive singular of: uexatid, dictis, habitatid, inuentio, auditor, turbator. Real Latin Vulgate Panem nostrum quotidiinum da ndbis hodié et dimitté ndbis peccata Rostra (Luke 113-4) Panis pan-is 3m. bread quotidian-us a um daily dimitts 3.1 discharge peccat-um ¥ 2n. sin Mottoes (based on the dative) nOn ndbis, sed omnibus. (Ash, Ashe) non mihi, sed ded et régi. (Booth, Warren) non mihi, sed patriac. (Heycock, Jones-Lloyd, Lloyd, Whittingham) deb, regi et patriae. (Irvine, Duncombe) deb, patriae, tibi. (Lambard, Sidley) gloria des. (Challen, Henn) rex rég-is 3m. king patri-a ae 1f. fatherland glri-a ae 1f. glory 84SECTION TWO Section 2A Running vocabulary for 2A abibis you (s.) will go off ac and accipié 3/4 I take, receive accumbs 31 recline, lie down adferam | shall bring (in) adferés you (s.) will bring (in) adscribam \ shall write alongside adscribé 3 1 write next to, alongside adseruabit (he) will keep/ guard adserud 1 1 keep, guard adiuué 11 help aduert@: see animum agam 1 shall deal / take action agémus: sce gratias alter (nom. s. m.) one, another (of two) alteram (acc. s. f.) second alterius (gen. s. f.) of the one / of the other (of two) amator amat 3m. lover amic-a ae 1f. mistress amic-us 72m. friend animum aduerté 3.1 pay attention antiqu-us a um ancient astiitiea ae 1f. astuteness, (pl) tricks atque and audiés you (s.) will hear auferam | shall take away auferétis you (pl.) will take away Bacchis Bacchid-is 3£. Bacchis (worshipper of Bacchus, god of wine) ballist-a ae 1f. catapult bell-us a um lovely, beautiful bene good, fine biclini-um 7 2n. dining- couch (for two persons) bis twice, a second time capiam | (shall) capture capiés you (s.) will take cauébit (he) will be wary caueé 21 am wary celerem (acc. s. £) swift celerés (nom. pl. £.) swift celeris (nom. s. £.) swift celeriter quickly cér-a ae If. wax Chrjsal-us 7 2m. Chrysalus (‘goldie’) itd quickly cogndscet (he) will recognise compané 3 | devise, put together corbis corb-is 3m. or £. basket crédet (+ dat.) he will believe cum (+ abl.) with ciirabé | shall take care of dabis you (s.) will give dabit he will give dabé | shall give dz (+abl.) about, concerning débed 2.1 ought decipiam 1 shall deceive decipi6 3/4 I deceive délebit it destroys (actually fature, ‘it will destroy’) dicam | shall say dict-um 7 2n. word digs (nom. s. m.) day difficil-is e difficult docté cleverly doct-us aum clever donec until 85“49 ducent-i ae a 200 dum while ecce look! erit (it, there, she) will be erunt (they) will be etiam also etiamsi even if euax good! exsurgo 3 1 get up Saciam 1 shall do Saciémus we will ran up Satiés you (s,) will do ‘Salle 31 deceive, trick Soris for-is 3£. door Sritias agémus we will give thanks (to x: dat.) Stauitas grauitat-is 36, seriousness habébis you (s,) will have habebitis you (pl.) will have habébs 1 shall have hercle by Hercules iam now already imms no; more precisely imperator imperator-is 3m. general ingeni-um 7 2n. __ intelligence, brain inquit (he) says inspicid 3/4 1 look in intendam ¥ shall aim intré inside inuadare 1 shall assault, __ invade (in+ace.) ioe-us -i 2m. joke ita werd yes, indeed iterum again iubébo I shall order, give instructions leget he (will) read fin-um 7 2n. thread litter-a ae Af. letter (of alphabet) litter-ae drum 1f. pl. letter loc-us 7 2m. place lin-a ae 1. moon malé | prefer 86 malumus we prefer | would rather manum (ace. s. £2) hand mani (abl. s. f.) hand ‘manus (nom. s. £) hand maniis (nom. or acc. pl. £) hands mauis you (s.) prefer mauultis you (pl.) prefer mécum with me mendax mendac-is untruthful, lying miles milit-is 3m. soldier Mnisiloch-us i 2m. Mnesilochus (‘remembers the ambush’) modo now Nicobiil-us 7 2m. Nicobulus (‘victorious in judgement’) nescié 4 I do not know nisi except ili (s.) ae ba ju} don’t (+inf) nals I do not want / refuse non uis you (s.) do not want / refuse ndnne surely? noster nostra nostram our nox noct-is 3£. night numm-us 72m. coin obligabs | shall tie up oblig6 1 1 tie up obsecré 1 1 beseech, beg obsignaba I shall seal obsignd 1 1 seal offici-um i 2n. duty, job oppid-um 7 2n, town per (+acc.) through ergs 3 I continue, go on Pistoclér-us i 2m. Pistoclerus (‘trusty with property’) plan-us a um smooth port-a ae 1f. gate possum Iam able / can Section 2A post (+ acc.) after posted afterwards poterd | shall be able poteris you (s.) will be able potes you (s.) are able potest (he) is able Prin fet primum pro (+abl.) for prob-us a um good, excellent propugnacul-um 7 2n. rampart quam than quantum (+ gen.) how much? quia because quémodo how? rem (acc. 5. £) ) the eee SU matter(s), nom. or (72 ace. pl. é) J things saliité 11 greet sapienti-a ae 1f. wisdom scribam I shall write scribés you (s.) will write scribs 3 1 write semel once sic chus sicut just as sign-um i 2n. signal sl sél-is 3m. sun spérs 1 | hope stil-us 7 2m. stylus (writing implement for wax tablet) stultiti-a ae 1f. stupidity stult-us a. um stupid stimptus (nom. s. m.) expense siimptiis (acc. pl. m.) expenses su-us a.um his tabell-ae drum 1f. pl. writing tablets tal-is e suchSection 2A 50> tendbis you (s.) will hold uenié 41 come isa ae If. way, road turris turr-is 3£. tower uéré indeed uictori-a ae Vf. victory (ace. s. turrim) uér-us a. um true uuinciet (he) will bind fisus erit it will be of ester westra uestrum your uincié 41 bind benefit (pl) Learning vocabulary for 2A Nouns amic-a ae 1. mistress iva ae If. way, road stil-us 72m, stylus astiiti-a ae Lf. astuteness; mumm-us 72m. coin; (pl) (writing implement for (pl.) tricks money wax tablet) cér-a ae If, wax offici-um 7 2n. duty, job linea ae 1f. moon oppid-um 7 2n, town tabell-ae drum 1f. pl. writing tablets Adjectives alter altera alterum one, noster nostra nostrwm ours) — difficil-is ¢ difficult another (of two: see ester uestra uestrum mendax mendac-is lying, Grammar 2B) your(s) (pl.) untruthful ducent-i ae a 200 Verbs adinnd 11 help scribé 3 scrips- script- décipié 3/4 1 deceive adserud 1 | keep, guard I write adfers 3 ire. attul- allét-1 obsecré 1 I beseech, beg uincid 4 winx. uinct- | bind bring to adsarba 8 ieexice a capié 3/4 cép- capt- I take, ao capture Others ac (atgue) and cum (+abl) (in company) — dum while bene good! fine! (well, with iterum again thoroughly, rightly) dé (+abl.) about, modo now concerning New forms: nouns man-us iis 4f. hand siimpt-us iis 4m. expense(s) New forms: adjectives celer celeris celere swift New forms: verbs malé malle 1 prefer nalle 1 refuse, am possum posse | am able, unwilling can 8750 51 50 Section 2A Grammar and exercises for 2A Future indicative active ‘I shall —’ (all conjugations) 1 2 3 ‘I shall love’ ‘I shall have’ ‘I shall say’ 1st s. habé-b-6—dic-a-m 2nd s. habé-bi-s — dic-é-s 3rd s. habé-bi-t —dic-e-t 1st pl. habé-bi-mus dic-€-mus 2nd pl. ami-bi-tis —_habé-bi-tis dic-é-tis 3rd pl. ama-bu-nt —habé-bu-nt_ dic-e-nt 4 3/4 ‘I shall hear’ ‘I shall capture’ 1st s. adidi-a-m 2nd s. ai 3rd s. 1st pl. 2nd pl. audi-é-tis 3rd pl. aitdi-e-nt —_capi-e-nt cipi-a-m Notes 1 The following rhythmic chant may help you to memorise future forms: ‘-65 -bis -bit in 1 and 2, and -am -és -et in 3 and 4’. 2 Note that in 1st and 2nd conjs., the endings -bé -bis -bit etc. follow the Pattern of 3rd conj. present, i.e. dic-d -is -it etc. In 3rd and 4th conjs. the new 1st s. ending in -am needs to be learned. Irregular futures: sum > erd; e0 > 165 Ist s. &r-6 ‘I shall be’ etc. ‘I shall go’ etc. 2nd s. érai-s Bids. bint 1st pl. é mus 2nd pl. tis 3rd pl. ér-u-nt unt 8852 Section 2A 52 Notes 1 The future of sum was originally es-6. The s became r between vowels, hence erd. 2 ferd is regular in the future — fer-am -és -et etc. Exercises Translate these futures, change s. to pl. and vice versa, and say to what conjugation each verb belongs: célabunt, inueniet, amittés, habébimus, coquent, iubébit, uerberabis, crédet, capiétis, scribam, facient, audiétis, (optional: obsecrabunt, dormiet, fugiés, habitabitis, clamabit, uidébimus, poscémus, prémittam, ostendent, uexabd, tacébitis, amabunt). 2 Give the corresponding future form of each of these presents, then translate: crédunt, saliitat, scribit, fers, estis, it, rog6, ciirant, (optional: uincis, capio, adfertis, sunt, adiuuant, décipimus, scitis, possidés, exed, portd, tangunt, reddis, irridémus, dat). 3 Form and translate 3rd s. and 3rd pl. of the future of the following verbs: dd, clam, mane%, taced, diicd, poscd, dormié, uincid, capid, fugid, sum, reded, (optional: obsecrd, uocd, moned, habe6, promittd, dics, scid, inuenid, décipio, facid). 4 Translate into Latin: you (s.) will hear; they will call; I shall make; we will speak; you (pl.) will be silent; he will lead; we will love; (optional: they will deceive; you (s.) will fear; I shall keep; you (pl.) will cook; she will see). Pick out the futures in this list and translate: ferunt, diicent, uident, uerberabé, dicis, possidés, diicés, amabunt, iubétis, facimus, fugiémus, timémus, mittés, manés, tacés, décipiés. w Three irregular verbs: possum, nolo, malo Present indicative possum ‘I can’, ‘Iam able’ ndlé ‘I am unwilling’, __ mal6 ‘I prefer ‘T do not want’, ‘I refuse’ 1st s. pds-sum nél-6 2nd s, pot-es nén wis mi-tis 3rd s. pOt-est nén uult ma-uult 8952 Section 2A ist pl. pés-sumus nél-u-mus 2nd pl. pot-éstis non uiiltis 3rd pl. pés-sunt Infinitive pos-se nél-le Notes 1 possum is a combination of the stem pot- meaning ‘power’, ‘capacity’+sum. Where t and s meet, the result is -ss e.g. potsum— possum. 2. ndl6, malo are based on uold. noid is a combination of ne + uold. mdlé is a Snbination of magis (ma-) ‘more’ + uold ‘I want (to do x) more (than yy’. 3 Alll three verbs control an infinitive, as they do in English, e.g. ‘I am unwilling to’, ‘am able to’, ‘I prefer to’. Note that mald often controls two infinitives, separated by quam ‘than’, e.g. mald amare quam pugnare T prefer to have love affairs rather than to fight’. The construction often has acc. nouns rather than infinitives. 4 The futures of ndl6, malé, uold are quite regular — note that ndlam, malam, milés are not actually found; the future of possum is again a combination of pot-+ sum: Future indicative oe Péters udm —(nél-a-m) —(mil-a-m) Fas poveris wsle-s nds © (mal-2-s) rds. pét-erit —udlee-t nél-e-t 1st pl. pot-érimus uol-&-mus 2nd pl. pot-éritis uol-E-tis 3 mil-¢-tis rd pl. pot-erunt udl-e-nt- ndl-e-nt —_mil-c-nt Exercises 1 Translate into Latin: you (s.) wish; we prefer; they refuse; he can; we will prefer; you (pl.) do not wish; you (s.) are able; they will refuse; (optional: he will wish; they can; we will be able; you (s.) prefer; we can; I shall be able). 2 Translate and convert presents into futures, futures into presents: est, possunt, uolés, malent, non uis, erimus, ndlumus, (optional: erunt, uult, poterit, ndlet, mauultis, uis, potes). 9053 Section 2A 53 Adjectives in -er: noster, uester; celer; acer ist/2nd decl. adjectives: noster, uester noster ‘our(s)’ and uester ‘your(s)’ decline like pulcher pulchr-a um (27). The difference between uester and tuus is that uester means ‘your(s)’ when ‘you’ are more than one person (cf. 20). grd decl. adjectives ending in -er ‘e.g. celer celer-is celer-e ‘swift’, ‘fast g. cell ler-is cel ‘swif?, fast? s. pl. m. f n milf. n nom. céler céler-is —_céler-e céler-8s celér-ia acc, céler-em céler-em céler-c _—_céler~is(-&s)_celér-ia gen. «céler-is> «“celér-ium—> dat. céler-i> abl. +céleri> «celér-ibus> Notes . 1 3rd decl. adjectives ending in -er (do not confuse with 2nd decl. adjectives like miser, pulcher) decline virtually identically with omnis, but do show a difference between the nom. s. m. (celer) and f. (celeris). They are i-stems (cf. 12). 2 Note that, while celer keeps the -er throughout the declension (cf. miser of the 1/2nd declension), some -er adjectives drop the ‘e’ (cf. pulcher of the 1/2nd declension), e.g. acer. acer Acris acre ‘keen’, ‘sharp’ s pl. mf n. milf, A nom. acer acr-is._— acr-e é i ac, fcr-em icr-em cr-e gen. Hicr-is> dat. +acriz abl. +icr-is> icr-ibus> 9154 Section 2A 54 Cardinal numerals 1-10, 100-1,000 8888285 csaus Note I nom. ace, gen. dat. abl. fini in-ae_—din-a (like pl. of multus) m. f n. 0 nom. di-o dii-ae di-o acc, di-ds (di-o) di-as di-o gen, du-Srum = du-drum = du-rum dat,|abl. du-Sbus du-dbus du-Gbus mf. n m1 nom. tr-&s tr-ia acc, troés (tris) tr-ia gen. dat. tr-ibus> abl. IV/N — quéttuor v quinque VI sex val séptem Vil ct IX/VIII néuem x décem c céntum. cc ducént-i ae a (like pl. of multus) ccc trecént-i ae a cD quadringént-i ae a D quingént-i ae a . M mille (indecl. adj.), pl. milia gen. milium dat./abl. millibus (see Note) Normally, mille is used as an adjective and milia as a noun, e.g. mille milités= one thousand soldiers duo milia militum= two thousand(s) (of) soldiers tria milia militum = three thousand(s) (of) soldiers etc.55 56 Section 2A 56 4th declension nouns: manus man-iis 4f. ‘hand’ s. pl. nom, méanu-s — manii-s acc. m4nu-m minii-s gen. manu-um dat. mini-bus abl. mani miani-bus Notes 1 Most 4th decl. nouns are m. (manus is one of the few exceptions). 2 It is obviously very easy to confuse these with 2nd decl. nouns like, e.g., thésaurus, so it is vital to learn the nom. and gen. s. together. 3 Care is needed with the -tis ending, which might be gen. s., nom. or acc. pl. Note that the form manus can only be nom. s. 4th declension noun (irregular): domus ‘house’ 4f. s. pl. nom. dému-s domi-s acc, dému-m démi-s or démo-s gen. démi-s or dom-i dom-drum (dému-um) dat. dému-i or dém-6 dom-ibus abl. dom-6 dém-ibus Notes 1 See 30 above for domum, domi and domé meanings. 2 domus has a mixture of 2nd declension forms in with the 4th. Exercises 1 Give the Latin for: beautiful hand; large hand; my hand; swift hand. Now decline noun and adjective together in all cases, s. and pl. 2 Pick out datives and ablatives from this list (note where the form is ambiguous): uid, amicae, mendacés, oppida, linam, nocte, nummés, tabellis, manui, celeri, simptuum, officid facil, scelere audaci, stilos bonds, s6li, nummis ducentis, astiitiae tuae, céram meam, simptui magno. 9357 57 Section 2A 3rd declension monosyllables Ifa 3rd decl. noun isa monosyllable with two consonants at the end of the stem, gen. pl. is in -ium, e.g. nox noct-is, gen. pl. noctium dos dot-is, gen. pl. dotum Cf. the normal rule for consonant-stems at 11. Nouns like nox are in fact i-stem, Exercises 1 Translate these sentences: (2) nummés senex noster ducentés in manum tibi hodié dabit. (6) quid uis mé facere? malo enim adiuuare quam nil facere. (©) si senex mendicem mé habébit, ego astiitids magnis facere uolam, (4) ego meum officium faciam, uds uestrum facere malo. (€) amicis uestris, si seni aurum auferre poteré, nummés ducentos dare poteritis. (€) di mihi manum tuam, té obsecrd; ego tibi meam dabé. (8) si feminae wis crédere, in aqua celeri scribere uis. (h) aurum siseni auferre poteris, Chrjsale, t¢ seruum magna astiitia habgbs. (i) dum tacetnox, firés facinora facere mala quam dormire malunt. G) céram, tabellas, stilum aufer mihi: hodié scribere ndld. 2 Translate these sentences: () dsus magister est optimus. (Cicero) (b) : sed quis custdiet:ipsis custddés? (Juvenal) (c) Acta deds numquam mortalia fallunt. (Ovid) (d) iracundia lednés adiuuat, pauor cerués, accipitrem impetus, columbam fuga. (Seneca) (©) potest ex casi uir magnus exire, potest ex déformi humilique corpusculd formédsus animus et- magnus. (Seneca) (£) _bedtus esse sine uirtiite némo potest. (Cicero) (g) sine imperié nec domus illla nec ciuitis stare potest. (Cicero) 94Section 2A 58> fis-us fis 4m. experience iracundi-a ae 1f. rage déform-is e ugly, magister magistr-i 2m. led ledn-is 3m. lion misshapen teacher pauor pausr-is 3m. panic, __humil-is e humble, lowly optimus a um best fear corpuscul-um 7 2n. little custédi6 41 guard ceruus 7 2m. stag body ipsds (acc. pl. m.) accipiter accipitr-is 3m. (formés-us a um beautiful themselves hawk bedt-us a um happy, custés custéd-is 3m. guard —_impet-us fis 4m. blessed vehemence; attack némo (nom.) no one columb-a ae 1f. dove imperi-um i 2n. control, fuugea ae Vf. fight authority fallé 31 deceive, escape “cas-a ae If. cottage, hovel the notice of Reading Infinitives may add a simple idea to verbs like possum, wold, ndld, mald etc.; e.g. uidére possum =I can see; ire uold=1 want to go. They may also introduce more complex ideas, since the infinitive may take its own object or prepositional phrase, e.g. sdlem iterum uidére uold = 1 want to see the sun again; in aedis Bacchidum inire possum =I can go into the house of the Bacchises. The limits of the infinitive phrase are marked by the underlining. In the case of uold, nals, malo, iubed, the verb itself may also have an object, which becomes attached to the infinitive phrase: e.g. t@ (obj.) sdlem iterum uidére uold = 1 want you (obj.) to see the sun again. malo is more complex still, since it often outlines a preference between two things, which are compared by quam=‘than’, e.g. liinam uidére quam sdlem malé=1 prefer to see the moon to seeing the sun. 1 In the following sentences, translate in word-order and make explicit the boundaries of the infinitive phrase. Mark which word in the phrase is the object of the introductory verb. (a) hominem bonum quam malum filiam meam domum diicere mals. (b) seruum hominem esse magna audacia nolo. (c) té tuum officium, mé facere meum dominus iubet. (4) dominés uerberare serués audacis ciués malunt. (ec) uxdrés uirds amare iubed. 2 Now read out the sentences in Exercise 1 in Latin, phrasing so as to avoid any possible ambiguities. How would you read sentence (e) in response to these two questions? (a) What do you tell husbands to do? (b) What do you tell wives to do? 95