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Gestión de proyectos se define como las actividades administrativas que forman parte de cada proyecto y los
ingenieros encargados de este proceso tiene la responsabilidad de tomar en cuenta todos los aspectos para
permitir el desarrollo del proyecto como se espera. La gestión de riesgos es una parte esencial del proceso de
gestión que se centra en identificar y evaluar los riesgos para reducir su impacto y debe hacerse en las fases
iniciales del proyecto para asegurar su viabilidad y evitar retrasos inesperados debido a la mala planificación y
previsión.
(Project management is defined as the administrative activities that are part of every project and engineers in
charge of this process has the responsibility of taking in account every aspect to allow the development of the
project as expected. Risk management is an essential part of the management process that focuses on identifying
and assessing risks to reduce their impact and must be done in the initial phases of the project to ensure its
viability and avoid unexpected delays because of poor foresight and planning.)
CHON+O2--------CO2+NH3+H2O
Matriz de Intensidad y Leopold
**Leopold (Leopold Matrix)
Su objetivo es garantizar que los impactos de diversas acciones sean evaluados y apropiadamente considerados
en la etapa de planeación del proyecto.
(Its objective is to ensure that the impacts of various actions are evaluated and appropriately considered in the
project planning stage.)
Matriz de intensidad
*Componentes ambientales (y para bajo) …Demografía social, agua subterránea y suelo, atmosfera, parque
nacional.
(Environmental components (and for low) ... Social demography, groundwater and soil,
atmosphere, national park.)
*Aspectos ambientales. (línea sola). Emisiones de aire (NOx SOx), manejo y almacenamiento de
sustancias químicas, emisiones de ruido, residuos, emisiones de polvo.
(Environmental aspects. (Single line). Air emissions (NOx SOx), handling and storage of
chemicals, noise emissions, waste, dust emissions.)
Gravedad del riesgo.
y… Low(1), Medium(2), High(3)……(Probability)
x… Negligible(1), Marginal(2), Critical(3), Catastrophic(4).. (Severity of risk)
Low 1-2, Medium 3-4, High 4-6, Extreme 6-12
Delays in construction because of excessive rain.
Confrontation with communities living close the area.
Probabilities of finding archaeological sites
Accidents because of wildlife attacks.
Matrices de Leopold
Aspectos Ambientales
RISK
Esto es conocido como exposición. No importa que tan peligrosa sea una substancia o actividad, no le puede
hacer daño si no hay exposición.
Que una persona tenga o no efectos en la salud después de ser expuesta a VOCs depende de:
La toxicidad del compuesto químico (la cantidad de daño que puede ser causado por el contacto con el
compuesto químico).
Cuanta cantidad del compuesto químico este presente.
Por cuánto tiempo y con qué frecuencia una persona está expuesta.
La edad, salud, sexo, y exposición a otros compuestos químicos.
Exposición a corto plazo a niveles altos de algunos VOCs puede causar dolores de cabeza, mareo, somnolencia,
nausea, e irritación de los ojos y de las vías respiratorias.
Citizen Participation in Projects
Impact and environmental mitigation studies
Make a call with the community or communities that have a direct impact on the project, so they know all the
factors within the project.
That the company demonstrate that the people were notified by any means and the sea this radio, newspaper or
other alternative means. This can be done with media facts and attendee signatures. Open an information center
to resolve concerns.
What are V.O.C?
VOCs are chemical compounds that enter the air as gases from some solids or liquids.
How can VOCs affect human health?
Chemical compounds can enter the body in three ways:
breathing, touching, swallowing.
This is known as exposure. No matter how dangerous a substance or activity is, it can not hurt you if there is no
exposure.
Whether or not a person has health effects after being exposed to VOCs depends on:
• The toxicity of the chemical compound (the amount of damage that can be caused by contact with the chemical
compound).
• How much of the chemical compound is present.
• How long and how often a person is exposed.
• Age, health, sex, and exposure to other chemical compounds.
Short-term exposure to high levels of some VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, irritation
of the eyes and respiratory tract.
MONITORING PLAN
Resource Water ----- Type of industry (define: Parameters, Frequency, Location)
Air Resources ------ Noise, PM, Gases
Indices de Calidad
Calidad de Agua PH Dureza (Relacionado con los
minerales: Calcio y Magnesio)
pH˂ 6.9 → 𝐼𝑝𝐻 = 100.008−0.18𝑝𝐻
𝐼𝐷𝑈𝑅 = 552 ∗ (𝐷𝑈𝑅)−0.448
6.9˂pH˂7.1→ 𝐼𝑝𝐻 = 100 Nutrientes
pH˃ 7.1 → 𝐼𝑝𝐻 = 102.65−0.2216𝑝𝐻 𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑇𝑅𝐴𝑇𝑂𝑆 = 125 ∗ (𝑁𝑂3)−0.2718
Coliformes (saber si se potabiliza o no)
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐼∗𝑊
Icoliformes→ 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙 = 137 ∗ (𝐶𝑇)−0.13 𝐼𝐶𝐴 = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑊
Icoliformes→ 𝐼𝑐𝐹 = 137 ∗ (𝐶𝐹)−0.1286
Oxígeno Disuelto
𝐼𝑂𝐷 = 0.82 ∗ (𝑂𝐷) + 10.56
DBO5(materia orgánica directamente relacionada)
𝐼𝐷𝐵𝑂5 = 108 ∗ (𝐷𝐵𝑂5)−0.3494
Temperatura
𝐼𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝 = 102.004−0.03𝑇
Conductividad (relacionada a la concentración de solidos disueltos)
𝐼𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷 = 506 ∗ (𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷)−0.3315
𝐼ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ − 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐼𝑝 = ∗ (𝐶𝑝 − 𝐵𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑤) + 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐵𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ − 𝐵𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑤
0 50 Good
51 100 Moderate
Para todas las etapas del estudio arqueológico se requiere que cumplan los criterios de eficiencia técnica,
calidad científica, etc.
La parte más importante para el Ing. Civil es la arqueología de rescate, con la ayuda del arqueólogo se puede
realizar un plano arqueológico para saber los puntos que se encuentran en peligro de remoción o destrucción
parcial, total.
Antes de realizar una obra se debe realizar el plano arqueológico, para luego no tener problemas de
presupuesto o tiempo de entrega. No hacer esto puede causar muchos problemas, y en el peor caso cárcel por
daños al patrimonio.
Para el estudio se dirige el profesional a sitio y escaba cuadrados de 1.50x1.50 llegando a una profundidad que
varía en los distintos suelos en Ecuador.
Archeology
Science that studies the societies of the past, from the material remains that they left as a product of their
activities.
From these objects it is deduced how they lived, their food, their environment, social, political and economic
organization, etc.
Stages of EA and EIA
• Archaeological Diagnosis
• Archaeological Recognition
• Archaeological Prospecting
• Archaeological Rescue
• Archaeological monitoring
Archaeological Prospecting
The object of the survey is to delimit the archaeological site within the AID and I, to define how many
occupations of the cultural deposits. Since 1994, archaeological mitigation is carried out by the environmental
law in the earth moving sectors.
Ecuador has several laws for the conservation of technologies and ancestral knowledges of communities, towns
or tangible or intangible heritage.
For all the stages of the archaeological study it is required that they meet the criteria of technical efficiency,
scientific quality, etc.
The most important part for the Civil Engineer is the archeology of rescue, with the help of the archaeologist
can realize an archaeological plane to know the points that are in danger of removal or partial, total
destruction.
Before carrying out a work, the archaeological plane must be made, so that there are no budget or delivery
problems. Not doing this can cause many problems, and in the worst case jail for damages to the estate.
For the study the professional is directed to site and scale squares of 1.50x1.50 reaching a depth that varies in
the different soils in Ecuador.