Electric Force & Electric Field I

General Physics
PHYCS 102
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim Jasim
khalilej@sci.uob.bh
Office S41-1132
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012
Chapter 23
Electric Fields
Learning Objectives
Student is expected to be able to:
• explain how to charge neutral object by conduction and induction.
• define electrostatic force, electric field.
• state Coulomb’s Law.
• apply Coulomb’s Law.
• solve electric force and field problems of discrete charges distribution.
• analyze electric charge motion in uniform electric field.
Figures in this presentation are taken from: University Physics by Young and Freedman, 11 th Ed, Physics for Scientists and Engineers by
Serway, 5th Ed & 6th Ed, Physics for Scientists and engineers by Giancoli 3rd Ed, and many websites like physicsclassroom.com and
HyperPhysics.com
Electric Charge & Structure
of Matter
me = 9.110x10-31 kg qe = -1.6x10-19 C
mp = 1.673x10-27 kg qp = +1.6x10-19 C
mn = 1.675x10-27 kg qn = 0.0 C
Electric Charge Is Quantized
Electric Charge is Conserved:

Neither Created nor Destroyed
Transferring Electric Charges
So, what is your conclusion?

Charging By Conduction
Cooper is a good conductor of electricity, glass and nylon

are good insulators. (a) The wire conducts charge
between the metal ball and charged plastic rod to charge
the ball negatively. (b) Afterward, the metal ball is repelled
by a negatively charged plastic rode and (c) attracted to
a positively charged glass rode.
Charging By Induction
Inducing charge on a neutral object using a charged object

Photocopy Machine
Tell Me How?

Laser Printer

DNA Structure; Electrostatic
Why 3.00Å Not 7.00Å?

Why 52° Not 62°?
Coulomb's Law
Electrostatic Force
1
 F  q1 q 2 , F  2
r
q1 q 2
F  2
r
1 q1 q 2 q1 q 2
F  k
4 0 r 2
r 2
k = 9x109 N.m2.C-2
Example
The electron of a hydrogen atom is at a distance 5.3x10 -11 m
from the nucleus which contains one proton. Then the magnitude
of electric force (in N) between the proton and the electron in the
hydrogen atom is:
a) 8.2×10-8
b) 27.2
c) 4.3×10-18
d) 4.1×10-8
e) 
q1 q 2  1.6  10 19 1.6  10 19

F k  F  9  10 9  8.2  10 8 N
r2 5.3  10 
11 2

Example
Two identical point charges are placed a distance r = 0.3 m
apart as shown in the figure. If the magnitude of the electric
force between them is 4 N, then the value of the charge Q in
(μC) is:
a) 6.32
b) 9.49
c) 12.65 q1 q 2
F k
d) 15.81 r2
e) 18.97  4  9  10 9
Q2
 4  9  10 9
Q 2
0.32 9  10  2
 Q  6.32  10  6 C  6.32 C
Example
Two small charged objects repel each other with a force F when
separated by a distance d. If the charge on each object is
doubled and the distance between them stayed the same, then
the force between them becomes:
a) F
b) 2F
c) 4F
d) F/2 q1 q 2 Q2
F k  Befor : Fbefor  k 2
e) F/4 r2 r
2Q  2Q Q2
After : FAfter k 2
 4k 2
r r
 FAfter  4 Fbefor
Example
Two point charges (+Q) and (−Q) are placed as shown in the
figure. The magnitude of electric force on a point charge +q
located at the origin is:
a) 2kQq/d2
b) kQ2/(2d)2
c) kQq/d2
d) kQq/2d2
e) Zero
q1 q 2
F k 2
 Fnet  FQq  F Qq F-Qq F+Qq
r
Qq Qq Qq
 Fnet  k 2  k 2  2k 2
d d d
Example
Three point charges are placed as shown in the figure.
If q= 5C and a = 0.3m, then the magnitude of net electric
force (in N) on the charge (-q) that placed at the origin is:
(a) 10
q1 q 2
(b) 7 F k 2
(c) 5 r
(d) 2  Fnet  F  Qq  F Qq
(e) Zero
y
qq qq q2
 Fnet  k 2  k 2  2k 2 -q F-qq -q F+qq +q
a a a
12
25  10 x
 Fnet  2  9  10 9  5N
9  10 2
a a
Example
Three charges are placed as shown in the figures. In which case
or cases the net electric force on the charge at the origin is
zero?
y y y y
+q +q +q +q -q +q -q +q -q -q -q -q
x x x x
a a a a a a a a
(1) (2) (3) (4)
a) Only 1
b) Only 1 and 4
c) Only 3 q1 q 2
F k 2
 Fnet  F1  F2
d) Only 4 r
But F1  F2   Fnet  0 N
e) All of them
Example
Three point charges are placed on the x-axis as shown in the
figure. If the net electric force on Q2 is zero, then the charge Q1
(in C) is:
a) -20 y
b) +20 Q1 Q3=-5C
Q2=10C
c) +10
x
d) -10 2a a
e) 5
  F  0  F12  F32
Q1Q2 Q3Q2 Q1 5  10  6 6
k k    Q1  20  10 C
2a 
2
a 
2
4 1
Quiz
Four point charges (+Q) are placed at the corners of a rectangle
while a point charge +q is placed at the center of the rectangle
as shown in the figure. The net electric force on the charge +q is
along:
+Q +Q
A) Direction ( A )
B) Direction ( B )
C) Direction ( C )
D) Direction ( D )
E) None of the above +Q

Example
Eight identical charges each of q = +1 C are located on the rim
of a circle (R = 0.3m) while a charge Q = -10 C is located at the
center as shown in the figure. Find the net electric force exerted
on the charge Q. y
a) 8kQq/R2 q1
q2
b) kQ2/(8R)2 q8
c) kQq/R2
d) kQq/8R2 q7
Q q3
x
e) Zero
R
q4
q1 q 2 q6
F k  Fnet  F1  F5
r2 q5
But F1  F5   Fnet  0 N
Quiz
Three point charges are placed at the corners of a
triangle as shown. The correct direction of the net
electrostatic force on the point charge -Q is:
a) A
A
b) B
c) C B
-Q
E
d) D
C
e) E D
+Q +Q

Electric Field Line

Electric Field Vector
E q
1
E 2
r
1 q
E 
4 o r 2
q
E k 2
Electric field is a vector quantity. r
Example
Two identical point charges are arranged as shown in the
figure, at which point the field intensity is the greatest?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A & B
e) ∞
q
E  2
r
 E C  0, & E A  E B
Electric Field
Electric Field is the electrostatic force per unit charge
F 1 q q q1 q 2
E   k F k
4 o r 2 2 2
qo r r
Electric field is a vector quantity.

Example Estimate the electric field produced by
the shown charge Q at the field point P.
q
E k
r2
3  10 6
 E  9  10 9
9  10 2
 E  3.0  10 5 N / C
 E  300 kN / C
Electric field is a vector quantity.

Calculate the magnitude of the Electric field
Example @ point P and determine its direction.
q 25  10 6
E k   E 1  9  109  562.5  10 6 N / C
r2 4  10 4
50  10 6
 E 2  9  10 9  70.3  10 6 N / C
64  10 4

 E  E1  E 2  E x   562.5  10 6 N / C  70.3  10 6 N / C 
 E x  632.8  10 6 i N / C
 E x  632.8  10 6 N / C along the  ve x  axis
Example
Between the +Q and the +3Q charge, which of them experiences
the greater electric field due to an +5Q charge separated from
any of them by a radial distance d?
a) The +Q d
b) The +3Q +5Q +1Q
c) The same for Both.
d) None of the above.
d d
+5Q +1Q +5Q +3Q
q 5Q
 E  k 2  E  k 2
r d
 Both exp eriencing the same field .
Example
For a set of four point charges shown in the figure. The
magnitude of electric field (EO) at the center “O” are:
(A) EO = 0
(B) EO = kq2/16R2
(C) EO = kq2/4R2
(D) EO = 4kq2/R2
(E) None of the above
q
E k 2
 E net  E1  E 2
r
But E1  E 2   E net  0 N
Example
Given the charge distribution shown in the figure, the electric
field vector at the center of the square is:
a) 2kQ/d2
b) kQ2/(4d)2
c) 4kQ/d2
d) kQ/4d2
e) Zero
q
E k 2
 E net  E1  E 2
r
But E1  E 2   E net  0 N
Example What are the signs of q1 and q2?
Both are negatively charged.

Find the net electric field vector at the field point P.
E  E x iˆ  E y jˆ
E1sin E1
E  E E 2
x
2
y

E1cos E x  E 1x  E 2 x  ...
E y  E 1 y  E 2 y  ...
  tan 1
E y Ex 
E x  E cos  & E y  E sin 
Example
Two charges are placed as shown in the figure. The magnitude
of the net electric field (N/C) at the origin (point O) is:
(A)7kQ/a 4Q 
E x   E4Q  k 2 i
(B) kQ/a2 a
3Q  y
(C) 5kQ/a E y   E 3Q  k 2 j +3Q
a
(D) 7kQ/a2 a
+4Q
(E) 5kQ/a2 E4Q= -Ex
O x
a
Enet E3Q= -Ey
2 2
 4Q   3Q   Q Q
E E  E   k 2    k 2   25  k 2   5k 2
2
x
2
y
 a   a   a  a
Example
Two charges are placed as shown in the figure. If q =10 nC and
a = 3m, then the magnitude of the net electric field (in N/C) at
point P (at the origin) is: y
-q
q  
(A)14.14 E x  E q  k 2 i  10 i a
a -q
×
(B) 28.3 q   P a x
(C) 4 E y  E q  k 2 j  10 j y
a -q
   Ey
(D) 56.57  E  E x  E y  10 i  10 j a Enet
(E) 70.71 Ex -q
×
P a x
2 2
 q   q   q 
E E  E   k 2    k 2   2  k 2   14 .14 N / C
2
x
2
y
 a   a   a 
Quiz
Four charges are placed at the corners of a square of side a as
shown. The correct direction of the net electric force on the
positive charge (at the top right corner) is:
a) 2 4
5 3
b) 3
-q +q 2
c) 4 6
d) 6 1
e) 1 -q
a -q

Example
Three point charges are placed as shown in the figure. If
q=10C and d = 0.3m, then the net electric force (in N) on the
charge (+q) that placed at the origin is:
a ) 20 q2  
Fx   k 2 i  10 i
  d
b ) 10 i  10 j
  q2  
Fy  k 2 j  10 j
c )  10 i  10 j d y
    
 F  Fx  Fy  10 i  10 j Fy
d )  10 i  10 j -q
 
e ) 10 i  10 j -q F d
Fx
+q x
d
Example
Three point charges of equal magnitude Q reside at the corners of an
equilateral triangle of side length L, as in the figure. If the electric force
between any two point charges is Fo, then the net electric force on
any one of the charges is:
Fx  F1 x  F2 x  0
(A) Fo Fy  F1 y  F2 y
(B) 3Fo Fy  2 F0 sin 60
(C) 2Fo 3 Fy F
Fy  2 F0  3 F0
1
(D) 3 Fo 2
Q Fx
(E) ⅓ Fo  
 F  Fx  Fy  0 i  3 F0 j
L
F  Fx2  Fy2  3 F0
60
Q Q
Charge in Uniform Electric Field
F
E
q
 F  qE
F  ma
q
a  E
m

Quiz
If an electron is released from rest
in a uniform electric field directed to E e-
the left, as shown in the figure,
then:
a) the electron will remain at rest.
b) the electron will accelerate toward the right.
c) the electron will accelerate toward the left.
d) the electron will move with constant speed to the left.
e) the electron will move with constant speed to the right.
q
F  qE and F  ma  a  E
m
Example
An electron, proton and neutron enter a uniform electric field
directed to the right as shown in the figure. The correct path
taken by the electron is;
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5

Quiz
An electron is placed in a uniform electric field. If the
electron accelerates to the left, then the direction of E
is along the:
a) Positive x-axis
b) Negative x-axis
c) Positive y-axis
d) Negative y-axis
e) None of them

Example
A negative charge is placed in an electric field E  E x iˆ  E y ˆj as
shown in the figure. The electric force on the negative charge is:
  
a ) F  qE x i  qE y j
  
b ) F  qE x i  qE y j
  
c ) F   qE x i  qE y j
  
d ) F   qE x i  qE y j F
 E   F  qE
e ) Zero q
   
 F  qE  qE x i  qE y j
Example
   E
a ) F  80 i  60 j y
  
b ) F  80 i  60 j
   q
c ) F  80 i  60 j x
  
d ) F  80 i  60 j F
E   F  qE
e) Zero q
 F   qE   qE x i  qE y j
Example
F
 E   F  qE
q
   
 F  qE  qE x i  qE y j
  
F  9i  12 j
F  F  F  225  15 N
x
2
y
2

Quiz
A negative point charge Q = -2 C is placed in a uniform electric
field E  [3iˆ  4 ˆj ] 106 N / C directed as shown in the figure. The
electric force on Q in (N) is:
a) 8 along the y axis

b)6 along the x axis
c) 10 along the direction of E
d)10 opposite to the direction of E
e) Zero


Example
Four identical point charges (q =+2 nC) are located on the corners of square
abcd of side length 0.1m, as shown in the figure. The net force exerted on the
charge at corner b by the other three point charges is 8 mN. The net electric
field (in N/C) at the point b is:
a b
a) 16x106 q q
b) 8x106
c) 4x106
q q
d) 2x106
e) 0.00 d c
3
F 8  10 6 N
 E   E  9
 4  10
q 2  10 C
Example
The path of a charged particle as it enters a uniform electric field
is shown in the figure. If E= 6x103 N/C and the magnitude of the
electric force on the charge is 36x10-3 N, then the particle charge
( in µC) is:
E
a) -8 F F v
E   q 
b) -6 q E
c) 8 36  10 3 6
q   6  10 C
d) 6 6  10 3
e) -36 Since the charched particle

moves opposite to the fileld
it is negatively ch arg ed .
Motion of a Point Charge Along a Straight Line
With Constant Acceleration
x   0
av   x  t
Fe  qE t 2
1
   0  at , x   0t  at 2
F  ma
2
 2   02  2a x
An e- released from rest as shown. If its time
Example of flight is 80 ns and v = 80x106 m/s, calculate
the electric field E between the plates.
Fe  qE  eE & F  ma
ma (9.11  10 31 k g )a
E  
e 1.6  10 19 C

 E   5.69  10 12 kg / C a 
   0  at
80  10 6  0  a (80  10 9 )
 a  1015 m / s 2
1
 E  5.69  10 N / C  5.69 kNC
3
A long the  ve x  axis

Example A proton started from rest as shown. If x = 50 cm
and v = 107 m/s, calculate the electric field E
between the plates and the final kinetic energy of the
proton.
Fe  qE  eE & F  ma
ma (1.67  10 27 kg )a
E  
e 1.6  10 19 C

 E  1.04  10 8 kg / C a 
 2   02  2a x
1014  0  a  a  1014 m / s 2
 E  1.04  10 N / C  1MN / C
6
1
K  m  2  K  8.35  10 14 J
2
Extra Examples
& Quizzes

Example
Given q1 = 1.0 nC, q2 = 4.0 nC,
and q3 = -5 nC. If the net force
on q3 is zero, then find x.
q1 q 2
F k 2
r
 F  0  F 13  F23
q 1q 3 q 2q 3 q1 q2 1nC 4 nC
k k    
2  x  2  x  2  x 
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x
1 2 2
  2  x  2 x  3x  2  x  m  77cm
x 2x 3
Example Find the net electrostatic force on q3. Let
q = 1.0nC, q = -3.0 nC, and q = 5 nC.
1 2 3
 9 9
q1 q3 1  10  5  10
F13  k  9  10 9
q1 q 2
r132 4  10  4
 F k 2
 F13  112 .5  10  6 N  112 .5 N r
 q 2 q3
 F23  k 2
 84 . 4  10 6
N  84 .4 N
r23

 Fnet  F13  F23  112 .5 N  84 .4 N  28 .1N

 Fnet  28 .1 N along the  ve x  axis
Example Find the net electrostatic force on q3, if q1
= q3 = 5 C, q2 = -2 C, and a = 10 cm.
F  Fx iˆ  Fy jˆ
F  Fx2  Fy2
Fx  F1x  F2 x  ...
q1 q 2
F k 2
Fy  F1 y  F2 y  ...
r Direction of F is :
  tan 1  Fy Fx 
6
 q1 q3 9 5  10  5  10 5 
F13  k  9  10 2
 11 .25 N & F23  9 N
r 2
2  10

 Fx  F13 cos 45  F23 cos 180  7.95 N  ( 9) N  1.1N

 Fy  F13 sin 45  F23 sin 180  7.95 N  0  7.95 N  8 N
  8 
F   1.12  8 2  8.1N and   tan 1    82 .2 from the  ve x  axis
 1 . 1 
Example
Three point charges are placed on the corners of a
square of side a = 0.3 m as shown in the figure.
Calculate the net electric force on Q1. (Give its
magnitude and direction)
y
Solution Q3=5C
Q1 Q 2 (10  10 6 )(10  10 6 )
F2on 1  k  9  109
 10 N
a2 (0.3) 2
F2on 1  10 N (left ) , or F2on 1  10 N (  xˆ ) Q1=10C Q2=10C

Q1 Q 3 (10  10 6 )(5  10 6 ) x
F3on 1  k  9  109
 5N O
a2 (0.3) 2 a
F2on 1  5N (down ) , or F2on 1  10 N (  yˆ )
 Fnet  F 22on 1  F 32on 1  10 2  5 2  125  11.18N y
F2 on 1
51

x
   tan    26.56 Fnet O
 10 
F3 on 1
below the –ve x-axis.
Example Find the net electric field vector at the field
point P. Take q1 = +25C and q2= -10C
q 25  10 6
E k   E 1  9  10 9  1.41  10 6 N / C
r2 16  10 2
10  10 6
 E 2  9  10 9  3.60  10 5 N / C
25  10 2
E  E x iˆ  E y jˆ & E  E x2  E y2
E x  E 1x  E 2 x  ... & E y  E 1 y  E 2 y  ...

  tan 1  E y E x 
E x  E 1x  E 2 x  1.41  10 6 cos 90  3.60  10 5 cos 53  2.16  10 5 N / C
E y  E 1 y  E 2 y  1.41  10 6 sin 90  3.60  10 5 sin 53  1.12  10 6 N / C
   
2 2
E  2.16  10 5  1.12  10 6  1.14  10 6 N / C  1.14 MN / C
  tan 1 E y E x   79.1
Quiz For the point charges arrangement shown in the
figure, find the net electrostatic force exerted on
Q by q1 and q2.
F  Fx i  Fy j
q1 q 2 F  F F
F k
2 2
x y
2
r Fx  F1 x  F2 x  ...
Fy  F1 y  F2 y  ...
Direction of F is :
  tan 1  Fy Fx 

Quiz Two point charges are arranged at the corners of
equalitarian triangle as shown in the figure. Find the
net electric field vector at the field point 0, the origin.

Quiz
A small insulating ball of m=3x10-3 kg and charge Q is hung by thread of
L= 50cm. The ball is placed in a uniform electric field of 4.5x103 N/C
directed to the right as shown in the figure. If the ball remains in
equilibrium state making an angle of 37° with the vertical then the value of
Q ( in µC) on the ball is:
A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 11
E) 15

Electric Force &amp; Electric Field I

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Electric Force &amp; Electric Field I

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General Physics

Electric Charge is Conserved:

So, what is your conclusion?

Cooper is a good conductor of electricity, glass and nylon

Inducing charge on a neutral object using a charged object

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Why 3.00Å Not 7.00Å?

q1 q 2  1.6  10 19 1.6  10 19

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Electric field is a vector quantity.

Electric field is a vector quantity.

Both are negatively charged.

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

a) 8 along the y axis

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

e) -36 Since the charched particle

A long the  ve x  axis

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

F2on 1  10 N (left ) , or F2on 1  10 N (  xˆ ) Q1=10C Q2=10C

E x  E 1x  E 2 x  ... & E y  E 1 y  E 2 y  ...

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 102, Summer 2012

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Electric Force & Electric Field I

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