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Fuels & Fuel Converters
© DNV GL SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER
Navigator
Fuel types
Natural gas
Fuel cells
Quiz
Longer chains:
• heavier fuel
• more viscous fuel
• lower calorific value
• higher temperature to evaporate
Fuels may be
solid
liquid
gaseous
Fuels may be
fossil OR renewable
coal wood
petroleum-crude derived refuse
natural gas agricultural residues
bio fuels
– alcohol (C2H5OH)
– butane gas (C4H10)
– solid carbon (C)
– glucose sugar (C6H12O6)
– hydrogen gas (H2)
Place 5
Alcohol 30 kJ/g
Place 4
Butane 50 kJ/g
Bronze
Silver
Gold
Sugar 18 kJ/g
Alcohol 30 kJ/g
Coal 30 kJ/g
HFO 41 kJ/g Heavy Fuel Oil
MDO 44 kJ/g Marine Diesel Oil
MGO 45 kJ/g Marine Gas Oil
Butane 50 kJ/g main component of LPG
Carbon 53 kJ/g
Hydrogen 143 kJ/g good for storing energy (e.g. from wind)
µ
Kinematic viscosity:
ν=
ρ
µ = dynamic viscosity [Pa·s]
ρ = density [kg/m3]
ν = kinematic viscosity [m2/s]
just like...
SAE 20 Crankcase Oil
SAE 75 Gear Oil
just like...
SAE 50 Crankcase Oil
SAE 90 Gear Oil
© DNV GL
Navigator
Fuel types
Natural gas
Fuel cells
Quiz
Methane (CH4)
Methane 94.0 %
Ethane 4.7 %
Propane 0.8 %
Butane 0.2 %
Nitrogen 0.3 %
1:600
gas
LNG
a. 10% ...
b. 25% ...
c. 40% ...
d. 90% ...
Bring the fuels (below in alphabetical order) in correct order of time from
medieval times to “future”
– coal
– hydrogen
– natural gas
– oil
– wood
– coal
– hydrogen
– natural gas
– oil
– wood
other
hydrogen
time
time
19th Century
time
time
© DNV GL
Navigator
Fuel types
Natural gas
Fuel cells
Quiz
Source: NASA
Fuels & Fuel Converters
☺ rapid start-up
requires hydrogen or methanol as fuel
catalysts easily poisoned
low efficiency
Applications:
• portable devices
• frequent on/off cycles
• compact devices
☺ fuel flexible
☺ high efficiency
long start-up
Applications:
• stationary power
• ships
80%
70%
Electric Efficiency
60%
ems
yst
ll S
50% el Ce Combined Gas- /
CurrentFu SteamTurbine
Status
40%
Ship Engines
30%
Gas Turbine SteamTurbine
20%
100 1 000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000
Electric Power [kW]
sulphuric
acid
12 kW
100 kg
0.15 m3
12 kW
Source: NASA
Fuels & Fuel Converters
NECAR
280 kW
(Fuel cell bus)
Fuel cells
Source: NYK
Fuels & Fuel Converters
Source: NYK
Fuels & Fuel Converters
Fuel cells
Fuel cells
© DNV GL
Navigator
Fuel types
Natural gas
Fuel cells
Quiz
ENGINEER
a. heavier fuel
b. lower temperature to evaporate
c. higher viscosity
d. lower calorific value
a. hydrogen
b. coal
c. heavy fuel oil
d. LNG
a. alcohol
b. butane gas
c. coal
d. glucose sugar
a. HFO
b. IFO
c. MDO
d. MFO
a. Milk
b. Tomato juice
c. Honey
d. Tooth paste
a. Ethane
b. Methane
c. Nitrogen
d. Propane
a. 1:600
b. 1:200
c. 1:64
Gas d. 1:8
LNG
a. 10% ...
b. 25% ...
c. 40% ...
d. 90% ...
a. wood
b. coal
c. oil (HFO)
d. natural gas
a. LNG
b. liquid hydrogen
c. liquid oxygen
d. methanol