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New Era University

Integrated School
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

"BOX TRANSPORT MECHANISM”


A.Y. 2017-2018

An Investigatory Project Presented to


Mr. Virgillio P. Maranan, Professor of General Physics,
New Era University- Integrated School, Quezon City

In partial fulfilment for General Physics

Prepared by:
Flores, Maria Monica
Javier, Ken
Ramos, Joseph
Pajunar, Jackylyn
Rivera, Eraño Joshua
Sancho, Joanne Emille
Yap, Janine
Zomil, Jhonrick
12 - STEM – AM8

January 20, 2018


APPROVAL SHEET
This investigatory project entitled “BOX TRANSPORT MECHANISM” prepared and submitted
by Flores, Maria Monica; Javier, Ken; Ramos, Joseph; Pajunar, Jackylyn; Rivera, Eraño
Joshua; Sancho, Joanne Emille; Yap, Janine; Zomil, Jhonrick , in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Academic Track in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Strand, has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for oral
examination.

Mr. VIRGILIO P. MARANAN


Investigatory Project Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination


PROF. ZENAIDA E. SANTIAGO
Chairman Investigatory Project Committee
ENGR. JOEMAR A. SILAO PROF. NILA ARENAS
Member Member

Member

Accepted as partial requirement for the Academic Track in SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,


ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) Strand.

DR. RONNIE G. CAINGLET DR. REBECCA S. SUPAN


Vice Principal Principal
Senior High - IS Integrated School
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

We are in the era where technology is a big help in our daily lives. There has
been a serious demand for having a new technology in transporting package in the
industries. The objective of this study is to design a mechanism with the help of
electricity that delivers this stop and move motion using the mechanical linkages. The
advantage of this system over the conveyor system is that the system has a time delay
between moving packages and this delay can be used to introduce any alterations in
the package or move the package for any other purpose and likewise. While in the
normal conveyor mechanism such actions cannot be performed unless programmed
module is used to produce intermittent stopping of the belt which is basically costly.

The prototype design requires an electric motor, shafts and the frame of which,
the frame and platform on which the packages are moved is fabricated. As we all know
that it will benefit the biggest companies that has factories which is still hiring people .
The aim of the project work is to design and fabricate a box moving mechanism that
makes much easier to move with the so called quad staying machines by means of
which a box blank is folded or set-up into box like form. These set-up boxes are
transferred by means of a conveyor to an operator, who picks up the boxes and places
and centers’ them on wrappers with which the boxes are to be covered. The boxes and
wrappers are then conveyed to a box wrapping machine where the wrapper is folded
around and glued to the box. Usually, the operation of the wrapping machine is
controlled by means of a switch actuated by the box forming machine so that their
operating speeds are related to each other.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The objective of this study is to design a mechanism with the help of electricity
that delivers this stop and move motion using the mechanical linkages. Specifically, it
aims to answer the following

1. How does the battery helps the electric motor to move and create a
mechanical project?
2. How long (time interval) does it take to get / transfer another box?

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. Fabricate a transport box mechanism which can move things from one place to
another.
2. Understand project planning and execution.
3. Understand the fabrication techniques in mechanical workshop.
4. Understand the usage of various mechanical machine tools and measuring tools.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to study more about Transport box mechanism to help our
industry. This study can also benefit the following:

Students – this study will benefit the student to learn more and to have more
idea about transport box mechanism, to have and advance idea in electrical and
mechanical projects.

Society – This study will benefit the society in specially the factory
manufacturers to have new inventions that will help them in transporting products using
the Transport Box Mechanism.
Government - This study will benefit the government to have better machines
like Transport box mechanism to increase our economic rate because we can now
survive in having better machines.

Researchers – This study will help provide information for future and current
researchers to their studies about Transport Box Mechanism.

Scope and Limitations

The Investigatory project will cover the study about “Transport Box Mechanism”
The functional description of the project work is explained in brief here. For better
understanding, the total project work is divided into various blocks and each block
explanation is provided here. The complete block diagram of this project work is
provided in the next chapter. The following is the description of overall function of the
module. A box shifting machine is used to transfer boxes/cartons generally on an
assembly line. Industries worldwide use conveyors as a mechanism to transport boxes
from place to place. This mechanism includes strong belts, pulleys and heavy motors to
rotate the pulley to move the conveyor. As an alternative to this conveyor type, more
simple and comfortable machine using four bar mechanisms can be used.

This box shifting machine helps in transfer of boxes smoothly by use of four bars
with a simple arrangement. The four bar mechanism includes four links. One link is fixed
and the other links act as crank, follower and connecting rod. The rotary motion of the
crank is transferred to the follower by using connecting rod and is converted to the
same rotary motion. This machine requires an electric motor to provide input to the
system
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

Linkage Mechanism

A linkage consists of a system of rods or other rigid materials connected by joints


or pivots. It can be designed to change the direction of a force or make two or more
objects move at the same time.

Linkages can be classified according to their primary functions (IJMTER, 2017)

• Function generation: the relative motion between the links connected to the
frame
• Path generation: the path of a tracer point
• Motion generation: the motion of the coupler link

Simple Planar Linkage

There are four different simple planar linkage identified by function:

• Reverse motion linkage (Fig. a)


- This linkage can make objects or force move in opposite directions; this can
be done by using the input link as a lever. If the fixed pivot is equidistant from
the moving pivots, output link movement will equal input link movement, but it
will act in the opposite direction. However, if the fixed pivot is not centered,
output link movement will not equal input link movement. By selecting the
position of the fixed pivot, the linkage can be designed to produce specific
mechanical advantages. This linkage can also be rotated through 360°
• Push-pull linkage (Fig. b)
- In this linkage objects or force move in the same direction; the output link
moves in the same direction as the input link. Technically classed as a four-
bar linkage, it can be rotated through 360° without changing its function.
• Parallel motion linkage (Fig. c)
- This linkage can make objects or forces move in the same direction, but at a
set distance apart. The moving and fixed pivots on the opposing links in the
parallelogram must be equidistant for this linkage to work correctly.
Technically classed as a four-bar linkage, this linkage can also be rotated
through 360° without changing its function.
- Pantographs that obtain power for electric trains from overhead cables are
based on parallel-motion linkage. Drawing pantographs that permit original
drawings to be manually copied without tracing or photocopying are also
adaptations of this linkage; in its simplest form it can also keep tool trays in a
horizontal position when the toolbox covers are opened.
• Bell crank linkage (Fig. d)
- This can change the direction of objects or force by 90°.
- This linkage rang doorbells before electric clappers were invented.
- More recently this mechanism has been adapted for bicycle brakes. This was
done by pinning two bell cranks bent 90° in opposite directions together to
form tongs. By squeezing the two handlebar levers linked to the input ends of
each crank, the output ends will move together. Rubber blocks on the output
ends of each crank press against the wheel rim, stopping the bicycle. If the
pins which form a fixed pivot are at the midpoints of the
Four bar Mechanism Inversion

In four bar mechanism, different mechanism can be obtained when we adjust the
intersecting paths of the axes of the linkages (R.S. & J. Denavit, 1964). Basically, the
traditional definition of mechanism sums up as where there is a link which is fixed and
the other links are moving then it is a mechanism. These are called as inversions of the
mechanism. By changing the fixed link, the number of mechanisms which can be
obtained is equal to the number of links. Therefore except the original mechanism, all
other mechanisms are inversions of original mechanism.

Crank Rocker Mechanism

Crank rocker mechanism also known as four bar chain mechanism is the most
suitable and more useful for this prototype. In this mechanism, if the shorter side link
revolves the other one rocks. It’s composed of rigid bodies and lower pairs called
linkage (Hunt 78). This four bar mechanism consists of three moving links, one fixed
links and four pin points. In planar mechanisms there are only two kinds of lower pairs:
turning pairs and prismatic pairs.

In terms of DOF, the researchers can have just one if that’s what they want. The
can impose one constraint on the linkage and it will have a definite motion.
Theoretical Framework

Chebyschev’s Theorem

In this project we apply the path generation synthesis and coupler curve
synthesis and study to fabricate our model which is an eight link transporter mechanism.
The synthesis would Chebyschev’s theorem for cognate linkages and parallel motion
generation where we want the output link of the mechanism to follow a particular path
without any rotation of the link as it moves along the path. The final model will be
constructed by modeling in CAD software solid edge that will eliminate the errors that
might have crept in graphical synthesis. In actual fabrication process the model will be
refined as the final fitments are done by tools and processes like welding, drilling, fitting,
grinding. The model then undergoes trial run and is examined for the prescribed motion
characteristics.

Grashof’s Law

The Grashof’s law states that for a four-bar linkage system, the sum of the
shortest and longest link of a planar quadrilateral linkage is less than or equal to the
sum of the remaining two links, then the shortest link can rotate fully with respect to a
neighboring link.

Consider a four-bar-linkage. Denote the smallest link by S, the longest link by L


and the & other two links by P and Q.

If the Grashof’s Law condition is satisfied i.e S+L ≤ P+Q, then depending on
whether shortest link ‘S’ is connected to the ground by one end, two ends, or no end
there are 3 possible mechanisms. They are:

1. Double crank mechanism


2. Double-rocker mechanism and
3. Crank and Rocker Mechanism
1. Double crank mechanism

In double crank mechanism, the shortest link ‘S’ is a ground link. Both input crank and
output crank rotate at 360°.

Let: ‘s’ = length of shortest link,

‘l’ = length of longest link,

‘p’ = length of one remaining link and

‘q’ = length of other remaining link.


2. Double-rocker mechanism

In double-rocker mechanism, the shortest link ‘S’ is coupler link. The coupler link can
rotate 360°.

3. Crank and rocker mechanism

In crank and rocker mechanism, the shortest link “S’ is input crank or output crank. Input
crank or output crank rotates 360°.
4. Parallel linkage mechanism

the parallel linkage mechanism is a special case of Grashof’s criteria, where the sum of
the shortest link ‘S’ and longest link ‘L’ of a planar quadrilateral linkage is less than or
equal to the sum of the remaining two links ‘P+Q’.
Conceptual Framework:

PROCESS:

~Arc cutting.
~Drilling.
~Grinding.
INPUT:
(Materials) OUTPUT:

~Linkages
“BOX
~DC motor TRANSPORT
~Wooden Frame MECHANISM”
~Bearings

A conceptual framework is a collection of concepts or models from literature

which inform a research study. It relates a study to existing ideas or principle. We used

I-P-O type of conceptual framework. The model above the first box shows the input or

the materials that the researchers have used for this investigatory project: Linkages, DC

motor, Wooden Frame, Bearings. The second shows the processes the researchers

have used to make the box transport machine: Machining Operations in this project it is

used to cut the raw material such as plates, rod. This is done by arc cutting machine.

Drilling is used to produce holes in objects. In this project the square type pipe required

the holes for making rake assembly. These holes are done by vertical type drilling

machine. Fine Grinding is nothing but a grinding process, which is done as smooth with

fine grains. It is done by convention grinding machine. The third box shows our

completed IP.
Definition of Terms

DOF - Degree of freedom

Crank – Any link which resolves relative to the frame

Rocker – Any link which does not resolve

Crank-Rocker Mechanism – In a four bar linkage, if the shorter side link resolves and
the other one rocks

Double Crank Mechanism – In four bar linkage, if both sides resolves

Double Rocker Mechanism – In a four bar linkage if the both side rocks

Parallel - Parallel lines are lines in a plane which do not meet; that is, two lines in a
plane that do not intersect or touch each other at any point
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter tackles the design and question of the research, and also the
different method used in this study. This chapter also explains where source of
the data was gathered and the processes of the study to have output.

Materials Needed:

3.1 Wiper motor - A wiper generally consists of a metal arm, pivoting at one end
and with a long rubber blade attached to the other. The arm is powered by a
motor, often an electric motor, although pneumatic power is also used in some
vehicles. The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing water or other
precipitation from its surface. The speed is normally adjustable, with several
continuous speeds and often one or more "intermittent" settings. Most
automobiles use two synchronized radial type arms, while many commercial
vehicles use one or more pantograph arms.

3.2 BATTERY - 12 VoIt supplies electric current to operate lighting system and
accessories system. It is often call the part of the electrical system. The battery
stores energy in a chemical form. The chemical reaction takes place inside the
battery when any electric consuming devices like lights, horns, etc…., is connected
to the battery, which produces a flow of current.
3.3 Nuts and bolts - A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are
almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten two or more parts
together. The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads'
friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the bolt, and
compression of the parts to be held together. In applications where vibration or
rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms may be employed:
lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread-locking fluid such as Loctite,
safety pins (split pins) or lock wire in conjunction with castellated nuts, nylon
inserts (Nylon), or slightly oval-shaped threads.The distinction between a bolt and
a screw is unclear and commonly misunderstood. There are several practical
differences, but most have some degree of overlap between bolts and screws.
The defining distinction, per Machinery's Handbook, is in their intended
purpose: Bolts are for the assembly of two unthreaded components, with the aid
of a nut. Screws in contrast are used with components, at least one of which
contains its own internal thread, which even may be formed by the installation of
the screw itself. Many threaded fasteners can be described as either screws or
bolts, depending on how they are used. Bolts are often used to make a bolted
joint. This is a combination of the nut applying an axial clamping force and also
the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel. Pinning the joint against sideways
shear forces. For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank (called
the grip length) as this makes for a better, stronger dowel. The presence of the
unthreaded shank has often been given as characteristic of bolts vs. screws but
this is incidental to its use, rather than defining.

TRANSMISSION ANGLE

If AB is the input link, the force applied to the output link, CD, is transmitted
through the coupler link BC. (That is, pushing on the link CD imposes a force on
the link AB, which is transmitted through the link BC.) For sufficiently slow
motions (negligible inertia forces), the force in the coupler link is pure tension or
compression (negligible bending action) and is directed alongBC. For a given force
in the coupler link, the torque transmitted to the output bar (about point D) is
maximum when the angle between coupler bar BC and output bar CD is /2.
Therefore, angle BCD is called transmission angle.
DESIGN OF FOUR BAR MECHANISM

Design for the four-bar chain mechanism is very important in order to get a
desired output motion for a specific input motion. We chose a simple mechanism
to minimize the cost and maximize the efficiency. The picture shown below is for
illustration purpose only. The actual model may not be exactly same as shown
below.

The four-bar linkage is the simplest and often times, the most useful
mechanism. As we mentioned before, a mechanism composed of rigid bodies and
lower pairs is called a linkage (Hunt 78). In planar mechanisms, there are only two
kinds of lower pairs -revolute pairs and prismatic pairs. The simplest closed-loop
linkage is the four bar linkage which has four members, three moving links, one
fixed link and four pin joints. A linkage that has at least one fixed link is a
mechanism.
Crank rocker mechanism, this mechanism has four moving links. Two of the
links are pinned to the frame which is not shown in this picture. In SimDesign,
links can be nailed to the background thereby making them into the frame. How
many DOF does this mechanism have? If we want it to have just one, we can
impose one constraint on the linkage and it will have a definite motion. The four
bar linkage is the simplest and the most useful mechanism. Reminder: A
mechanism is composed of rigid bodies and lower pairs called linkages (Hunt 78).
In planar mechanisms there are only two kinds of lower pairs: turning pairs and
prismatic pairs.

PUSH-PULL LINKAGE

Push-pull linkage, Fig. 2b, can make the objects or force move in the same
direction; the output link moves in the same direction as the input link.
Technically classed as a four-bar linkage, it can be rotated through 360° without
changing its function.

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