Bibliography

Primary Sources

Althea Gibson. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Accessed Jan 11, 2018.
http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2828729/1/115_2828729/cite.
Althea Gibson fought for the rights of African-Americans in tennis, and her presence on
the court at Wimbledon was well recognized as she set the record of being the first
person of color to win a grand slam tournament. This first-hand picture of Althea Gibson
depicts her strength and determination on the court as she fights for the title.

Arthur Ashe. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Accessed Jan 11, 2018.
http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2822834/1/115_2822834/cite.
Arthur Ashe was a determined African-American male who rose above others and stood
up to break the color barriers in the game of tennis. This first-hand picture of Arthur
Ashe at Wimbledon depicts his perseverance as he competes to be the first black male
player to win a major men's tournament.

Beschloss, Michael. "Arthur Ashe, Pathbreaker: From Richmond to Wimbledon, and Back."
New York Times, July 4, 2024. Accessed December 15, 2017.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/05/upshot/arthur-ashe-pathbreaker-from-richmond-to-
wimbledon-and-
back.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FAshe%2C%20Arthur&action=click&conte
ntCollection=timestopics&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&content
Placement=5&pgtype=collection.
Segregation in the game of tennis was prevalent during the time of Arthur Ashe's
upbringing. Although this was a time of racism, his father instilled the values of always
having a positive attitude on and off the court. This primary resource was influential for
my project because it gave me an insight on the thoughts of Ashe during this time of
segregation in tennis.

Brennan, Christine. "D.C. Programs Move Tennis Beyond White Lines." The Washington Post,
August 1, 1994.
http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document?set=search&start=1&rendition=x-article-
image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD
%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-
image%3B2005257532&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3
BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B2005257532.
The spread of African-American tennis in D.C. has been the main goal for many of the
coaches to give young black players a chance at this sport. This first-hand account of the
writer, Christine Brennan gave me an insight of the compromise and determination that
many have to spread the game of tennis to many communities.

Charleston Negroes Seek Use of Lily-White Park. Photograph. Southern Spaces. Accessed
January 17, 2018.
https://southernspaces.org/sites/default/files/images/2017/kahrl_005_newspaper.jpg.
 Segregation of parks and public facilities occurred with the plessy vs. Ferguson case.
However, many blacks wanted to use these parks to practice sports like tennis, but they
were not allowed because of the segregation laws. This first-hand image of a newspaper
depicts the rules of parks banning blacks, and it also gave me an insight on the conflict of
segregation during the time blacks were wanting to play more tennis.

The Great Depression. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Accessed Jan 14,
2018.
https://quest.eb.com/search/115_2747142/1/115_2747142/cite.

Kyle-DeBose, Larryette, and Cecil Harris. Charging the Net: A History of Blacks in Tennis. N.p.,
2007.
The game of the tennis has overcome a lot of racial barriers with the help of influential
people like Althea Gibson, Arthur Ashe, and the Williams sisters. This first-hand book
was beneficent for my website because it gave many personal experiences and
information on the rise of African-American tennis and what they endured.

Naylor, Robert L. "Ashe Enters U.S. Indoors Tennis Event At Salisbury." The Sun, January 17,
1964. http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document?set=search&start=1&rendition=x-
article-
image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD
%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-
image%3B1718370382&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3
BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B1718370382.
For many years, African-Americans were not allowed to play at the same tournaments as
whites. However, Arthur Ashe was finally allowed to compete in a Salisbury tournament
showing his athletic skills. This primary article depicts the states decision to except him
in the tournament and made me more aware of the segregation that was actually
occurring during his time.

Plessy Vs. Ferguson. Photograph. Google Images. Accessed January 14, 2018.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson#/media/File:Plessy_marker.jpg.
The Plessy vs Ferguson case started with the segregation of railroads and the law that
blacks were not able to ride in the same train as whites. This primary source gave me a
better understanding of how this case impacted the segregation of many parks and tennis
courts.

Rhoden, William C. "Keen Eyes Might See What's Missing." New York Times, September 8,
2009.
http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document?set=searchera&start=1&rendition=x-
article-
image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD
%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-
image%3B2285218512&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3
BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B2285218512.
 Venus and Serena Williams are well known sisters who have been playing tennis and
setting records at such an early age. This primary source gave me an insight on the views
of others on these prodigy sisters.

Roberts, Selena. "TENNIS; Serena Williams Wins As the Boos Pour Down." The New York
Times, March 18, 2001. Accessed December 5, 2017.
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/18/sports/tennis-serena-williams-wins-as-the-boos-
pour-down.html.
The William sisters experience a lot of controversy when playing at an Indian Wells
tournament. They were boo'd off the court and called out of their names because of the
color of the skin. This primary source gave me a better understanding of the event and
racism in the game of tennis from another perspective.

The Undefeated. Black Tennis History. Photograph. The Undefeated. Accessed January 10,
2018. https://espntheundefeated.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/gettyimages-
513575437.jpg?w=2000.
The legacy of many blacks in the game of tennis has been incredible with the different
people who have set records and achieved many of their goals. This primary image of
many blacks gave me an insight on the determination these people had to accomplish
many records.

The Washington Post. "Separate Coach Law Upheld." May 19, 1896.
http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document?set=search&lastset=&rendition=x-article-
image&start=1&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%
3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-
image%3B279665062&pagemapurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%
3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-
pagemap%3B279665062&pageimageurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BH
NP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-pcpage-
image%3B279665062&mylisturn=urn:proquest:US;PQDOC;HNP;PQD;HNP;PROD;x-
pagemap;279665062&pdfurn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD
%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-
image%3B279665062&abstracturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3
BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-
abstract%3B279665062&returnpage=document&doframe=1.
The Plessy vs Ferguson case started with the segregation of railroads and the law that
blacks were not able to ride in the same train as whites. This primary source gave me a
better understanding of how this case impacted the segregation of many parks and tennis
courts.

The Washington Post. "State Regrets Ashe Refusal." February 26, 1971.
http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document?set=search&start=1&rendition=x-article-
image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD
%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-
image%3B144506462&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3B
PQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B144506462.
 Local and national tournaments were rejecting black players from playing in tournaments
that involved whites. However, South Africa regretted their decision of accepting Arthur
Ashe in their tournament. This primary newspaper gave me a better understanding of the
perspective of other states decisions, especially nationally.

Secondary Sources

Ashe, Arthur R., J. "American Tennis Association." In Encyclopedia of African-American

Culture and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer, J. Vol. 1. N.p., 2006.
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?disable
Highlighting=false&displayGroupName=Reference&currPage=&scanId=&query=&docI
ndex=&source=&prodId=UHIC&search_within_results=&p=UHIC%3AWHIC&mode=
view&catId=&u=bullischl&limiter=&display-
query=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&documentId=GALE%
7CCX3444700055&windowstate=normal&activityType=BasicSearch&failOverType=&
commentary=.
Arthur Ashe was a civil rights activists, and an African-American who broke racial
barriers in tennis with his hard work and determination. This secondary source was
helpful in giving me a background of the life of Arthur Ashe.

Ashe, Arthur R., J., and Perry Imani. "Tennis." In Encyclopedia of African-American Culture
and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer. Vol. 5. Detroit, n.d.
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?disable
Highlighting=false&displayGroupName=Reference&currPage=&scanId=&query=&docI
ndex=&source=&prodId=UHIC&search_within_results=&p=UHIC%3AWHIC&mode=
view&catId=&u=bullischl&limiter=&display-
query=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&documentId=GALE%
7CCX3444701215&windowstate=normal&activityType=BasicSearch&failOverType=&
commentary=.
Tennis was a sport commonly played by whites because of the expenses that comes with
playing tennis. The USTA banned blacks from playing tennis, forcing the black
community to make their own organization. This secondary source was influential to my
website because it gave me a better insight on the background of tennis.

Britannica Academic, s.v. "Plessy v. Ferguson," accessed January 17, 2018,

http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Plessy-v-Ferguson/389160.
The Plessy vs. Ferguson case set the stage for racial segregation in public facilities and
parks. This separation came down to wether blacks were able to play on white owned
courts so they could practice. This secondary source gave me a better understanding of
the case and how segregation occurred during 1896.

Civil Rights Movement.. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Accessed Jan 14,
2018.
https://quest.eb.com/search/158_1180357/1/158_1180357/cite.
 Martin Luther King was a famous civil rights activist during the time of the civil rights
movement. He was very influential during this time, and he advocated for the rights of
many blacks. This secondary picture of Mr. King is helpful in my website because it
shows Martin Luther King writing letters on behalf of his people.

Crompton, Willard Samuel. "Althea Gibson." In The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives,
Thematic Series: Sports Figures, edited by Arnold Markoe and Kenneth T. Jackson. New
York, 2002.
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/BiographiesDetailsPage/BiographiesDetailsWindow?disa
bleHighlighting=false&displayGroupName=Biographies&currPage=&scanId=&query=
&docIndex=&source=&prodId=UHIC&search_within_results=&p=UHIC%3AWHIC&
mode=view&catId=&u=bullischl&limiter=&display-
query=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&documentId=GALE%
7CK3436500195&windowstate=normal&activityType=BasicSearch&failOverType=&co
mmentary=.
Althea Gibson was a well rounded athletic player who excelled in many sports, but
specifically in the game of tennis. Althea Gibson became the first black player to win a
grand slam, therefore breaking many racial barriers in the game of tennis. This
secondary source provided me with background information on her life and
accomplishments.

Davis, Bob. "Symbols of Change: African-American Tennis." Bleacher Report. Last modified
July 2, 2010. Accessed December 5, 2017. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/414618-
symbols-of-change-african-american-tennis-since-slavery.
African-American tennis was nothing without the players like Althea Gibson, Arthur
Ashe, and the Williams sisters who paved the way for the success of many rising
players. This secondary website highlights the key changes in tennis, and gave a better
understanding of how these players influenced others.

Kronenwetter, Michael. "Civil Rights Movement." In The American Mosaic: The African
American Experience, ABC-CLIO, 2018.Accessed January 20, 2018.
https://africanamerican.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1517166.
The civil rights movement was a time of blacks coming together to overcome racism and
segregation all over. This secondary source gave me an understanding on the
background of this event and how it was impactful to tennis during its time.

Pate, Joseph. "American Tennis Is Alive Because of Black Women." Huffington Post, September
8, 2017. Accessed December 5, 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/american-
tennis-is-alive-because-of-black-women_us_59b17bdce4b0c50640cd656e.
American tennis is alive because of black women and their accomplishments. Althea
Gibson and the Williams sisters are some of the many who helped American tennis. The
2017 US. Open consisted of not only American players, but two African Americans
players. Therefore, this secondary source helped me to understand the perspective of
others on American Women's tennis today.
Sanders, Joshunda. "The Great Depression, 1929-1939." In The American Mosaic: The African
American Experience, ABC-CLIO, 2017. Accessed December 11, 2017.
https://africanamerican.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/23.
The Great Depression was a time that many people were financially unstable not have the
proper needs and money to survive. The Great Depression effected many black players
in a negative way because they were unable to pay for the necessities to play tennis. This
secondary source gave me an insight on who the Great Depression effected and how the
cause impacted the success of others.

Tennis. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Accessed Jan 13, 2018.

https://quest.eb.com/search/115_2661997/1/115_2661997/cite.
Tennis was a sport commonly played by whites because of the expenses that comes with
playing tennis. The USTA banned blacks from playing tennis, forcing the black
community to make their own organization. This secondary image shows the game of
tennis that helped me depict the game.