cilostazol

Cilostazol is a medication for the treatment of intermittent claudication, a

condition caused by narrowing of the arteries that supply the legs with blood.
Patients with intermittent claudication develop pain when they walk because not
enough oxygen-containing blood reaches the active leg muscles. Cilostazol
reduces the pain of intermittent claudication by dilating the arteries, thereby
improving the flow of blood and oxygen to the legs. (It does this by decreasing
the action of an enzyme, phosphodiesterase III.) It also reduces the ability of
blood to clot. Cilostazol enables patients with intermittent claudication to walk
longer and faster before developing pain.

Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. It stops the
multiplication of bacteria by inhibiting the reproduction and repair of their genetic
material (DNA).

Apirin
Nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or aspirin-like drugs act by inhibiting
the activity of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Two isoforms of COX exist,
COX-1, which is constitutively expressed, and COX-2, which is an inducible
isoform. Prostaglandins synthesized by the constitutively expressed COX-1 are
implicated in the maintenance of normal physiological function and have a
‘cytoprotective’ action in the stomach. COX-2 expression is normally low but is
induced by inflammatory stimuli and cytokines.

Folic acid
 Vitamin B9 includes both folate and folic acid and is important for several
functions in the body.

According to the British Dietetic Association (BDA), folic acid is vital for making
red blood cells, as well as:

 the synthesis and repair of DNA and RNA

 aiding rapid cell division and growth

 enhancing brain health, although the evidence is mixed and more research is
needed

UDCA (Ursodeoxycholic acid)

Ursodeoxycholic acid reduces elevated liver enzyme levels by facilitating bile
flow through the liver and protecting liver cells. The main mechanism if
anticholelithic. Although the exact process of ursodiol's anticholelithic action is
not completely understood, it is thought that the drug is concentrated in bile and
decreases biliary cholesterol by suppressing hepatic synthesis and secretion of
cholesterol and by inhibiting its intestinal absorption. The reduced cholesterol
saturation permits the gradual solubilization of cholesterol from gallstones,
resulting in their eventual dissolution.

Dabigatran
Dabigatran and its acyl glucuronides are competitive, direct thrombin inhibitors.
Because thrombin (serine protease) enables the conversion
of fibrinogen into fibrin during the coagulation cascade, its inhibition prevents the
development of a thrombus. Both free and clot-bound thrombin, and thrombin-
induced platelet aggregation are inhibited by the active moieties.
Panto plus
Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that suppresses the final step in
gastric acid production by forming a covalent bond to two sites of the (H+,K+ )-
ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. This
effect is dose- related and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric
acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus.

Domperidone facilitates gastric emptying and decreases small bowel transit time
by increasing esophageal and gastric peristalsis and by lowering esophageal
sphincter pressure.

Spironolactone

Spironolactone is a specific pharmacologic antagonist of aldosterone, acting

primarily through competitive binding of receptors at the aldosterone-dependent
sodium-potassium exchange site in the distal convoluted renal tubule.
Spironolactone causes increased amounts of sodium and water to be excreted,
while potassium is retained. Spironolactone acts both as a diuretic and as an
antihypertensive drug by this mechanism. It may be given alone or with other
diuretic agents which act more proximally in the renal tubule.