Tribology Transactions

ISSN: 1040-2004 (Print) 1547-397X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utrb20

Effect of Spot Continual Induction Hardening on

the Tribological Performance of Grey Cast Iron
with Curved Surface

Xunpeng Qin, Kai Gao, Zhou Wang & Xuliang Chen

To cite this article: Xunpeng Qin, Kai Gao, Zhou Wang & Xuliang Chen (2017): Effect of Spot
Continual Induction Hardening on the Tribological Performance of Grey Cast Iron with Curved
Surface, Tribology Transactions, DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2017.1300969

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2017.1300969

Accepted author version posted online: 01

Mar 2017.
Published online: 01 Mar 2017.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 20

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=utrb20

Download by: [Fudan University] Date: 15 April 2017, At: 14:02

TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2017.1300969

Effect of Spot Continual Induction Hardening on the Tribological Performance of Grey

Cast Iron with Curved Surface
Xunpeng Qina,b, Kai Gaoa,b, Zhou Wanga,b, and Xuliang Chena,b
a
Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China; bHubei
Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In order to investigate the effect of a spot continual induction hardening (SCIH) process on the tribological Received 14 December 2016
performance of grey cast iron with a curved surface, dry sliding wear tests were performed under different Accepted 24 February 2017
loads. The curved surface structure of the workpiece and feed velocity of the inductor were considered KEYWORDS
important influence factors. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Spot continual induction
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the phases, compositions, and hardening; curved surface;
morphologies of grey cast iron after the SCIH process and tribological tests. The results showed that the feed velocity; tribological
wear mechanism of grey cast iron was always adhesive and abrasive wear at different loads when the performance; grey cast iron
workpiece was not strengthened. In the case of partial strengthening, the wear mechanism changed from
adhesive and abrasive wear to fatigue–exfoliative wear with increasing load. Oxidative wear always
appeared as the dominant wear mechanism when the workpiece was completely strengthened. The wear
resistance of the concave surface was always larger than that of the convex surface under the same feed
velocity of the inductor. Relatively low feed velocity of the inductor in the SCIH process can optimize the
wear resistance of grey cast iron with a curved surface.

Introduction
Grey cast iron is being used widely for a variety of industrial
applications, especially for some bulky, complicated compo-
nents. This is attributed to its useful properties, such as good
formability, machinability, and low price (Vadiraj, et al. (1).
Wear failure is an important failure form for many bulky, com-
plicated components, such as auto panel stamping dies. There-
fore, it is necessary to improve the wear resistance of these
components. Due to the huge bulk and complicated surface
profile, partial surface strengthening processes for these com-
ponents are still being explored.
There are many surface strengthening methods that can
improve wear resistance, such as flame, laser, and induction
strengthening (Lee, et al. (2); Wang, et al. (3); Totik, et al. (4).
Some researchers have considered the effect of laser and induc-
tion strengthening processes on the tribological performance of
cast iron. Pang, et al. (5) manufactured samples with micro-
hardness differencees between bionic coupling units and the
base metal by laser surface remelting in order to improve the
wear resistance of gray cast iron guide rails. The results indi-
cated that when the microhardness difference was 561 HV0.2,
the wear resistance was the best. Chen, et al. (6) improved grey
cast iron fatigue wear resistance through laser cladding carbon,
a proposed process referred as laser carburizing. Optimization
of laser carburizing processing conditions was achieved by
studying the effects of input energy density on sample fatigue
wear resistance. Results demonstrated that laser carburizing
was a more effective means of improving fatigue wear
resistance than laser remelting and that the improvement was
significantly affected by an increase in energy density during
treatment. Slatter, et al. (7) studied the impact wear resistance
of untreated and induction D hardened compacted graphite
iron. The induction hardening improved the impact wear resis-
tance of the compacted graphite iron and it performed much
better compared to the laser-hardened cast iron. Compared to
other surface strengthening methods, induction hardening
shows favorable features of controlled heating depth, energy
savings, and low cost (Leatherman and Stutz (8).
The spot continual induction hardening (SCIH) process,
which is a modified induction hardening process, has been
carried out in previous works (Gao, et al. (9), (10). The
inductor consists of a single-turn copper coil and a
magnetizer. Due to the small size of the inductor, it can be
assembled to a five-axis cooperating computer numerical
control machine tool to strengthen more than one small area
or relatively large area on the complicated component
surface by controlling the movement and rotation of the
inductor. Compared with through-hardening, the SCIH
process has the features of a relatively large temperature
gradient and high heating rate. In addition, the nonlinearity
of the workpiece surface profile and inductor feed path
further complicate the SCIH process.

CONTACT Xunpeng Qin qxp915@hotmail.com

Color versions of one or more figures in this article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/utrb.
Review led by Robert Errichello.
© 2017 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
2 X. QIN ET AL.
Table 1. Chemical composition of grey cast iron used in this process.
Grey cast iron (wt%)
C Si Mn P S Al K Mo
3.32 2.85 0.89 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.02
Some researchers have also considered the effect of material
structure and many experimental parameters on the tribological
performance of cast iron. Wei, et al. (11) compared the wear
characteristics of spheroidal graphite cast iron with carbon steel.
They found that the spheroidal graphite cast iron presented
obviously different wear behaviors than the carbon steel, which
may be attributed to the presence of graphite. Prasad (12) inves-
tigated the influence of test parameters such as applied load, slid-
ing speed, and test environment on the sliding wear behavior of
grey cast iron. The wear response of the samples was discussed
in terms of specific characteristics such as load bearing, lubricat-
ing, and cracking tendencies of different microconstituents of
the cast iron. Straffelini and Maines (13) investigated the rela-
tionship between the dry sliding wear rates of two commercial
semimetallic friction materials against a conventional cast iron
counterface using a block-on-disc geometry. Wear was con-
trolled by the abrasivity of friction materials in the first region
and by the contact temperature in the second region.
In order to investigate the effect of the SCIH process on the
tribological performance of grey cast iron with a curved surface,
X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to
study the phases, compositions, and morphologies of grey cast
iron after the SCIH process and tribological tests. The feed
velocities of the inductor and curved surface structures were
considered important influence factors.
Experimental procedures
Spot continual induction hardening process
The chemical composition of grey cast iron (normalized condi-
tion) used in the present work is listed in Table 1 and the initial
hardness value was about 164 HV. Figure 1 shows a schematic
diagram of the SCIH process. During the SCIH process, a high-
frequency (30 kHz) induction heating power supply was used,
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the SCIH process.
Table 2. Geometrical and kinematics parameters for the SCIH process.
Convex and concave radii (mm) Feed velocity of the inductor (mm/s)
Ti 110.17 1
3
0.21 5
7
with a maximum power of 50 kW. The material of the coil and
magnetizer are copper and ferrite, respectively. The cross
section of the square coil is 10 mm £ 10 mm. The inductor was
moved along the profile of the curved surface (including convex
and concave surfaces) workpiece by a five-axis cooperating
computer numerical control machine tool and the distance
between the center of the bottom surface of the inductor and
workpiece was 2 mm. It should be noted that the average
distance between the inductor and workpiece was different due
to the different curved surface structures. In addition, the aver-
age distance of the convex surface was larger than 2 mm but
that of the concave surface was less than 2 mm. The spraying
water synchronously cooled the area behind the feed track of
the inductor during the SCIH process. Four different feed
velocities of the inductor (1, 3, 5, and 7 mm/s) were selected.
The detailed SCIH process parameters are given in Table 2.
Tribological tests
Tribological tests were carried out after the SCIH process. The
sampling positions on the curved surface workpiece and
Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of sampling position on the curved surface work-
piece and (b) experimental setup for tribological tests.
 TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 3

calculated by the following equation:

DM
WD ; (1)
rL

Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of the contact condition between the curved sur-
face of the pins and disc and (b) contact area evolution with wear length of convex
and concave surfaces.

experimental setup for tribological test are shown in Figs. 2a and

2b, respectively. Dry sliding wear tests were performed in air on
a pin-on-disc wear tester. The induction-hardened grey cast iron
was machined into pins with dimensions of 6 mm on each side
and 18 mm height. The contact conditions between the curved
surface of the pins and disc were different due to the difference
in geometry between convex and concave surfaces. A schematic
diagram of the contact condition between the curved surfaces of
the pins and disc is shown in Fig. 3a. It can be seen that when
wear appeared in region 1, the contact conditions on the disc
surface were different for convex and concave surfaces. In
addition, the contact conditions were the same when wear
appeared in region 2. Figure 3b shows the contact area evolution
with wear length of the convex and concave surfaces. From
Fig. 3b it can be seen that the contact area between the curved
surfaces and disc increases with increasing wear length. How-
ever, the contact area of the convex surface is always larger than
that of the concave surface at the same wear length in region 1.
The disc used in this work was quenched AISI D3 steel,
whose hardness was about 750 HV. The disc and pin specimens
were polished to a roughness (Ra) level of 0.4 mm prior to initi-
ating the wear tests. As mentioned above, wear failure is an
important failure form for many bulky, complicated compo-
nents, such as auto panel stamping dies. Therefore, the sliding
parameters were determined based on the actual working con-
ditions as follows: 20 C ambient temperature; 50–150 N with
an interval of 50 N normal load; 0.5 m/s sliding velocity; 600 m
sliding distance. The specimens were cleaned and weighed
Figure 4. SEM images of convex surface specimens after the SCIH process under
using a microbalance with a precision of 0.1 mg after the tests different feed velocities: (a) 7 mm/s, (b) 5 mm/s, (c) 3 mm/s, and (d) 1 mm/s and
in order to determine the wear loss. The wear rate (W) was (e) optical microscope image of the initial structure.
4 X. QIN ET AL.
where DM is the weight loss (g), r is the density of materials
(g/cm3), and L is the sliding distance (m). For the grey cast iron,
a density of 7.2 g/cm3 was adopted to calculate the wear rate.
The average value of three repeated tests was used as the
final result. The phases, compositions, and morphologies of the
SCIH specimens were examined using XRD, EDS, and SEM.
Microhardness measurements were performed using a micro-
hardness tester with a load of 0.5 N and a hold time of 5 s.
Results
Microstructure after SCIH process
Figure 4 shows the microstructures of convex surface speci-
mens after the SCIH process under different feed velocities and
with initial structures. It should be noted that with an increase
in feed velocity of the inductor, the heating temperature
decreased. It can be seen from Fig. 4a that with a feed velocity
of 7 mm/s, martensite phase transformation did not occur. The
mixture microstructures of pearlite, ferrite, and plate-like
graphite are the same as the initial microstructure, which can
be seen in Fig. 4e. This is because the heating temperature did
not reach the austenite transformation temperature. A similar
microstructure can be also found with a feed velocity of 5 mm/
s, which can be seen in Fig. 4b. From Fig. 4c it can be seen that
Figure 5. Transverse microhardness profiles of the phase transformation zones
with depth under different feed velocities: (a) convex surface specimens and (b)
concave surface specimens.
the fine martensite was obtained and the graphite shape did
not change. With a feed velocity of 1 mm/s, more needlelike
martensite can be found in Fig. 4d due to the higher heating
temperature.
Microhardness after SCIH process
Figure 5 shows transverse microhardness profiles of the phase
transformation zones with depth under different feed veloci-
ties. It can be seen in Fig. 5a that the average hardness value
and depth of the phase transformation region decrease with
increasing feed velocity of the inductor for convex surface
specimens of the workpiece. The maximum hardness value
and depth of the phase transformation region are about 767
HV and 1.8 mm, respectively, in the case of 1 mm/s and the
maximum hardness value and depth of phase transformation
region are about 482 HV and 1.3 mm, respectively, in the case
of 3 mm/s. The difference in the maximum hardness values
between these two cases is due to the higher martensite
content in the case of 1 mm/s, which can be seen in Fig. 4d.
Compared to the hardness of the workpiece before the SCIH
process, the maximum hardness value still increases slightly
from about 164 to 205 HV in the case of 5 mm/s but no mar-
tensite can be found in Fig. 4b. This indicates that pearlite
Figure 6. Wear rate of (a) convex surface and (b) concave surface specimens after
the SCIH process under different feed velocities and loads.
 TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 5

Figure 7. XRD patterns of the worn surfaces of convex surface specimens under different feed velocities: (a) 7 mm/s, (b) 5 mm/s, (c) 3 mm/s, and (d) 1 mm/s.

Figure 8. SEM images of the wear tracks on convex surface specimens after the SCIH process at 50 N load under different feed velocities: (a) 7 mm/s, (b) 5 mm/s, (c)
3 mm/s, and (d) 1 mm/s.
6 X. QIN ET AL.
transformation occurred in the case of rapid cooling, which
can also increase the hardness value. In the case of 7 mm/s,
the maximum hardness value does not change. Similar varia-
tion can be found in Fig. 5b for concave surface specimens
under different feed velocities. However, the depth of the
phase transformation region of concave surface specimens is
larger than that of the convex surface for the same feed veloc-
ity of the inductor. As mentioned above, the average distance
of the concave surface was less than that of the convex surface,
which results in higher heating temperature and a larger heat-
affected zone for the concave surface.
Wear rate
Figure 6 shows the wear rate of convex surface and concave
surface specimens after the SCIH process under different
feed velocities. It can be seen in Fig. 6a that all wear rates
increase with increasing feed velocity of the inductor at the
same load. In the case of 1 mm/s, the wear rate is low at
different loads due to the high hardness of the martensite
in the surface layer of specimens. In the case of 3 mm/s,
the wear rate increases markedly with increasing load from
50 to 100 N and then increases slightly from 100 to 150 N.
Compared to the case of 1 mm/s, the wear rate in the case
Figure 9. SEM images of the wear tracks on convex surface specimens after the SCIH process at 100 N load under different feed velocities: (a) 7 mm/s, (b) 5 mm/s, (c)
3 mm/s, and (d) 1 mm/s.
of 3 mm/s is larger at different loads due to the lower mar-
tensite content and lower hardness. In the cases of 5 and
7 mm/s, all of the wear rates increase significantly with
increasing load from 50 to 100 N and from 100 to 150 N.
It can also be seen in Fig. 6b that a similar variation can be
found for concave surface specimens. However, the wear
rate of concave surface specimens is lower than that of con-
vex specimens at a load of 50 N under the same feed veloc-
ity of the inductor. On the one hand, the contact
conditions between the pin and disc were different for con-
vex and concave surface specimens, which can be seen in
Fig. 3a. On the other hand, the hardness value of the con-
cave surface was larger than that of the convex surface
under the same feed velocity of the inductor (except for the
case of 7 mm/s). According to Figs. 4, 5, and 6, the tribo-
logical test result for the case of 7 mm/s can represent the
tribological performance of the unstrengthened structure of
the workpiece before the SCIH process. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the SCIH process can improve the wear
resistance of convex and concave surfaces efficiently when
the feed velocity of inductor is lower than 3 and 5 mm/s,
respectively. A relatively low feed velocity of the inductor in
the SCIH process can optimize the wear resistance of grey
cast iron with a curved surface. XRD, SEM, and EDS results

of convex surface specimens were used for the following
analysis.
XRD analysis of the worn surface
XRD patterns of the worn surfaces of convex surface specimens
under different feed velocities are shown in Fig. 7. In the case
of 7, 5, and 3 mm/s, only characteristic peaks of Fe can be
found at different loads. However, the peak intensity of Fe
decreases with increasing load in the case of 3 mm/s but shows
no obvious difference in the other two cases. In the case of
1 mm/s, tribooxides with corresponding characteristic peaks of
Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 at different loads exist. This indicates that the
temperatures of the worn surfaces reach a high level. In addi-
tion, the amount of tribooxides increases and Fe decreases with
increasing load.
SEM morphology of worn surface
Figures 8, 9, and 10 show SEM images of the wear tracks on
convex surface specimens after the SCIH process under differ-
ent feed velocities at 50, 100, and 150 N loads, respectively. At a
load of 50 N, adhesive and abrasive traces appeared with a
Figure 10. SEM images of the wear tracks on convex surface specimens after the SCIH process at 150 N load under different feed velocities: (a) 7 mm/s, (b) 5 mm/s, (c)
3 mm/s, and (d) 1 mm/s.
TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 7
sparse amount of oxide particles in the cases of 7, 5, and 3 mm/
s, which can be seen in Figs. 8a–8c. However, the wear mor-
phology in Fig. 8d showed a difference in the case of 1 mm/s
and the sliding direction cannot be distinguished clearly com-
pared to the other three cases. At a load of 100 N, the wear
morphology was similar to the load of 50 N in the cases of 7
and 5 mm/s (see Figs. 9a and 9b). However, it can be seen from
Fig. 9c that many delaminated regions were found in the case
of 3 mm/s. The smooth black regions should be tribooxide
layers according to Zhang, et al. (14), though they cannot be
observed from the XRD results due to the low amount of oxide.
Moreover, a large amount of agglomerated tribooxides was
found in the case of 1 mm/s (see Fig. 9d). At a load of 150 N,
the wear morphologies in Figs. 10a and 10b were still similar to
those at loads of 50 and 100 N in the cases of 7 and 5 mm/s.
However, more delaminated regions and agglomerated triboox-
ides appeared in the cases of 3 and 1 mm/s, respectively (see
Figs. 10c and 10d), which was certified by the XRD results.
In order to identify the composition of material produced
during the wear process, EDS analysis was carried out and
the measured regions are marked in Fig. 10. Figure 11 shows
EDS results of different worn regions marked in Figs. 10b
and 10d. It can be seen in Fig. 11a that oxide particles
8 X. QIN ET AL.
Figure 11. EDS results of different worn regions: (a) EDS 1, (b) EDS 2, (c) EDS 3, and (d) EDS 4.
appeared in region 1 (EDS 1) with an oxygen content of
28.56%. EDS results in Fig. 11b indicate that the black plate-
like structure of region 2 (EDS 2) had a high carbon content
(33.77%). According to the initial microstructure of grey cast
iron, it can be deduced that worn plate-like graphite appeared
in this region. It can be seen in Fig. 11c that the oxygen con-
tent of region 3 (EDS 3) reached 45.29%. This indicates that
the tribooxides appearing in this region were different from
those in region 1 due to the difference in oxygen content
between regions 1 and 3. EDS analysis of region 4 (EDS 4)
demonstrated that the tribolayer consisted of multiple ele-
ments, such as O, Fe, C, and Si. It is clear that the tribolayer
was a tribooxide layer. The appearance of carbon indicated
that plate-like graphite was worn and its particles were dis-
tributed on the worn surface during the wear process.
Discussion
According to the results, the wear mechanism of grey cast
iron with a curved surface after the SCIH process under
different feed velocities can be obtained as follows (convex
surface): In the case of 7 mm/s, the SCIH process had no
effect on the grey cast iron and its microstructure and hard-
ness were the same as in the initial condition. When the
load increased from 50 to 100 N and then to 150 N, the
wear rate increased approximately linearly. In addition,
adhesive traces and grooves always appeared on the worn
surfaces. It can be deduced that adhesive and abrasive wear
were the main wear mechanisms. In the case of 5 mm/s,
though the hardness increased slightly, the wear mechanism
did not change according to wear rate results and SEM
morphology of the wear track. In the case of 3 mm/s, the
wear mechanism was still adhesive and abrasive wear when
the load was 50 N. When the load increased to 100 N,
numerous delaminated tracks appeared on the partially
worn surface with some tribooxide layers. This indicates
that when the load reached a certain value, fatigue–exfolia-
tive wear became the main wear mechanism. When the
load reached 150 N, delaminated tracks appeared more due
to the greater mechanical disruption. According to the XRD

result in Fig. 3b, there was no obvious characteristic peak of
oxide. This indicates that the tribooxide layer was relatively
thin. In the case of 1 mm/s, the amount of tribooxides
increased with increasing load and oxidative wear became
the main mechanism at different loads. It can be concluded
that when the load was greater than 100 N, the wear mech-
anism changed from adhesive and abrasive wear to fatigue–
exfoliative wear and then to oxidative wear with an increase
in feed velocity. This indicates that friction heat was taken
away by abrasive dust under the relatively high feed velocity
of the inductor but accumulated on the worn surface under
a relatively low feed velocity of the inductor, which was due
to the different hardness values via different SCIH pro-
cesses. This phenomenon can be verified by the wear rate
result (see Fig. 6).
Conclusions
1. The wear mechanisms of grey cast iron were always
adhesive and abrasive wear at different loads when the
workpiece was not strengthened (7 and 5 mm/s for the
convex surface). In the case of partial strengthening
(3 mm/s for the convex surface), the wear mechanism
changed from adhesive and abrasive wear to fatigue–
exfoliative wear with increasing load. Oxidative wear
always appeared as the dominant wear mechanism when
the workpiece was completely strengthened (1 mm/s for
the convex surface).
2. When the workpieces were not strengthened, the wear
resistance of the concave surface was larger than that of
the convex surface in region 1. When the workpieces
were partially or completely strengthened, the wear resis-
tance of the concave surface was greater than that of the
convex surface under the same feed velocity of the
inductor.
3. The SCIH process can improve the wear resistance of
both convex and concave surfaces efficiently when the
feed velocity of the inductor is lower than 3 and 5 mm/s,
respectively. A relatively low feed velocity of the inductor
in the SCIH process can optimize the wear resistance of
grey cast iron with a curved surface.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the staff at the Hubei Key Laboratory of
Advanced Technology for Automotive Components and Hubei Collabora-
tive Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology for sup-
porting this work.
TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS 9
Funding
Financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(NSFC) (No. 51175392 and No. 51575415) and the Natural Science Foun-
dation of Hubei Province of China (No. 2016CFA077) is gratefully
acknowledged.
References
(1) Vadiraj, A., Kamaraj, M., and Sreenivasan, V. S. (2011), “Wear and
Friction Behavior of Alloyed Gray Cast Iron with Solid Lubricants
under Boundary Lubrication,” Tribology International, 44, pp 1168–
1173.
(2) Lee, M. K., Kim, G. H., Kim, K. H., and Kim, W. W. (2004), “Control
of Surface Hardnesses, Hardening Depths, and Residual Stresses of
Low Carbon 12Cr Steel by Flame Hardening,” Surface and Coatings
Technology, 184, pp 239–246.
(3) Wang, Z., Jiang, C. H., Gan, X. Y., and Chen, Y. H. (2010), “Effect of
Shot Peening on the Microstructure of Laser Hardened 17-4PH,”
Applied Surface Science, 257, pp 1154–1160.
(4) Totik, Y., Sadeler, R., Altun, H., and Gavgali, M. (2003), “The Effects
of Induction Hardening on Wear Properties of AISI 4140 Steel in
Dry Sliding Conditions,” Materials & Design, 24, pp 25–30.
(5) Pang, Z., Zhou, H., Chang, F., Zhang, P., Cong, D., Meng, C., Wang,
C., and Ren, L. (2015), “Effect of the Microhardness Difference
between Base Metal and Bionic Coupling Unit on Wear Resistance
of Gray Cast Iron,” Optics & Laser Technology, 75, pp 151–156.
(6) Chen, Z., Zhou, T., Zhao, R., Zhang, H., Lu, S., Yang, W., and Zhou,
H. (2015), “Improved Fatigue Wear Resistance of Gray Cast Iron by
Localized Laser Carburizing,” Materials Science and Engineering A,
644, pp 1–9.
(7) Slatter, T., Lewis, R., and Jones, A. H. (2011), “The Influence of
Induction Hardening on the Impact Wear Resistance of Compacted
Graphite Iron (CGI),” Wear, 270, pp 302–311.
(8) Leatherman, A. F. and Stutz, D. E. (1969), Induction Heating Advan-
ces, National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Washington,
DC.
(9) Gao, K., Qin, X. P., Wang, Z., Chen, H., Zhu, S. X., Liu, Y. X., and
Song, Y. L. (2014), “Numerical and Experimental Analysis of 3D
Spot Induction Hardening of AISI 1045 Steel,” Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 214, pp 2425–2433.
(10) Gao, K., Qin, X. P., Wang, Z., and Zhu, S. X. (2016), “Effect of Spot
Continual Induction Hardening on the Microstructure of Steels:
Comparison between AISI 1045 and 5140 Steels,” Materials Science
and Engineering A, 651, pp 535–547.
(11) Wei, M. X., Wang, S. Q., and Cui, X. H. (2012), “Comparative
Research on Wear Characteristics of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron
and Carbon Steel,” Wear, 274–275, pp 84–93.
(12) Prasad, B. K. (2011), “Sliding Wear Response of a Grey Cast Iron:
Effects of Some Experimental Parameters,” Tribology International,
44, pp 660–667.
(13) Straffelini, G. and Maines, L. (2013), “The Relationship between
Wear of Semimetallic Friction Materials and Pearlitic Cast Iron in
Dry Sliding,” Wear, 307, pp 75–80.
(14) Zhang, Q. Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, J. Q., Chen, K. M., Mo, J. G., Cui, X. H.,
and Wang, S. Q. (2015), “Comparative Research on Dry Sliding
Wear of Hot-Dip Aluminized and Uncoated AISI H13 Steel,” Wear,
344–345, pp 22–31.