PREFACE The American Language Course (ALC) is designed primarily for an intensive language training program. However, these materials can also be used in nonintensive programs. | The course will provide students with a sufficient level of fluency and communicative proficiency in English to enable them to successfully pursue technical or professional training in schools conducted by the Department of Defense. The General English Phase of the ALC consists of six progressive levels of language proficiency training. Each level contains 6 separate instructional packages. Level I Books 1~- 6 bevel II Books 7 ~ 12 Level III Books 13 ~ 18 : Level IV Books 19 ~ 24 * Level V Books 25 ~ 30 Level VI Books 31 - 34 The coordinated instructional packages consist of the following: 1. Instructor Text 2. studont Text 3. Audiotapes 4. Instructor Language Laboratory Activities Booklet 5. Student Language Laboratory Activities Booklet 6. Quiz Kits 7. Optional training aids Inquiries concerning these materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to Commandant, Defense Language Institute, ATTN: LERW, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, 78236- 5000. Recommendations for improving this edition are encouraged. Letters should be addressed t Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: EAC, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5000. ‘the American Language course (ALC) contains copyrighted material. Reproduction of this publication is not authorized without the expressed written permission of the owners of the copyrights.NOTES ‘TO THE STUDENT The Student Text for Book 24, Level Iv, has four lessons and one review lesson, daily evaluations and homework assignments, and various appendixes. The homework and evaluation exercises are at the back of this text. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes and will be given after each lesson is completed. The daily homework assignments will require about two hours to complete. The appendixes are after the fifth lesson. Appendix A, Part One, is an alphabetical list of the new vocabulary presented in thi book. Next to the word is the number of the lesson where tho word is introduced. appendix A, Part Two, is a Glossary of the vocabulary presented ia the book. It is divided into lessons You are to use this Glossary in order to prepare for the lesson. Appendix B is a list of the grammar structures presented in thi book. Next to the structure is the number of the lesson where the structure is presented. The rest of the appendixes are reference materials. The American Language Course focuses on four areas: 1. 5 Function The functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. There are exercises in the lessons that show you how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences in a particular situation. D-Grammar The grammar structures in the lesson are the forms you need to speak and write correctly. 3. Skits db There are exercises in the lessons to help you improve your skill or ability in listening, speaking, reading or writing. 4. qf Vocabutary The words and expressions presented in the lesson are those you will need to do the functions and the grammar exercises. The first page of each lesson is the Focus Page. 1t provide summary of the material that will be presented in the lesson. iiiLesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson 5 Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix vaw > o ns CONTENTS Title What Are They Construc! ing? You Aren't Afraid of Flying, Are You? ‘The Vapor Will Condense To A Liquid. I Heard Them Talking About His Injuries. Reviewing Before A Test Is Important. Word List and Glossary Structure List Principal Parts of Irregular verbs Four Important Spelling Rules Punctuation and Capitalization Conditional Sentences Homework Evaluation Page 43 89 133 177 HW-1 EE-1WHAT ARE THEY CONSTRUCTING? BOOK 24 LESSON 1 —~-FUNCTION- —— - Maria: What materials are used in the construction of most buildings? Mark: Steel, iron, and concrete are the main ones. The men stop working at 5:00. The mixture isn't solid yet, but it will solidify soon. While he was in the Air Force, Steve traveled a lot. While in the Air Force, Steve traveled a lot. 2 31 Pronounce the word pairs. What are you /do\ing? \ Circle the connectives. \ Skim the paragraphs. Sentence Outline Timed Reading — VOCABULARY. construct abundant access erect actual alloy liquefy actually brass mine comparatively bronze pour extensive carbon refine fixed cement solidify overal1 concrete turn into pure iron utilize relatively mine vary various mineral ore -fy/-ity origin source steelCONTENTS OF BOOK 24 LESSON 1 ST Page VOCABULARY: construction materials 3 SPEAKING SKILL: silent "e" 7 READING SKILL: silent "e" 7 VOCABULARY: minerals 8 READING SKILL: written text/answer ul questions GRAMMAR: gerund as direct object 13 FUNCTION: ask for and give factual a7 information READING SKILL: timed reading 21 GRAMMAR: suffix -fy/-ify 24 SPEAKING SKILLS: falling intonation 27 READING SKILL: skim/provide answers 32 READING SKILL: skim/select answers 34 “GRAMMAR: reducing adverb time 36 clause to modifying phrase WRITING SKILL: sentence outline 38 ENRICHMENT 41¥ Vocabulary THE DAVIS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Repeat the underlined words and then read the paragraphs. Ray Davis is in the construction business. Ray began in the business as a carpenter, and now he has his own company. Building houses requires extensive work, but the process doesn't ly take very long. Ray likes to participate in each of the stages of construction because he likes to experience the overall process. Although the actual amount of time may vary depending on the number of workers and the size of the house, his company takes pride in constructing a house in three months. Constructing a house is a process which Ray's company takes seriously. ‘They use concrete to make a strong foundation*, or base. Before the walls are erected, the floor is put in. ‘A mixture of cement, sand, and water is poured in; then the floor is leveled. After the mixture dries, it hardens and becomes fixed. The frame, made mostly of lumber*, is erected next. The walls and the roof come after that. Various other jobs are done to finish up the house. ae *foundation = the bottom/base of a building ‘lumber = woodmpany utilizes only the best construction materials. 1s come from San Antonio Lumber and Cement, a company owned by his brother, Mike. Mike's prices are comparatively less expensive. Ray is glad to have access to materials of such good quality and price. Now answer these questions about the reading. Use the words in parentheses in your answers. 1. What kind of business is Ray Davis in? (construction) Does building a house require a lot of work? (extensive) Does the process really take long? (actually) 4, Why does Ray like to participate in each of the stages of construction? (overall) How long does Ray's company normally take to construct a house? (vary) 6. What makes a strong foundation? (concrete) 7. What happens after the floor is put in? (erect) 8. What is poured in to make a floor? (cement) 9. What happens when the mixture hardens? (fixed) 10, Can Ray utilize good quality materials at affordable prices? (access/comparatively)YES, 1 WAVE REALLY BEEN 'TO AFRICA. Use the correct form of the words in the box below to complete the sentences. Some words will be used more than once. access comparatively erect: pour actually concrete overall various 1. Have you been to Africa? into forms; then it dries into ‘they pour wet the shape they want. 3. I don't have to a computer at work. t's easy for me; it was more difficult for Jim, 5. dudging from his he'd make a good record, I would say that 6. Could you another cup of coffee for Sam, please? There are ways to go, but this is the fastest. 8. ‘The builders plan to a huge museum in the park. Is this a(n) __.. to the museum? 10. That bridge _ over the river in 1969. aac tH is a mixture of cement, sand, rocks, and water. 12. She the ingredients into the bowl and then mixed them. o1 KNOW I'T WAS ON SALE, BUT WHAT WAS THE REAL COST? Use the correct form of the words in the box below to complete the sentences. Some words will be used more than once. cement extensive It was on sale for $38.50, but the cost was $41.06 including tax. 2. She has done a(n) _ _ study of the problem and made some suggestions- 3. The days of the week are in a(n) _ ___ order. They will begin to the building after they dig a hole for the basement. Does your weight _ from month to month? 6. Make the surface of the _______ smooth before it dries. 7. 2 cooling system _ the engine. __ circulating water to cool 8. ‘The students were a cabinet when the electricity went of 9. he theater chairs are in a(n) __. location because they are screwed down to the floo 10. ____ is used to make sidewalks. 11. She will need care to help her recover from her injuries. 12, They said the accident resulted from the bad weather; however, the __ cause was defective equipment.Speaking sin > SILENT "eo" Repeat the words and then read them 1. bit bite a 3. cod code 4. 5. dun dune 6. star stare 8. 9. pin pine 10. ai. dim dime 12. 13. cut cute 14. Reading sxin [> WHICH WoRD DO YoU Circle the word you hear. EXAMPLE: quit quite Le kit kite van vane be sit site cop cope fat fate il. rod rode mat pet hop tub tap car at HEAR? 10. 12. mate Pete hope tube tape care ate Sam rot plan dua hid cap same rote plane dude hide capeV Vocabulary SHE'S FAMOUS FOR HER ORIGINAL DESIGNS AND ALLOYS. Repsat the underlined words. Then read the paragraphs and answer your instructor's questions. Sandy is a jewelry designer. She makes original pieces of jewelry in her workshop. She is famous for her jewelry because She makes her own alloys of colored gold. She makes an alloy of pink gold by melting gold and copper together, and an alloy of white gold by mixing gold and nickel. She heats up the motais until they liquefy, and she stirs them together with a carbon xod. Then, she pours the liquid gold into the shape she has designed. “After the gold has solidified, she sands it smooth and polishes it. The tools she uses are made of mostly iron and steel. Sometimes Sandy uses other alloys such as brass and bronze in her designs, but she prefers gold alloys. The source of Sandy's gold is a refining company, where gold ere is turned into pure gold. However, the origin of most of the gold in the refining company is a mine in Africa. Abundant deposits of gold ore, diamonds, and other minerals are mined in this continent. Sandy likes to work with gold because it's a soft metal which can be shaped easily. She knows that gold is used not only for making jewelry, but also in technology. Although gold is xelatively expensive compared to other metals, pure gold does not rust and is easy to work with. This makes it a perfect material for jewelry design.HOW KS TRON COMPARED TO STEEL? Use the correct form of the words in the box below to complete the sentences. Some words will be used more than once. abundant liquefy mineral ~~ refine turn into iron, mine origin steel 3 __ is a relatively weak metal when compared to a metal ore, it is heated until it 3. I don't know the i of that coffee, but 1 think it's South Ameri 4, when people __ earth. _ for gold, they dig it owt of the _ is a very strong metal which is used to igés and huge buildings. abi 6. Some substances will _ _ when heated at a very high temperature. ore is _ ____ metal when it is refined. Copper, diamonds, salt, and sand are all ___ A silver _ a dug out of the Gr 10. An industrial procedure can drinking weter, but it is quite 11. Our crop of wheat was so some. __. that we had to sell 12. We need to repair that rusty, old gate. 9WHERE CAN WE FIND MINERALS? Use the correct form of the words in the box below to complete the sentences. Some words will be used more than once. alloy bronze — ore relatively source brass carbon pure — solidify 1. Amine is a place where mineral of the earth. is dug out of the Nile River is in Rwanda; it 3. Don't drink that wate Tt's not _ 4. a(n) __ is a substance that has metallic properties and contains at least two elements. Most liquids will when placed in the freezer. 6. Brass, bronze, and steel are examples of 7 7. He's older than the other students. ___ are alloys used for naking statu 9. After something has been refined, it's 10. A news reporter should be sure his HH oe information is reliable before making his report. qd. is a common element found in various substances. 12. Liquid gold wilt Hd Ef when it cools down. 10Reading Skill > SKYSCRAPERS Read the following passage and then answer the comprehension questions that follow. Do you have skyscrapers* in your country? If not, have you seen skyscrapers in other countries, or on TV, or in books? Have you ever wondered how these very tall buildings were constructed? Before the mid-nineteenth century*, buildings were not usually more than 5 or 6 stories high, mainly because the average person couldn't climb any higher. After the successful development of the elevator*, people realized that taller buildings could be erected. In order to construct these buildings, however, the framework* needed to be stronger to support moré height. yscrapers = very tall buildings *century = 100 years “elevator = electrical device to lift people and things *framework = basic structure of a building for support of walls 1.At first, iron had been used in the framework of the taller buildings. The 10-story Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago, built in 1884-85, was an excellent example of this new type of building. Soon after, steel was produced in great quantities. This metal was much stronger and more useful than iron, and because it was abundant, it made possible the construction of the very tall skyscrapers. Building a skyscraper is not an easy procedure. It requires extensive planning, preparation, and money. When it is ready to be built, the first step is to Clear the area and lay the foundation, usually of steel, cement, and concrete. Then the steel framework is erected, concrete is poured, and the plumbing, electrical wiring, and elevators are installed. When this is ali done, the outer walls, usually of aluminum and glass, are put up. Lastly, the finishers work on the interior of the building-~ painting, installing carpeting, and cleaning it up. There are many skyscrapers in the United States. The Empire State Building (102 stories, 1250 feet) built in 1931 in New York City, was the world's tallest skyscraper until the early 1970s when the World Trade Center (110 stories, 1353 feet) in New York City, and shortly after that, the Sears Tower (110 stories, 1454 feet) in Chicago, were completed. 1. Before the mid-nineteenth century, the tallest buildings were only 5 or 6 stories high because : a. people were afraid to live in taller buildings b. elevators hadn't been invented yet c. it cost too much money to construct taller buildings 2. Why is steel better to use than iron? a. it looks better b. it's stronger c. it's more expensive 3. What materials are usually used for the outer walls? a. carbon and iron b. glass and aluminum ©. cement and glass 4. Which skyscraper was the world's tallest in 19687 a. Empire State Building b. World Trade Center c. Sears Tower 125. Which of the following statements is true? a. Constructing skyscrapers is easy to do. b. Constructing skyscrapers takes a lot of time and energy. ¢. Constructing skyscrapers began in the mid-eighteenth century. 0 Grammar THE GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECTWHAT DO YOU ENJOY DOING? Read the paragraphs and underline the verb + gerund. The first one is done for you as an example. ‘Then answer the questions. My family likes traveling. Every winter we start planning our summer vacation. This year Mother suggested visiting New Orleans. She recalled going there as a child with her family. We had considered flying but decided that driving would let us see more. We left early in the morning and anticipated* arriving before dinner. We enjoyed visiting the French Quarter, eating delicious food, and listening to good jazz music. If you are undecided about where to go on your vacation, we certainly can xecommend spending some time in New Orleans. Answer these questions using a verb followed by the gerund. 1. What does the writer's fami1y like to do? 2. When do they plan their vacation? 3. What did the writer's mother suggest? 4, Did she remember visiting New Orleans before? 5. Had they thought about flying? 6. When did they think they'd arrive? 7. What did they enjoy while they were in New Orleans? 8. Where do they recommend we go for a vacation? *anticipate = to look forward to, to expect 14I RECOMMEND GOING ON A PICNIC THIS WEEKEND. Use the words in parentheses to answer the questions. Make sure you use a verb followed by a gerund in your answers. EXAMPLE: What do you recommend? (take/bus/downtown ) I recommend taking the bus downtown. 1. Bd: Does it bother Mary to work on Saturday? Al: (no/doesn't mind/weekend) ‘vom: What time did they start the homework? Pat: (start/study/7 o'clock) Bill: Did you talk to Bil1? Mike: (no/didn't consider /speak/him) Mary: What did Steve suggest? Beth: (suggest/go/dinner/early) 5. Susan: Did Mary go to the dentist today? Betty: (no/keep/forget/appointment ) 6. Doug: Are we allowed to smoke in the lab? John: (no/teacher/doesn't permit/smoke/ there) Joe: What do you do in your spare time? Dan: (enjoy/play/basketball) Andrew: Did they report the accident? Robert: (no/postpone/call/police) Jim: What did Alan talk about? Joe: (discuss/meet/new base commander) 10. Pat: Do you still run every morning? Sue: (no/quit/jog/last month) 151 ENJOY FISHING AT THE LAKE. Complete each sentence with a gerund phrase. EXAMPLE: I started playing the piano 10 years ago. 1. They quit Do you recommend 3. We always practice 4, He can't imagine 5. I enjoy 7. Some people don't mind 8. When did she finish _ 9. The airlines don't allow __ 10. I never put off 16ik Function ASKING FOR FACTUAL INFORMATION Read the questions and sentences. Note that yes/no questions and question-word questions are used to obtain factual information. 11. 12. 13. Who constructed this building? How was it erected? When does a solid liquefy? Why did you mine in that location? Whose responsibility is it to refine the oi1? How many different minerals are mined in this area? what is an alloy? Does steel or iron have less carbon? Which alloys contain copper? Are you going to make an extensive study of alloys? How long does it take for concrete to harden? Yow much cement do you have to add to make good concrete? Do_you know which metals have carbon? Could you tell me about the source of these minerals? Please, t _me how to erect this wall. a7rr's A FACT! When you talk about facts, you are speaking of information that is true. The following sentences express uncertainty and/or opinion. Change the sentences so that they express fact. EXAMPLE: I think the wall is made of concrete. (opinion) ‘Tho wall is made of concrete. (fact) 1. I believe steel is stronger than iron. . I think this will solidify when it cools. 3. I guess the ice liquefies when it's heated. 4, What do you think happens when cement is mixed with water and rocks? 5. I believe the access road will be closed tomorrow. 6. I dmagine the repairs to the building were extensive. 18IRON, STEEL, AND CONCRETE Serre Read the article silently. Iron, steel, and concrete are used extensively in construction today. Iron, which is heavier than copper or bronze, can be hardened and shaped. These characteristics make it, overall, an ideal material for tools, machinery, and building supplies. when other substances such as carbon are mixed with iron, the iron turns into steel, an alloy. Different kinds of alloys make different kinds of steel. Although iron is the source of steel, it is much stronger than iron. Steel is also comparatively easy to shape. Thus, it's a popular material. Steel is extensively used in the construction of buildings and bridges. he third most popular material utilized in construction is concrete. Cement that is mixed with sand, rocks, and water turns into concrete. This mixture solidifies and becomes fixed. Iron and steel are often added to it for strength. There are many ‘things built of concrete such as the walls, floors, and sidewalks of buildings, bridges, etc. ‘these three substances are actually used in the construction of other things besides buildings and bridges. Iron and steel can be found in automobiles, ships, planes, computers, bicycles, and many other things. Concrete is found in backyard furniture, planters, and barbecue pits. These materials are among the most useful substances in the world. 19Now use the words/phrases in the box or add your own and ask and answer questions about the article. Who? How? When? Why? Whose? What? Do/Does?_— Which? You aren't...are you? Tell me how/more about Do you know? Could/Would you? How much/many? How long? EXAMPLE: What three materials are used extensively in construction today? iron, steel, and concrete ASK ME ABOUT IT. Student 1 will select a topic he is familiar with or add a topic of his own. Then he will answer questions about the subject. Student 2 will ask Student 1 at least 3 questions about the subject. EXAMPLE: $2: Which layer of the atmosphere is the best for flying? Sl: The second layer is the best for flying. TOPICS basic training military alerts marksmanship training automobile repairs military customs and courtesies workshop tools the infantry judicial system ‘the atmosphere industry growth or density first aid educational system flying population growth or density mining minerals and alloys 20Read the following paragraphs silently as quickly as you can. write your time in the box. ‘Then answer the questions after the reading. Begin when your instructor tells you to. ‘TIME SCORE WORDS~PER-MINUTE THE DAY AN AIRPLANE CRASHED INTO THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING PART 1 a1Read the following passage and then answer the comprehension questions that follow. the sky was cloudy in New York City, on Saturday morning, July 28, 1945. It was foggy and drizzling. The temperature was 67 degrees Fahrenheit, and the wind was blowing from the northeast at 5 miles per hour. The visibility was 2 1/2 miles. The people on the observation tower of the Empire State Building could see only a gray fog surrounding them. On this same morning in Bedford, Massachusetts, Lt Col William F. Smith, Deputy Commander of the 457th Bomber Group, took off in his Army Air Force B-25 Mitchell Bomber plane. This was going to be the final portion of a cross-country flight that had originated in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. He was an experienced pilot, a veteran of 34 bombing missions. There were 2 other men on board the plane with him. As the airplane approached New York City, Lt Col Smith radioed the control tower at La Guardia Airport. ‘The tower told him to proceed to Newark, Now Jersey, but also said that if he couldn't obtain 3 miles of forward visibility, he should return to La Guardia. The 12-ton aircraft, traveling at 200 miles per hour, crossed the East River over Manhattan, heading southwest.’ It was flying at an altitude of 1,000 feet, not 2,000 feet, the limit then set by the Civil Aeronautics Board for over-city flights. The people below heard the noise, and looking up, feared the plane would hit one of the tall buildings nearby. They watched in horror as the plane tried to fight its way out of the group of downtown office buildings. Most of the witnesses agreed that the pilot was having engine or rudder difficulty. Many said the plane wobbled while the pilot made a last effort to avoid hitting anything. ‘Then it happened! The plane crashed straight into the Empire State Building! The wings broke off and crashed to the street. ‘The xest of the plane burst into flames, and pieces fell to the ground. The upper part of the building had also caught on fire from the crash. Witnesses reported the crash to La Guardia Airport, but the people there couldn't believe it happened. They thought the callers were making up stories. However, it was true. The disaster that many people had feared and talked about for many years finally happened. A low flying airplene had crashed directly into the world's tallest building! 22Now answer these questions. The weather on this day was a. clear and cool b. windy and rainy drizzling and foggy Lt Col Smith was an experienced World War. __. during the Second a. pilot b. naval officer c. radio operator The cross-country flight originated in __ a. Bedford, Massachusetts b. Sioux Falls, South Dakota c. New York City ‘he airplane was not flying at the authorized 5 a. altitude b. speed c. visibility Some witnesses said the airplane before it crashed. a. wobbled b. landed ©. exploded Lt Col smith the control tower at La Guardia Airport. a. crashed into b. observed c. contacted The control tower told the pilot to a. land immediately b. continue flying c. return to Massachusetts 238. The crash was probably due to 7 a. mechanical problems b. pilot error ©. control tower error 9. After hearing about the crash, the people at La Guardia Airport _ a. drove to the crash site b. believed the news c. thought the news was false 10. After the airplane crashed, __- a. the airplane and building caught on fire b. there was little damage to the airplane ¢. the building collapsed NOTE: You'll read Part II of this story in the homework section. ca) Grammar THE SUFFIX -FY/-IFY The suffix -fy or -ify {s added to some nouns and adjectives to make verbs. The suffix expresses the meaning of "to make or become", ‘*Note the spelling changes. EXAMPLES : *beauty/beautify *glory/glorify ‘“*pure/purify Class/classify — just/justity _ *simple/simplity *clear/clarify ‘“‘liquid/liquefy ——_solid/solidify *electric/electrity person/personify *terror/terrify *false/faisity 24LET ME CLARIFY THAT ANSWER. Read the dialogs. 1. Sgt Jones: Was the teacher's answer clear? Sgt Adams: No, he needed to clarify his response. Betty: How can I change this grease into a liquid? Nancy: You can liquefy the grease by heating it. 3. Cathy: This has become such a beautiful area. Mary: Yes, they have beautified the park with many flowers. 4, Amn Murray: I'm not sure which class of vehicles this one belongs to. Lt Brown: We classify them by the size and the number of tires. 5. Tom: This man's explanation appears to be false. Sam: Yes, he falsified many statements on the report. CAN YOU JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWERS? Write the correct word on the line. 1. The gas in these containers is ‘ (Viquid/iia 2. Can you these animals? (class/classify) 3. The police will have to Heer their actions. (ust/justify) 4. Are there _ appliances in the house? (electric/electrify) I don't think he'11. the document. (faise/faisify) Did that movie You? (terror /territy) 25WE WON'T GIVE FALSE ANSWERS! Match the sentences in Column A with the responses in Column B. This exercise has two parts. Column A Column B At first, no one in the a. Yes, she personifies room accepted Stan's everything an explanation. officer should be. What's wrong with b. She really clarified that water? everything for us. Capt Smith is a fine c. Tt hasn't been officer. purified yet. The doctor's d, He had to justify instructions were easy his actions. to understand. The professor's speech a. He falsified his age was too complicated to on his application. understand. This is quite a stamp b. We could plant some collection you have. trees to beautify the area. This field is not c. He should have attractive with these simplified it for the dead plants around. students. Why was Henry a. Thanks. fired yesterday? classifi country. 26Speaking Skill > QUEST ION-WORD QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES When we sing, our voices go up and down. When we speak, our voices do the same thing. In English, we use three basic levels for our voices when we speak. All sentences, whether they are statements or questions, begin at Level 2. This is our normal level for speaking. From this level, our voices can go up or down, depending on whether we make a statement or ask a question. The rising and lowering of our voices when we speak is called intonation. ook at the question below and the intonation pattern. It is a question-word question. Notice that the first part of the sentence begins at Level 2 and continues until it reaches the primary sentence stress. At this point, there is rising intonation to Level 3 and then falling intonation to Level 1. This 2-3-1 falling pattern is the normal pattern for question: word questions. Notice also that the answer to the guestion-word question will be a statement with the same 2-3-1 falling intonation pattern. In other words, our voices go up to Level 3 and then drop to Level 1 for both statements and question-word questions. Listen to your instructor ask the question and give the response. 2 22 22 Where do you live? I live in San Antonio. 2 Bl 2 3.1 Where do you /li\ve? live in San An/t6\nio. Pe \. 27WHAT ARE YOU DOING? I'M REPEATING THESE SENTENCES. Listen to your instructor and then repeat question-word questions and responses. The intonation patterns are marked for you. Notice the falling intonation that is used in both the question and answer. Then read the same questions and answers. au /86\ ing? 7 \ 2 a1 I'm repeating these questions and /an\swers. \ \ 2 3 1 2. How often do you /go\ there? \ \ 2 3 1 I try to go there /month\ly. \ \ 2 3 1 3. When was that building con/struct\ed? \ \ 2 a1 It was built last /ye\ar. \ \ 2 3 1 4. Why did they use steel in that /build\ing? \ \ 2 3.1 It's more abundant than /ir\on. \ \. 31 5. do we find /min\erals? \ ae 2 a3 1 We £ind them in the /grou\nd. \ \ 2810. al atte What time do we start /work\ing? \ 2 SHE We start at seven 0’/clo\ck. \ Ne 2 2] 3.1 Lhave to drive ten /mi\les. \ Pa 2 3_ 1 When does /class\ start? \ PH 2 31 It starts at seven /thir\ty. \ Ne 2 31 Who's teaching the /cia\ss? \ \ 2 3 1 The teacher is Mrs. /Park\er. \ \ 2 31 Why do we refine /o\il? \ \ 2 gi We refine it to make it /pu\re. \. 29 X 3 X 1 Ba NSpeaking Skill > HOW DID YOU GO TO HOUSTON? WE WENT BY CAR. Listen to your instructor and then repeat question-word questions and responses. The intonation patterns are marked for you. Then, with your instructor, ask and respond to these question- word questions. Be sure to use correct falling intonation in your question and response. 2 31 How much concrete did you /u\se? \ he 2 3.1 used enough to £111 this /ho\le. \ NE 2 31 w /¥O\rk? \ Poet 2 sta I_saw the Statue of /Lib\erty. \ \ att eL ere did you put my /dri\117 \ Ne 3_o1 put it in the /work\shop. \ \ He 31 do_you aim this _/wea\pon? \ pee 2 sey \ \ 3010. 2 3.1 When did you see the /mo\vie? \ \. Zi 31 We saw it /yes\terday. \ i ueseuesiee: SdH are you voting for to/mor\row? \ \. 2 Bu I'm keeping it a /se\cret. \ \ 2 What's the opp 1 /li\quety? \ \ 2 31 The opposite is so/lid\ity. \ 2 greet How did you go to Cali/for\nia? \ \ 2 Ba I went by /pia\ne. \ \ 2 eo Which of these metals is an /al\loy? \ \ 2 ore The only alloy 1 see here is /bra\ss. \ pNSLEE 2 2.1 How long did you listen to the /ta\pes? Ae 2 3.1 I Listened all after/no\on. \ \ 31 \Reading skin[> SKIM AND ANSWER Read the question, determine what you're looking for (a key word or phrase), and then skim the reading until you find the answer. a What is this reading about? What were the results of the illness she suffered as a young child? Who was Anne Sullivan? How did she teach Helen? What were some of the things that Helen learned to do? Was Helen able to attend school outside her home? Was THE STORY OF MY LIFE printed only in English? How old was she when she died? 32HELEN KELLER The story of Helen Keller's life has influenced many people throughout the world. She was born on June 27, 1880. At 20 months of age, a fever destroyed her sense of sight and hearing. She became blind and deaf. When she was seven, a teacher named Anne Sullivan came to live with the family. She taught Helen to communicate by pressing letters into Helen's hand and then putting into her hand the object that the letters described. an later years, Helen learned many thin: Helen learned to swim, to ride horses, and even to talk. She continued her education and in 1904 graduated with honors from Radcliffe College in Massachusetts. This was made possible by Miss Sullivan, who sat next to Helen and wrote every one of the teacher's words into her hand. Before she died in 1968, Helen had written 11 books, including THE STORY OF MY LIFE, which was printed in 50 different languages. She had traveled to many places, met world leaders, and received many honors. Her greatest happiness, though, was in helping others. 33Reading snm[> SKIM AND ANSWER First, read the questions. ‘Then quickly skim the passage to find the answer. What is the subject of this reading? a. storms b. electricity ¢. lightning How much electricity is produced by a flash of lightning? a. enough for 1,000 homes to use each day b. enough for a’million light bulbs to be 1it ©. enough to run 10,000 computers What did Benjamin Franklin do? a. He invented electricity in 1752. b. He established the connection between lightning and electricity. c. He worked in a building to produce electricity. What is a lightning rod used for? a. to protect buildings from lightning b. to produce electricity to run machines ©. to provide electricity to use in homes How often does lightning occur? a. seldom in the winter b. occasionally in the summer ©. many times during the year Annually, about how many people in the U.S. are victims of lightning? a. 2,000 b. 30-48 ec. 370 34LIGHTNING Many children ond even some adults are afraid of lightning. Lightning is electricity that is formed high above the earth. Gne flash of lightning has enough electricity to light one million light bulbs. tn 1752, Benjamin Franklin, an American scientist, discovered that natural lightning end electricity are the samo, buring a storm, he tied a key to the string of a kite* he was fiying and was able to attract an electrical spark. Using this knowledge, he invented* the lightning rod. This is a pole-like device placed on buildings to protect them from lightning. According to scientists there are about 2,000 mitlion flashes of lightning each year. The Empire State Building in New York is hit by lightning 30-48 times a year. On the average, lightning kills one person a day in the United States. I£ you are caught outside during a storm, you should go to low ground and avoid getting under trees. Stay out of water end don't go near anything made of metal. The safest place to be 1s in a closed car. Gite = a long wooden frame covered with paper or cloth designed to fly at the end of a long string “invent = to create something for the first time by using imagination 35ca) Grammar REDUCING AN ADVERB CLAUSE OF TIME 0 A MODIFYING PHRASE An adverb clause of time is introduced by conjunctions such as after, before, since, until, when, whenever, and while. Tt can be reduced to a modifying phrase if the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause of time are the same. This is done by omitting the subject of the adverb clause and by changing the verb in the adverb clause to the -ing form. I€ the verb BE is present in the adverb clause, 40'S algo omitted (*). EXAMPLES: I feel sleepy whenever 1 study after dinner. I feel sleepy whenever studying after dinner. Before we opened the door, we heard a loud noise. Before opening the door, we heard 4 loud noise. Could you walk after you fell off the horse? Could you walk after falling off the horse? While you were* in Germany, did you hear the news? while in Germany, did you hear the news? HE HURT HIS BACK WHILE LIFTING THE DESK. Read these sentences. They contain reduced adverb clauses of time. 1. After finishing dinner, they cleaned up the kitchen. 2. When in the Army, you meet many interesting people. 3. Did he listen to the radio while doing his homework? 4. She has become an excellent cook since taking that class. 5. While in New York, Mary visited the Empire State Building. 367 10. Sergeant Reyes has learned English quickly since coming to ‘this country. until coming to San Antonio, we had never eaten Mexican food. The general 1eft after inspecting the troops. Mary and Bill bought a new cer while in Japan. Before joining the Marines, I had never been out of Texas. WILL THEY COME WHEN CALLED? Change the adverb clauses of time to modifying phrases. EXAMPLE: Will they come when they are called? 10. will they come when called? We'll take a test after we study this book. We'll take a test after studying this book. While you were walking in the park, did you see anyone else? Extra duty will be assigned whenever it is necessary. The Allens haven't visited us since they moved to Dallas. Before we left the house, we called the restaurant. You may begin whenever you are ready. I have really been busy since I started my own business. when they are tired, the children go to bed early. Did Susan eat before she went out? You shouldn't go to class when you are sick. Before she does anything else, Ann must speak to the boss. 37Writing Skill > TIME ZONES Read the selection below and complete the outline using complete sentences. Did you know that there's three hours difference between Los Angeles and New York? Yes, that's because they're in different time zones. Time zones are regions in which the same standard time is used. The continental United States is divided into four ‘time zones: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Puerto Rico, Alaska, and Hawaii are in different time zones. There is one hour difference between each time zone and its neighbor. It's easy to figure out the time in another zone. You add one hour for each time zone to the east of where you are. For zones west of your location, you subtract one hour for each time zone. For example, when it's 6 p.m. in California, it's 9 p.m. in New York since New York is three time zones east of California. 38TIME ZONES OUTLINE 39NOTES4 Enrichment ‘YROUBLESOME ENGLISH Little/Few Little can mean small in amount (not much). It modifies only mass nouns. EXAMPLES: I have little time to spend in Chicago. There is little traffic on the road this morning. She has little money in the bank. There is little work left to do. Few means small in number (not many). It modifies only count nouns. EXAMPLES: There are few people who have climbed that mountain, She has few friends in this city. Where are few pilots stationed at this base- We have few doctors available for duty right now. 41IDIOMS AND HAVE ONE'S HANDS FULL Meaning To "have one's hands full" means being extremely busy er having too many jobs and/ or responsibilities. Example Sentences 1. Mary just accepted her fifth assignment to be turned in on Monday. She really has her hands full. 2. There were many injuries from that train crash. ‘The EXPRESSIONS doctors and nurses had their hands full. 3. certainly had his hands full. Joan went on an unexpected business trip and had to leave her husband in charge of the house and their six children. HeYOU AREN'T AFRAID OF FLYING, ARE you? BOOK 24 LESSON 2 John: why don't you fly to b.A.? Henr I can't. I'm afraid of flying. - A Not getting enough sleep is bad for your health. It's been nice talking to you. The jet's turbine was repaired, wasn't it? We're going to crash, aren't we? It's important that he concentrate while flying this plane. - ee SKILLS—-— 2 3.1 Skim to answer the questions. What are you /do\ing? \ Complete a sentence outline. Nin Identify supporting details. Label the diagram. Rewrite the paragraph. VOCABULARY. concentrate (on) ignore attitude needle cross-check maneuver aviation panel cross off navigate cockpit precaution cross out propel compass propeller/ discard disaster prop dive bumpy fear runway fear precise flap tail fuselage turbine go right co- instrument velocity go wrong maneuver windscreen keep track of aircraft mask windshield lose track of altimeter missile wing 43CONTENTS OF BOOK 24 LESSON 2 VOCABULARY: the flight READING SKILL: skim/select answer VOCABULARY: the flight continued GRAMMAR: gerund as subject of sentence/ object of preposition READING SKILL: timed reading WRITING SKILL: label diagram GRAMMAR: tag questions READING SKILL: identify supporting details FUNCTION: inquire about and express fear and concern GRAMMAR: subjunctive that-clause after anticipatory-it SPEAKING SKILLS: falling intonation WRITING SKILL: sentence outline ENRICHMENT 44 ST Page 45 SL 52 57 65 68 68 73 74 79 83 85 87¥ Vocabulary THE FLIGHT Repeat the underlined words. Then listen to the story and answer your instructor's questions.. “Help! Help! Somebody please help!" Jill was sitting next to her dad in the cockpit of a small aircraft. Only moments bofore, her dad had been flying the plane. They had taken off from the short runway that was on their ranch. The aircraft had been flying for only a few minutes when they saw the birds. Her dad had tried to maneuver the aircraft away from the birds to avoid a disaster, but it was too late--they hit. Now he was tnconscious. The little cockpit of the Tahoe Kadet had a hole in ‘the windscreen and was filled with blood and feathers. Jill knew nothing about aviation--nothing about flying an aircraft. she had never tried to be her dad's copilot; she had never tried to help him fly the plane. Now, alone, she had no choice but to try to navigate the aircraft, She was afraid, and the fear could be heard in her Soice as she called on the radio, "Help! Help! Somebody please help!" 45A FEW MORE WORDS Repeat the underlined words and sentences. 1. An oxygen mask covers the 2. Jets use turbine engines nose and mouth of a jet to fly at higher speeds. pilot when he flies. 3. Planes have windscreens, and cars have windshields. 46