CHEN10092

[Two hours]

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

Transport Phenomena 2

21st May 2014

09:45 – 11:45

Answer ALL questions in Section A and ONE question from Section B.

All numerical working must be shown.

Tables of mathematical formulae are available and may be used without

restriction.

Abridged steam tables and Moody chart are supplied.

Electronic calculators may be used according to university regulations.

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Formula and Data List

The following equations and data may be useful:

∆Tlm =
( ∆T1 − ∆T2 )
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )

r 
ln  o 
Rcyl =  ri 
2π Ll

Du r 4m hD cp m
=Re = = ; Nu = ; Pr
m p Dm λλ

Dittus-Boelter equation:

where n = 0.4 for heating, 0.3 for cooling, and thermal and physical properties are
evaluated at the bulk mean fluid temperature.
Range of application: 0.7 < Pr < 160, Re > 10,000, L/D > 60, smooth tubes.

Temperature in Kelvin ≈ Temperature in ºC plus 273.

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Moody Chart

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Answer ALL questions in Section A and ONE question from Section B

Section A
Answer question 1

1. (Answer ALL parts of this question)

a) Two mountain climbers were trapped at around 9,700 feet (2,960 metres) high
during their challenge to a summit. (The air pressure at this elevation is
approximately 70.11 kPa.) The rescue team had been contacted but the climbers
had to survive one night before being rescued. Luckily, they found a deserted
hunter’s shed as their shelter for the night. There were barley (100 g) and an old
brass pot (20 cm diameter) left in the shed. They lit the wood fire to melt the snow
and cook the barley. It requires 30 × 106 J to cook 100 g barley, and the
temperature difference between the brass pot and the boiling water was about 7ºC.

i) Show that the heat flux would be approximately 370 kW m–2.

Data for Question 1 (a)-(i):

- Use the attached steam table to find the relevant properties of saturated water
and steam at the pressure of 70.11 kPa.

- The heat flux for nucleate pool boiling is calculated using the Rohsenow
correlation:

where
= heat flux, W m−2
cpl = specific heat of saturated liquid, J kg−1 K−1
hfg = latent heat of vaporization, J kg−1
g = gravitational acceleration, m s−2
ρl = density of the saturated liquid, kg m−3
ρv = density of the saturated vapour, kg m−3
σ = surface tension of the liquid-to-vapour interface, N m−1
Prl = the Prandtl number of the saturated liquid
μl = viscosity of the liquid, kg m−1 s−1
n = 1.0 for water, 1.7 for other fluids
Csf = 0.0060 for water-brass combination

[8 marks]

ii) What is the minimum time they would have needed to make their barley
dinner ready (assuming heat transfer only through the circular base of the pot,
and neglecting any heat losses)?

[3 marks]

question continued/…

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b) The shed was saturated with vapour during their cooking and a condensate film
formed on the surface of the window. The condensate film flows at a mass flow-
rate of per unit width of the window [kg s−1 m−1] down the vertical glass
surface. The mass flow-rate of the condensate film can be influenced by the
density of the fluid (ρl), the acceleration due to gravity (g), the viscosity of the fluid
(μl), and the film thickness (δ). By applying the Rayleigh method of dimensional
analysis, show that the form of the equation describing the mass flow-rate per unit
width is:

where K is a dimensionless constant and b is an exponent.

[7 marks]

c) If the flow is streamline, i.e. , show that, for a value of K = 1/3, the
expression for mass flow-rate is:

[3 marks]

d) The condensate film flows slowly downwards (the x-direction as shown in

Figure 1) and the film thickness (δ) and condensate mass flow-rate per unit width
( ) increase with increasing x. If the thickness of the fluid film increases from δ to
δ + dδ in a distance of dx (Figure 1), derive an expression for the increase in the
mass rate of condensate film flow per unit width.

[4 marks]

Figure 1 for Question 1 (d) and (e).

question continued/…

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e) If the vapour temperature is Tsat, the glass temperature is Ts and the latent heat of
condensation is hgf, derive an expression for the rate of condensation per unit width
over the distance of dx.

[4 marks]

f) Assuming the thickness of the condensate film is zero at the top of the glass,
i.e. δ = 0 when x = 0, show that the thickness of the condensate film (δ) is given
by:

 4 µl ll (Tsat − Ts ) x 
14

δ =  
 ρl 2 ghgf 

[6 marks]

[Section A Total: 35 marks]

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Section B
Answer ONE question from this section

2. (Answer ALL parts of this question)

a) An electrical engineer is specifying the electrical wiring for a unit. Copper wire
with a 1 mm diameter is selected as the electrical conductor. The wire is insulated
with natural rubber (λ = 0.13 W m−1 K−1) to an outer diameter of 3 mm and will be
used in an environment at 25ºC. Heat transfer from the outer surface of the
insulation to the surroundings is by free convection with a heat transfer coefficient
of 10 W m−2 K−1. In order to avoid fire hazard, it is required that the outer surface
of the rubber insulation cannot be heated above 90ºC.

i) Find the maximum current allowed for this unit.

Data for Question 2 (a)-(i)

- Electrical conductivity of copper (σ) is 5 × 107 Ω −1 m−1.

- The power, Ppower (energy per unit time, i.e. W), converted from electrical
energy to thermal energy is defined as Ppower = I2/G, where I is the electric
current in ampere [A] and G is the electrical conductance in Ω−1,
and G = (σA)/L, where A is the cross-sectional area of the copper wire and L is
the length of the copper wire.

[6 marks]

ii) Determine the temperature at the interface of the wire and the rubber
insulation under steady state operation.

[6 marks]

b) With reference to Figure 2, for flow along a straight circular pipe,

i) show that the head loss due to shear stress at the walls can be described by:

[7 marks]

Figure 2 for Question 2 (b).

question continued/…

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ii) Define the Fanning friction factor f, and hence find a relationship between the
loss factor K and the Fanning friction factor f.
[4 marks]

c) In a pilot plant, a pump is required (Figure 3) to transfer the hot effluent (water at
95ºC, u1 = 1.6 m s−1) from a heat exchanger unit to another downstream unit at a
rate of 290 m3 h−1. The inner diameter and length of the pipe after the pump are
0.16 m and 80 m, respectively. The maximum allowed pressure drop between the
two units is 10000 Pa and all pipe works are at same level. The pump has an
efficiency factor η = 0.8. The current consideration of pipe materials is either
stainless steel or new cast iron. The stainless steel is more expensive but smoother,
hence more expensive to buy but cheaper to operate with due to lower frictional
losses in the flow. Calculate how much less pump power would be required if
stainless steel pipes were used.

Data for Question 2 (c)

- For water at 95ºC, ρ = 962 kg m−3, μ = 2.98 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1.

- The absolute surface roughness (k): 0.015 mm for stainless steel and 0.6 mm for
new cast iron.

Figure 3 for Question 2 (c).

[22 marks]

[Section 2 Total: 45 marks]

3. (Answer ALL parts of this question)

a) Liquid flows under steady state conditions along the wall of a vertical open
channel. The depth of liquid in the channel (d) is known to be a function of
volumetric flow-rate per unit width of channel (Q).

i) Identify what other factors will affect the depth of liquid in the channel, and
state their dimensions.

[3 marks]

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ii) Then, use dimensional analysis to define the form of any dimensionless
numbers that may be present, and obtain a relationship between the depth of
liquid in the channel and the dimensionless numbers.

[7 marks]

b) A hot water stream at 87ºC with a volumetric flow-rate of 20 m3 h−1 is received by

a counter-flow shell-and-tube heat exchanger to go through the shell to pre-heat a
chemical feed from 15ºC to 65ºC. The temperature of the water leaving the
exchanger is measured as 73ºC. Assuming there is no heat loss from the heat
exchanger to the surroundings, determine what mass flow-rate is required for the
chemical feed.

Data for Question 3 (b) and (c)

- At 40ºC, the thermal and physical properties of the chemical feed are:
ρ = 847 kg m−3
cp = 1820 J kg−1 K−1
μ = 4.36 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1
λ = 0.361 W m−1 K−1.

- At 80ºC, the thermal and physical properties of the water are:

ρ = 972 kg m−3
cp = 4198 J kg−1 K−1
μ = 3.55 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1
λ = 0.670 W m−1 K−1.

[5 marks]

c) An engineer is requested to design this counter-flow shell-and-tube heat exchanger

(which has one shell pass and two tube passes) to deliver the target temperatures
stated in 3 (b). The engineer decides to use 20 stainless steel smooth-walled tubes
with an outside diameter of 1 inch (25.4 mm) and wall thickness of 0.083 inch
(2.11 mm) for the design. The tube side fouling factor (Fi) and the shell side
fouling factor (Fo) are estimated as 0.00018 m2 K W−1 and 0.00014 m2 K W−1,
respectively. The water in the shell provides an average convection coefficient of
5000 W m−2 K−1.

i) Calculate the Reynolds number (Re) in the tubes and identify the flow type in
the tubes (laminar or turbulent);

[5 marks]

ii) Determine the tube side convective heat transfer coefficient (hi);

[7 marks]

question continued/…

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iii) Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient, sketch the temperature profile
and calculate the log-mean temperature difference (Tlm);

Data for Question 3 (c)-(iii)

- The thermal conductivity of stainless steel:
λss = 16 W m−1 K−1.

[9 marks]

iv) Determine the length of the tubes required to achieve the desired heating.

Data for Question 3 (c)-(iv)

- Use Figure 4 to determine the correction factor (FT).

[9 marks]

Figure 4 for Question 3 (c)-(iv).

[Section 3 Total: 45 marks]

End of paper

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