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Project name and Load Modeling for Power Flow and Transient stability studies.
dates Project Dates ( February 1998 – February 2003)
Engineering brief and Loads are an important factor in power system response to
Objective disturbances that change network voltage and frequency. Most
mathematical load models used in power flow and transient stability
simulations are only loosely related to the actual load characteristics.
The objective of this project was to calculate the load characteristics
of the Eskom Main Transmission System (MTS) for the different
Customer Load Networks (CLN). It also documents a methodology
that engineers could use for deriving the characteristics of different
loads using a software developed by the Electric Power Research
Institute (EPRI).
Environment Due to delays in the construction of new transmission lines,
(Industry; environmental pressures and increasing load due to electrification, the
Laboratory; Theory; risk to safe operation of Eskom’s main transmission system was
Simulation) increased. To ensure that the risk was adequately calculated and
evaluated, system operation and planning studies had to be
performed using models which most reliably reflect the actual
conditions on the real power system.
Summary Load characteristics have long been known to have a significant effect
(State engineering on system performance, and the transient stability results are known
problems; solutions) to be highly dependent upon the load characteristics assumed.
Because of the uncertainty of the actual load characteristics, Eskom
has always attempted to use characteristics that would produce
conservative designs. It has however been proven that there is no
single load characteristic which leads to the most conservative design
for all system configurations.
Your contribution to I was responsible for the derivation of a methodology for calculating
the project load models for simulation studies using end use component data
(State aspects of (e.g. Network Development Plans, Masterplans).
engineering judgment) I also utilised customer and end use consumption as inputs for a load
aggregation program such as LOADSYN for deriving load models.
My responsibilites also included the following:
I developed a procedure to look at the optimal aggregation of loads in
computer simulation data files.
I compared the derived models to models that were derived based on
measurements for naturally occuring faults and these derived models
were also compared to the constant power load models that were
currently being used throughout Eskom.
I interpreted the simulated results from GLMOD, SLMOD, PSS/E and
VSTAB software packages.
I derived static load models that were used in computer simulation
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Discipline Specific Guidelines: Electrical Engineering (30/3/2005) Page 1
packages such as Power System Simulator for Engineers (PSS/E) and
Power Systems Analysis Package (PSAPAC) for operational and
planning studies.
Date: _________________________________
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Discipline Specific Guidelines: Electrical Engineering (30/3/2005) Page 2
Engineering Council of South Africa Form AD8
A1. Maintain a sound I applied theory in the transformation of utility load mix
theoretical data, such as residential, commercial, and industrial
approach in
load mixes which would be included in popular power
enabling the
flow and transient stability computer programs. I
introduction of new
and advancing matched each load type to its characteristic file
technology and detailing its voltage and frequency sensitivities.
other relevant
developments
A2. Apply a creative I wrote a macro to analyse the measured data for
problem solving naturally occuring faults and the analysed data was
approach
used to derive the alpha and the beta (for real and
reactive power) for the weekday peak, minimum,
Saturday peak, minimum, Sunday peak, and minimum
for the Pre –Winter, Winter and Post-Winter season.
A3. Look for ways of The knowledge I gained from the load modeling project
exploiting emerging was utilized in generating PV curves for the various
technologies to
distribution networks on the system load model, the
enhance current
constant power load model and the detailed bus load
practices and to
ensure continuing model. A power voltage curve gives an indictation of
fitness for purpose the stability of the systems under various loading and
of engineered load model conditions.
products and
services.
Signature: Date:
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Discipline Specific Guidelines: Electrical Engineering (30/3/2005) Page 3
Form AD8 (continue)
B3. To plan and Different load classes based on Eskom definitions used
implement in the Integrated Electricity Planning (IEP) process were
solutions, taking a
set up. These were based on all power users being
holistic approach to
classed according to the Standard Industrial
cost, benefits,
health, safety, Classification (SIC) codes which are dependent on the
reliability, type of industry. Load mix data for specific busses were
appearance and then calculated for a portion of the Eskom main
environmental transmission system. From this the static load models
impact. were then calculated for two different groups viz.
system wide and bus specific.
B4. To evaluate the I calculated power voltage curves for the various
solutions and to models using the VSTAB voltage stability package.
make
These models were then evaluated and comparisons
improvements.
were made for the different customer load networks on
the effects of the different load models on the system.
Signature: Date:
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Discipline Specific Guidelines: Electrical Engineering (30/3/2005) Page 4
Form AD8 (continue)
C1. To plan for effective From the information/knowledge I gained from the
project literature survey, the requirements of the project were
implementation
clearly defined, tasks to be completed were identified
and subsequently prioritized according to work details.
C3. To develop the I trained recent graduates and supporting staff using
capabilities of staff Kundur’s ten bus system. With an increase in the
to meet the
workload, staff from other departments were recruited
demands of
and trained to meet the increased demands within the
changing technical
and managerial department. They were trained to transform the load
requirements mix, composition, and characteristic data into “general
load models” for specific busses and then to transform
the general load models into specific formats required
for some of the following programs, PTI power flow
program and transient stability program, PECO power
flow program, EPRI transient /mid term stability
program.
C4. To bring about I utilised the knowledge gained from the load modeling
continuous project in the study for the Ikaros network
improvement
reinforcement project. The studies conducted on PSS/E
through quality
were done with the detailed bus load model, the
management
system load model, the constant power load model
which is the one that is used most often in simulation
studies. The different load models provided the
recipients of the report with a better undertstanding of
the importance of accurate modeling of loads and the
different voltage collapse margins for the different load
types.
I am confident that the evidence above is a true record of the
competence that has been demonstrated by the Candidate.
Declaration of
Mentor / Referee /
Supervisor
Name: __________________________________________________
Signature: Date:
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Discipline Specific Guidelines: Electrical Engineering (30/3/2005) Page 5
Form AD8 (continue)
D1. To work and The load modeling project required that I interact with
communicate with and communicate with senior staff within my
others at all levels
department on progress of the project, personnel at the
technical service centre where measuring instruments
were installed, colleagues from other departments who
were assisting me with the design of the hardware and
software for the measuring instruments including
colleagues who would assist with setting up and
conducting measurements for an induced fault on the
network.
D3. To build teams and I put together a team from the control, instrumentation
negotiate department which was responsible for the upkeep of
the measuring instruments and calibration of
intruments. Time spent on project work would be
booked against my project. I negotiated with the team
on work to be done and time required to complete the
work, negotiations would also centre around
maintaining team spirit and ensuring that only work
conducted and completed was booked against the
project.
Signature: Date:
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Discipline Specific Guidelines: Electrical Engineering (30/3/2005) Page 6
Form AD8 (continue)
E4. To carry out the This was achieved by attending external courses related
continuing to the type of work that I need to be competent in and
professional
self study.
development
necessary to
ensure competence
in areas of future
intended practice
Signature: Date:
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Discipline Specific Guidelines: Electrical Engineering (30/3/2005) Page 7
Engineering Council of South Africa Form AD9
Referees’ Comments
Resource Management
People Skills
Date: _________________________________
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Discipline Specific Guidelines: Electrical Engineering (30/3/2005) Page 8