Experiment No.

1
Objective:
To design and model 5-bus Power System using single line diagram using Power world
Simulator (PWS18)

Apparatus:
 Intel Based Computer
 Power world simulator software

Theory:
Power system:
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer,
store, and use electric power
Single Line Diagram:

A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the components
are represented by their symbols and interconnection between them. The ratings and the
impedances of the components are also marked on the single line.

Importance of using single line:

The purpose of the single line is to supply in concise form of the significant information about
the system.
Power System Bus:

An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting
electric power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders.

Classification of Busses:

Buses are of 3 types and are classified as:

1. PQ bus – the real power |P| and reactive power |Q| are specified. It is also known as Load
Bus. Generally, in a PQ bus, the generated real and reactive power will be assumed to be
zero. However, power will be flowing out, thus, the real power and reactive power will
be both negative. The Load Bus will be used to find the bus voltage and angle.
2. PV bus – the real power |P| and the voltage magnitude |V| are specified. It is also known
as Generator Bus. The real power and voltage are specified for buses that are generators.
These buses have a constant power generation, controlled through a prime mover, and a
constant bus voltage.
3. Slack bus – to balance the active and reactive power in the system. It is also known as
the Reference Bus or the Swing Bus. The slack bus will serve as an angular reference for
all other buses in the system, which is set to 0°. The voltage magnitude is also assumed
to be 1 p.u. at the slack bus.
Procedure:
 Firstly I placed a Bus bar 1 and rated it with the 15kV and named it as slack bus.
 Then I placed a Generator 1 and with input and output rating of 413MW and -23Mvar.
 Then I placed a Generator 2 and with input and output rating of 470MW and 410Mvar.
 I also placed a load with input and output rating of 80MW and 40Mvar.
 I also placed a load with input and output rating of 800MW and 280Mvar with Bus 2.
 Attach Generator 2 with Bus 3 of nominal voltage of 15kV.
 Now we connect Bus field with each bus bar to measure the phase and magnitude of
voltage on bus.
 Insert Bus 4 with nominal voltage of 345kV. Select Orientation as up.
 Insert Bus 5 with nominal voltage of 345kV. Select Orientation as up.
 Insert transformer and transmission lines with following parameters:

Transformers

 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.0015 X= 0.02 B=0.0000000

 Between Bus 4 and Bus 3 R=0.00075 X= 0.01 B=0.0000000

Transmission Lines:

 Between Bus 5 and Bus 4 R=0.002250 X= 0.0250 B=0.4400000

 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.00075 X= 0.0500 B=0.8800000
 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.00900 X= 0.100 B=1.7200000

 Save the Case.

 Now we connect Bus field with each bus bar to measure the phase and magnitude of
voltage on bus.
 At last I run my program for observations.
One Line Diagram:
Edit Mode:

Run Mode:
Analysis:
Observing Active, Reactive, Apparent Power flow in Transmission Lines

Component
MW Flow
MVar Flow
MVA Flow

Observing Current Flow & Active losses in Transmission Lines

Component
Amp Flow
MW losses

Observing Slack Bus Parameters

Given Parameters Unknown Parameters

Voltage= Active Power=
Angle= Reactive Power=

Conclusion:
Power Flow List:

Generators:

Load:

Buses:
Case Summary:
 Experiment No. 2
Objective:
To study the effect of shunt capacitor on Power System for improving Power Factor using
Power world Simulator (PWS18)

Apparatus:
 Intel Based Computer
 Power world simulator software

Theory:
PWS software:
Power World Simulator (PWS) is a power system simulation software that enables easy high
voltage transmission system modeling, with up to 250,000 buses.

Importance of Capacitor Electrical Power System:

A capacitor bank is very essential equipment of an electrical power system. The power required
to run all the electrical appliances is the load as useful power is active power. The active power
is expressed in KW or MW. The maximum load connected to the electrical power system is
mainly inductive in nature
Because of these inductances, the system current lags behind system voltage. As the lagging
angle between voltage and current increases, the power factor of the system decreases.

As the electrical power factor decreases, for same active power demand the system draws more
current from source. More current causes, more line losses. Poor electrical power factor causes
poor voltage regulation. So to avoid these difficulties, the electrical power factor of the system to
be improved. As a capacitor causes current to lead the voltage, capacitive reactance can be used
to cancel the inductive reactance of the system. The capacito reactance can be used to cancel the
inductive reactance of the system.
The capacitor reactance is generally applied to the system by using static capacitor in shut or
series with system. Instead of using a single unit of capacitor per phase of the system, it is quite
effective to use a bank of capacitor units, in the view of maintenance and erection. This group or
bank of capacitor units is known as capacitor bank.
There are mainly two categories of capacitor bank according to their connection arrangements.
1. Shunt capacitor.
2. Series capacitor.

o The Shunt capacitor is very commonly used.

o The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as power
factor.

o In AC circuits, the power factor is the ratio of the real power that is used to do work and
the apparent power that is supplied to the circuit.
o The power factor can get values in the range from 0 to 1.
o When all the power is reactive power with no real power (usually inductive load) - the
power factor is 0.
o When all the power is real power with no reactive power (resistive load) - the power
factor is 1.
Methods Of Power Factor Correction Or Improvement:

1. Capacitor Bank
2. Synchronous Condenser

Causes of Low Power Factor

Low power factor is undesirable from economic point of view. Normally, the power factor of the
whole load on the supply system in lower than 0·8. The following are the causes of low power
factor:
 Most of the a.c. motors are of induction type (1φ and 3φ induction motors) which have
low lagging power factor. These motors work at a power factor which is extremely small
on light load (0·2 to 0·3) and rises to 0·8 or 0·9 at full load.
 Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps and industrial heating furnaces operate at low
lagging power factor.
 The load on the power system is varying ; being high during morning and evening and
low at other times. During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increases
the magnetisation current. This results in the decreased power factor.

Benefits of Power Factor Correction:

Reduced Power System Losses

 Improved Voltage
 Increased Load Carrying Capabilities
 Reduced Demand Charges
Procedure:
 Firstly I placed a Bus bar 1 and rated it with the 15kV and named it as slack bus.
 Then I placed a Generator 1 and with input and output rating of 413MW and -23Mvar.
 Then I placed a Generator 2 and with input and output rating of 470MW and 410Mvar.
 I also placed a load with input and output rating of 80MW and 40Mvar.
 I also placed a load with input and output rating of 800MW and 280Mvar with Bus 2.
 Attach Generator 2 with Bus 3 of nominal voltage of 15kV.
 Now we connect Bus field with each bus bar to measure the phase and magnitude of
voltage on bus.
 Insert Bus 4 with nominal voltage of 345kV. Select Orientation as up.
 Insert Bus 5 with nominal voltage of 345kV. Select Orientation as up.
 Insert transformer and transmission lines with following parameters:

Transformers

 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.0015 X= 0.02 B=0.0000000

 Between Bus 4 and Bus 3 R=0.00075 X= 0.01 B=0.0000000

Transmission Lines:

 Between Bus 5 and Bus 4 R=0.002250 X= 0.0250 B=0.4400000

 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.00075 X= 0.0500 B=0.8800000
 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.00900 X= 0.100 B=1.7200000

 Add shunt Capacitor of rating 200Var in parallel with load.

 Save the Case.
 Now we connect Bus field with each bus bar to measure the phase and magnitude of
voltage on bus.
 At last I run my program for observations.
One-Line Diagram
Before Power factor Correction:
Edit Mode:

Run Mode:
After Power factor Correction:
Edit Mode:

Run Mode:
Analysis:
Observing Active,Reactive,Apparent Power flow in Transmission Lines

Component
MW Flow
MVar Flow
MVA Flow

Observing Current Flow & Active losses in Transmission Lines

Component
Amp Flow
MW losses

Observing Power losses, Power Generation in system before and after attaching Shunt
Capacitor

Capacitor Bank Without Capacitor With capacitor

Power losses
Power Generation

Power Factor

Observing Slack Bus Parameters

Given Parameters Unknown Parameters

Voltage= Active Power=
Angle= Reactive Power=
Observing Role of Shunt Capacitor

Observing Load Changing Effect on Power System

Observing Slack bus role on Power System

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Power Flow List:

Generators:

Load:

Switched Shunt:

Buses:
Case Summary:
 Experiment No. 3
Objective:
To study observe Y-bus Admittance Matric on Power System using Power world Simulator
(PWS18)

Apparatus:
 Intel Based Computer
 Power world simulator software

Theory:
Power System Bus:

An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting
electric power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders.

Classification of Busses:

Buses are of 3 types and are classified as:

4. PQ bus – the real power |P| and reactive power |Q| are specified. It is also known as Load
Bus. Generally, in a PQ bus, the generated real and reactive power will be assumed to be
zero. However, power will be flowing out, thus, the real power and reactive power will
be both negative. The Load Bus will be used to find the bus voltage and angle.
5. PV bus – the real power |P| and the voltage magnitude |V| are specified. It is also known
as Generator Bus. The real power and voltage are specified for buses that are generators.
 These buses have a constant power generation, controlled through a prime mover, and a
constant bus voltage.
6. Slack bus – to balance the active and reactive power in the system. It is also known as
the Reference Bus or the Swing Bus. The slack bus will serve as an angular reference for
all other buses in the system, which is set to 0°. The voltage magnitude is also assumed
to be 1 p.u. at the slack bus.

Nodal admittance matrix

In power engineering, nodal admittance matrix (or just admittance matrix) or Y
Matrix or Ybus is an N x N matrix describing a power system with N buses. It represents the
nodal admittance of the buses in a power system. In realistic systems which contain thousands of
buses, the Y matrix is quite sparse. Each bus in a real power system is usually connected to only
a few other buses through the transmission lines. The Y Matrix is also one of the data
requirements needed to formulate a power flow study.

The general matrix appears as follows:

The nodal admittance matrix form:

Once the admittance matrix has been formed, the admittance matrix can be input to solve the
matrix form of Ohm's Law--the equation . In this instance is an vector of the voltage at each
node and is the vector of corresponding currents. In matrix form, Ohm's Law is as follows:
The admittance matrix of the three bus network in the figure below would be:
Procedure:
 Firstly I placed a Bus bar 1 and rated it with the 15kV and named it as slack bus.
 Then I placed a Generator 1 and with input and output rating of 413MW and -23Mvar.
 Then I placed a Generator 2 and with input and output rating of 470MW and 410Mvar.
 I also placed a load with input and output rating of 80MW and 40Mvar.
 I also placed a load with input and output rating of 800MW and 280Mvar with Bus 2.
 Attach Generator 2 with Bus 3 of nominal voltage of 15kV.
 Now we connect Bus field with each bus bar to measure the phase and magnitude of
voltage on bus.
 Insert Bus 4 with nominal voltage of 345kV. Select Orientation as up.
 Insert Bus 5 with nominal voltage of 345kV. Select Orientation as up.
 Insert transformer and transmission lines with following parameters:

Transformers

 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.0015 X= 0.02 B=0.0000000

 Between Bus 4 and Bus 3 R=0.00075 X= 0.01 B=0.0000000

Transmission Lines:

 Between Bus 5 and Bus 4 R=0.002250 X= 0.0250 B=0.4400000

 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.00075 X= 0.0500 B=0.8800000
 Between Bus 1 and Bus 5 R=0.00900 X= 0.100 B=1.7200000

 Save the Case.

 Now we connect Bus field with each bus bar to measure the phase and magnitude of
voltage on bus.
 For observing busses admittance goto case information >Model Explorer Dialog >
Solution Destails >Y bus
 At last I run my program for observations.
One-Line Diagram
Edit Mode:

Run Mode:
Analysis:

Bus Name Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
Power Flow List:

Generators:

Load:

Buses:
Case Summary: