102 Section 4B! Exercises 1 Revision of ablative forms @) (b) Give the ablative s. and pl. of these noun + adj. phrases: comes clarus; calamitis magna; conuiuium Graecum; amicus nobilis; magistratus innocéns; forma turpis; rés R6mana. Pick out the ablatives in this list: praetOri, comitibus, Asia, consulis, conuiuiis, laetitia, serméne, cupiditatem, ui, amicé, diébus, homine turpi, uiré ndbili, mana celeri. In each list, with which nouns will the adjective go? ingenti: nintius, puella, templd, uirgine, cara audacibus: uirum, féminis, sacerdétibus, amicus sol: uird, agré, fémina, uirtate magnis: pueris, comitis, manibus, cénsilia tanto: cupiditate, proelid, sceleribus, praetGre longi6re: nocti, pericul6, serménis, clamor, uid 2 Translate these sentences: (a) (b) © uir multé melior omnibus aliis erat. negauit sé summa ui hominem cecidisse. iste saxis ianuam cecidit. (a) Ciceré Agrigentinds affirmauit uirds esse magnae uirtitis. () practérés, uiri summa grauitate, conutuils nén fruuntur. (f) Lampsacéni mére Graeco rés suas gerébant. (g) malunt Graeci 5tié et pace uitam dégere (= to pass) quam belldet calamitatibus. (h) Ciceré Verrem céteris praetéribus peidrem esse putabat. (i) Verris seruds fima erat sammi ul diss esse. (i) 3 tempore Ianitor ad Verrem summi celeritate uénit et eum multis uerbis retinére conabatur. 102 Pronoun/adjectives: alius ‘other’ and aliquis ‘some’ alius alia aliud ‘other’ ‘another’ ‘different’ s pl. mf 1 m. f n nom. alias li-a ud i ai Ali-a acc. alitum liam dlicud li ali-a 216Section 4B 103 abl. ali-Gali-d 4li-6 Notes 1 Observe the idiom alius ex alia parte ‘different men from different places’. This idiom can appear with the parts of alius in any case, e.g. alius aliud laudat or alif alia laudant ‘different people praise different things’ or with other indefinite words e.g. alius alibi ‘different people in different places’. 2 Notealsoalit. . . aliv‘some. . . others’ (sometimes alii. . . pars or pars s+ pars). 3 Note alias ‘at another time’, alibi ‘in another place’ ‘belonging to another’ (and the English ‘alias’, ‘alii nd alién-us aum and ‘alien’). aliquis aliqua aliquid ‘someone’ and aliqui aliqua aliquod ‘some’ aliquis ‘someone’ aliqui ‘some’ (adj.) m. f n. m. ; n. tom. ali-quis li-qua liquid —li-qui(s) li-qua—li-quod ace, 4li-quem dli-quid — dli-quem 4li-quam 4li-quod ge. ——ali-ciius——> —ali-caius —— da, = <—Ali-cui > — ili-cui > abl, ali-qud ali-qua dli-qud = li-qué—dli-qua—li-qud, Notes 1 Note other ali- indefinites: aliquand6 ‘at some time’, alicubi ‘some- where’, aliquantd ‘to some extent’, aliquot ‘some’, ‘several’. 2 The pl. isthe same as for ali + qui (see 29), except that the n. pl. is aliqua. 3 Note aliquid + gen. = ‘some’, e.g. aliquid artifici ‘some (of) skill’. Cf. 31 satis, nimis. Exercises 1 With which nouns do the adjectives go? alius: hospitis, comes, cOnsuli, calamitatis, praetorés ali: Lampsacéné, serm6nes, R6m4nés, conuiui, ianuae alia: calamitate, conutuia, consule, uirgd, cupiditatibus 217103 103 Section 4B alia: i@nua, conuiuid, sermoni, cdnsul, calamitate aliqua: serm3, ianuae, mulier, uerba, amicds aliqua: cénsule, femina, ré, conuiuia, seruad 2 Translate: (a) alius aliud dicie. (b) alii Lampsacéni, alii Agrigentini erant. © (©) alii alibi in oppidum impetum faciunt. (a): alii ex agris, pars ex oppidd concurrérunt. (©) dicet aliquis aliquid. (f) at quis appellat? magistratus aliqui? némo. (Cicero) (g) Catilina, dubitas . . . abire in aliquas terras? (Cicero) (hb) Verrés cum aliqué comite domé6 exiit. appellé 1 1 call dubité 1 1 hesitate ipse ipsa ipsum ‘very’, ‘actual’, ‘self? 5. pl. mf. rn m. f n nom. ipse ipsa ipsum —ips-T ipsac ipsa ac. ipsum {ipsam ips-um _ ips. ips-is ipsa gen. +— ips-ius —~+ ips-Grum ips-arum__ips-orum dat. | ips —— <— ips-is ———> abl. ips-6 ipsa ips-3 ——ips-is ———> Notes 1 Gen.dat. s. are normal for pronouns, cf. huius, illius, istius, eius, cuius (also niillius, allius, dinius, totius, solius) ill, ist, et, cui (also niilli, alli, ini, t6ti, s6li). For nom. s. m. cf. ille and iste; other forms are like mult-us a um. 2 ipse is an emphatic and intensive adjective often used to resolve ambiguities as to subject or object, e.g. retingte uds ipsis ‘restrain you/yourselves’, ‘restrain yourselves’ ipse hoc facié ‘It is actually 1 myself who am doing this’ Compare the phrase ipsd facts ‘by the actual/very act’. ipse can be translated ‘self’, ‘very’, ‘actual’, e.g. id ipsum mihi placet ‘that’s the very thing I like’. It can stand on its own as a noun, e.g. ipsi ‘the men themselves’, 218Section 4B 104 Exercises 1 With which nouns do the parts of ipse agree? ips: calamitati, cOnsulés, conuiuié, templi, niintit ipsa: grauitas, cupiditate, signa, fama, simulacra ipsa: laetitia, sermone, grauitate, conutuia, celeritis 2 Translate: ipsi uoluére; signum ipsum; ipsae climarunt; cénsilié ips6; ipsi homini pepercérunt (two possibilities; after translating, read aloud, distinguishing by your phrasing which is which); ipsa laetitia; obsecrarunt ips draruntque; noli ipsam retinére. 3 Translate these sentences: (2) tranquillé anim esse potest némo. (Cicero) (b) sapiéns uincit uirtiite fortiinam. (Seneca) © heu, Fortiina, quis est cridélior in nés té deus? (Horace) (@)_ is maximé diuitiis fruitur qui minimé dit indiget. (Seneca) (2) heu, quam difficile est crimen nén prddere uultii. (Ovid) ()_ uilius argentum est aurd, uirtatibus aurum. (Horace) (g) honesta mors turpi uita potior. (Tacitus) (h) ex Africa semper aliquid noui. (Pliny) () hominis tdta uita nihil aliud quam ad mortem iter est. (Seneca) (i) aliud alii natdra iter ostendit. (Sallust) tranguill-us a um calm indigeé 2 (+ abl.) 1 want, argent-um i 2n. silver sapitns sapient-is wise need honest-us a um honourable Jfortinea ae Mf. fortune hew alas! potior preferable, better (Fortiina =the goddess crimen crimin-is 3n. Afric-a ae 1f. Africa offence, crime now-us dum new prédé 3 1 betray, reveal iter itiner-is 3n. journey; milt-us iis 4m. face, route qui (nom. s. m.) who expression natitr-a ae 1f. nature uil-is ¢ cheap Reading Pick out the ablative phrases in Exercise 2 p. 216 above. Write your translation next to each. Then say what each phrase adds to the sentence (you may use the formal categories, but it is more important that you try to define their function in your own way first). E.g. 219+103 Section 4B mre Graecé bibérunt: ‘they drank in the Greek way’ more Graecé: this tells us the way they drank; ablative of manner. Do not be surprised if occasionally you find it difficult to be precise or if a phrase may fit more than one category. Reading exercise / Test exercise in Hellésponté oppidum esse scitis, ididicés, céteris oppidis Asiae cliriuset ndbilius, ndmine Lampsacum. Lampsacénés ipsés affirm6 hominés esse quiétés. illi more Graecé uitam dégunt (= spend). malunt enim oti6 itiet pace quam bell6 et calamitatibus uitam dégere. iste Lampsacum tempore quédam peruénit. ad Ianitérem, uirum summae grauitatis, Lampsacént eum dédiixérunt. iste autem mox sé ad Philodamum quendam migratirum esse dicébat; Philodamus enim domi habébat filiam pulcherrimam. Verrem scitis, itidicés, feminas pulchras semper omnibus modis et omnibus temporibus uehementer sequi. Ianitor sé Verrem offendisse aliquo modé opinatus est atque istum summi retinére ul coepit. Verrés igitur Rubrium ad Philodimum misit, consilid isus Pessimé, quod Philodamus uir erat magnae apud Lampsacénés existimationis et praetdrés cénsulésque recipere solébat, ndn amicds eorum. sed Verrés Philodamum per uim Rubrium dédiicere iussit. Philodamus autem, quod inuitus uidéri ndluit, conuiuium pariuit, Rubrium comités inuitare omnis iussit. illi summa celeritate uénérunt; discubuére; primd Graecd bibérunt mére, mox poculis maidribus. conuiuium sermOnibus celebrabant hdc tempore et laetitia. mox autem Rubrius, ‘Philodime,’ inquit, ‘filiam uoca tuam’. sed ille, uir grauitate summa, irascébatur. mulierés in conuiuid cum uiris accumbere oportére negauit. clamor factus est maximus per aedis. Lampsacéni ubi tumultum audiuére, nocte celeritate summa ad Philodami aedis conueniébant. i Postridié (= next day) autem ad Verris hospitium! profecti sunt. ferrd Yanuam et saxis caedere coepérunt, e6dem tempore igni circumdare. Verri autem Lampsacéni pepercérunt, quod ciués quidam Romani cis hoc melius fore dixérunt quam praetérem necare R6manum. * hospiti-um T 2n, lodging. English-Latin 1 Translate into Latin: (a) Verres was more wicked than Rubrius. (b) The people of Lampsacum used to enjoy peace and leisure. 220 10 15Section 4B 1045 (Q) Philodamus was a man of great seriousness,! Verres a man of great lust.* (d) The cooks were getting the party ready amid conversation and merriment. (c) Verres and his friends were drinking in the Greek way. (f) The people of Lampsacum were beating the door with their fists and at the same time shouting at the top of their voices?. 4 Translate each phrase in two different ways. 2 Use abl. s. of summa dx. 2 Reread the text of 4B(iii), then translate this passage into Latin: Philodamus was a man of great seriousness, but! nevertheless always much more hospitable than others. He invited Rubrius and his friends toa party. They all came very quickly. They were drinking amid conversations and merriment. But suddenly Rubrius ordered Philodamus to call his daughter. Philodamus said that he would not call her. Then there was a scene. 1 Leave this out; just translate ‘nevertheless’. Deliciae Latinae Word-building: revision Suffixes Abstract nouns are formed with the suffixes -i-umn -7 2n. and -i-és -é 5f., eg. artifici-um 7 2n. trick cénsili-um 7 2n. plan feast 5f. destruction um i 21 Word exercise Give the meaning and Latin connections of: calamity, hospitable, clarity, turpitude, cupidity, use, vim, negligence, reception, gravity, sermon, convenient, intellect, oration, retention, bibulous, celerity, usufruct, concurrent. 221+103 Section: 4B Everyday Latin (a) Some ablative usages A.D.=annéd Domini ‘in the year (abl. of time) of our Lord’ bona fidé ‘in good faith’ in t6td ‘in the whole’, ‘entirely’ s.p. (attached to an epitaph) = sua peciinia ‘(buried) at his own expense” mire sué ‘after his own manner’ ‘(he did it) his way’ prima facié ‘at first sight’, ‘apparently’ (b) Uses of ipse ipsd facto ‘by the very fact itself” ipsissima uerba ‘the very words themselves’ (note the superlative of ipse) An ipse dixit lit. ‘he himself said it’ i.e. an authoritarian assertion, dogmatic statement (©) Uses of inter inter alia ‘among other things’ inter alids ‘among other persons’ inter sé ‘among/between themselves’ inter vivés lit. ‘between living people’ i.e. ‘from one living person to another’ inter nds ‘between ourselves’ inter pocula lit. ‘between cups’, i.e. ‘over a glass’ Real Latin Horace’ damndsa quid ndn imminuit diés? aetas Parentum, peior auis, tulit nos néquidtés, mox datiirés Progeniem uitidsidrem. (Odes 3.6.45) * Quintus Horitius Flaccus 65-8 3.c.Section 4B 104 An illustration 1 aut L } past 2 aetas parentum 3 nds | present 1 4 progenits | furure damnds-us a um actas actatais 3f. age néquior néquidr-is worse detrimental, causing paréns parent-is parent 3m. —_progeniés progenié-i SE. loss [Hold until solved, or f offspring by dits] au-us 72m. grandfather uitids-us a um corrupt immineé 2.1 diminish Real Latin howlers Noteveryone could handle Latin as Cicero did. It is comforting to know that ordinary Romans and later ordinary clerics made all sorts of mistakes in speech and in writing. Here are a few examples. In Petronius’ Satyricon (1st century A.D.) an ex-slave uses the forms loquis (active for loqueris deponent) and winus (m. for uinum n.). Suetonius (first century A.D.) reports chat the emperor Augustus dismissed a scribe for spelling ipsi as ixi. Graffiti written on the walls of Pompeii buried by the eruption of Vesuvius (24 August 79 A.D.) are full of spelling errors, e.g. Felix ad ursis pugnabet (= pugnabit) ‘Felix will fight against bears’ futut formisa forma puella (=formdsam ... puellam) ‘I laid a beautiful girl’ Paris isse (= ipse) ‘Paris himself” The Appendix Probi (third or fourth century A.D.) lists correct pronunciations and spellings alongside common incorrect versions, e.g. figida nin fricda aqua non acqua (cf. Italian: acqua) auris (=‘ear’) non oricla (cf. Italian: orecchio) Later things got even worse. This inscription on a gravestone in Pannonia (3rd century A.D.?) shows not just spelling errors, but the accusative being used as the subject! hic quéscunt duds matrés (= hic quiéscunt duae matrés) ‘here lie two mothers’ 223+103 Section 4C Boniface (c. 700 A.D.) heard a priest carrying out a baptism: in nomine patria et filid et spiritits sanct? (= in nomine patris etfilivet spiritiis sanctt) One MS. of Petronius’ Satyricon, written in the mediaeval period, writes abbas sécréuit ‘the abbot hid’ instead of ab asse créuit ‘he grew from nothing’ (lit. ‘from a penny’). A fuller account of the development of Latin from the first century A.D. to the Renaissance will appear in Reading mediaeval Latin.* The Roman general Crassus left for Parthia in 55 never to return. He died at Carrhae in 53. After the event, Cicero said he should have listened to the fig-seller on the quayside as he boarded ship. He was crying cauneas (‘figs’). But what he was really saying, said Cicero, was caué né eas “beware lest you go’! This joke has been used as evidence for the Pronunciation of Latin. * For a brief survey, see Appendix p. 548. Section 4C Running vocabulary for 4C(i) absum abesse 1am away _—dédiixerat the had brought _Lilybaed (abl.) from from, I am absent (down)’ (plupf. of Lilybaeum argent-um 7 2n. silver; dediicd) Lilybaeum (acc.) to silver-plate Diodér-us 7 2m. Diodorus Lilybaeum artifici-um i 2n. skill JSecerant (they) had made’ —_Lilybitan-us 7 2m. person ausus erat ‘he had dared? (plup£. of facia) from Lilybaeum (plupf. of audea) Secerat (he) had made’ Melitae (locative) in cognouerant ‘(they) had (plupf. of facis) Malta "come acquainted genus gener-is 3n. family, Melitam (acc.) to Malta with’, “(they) knew" stock Meliténsis Meliténs-is 3m. (plupf. of cogndscd) (gratiés-us a. um popular person from Malta, collégerat ‘he had habitabat: tr. ‘had been Maltese collected’ (plupf. of living’ mentid mention-is 36. _ colligé 3 collégi) inflammat-us a um mention cOnstituerat ‘(he) had inflamed, on fire mentidnem facere to make decided’ (plupf. of Lilybaei (locative) at mention (of x: gen.) cOnstitud 3 constitui) Lilybacum Mentor Mentér-is 3m. 224 MentorSection 4C deus a um (+abl.) born of, from pauci ce a few paulisper for a while perlegs 3 perlégt | read through, peruse picubum i 2n. cup potius quam rather than propingu-us 7 2m. relative quae (acc. pl. n.) which; {and) these quam (acc. s. £) which quas (acc. pl. £.) which; (and) this (sc. letter) quem (acc. s. m.) whom qui (nom. s. m.) who quibus (abl. pl. £.) which; (and) this quod (acc. s. n.) which; (and) this, quérum (gen. pl. n.) of which Learning vocabulary for 4C(i) Nouns argent-um 7 2n, silver; silver-plate; money Adjectives inflammat-us a um inflamed, on fire Verbs am away from, [ am absent constitué 3 constitui Others potius quam rather than genus gener-is 3n. family, stock; tribe nat-us aum (+abl.) born of, from cénstitiitus 1 decide perlegé 3 perlégi perléctus 1 read through, peruse 1045 qués (acc. pl. m.) whom serud 1 I keep safe, preserve splendid-us a um fine, excellent Verre praetore ‘with Vertes (as) practor’ (abl.) pécul-um 7 2n. cup serud 11 keep safe, preserve Running vocabulary for 4C(ii) absins absent-is absent, away carté 2 (+ab1.) 1 do without, lack, stay away from cauté 21 am wary, am on guard, take care circum (+acc.) around circume’ circumire | go round cognduerat ‘he had got to know’ ‘he knew" (plupf. of cogndsed) collégerat ‘he had collected’ (plupf. of colligé 3 collégr) comméuerat “{he) had moved’ (plupf. of commoued 2 commoui) castra commouerat ‘(he) had moved camp’ (metaphor used ironically) concupiuerat ‘(he) had desired’ (plupf. of concupisco 3) condemné 11 find guilty, condemn conquiré 3 1 look for, search out 225103 cinserué 1 1 save, keep safe crimen crimin-is 3n. charge, accusation dicam ‘should 1 say’ Diodér-us 7 2m. Diodorus excdgit6 11 think up, devise Jfic-us a um tramped-up ‘furor furdr-is 3mm. passion, anger, rage gerere: $2 gerere lit. “to conduct himself”, i.e. ‘to behave’ hic iind crimine ‘as a result of this single accusation’ (abl.) insani-a ae 1f. madness, lunacy in i§ 41am mad inuidids-us a um unpopular lacrimor 1 dep. 1 burst into tears, cry mediocr-is e moderate, ordinary metit ‘from fear’ (abl.) mod-us i 2m. way, fashion, manner palam openly, publicly patrén-us i 2m. patron (sce Text p. 87) ered perire perit peritum | perish, am done for perspicueus a um clear, obvious postrémé finally ‘potuerat ‘he had been able’ (plupf. of possum) prim-us a um first prouinci-a ae 1f. province pudére “from shame’ (abl.) quae (acc. pl. n.) which; (and) these (sc. things) quas (acc. pl. £.) which; (and) this (sc. letter) quem (acc. s. m.) whom qui (nom. s. m.) who quis (acc. pl. m.) whom ratid ration-is 3£. plan, reason Learning vocabulary for 4C(ii) Nouns mod-us 72m. way, fashion, manner Préuinci-a ae 1f. province Adjectives abséns absent-is absent, away Verbs circumed circumire circuit circumitum 1 go around colligs 3 collégrcolléctus 1 collect, gather; gain, acquire Others circum (+acc.) around 226 ratié ration-is 3£. plan, method; reason; count, list; calculation prim-us a um first commoued 2 commout commétus | move; remove; excite, disturb excégité 1 1 think up, devise postréms finally Section 4C reprimé 3 represst 1 restrain, keep a grip on rewoc6 1 1 call back Rémae (locative) at Rome sordidat-us a um poorly dressed (a sign of mourning or of being on a charge) stulté stupidly timére ‘from apprehension’ (abl.) (6ta prouincia ‘over the whole province’ (abl) (abl.) trienni-um -7 2n. a period of three years ueheméns uehement-is strongly worded Verre praetore ‘with Vertes (as) praetor’ (abl.) Rém-a ae 1f. Rome Sicili-a ae 1f. Sicily reuocé 1 I call back stulté stupidlySection 4C 104 Grammar and exercises for 4C Pluperfect indicative active ‘I had —ed’ 1 2 3 “Thad loved’ ‘Thad had? “I had said’ 1st, amau-era-m (or amaram etc.) habt-era-m 2nd 5. amau-cr’-s habii-cri-s Srd sami habi-era 1st pl. 2nd pl. améu-er’-tis habu-eri-tis 3rd pl. amu-cra-nt habi-era-nt — dix-era-nt 4 3/4 ‘Thad heard’ ‘Thad captured’ 1st, audiu-era-m (or audieram etc.) cép-cra-m. ‘2nd s, audiu-eri-s cép-cra-s 3rd s, audiu-e cép-era-t 1st pl. cép-erd-mus 2nd pl. cép-cra-tis Grd pl. audiu-era-nt cép-eracnt Notes 1 The pluperfect (pliis quam perfectum ‘more than finished’) means ‘had —ed' and pushes the merely ‘finished’ (perfectum) perfect even further back into the past. In other words, the action of the pluperfect occurs before that of the perfect. 2 It is formed by taking the stem of the 3rd p. p. and adding: -eram -eras -erat -erdmus -eratis -erant Note that the normal active personal endings are used (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt). 3 As we have observed elsewhere (65), the ue and # can be dropped, giving e.g. amda-ram ama-ras etc. and audi-eram audi-eras etc. 227105 104 Section 4C 4 Whereas in Latin ubi ‘when’ and postquam ‘after’ are generally followed by the perfect tense, English usually translates with the pluperfect, e.g. ubi Verrés haec fécit, domum rediit ‘when Verres had done this, he went home’. Pluperfect indicative deponent ‘I had —ed’ 1 2 3 ‘Thad threatened’ “Thad promised’ “I had spoken’ 1sts, mindt-us aum éram__pollicit-us a um éram 2nd s. t-us aum érs_—_pollicit-us a um éras__lociit-us a um éris 3rd s. minit-us a um érat —_pollicit-us a um érat_—_lociit-us a um érat 1st pl. mit pollicit-i ae a erimus a 2nd pl. acaeratis _pollicit-iae aeratis _lociit-i ae a eritis 3rd pl. ae a érant pollicit-i ae a érant —_lociit-i ae a érant 4 3/4 ‘Thad lied’ "Thad advanced’ Ist s. progréss-us a um éram 2nd s. prégréss-us a um éras 3rd s. prégréss-us a um érat 1st pl. progréss-i ae a ¢ 2nd pl. mentit-iaeaeritis —_ progréss-i ae a cratis 3rd pl. mentit-iaeaérant —pprogréss-i ae a érant NB. The deponent pluperfect is formed by taking the perfect participle in-4s-a -um as appropriate, and adding the imperfect of sum, eram erdsetc. The perfect patticiple acts as an adjective and will agree with the subject of the verb (see on perfect deponents 75). Exercises Form and conjugate the pluperfect indicative of these verbs (give the meaning of 1st s. pluperfect): cénor, excdgitd, uideor, moneé, ator, faciG, absum, colligs, commoued, (optional: cdnstitud, reuocd, ndld, feré, fruor, cupid, recipid, proficiscor, coepi). Translate each verb, then change s. to pl. and vice versa: Sriueratis, cOnspicatus eras, comméuerat, hortatae erant, peperceram, recordita 228 NvSection 4C 106 erat, recéperamus, amplexus eram, cecideras, obliti eramus, negléxerant, prOgressi eratis, (optional: afuerant, cénatus eram, circumieras, suspicata erat, reuocaueratis, passi erant, excdgitauerat, ausa eras, cOnstitueramus, precataé eratis, cogndueram, uisi eramus). 3 Give the Latin for: 1 had decided; you (s. m.) had suffered; they had called back; they had remembered; he had become acquainted with; she had obtained; we had devised; you (pl. m.) had embraced; we had collected; you (s.) had disturbed (optional: he had cut; you (s. m.) had spoken; we had besought; they (f-) had set out; you (pl.) had run together; she had gone out; they had understood; we had forgotten). 4 Give 3rd s, and pl. of the following verbs in present, future, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect indicative: reuocd, tened, arbitror, uideor, neglegé, sentid, itor, patior, fid, ndld, sum, collig6, cénstitud, (optional: circumed, commoued, cognéscé, adgredior, facid, precor, mentior, fruor, cupid, absum, polliceor). 5 Locate and translate the pluperfects in this list, stating the tense of each of the other verbs: excOgitabam, reuocauerat, passus est, collégeras, circumibit, commouet, perlégerant, cogndéscet, cdnatus eras, Afuérunt, fueratis, recépit, égressi erant, ingressa est, pOnit, itétur, cecideramus, (optional: obsecrauérunt, Sraueras, suspicatus sum, amplectar, hortatus erat, dédiicébatis, cupiueram, precabimur, pollicita es, oblitus eram, fruémur, seciiti erant, audébis, audiébam, ausus eris). ‘The relative pronoun qui quae quod ‘who’, ‘which? ‘ pl. mf oon m. SL n ftom. qui quae quod = qui quae quae acc. quem quam quod — qués quas quae gen. —chius —> quérum = quarum = quérum dat. = ——cui ——> +<— quibus (quis) > abl. quo qua quo <— quibus (quis) Notes 1 The forms of qui relative are identical with those of the interrogative adjective qui ‘who?’, ‘what? (29). Punctuation will normally tell you whether you are dealing with a form of the interrogative. 229106 Section 4C 2 The function of a relative is adjectival: it is to identify or describe a noun. It does this by means of a complete subordinate clause, ie. a clause with a finite verb of its own, e.g. (a) ‘Isee the cat which is sitting on the mat’: ‘which . . . mat’ isthe relative clause, describing ‘cat’. (b) ‘the barge (which) she sat in, like a burnished throne, buined in the water’: relative clause ‘(which) she sat in’ describing barge. Note how English can omit the relative. Latin never does. © ‘... the oars were silver, Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made The water which they beat to follow faster’ ‘which . . . stroke’: relative clause describing ‘oars’; ‘which... beat’: relative clause describing ‘water’. (Anthony and Cleopatra Iii, describing Cleopatra's barge) wo “Antecedent’ (antecédé ‘I go before’) is the technical term for the word which the relative refers back to, e.g. ‘I dropped the books which I was carrying’ (‘books’= antecedent); ‘the cups which belonged to Diodorus went to Verres’ (‘cups’ = antecedent). The relative takes its gender (m. f. or n.) and its number (s. or pl.) from the antecedent. When you come across a relative in Latin, you must check that it is the same gender and number as the word you think is its antecedent. The case of the antecedent is irrelevant. 5 The relative takes its case not from the antecedent, but from its function inside the relative clause. Consider the following sentences: * (2) ‘Verres hated Diodorus, who wanted to keep his own property’ ‘who’ is m. and s., because the antecedent is Diodorus. But while Diodorus is object of ‘hated’ (in Latin Dioddrum), ‘who’ is subject of ‘wanted’ (since Diodorus, the person meant by ‘who’, ‘wanted to keep his own property’). The relative form will therefore be m., s. and nom., i.e. qui. Verrés Gderat Diodorum, qui sua serudre uolébat. (b) ‘Diodorus, whom Verres hated, was afraid’ ‘whom’ will be m. and s., since it refers back to Diodorus, but will be accusative in case, since it is the object of ‘Verres hated’ (‘Verres hated Diodorus’, the person represented by ‘whom’). Diodérus, quem Verrés Gderat, timébat. 230Section 4C 107 (2. Now determine the case of the relative for the examples in n. 3 above. The connecting relative A relative at the start of the sentence, referring back to something or somebody in the previous sentence, is best translated by English ‘this’, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’; e.g. hominés audiui. quos ubi audiui, . . . ‘I heard the men. Which (men) when [ heard, . . .’ i.e. ‘when I heard these men / them’. Note in particular the order of tvords. The relative comes first, to emphasise that it is picking something up from the previous sentence, even though it may belong to an ubi ‘when’ or postquam ‘after’ clause. Cf. adamicum litterds misit. quds ubi ile perlégit,. . .“he senta letter toa friend. When that man had read it . . .” (Latin word-order ‘which when that man had read . . Exercises 1 Translate these sentences and locate the antecedent of qui in each: (@) Diodérus parua pécula, quae Mentor fécerat, habébat. (0) litterae, quas scripserat, mox in Siciliam peruénérunt. (Q)_uirds, qui s¢ Romae esse affirmauerant, reuocabat. (a) rés scelesta est quam excdgitauisti. (€) Diodérus, quem Verrés pécula quaedam pulcherrima habére sciébat, abierat. (f) DiodGrus genere n6bili natus erat, quod clarum numquam factum erat. 2 Inthese sentences, the antecedent is underlined, but the correct part of qui is omitted and replaced by the English. Insert the correct part of qui and translate the sentences: (2) uir erat (whom) omnés féminae amabant. (b) fémina erat (to whom) omnis uir placébat. @ wigs (whom) Verres amare uoluerat, ndbilis erat. (@) multi hominés, (who) Verris comités facti erant, filii ndbilium erant. 231108 109 108 Section 4C (©) pdcula parua, (which) Verris comités cénspicati erant, Mentor fécerat. (f) multi hominés, (whose) cupiditatem ciués boni maximam esse arbitrati erant, ad Verrem ibant. (g) Verris comités simulacrum, (which) ille cupire ausus erat, @ templd sustulérunt. (h) comités, (whom) Verrés Lilybaeum sécum dédiixerat, Diodori pocula cdnspicati erant. 3 Say which noun is the antecedent of the given relative: quae: poculis, annum, praetGrés, templum féminam, mulieris, uirds, seruus cuius: litteras, hominum, genus, préuincias qui: filid, ratiéne, cupiditati, legés quibus: senati, fana, uirtaitis, amicum 4 Translate these ubi clauses (see 104*), which all begin with a connecting relative (107). E.g. quem ubi uidit . . . ‘and when he had seen him. .? (a) quod ubi audiuit . . . (b) quae ubi narrauit .. . (©) quas ubi reuocduérunt . . . (4) qués ubi cénspicati sunt . . . (€) cui ubi minatus est. . . More uses of the ablative 1 Under ‘true’ ablative: ‘ablative of origin, or source’ (‘from’): natus genere nobili ‘born from a good family’ 2 Under ‘instrumental-accompanying’ ablative: ‘ablative of cause’, showing why an action was carried out (‘out of’, ‘because of’, ‘from’): timbre hoc fécit ‘he did this from fear’ (i.e. because of his fear). Verrés hominem argenti cupiditate accisauit ‘Verres accused theman out of desire for silver’. The ablative absolute If you come across a noun in the ablative in agreement with another noun or adjective (especially a participle) in the ablative, regard it as an ablative 232Section 4C 110 of ‘attendant circumstances’ and translate ‘with’ or ‘in the circumstances of, e.g. Verre praetore ‘with Verres (as) praetor’, ‘in the circumstances of Verres (as) praetor’ f@ praetore ‘with you (as) praetor’, ‘in the circumstances of you (as) praetor’ mé amicé ‘with me (as) friend’, ‘in the circumstances of me (as) friend’ You can then retranslate to make a better English phrase or clause which points up the circumstances more clearly, e.g. Metellé et Afranid consulibus ‘with Metellus and Afranius as consuls’ ‘in the consulship of Metellus and Afranius’, ‘when Metellus and Afranius were consuls’. (This expression is used to date events: the year indicated here is 60, where Horace dated the origin of the civil wars.) The locative Names of towns and one-town islands (e.g. Melita = ‘the town of Malta’) do not use a preposition to express ‘in(to)’, ‘towards’, ‘at’ and ‘from’. In this way they follow the example of domus, which you have already met, for which domum=to home, domi=at home, domo= from home. Such words use the accusative to express ‘to’, e.g. Romam ‘to Rome’; Carthaginem ‘to Carthage’. They use the ablative to express ‘from’, e.g. Rémd ‘from Rome’; Carthagine ‘from Carthage’. They use the locative to express ‘at’. Here are the locative endings: 1st decl. s. “«} pl. -is Ind decl. s. -7 pl. -is =abl. pl. pl. -ibus 3rd decl. s. -7 Some examples: ‘at Rome’ Rémae ‘at/from Athens’ (pl.) Athénis ‘at Carthage’ Carthagint 233110 Note 1 With certain sorts of word (denoting place or district) the ablative without a preposition is used to express ‘at’ or ‘in’, e.g. e6 locé ‘in that place’. Note the common phrase terra marique ‘on land and sea’. ‘To/from the vicinity of’ a town is expressed by ad/ab, e.g. ad Romam ‘to the vicinity of Rome’; 4 Roma ‘from the vicinity of Rome’. 3 There are a very few locatives of common nouns (cf. domi). Note rir (fom ris 3n.) ‘in the country’; humi (humus 2£.) ‘on the ground’; bell (bellum 2n.) ‘in war’; militiae (militia’ 1£.) ‘in war’, ‘on military service’; N animi (animus 2m.) ‘in the mind’. Exercises 1 Translate these phrases and sentences: (a) (b) () (d) uirg6 famae optimae. Cicerdne et Antonié consulibus (the year 63). mé duce. uirginés natae genere ndbili. audacia et cupiditate aurum sustulit. Rémi. domi. Lilybaeo. tota prouincia. praetdribus absentibus. 2 Give the Latin for: (NB. the previous exercise will help) (a) (b) () (d) A man of great courage (2 ways). In Verres’ praetorship. Under your (s.) leadership. A boy born of a noble family. He acted thus from lust. At Rome. From home. To Lilybaeum. In the whole of Sicily. In the absence of the rest.Section: 4C 1115 3 Translate these sentences: (a) qui multum haber, plas cupit. (Seneca) (b)_nén qui parum habet, sed qui pliis cupit pauper est. (Seneca) (2) dimidium facti qui coepit habet. (Horace) (@ nihil éripit fortiina nisi quod dedit. (Seneca) (2) quae fuit dirum pati, meminisse dulce est. (Seneca) (0) naper erat medicus, nunc est uespillo Diaulus: quod uespillo facit, fécerat et medicus. (Martial) gii=he who qued and quae = what miper recently param too little diir-us a um hard medic-us 7 2m. doctor imidi-um 7 2n. half memini (perf) Diaul-us 7 2m. Diaulus 72n. deed I remember uespillo wespillén 3A I snatch away ——_dule-is ¢ sweet, pleasant undertaker Jontin-a ae 1f. fortune Reading exercise / Test exercise Dioddrum Meliténsem, qui mult6 ante Melita égressus erat et illd tempore Lilybaei habitabat, iste cupiditite sui 4 prduincia reppulit. ille apud Lilybitands, qui eum summi uirtiite uirum esse cognéuerant, uir multi honoris fuerat. sed Verre practére, dom6 caruit prope triennium propter pocula quaedam pulchra, quae habébat. isti enim comités, qués sécum, ubi ad préuinciam peruénit, diixerat, Diodérum haec pdcula habére nintiduerant; quod ubi cognduit, cupiditate inflammitus iste ad s Diod6rum uocauerat et pocula poposcerat. DiodGrus autem, qui pécula amittere ndlébat, ca Melitae esse apud propinquum quendam afirinduerat. sed ubi Verrés ad propinquum illum litteras, in quibus picula rogabat, scripsit, ille ca paucis illis digbus Lilybaeum misisse dixerat. interea DiodGrus Lilybae6 abierat. English-Latin 1 Translate into Latin: (Diodorus, who possessed many beautiful cups, had gone away from Lilybaeum to Rome. (b) In Vertes’ praetorship, in the whole province men were able to devise wicked crimes. (0) Vertes, who was born of a noble family, always acted from lust, rather than from courage. 235