Perforacion y Voladura de Rocas

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE HUANCAVELICA
INTRODUCTION
The explosive materials are fixed or substance mixtures in solid status, liquid or gaseous, than by means of
chemical reactions of oxidation-reduction, are able to transmute in a very brief time, in the neighborhood of a
fraction of microsecond, in gaseous products and extracts, whose initial volume is converted in a gaseous mass
that gets to attain very loud temperatures and in
Very lofty consequence pressures.
That way, the commercial explosives are a cross between substances, fuels and oxidizers, than motivated
properly, they cause an exothermic reaction very fast, that you generate a series of gaseous products to high
temperature and pressure, chemically stabler, and that they occupy a bigger volume, approximately 1 000 to 10
000 bigger times than the original space volume where the explosive housed itself.
And I agree on the criteria of the mechanics of breaking, the blowing-up is a three-dimensional process, in which
the pressures generated by explosives confined within drills perforated in the rock, originate a zone of loud
concentration of energy that produces two expeditious effects:
Fragmentation and displacement.
The first refers to the size of the fragments produced, to his distribution and percentages by sizes, while the
second one refers the movement itself of the mass of crushed rock.
An adequate fragmentation is important to make easy the removal and transportation of the flown material and
you are in direct proportion to the use that you will destine this material to, that will qualify the best
fragmentation.
That way, in the exploitation of minerals you look for small fragmentation preferentially, that you make easy the
later processes of conminution in the metallurgic plants, in the meantime than in give it sometimes rocks are
required that you be at big blocks, like the ones that are used for the construction of cofferdams or jetty.
PERFORACION Y VOLADURA 1
OBJECTIVES
· Knowing the theme of perforation and blowing-up of rocks.
· Demonstrating the theory of blowing-up of rocks.
· Knowing his characteristics and the utilization of the methods and designs of perforation and
blowing-up of rocks.
PERFORATION OF ROCKS
The perforation is the first operation in the preparation of a blowing-up. His purpose is to open in the rock
cylindrical holes destined to house the explosive and his lead-off accessories, named drills, mechanical
drills, holes or blastholes.
You are based on mechanical beginnings of percussion and rotation, whose effects all at once and they
produce friction the I mention splinter and trituration of the rock in an equivalent area to the drill gage and
to a given depth the length of the utilized mechanical drill. The efficiency in perforation involves achieving
the maximum penetration to the minor cost.
The shearing strength or hardness of the rock ( that you influence facility and velocity of penetration ) and
the abrasiveness have great importance in perforation. This ends influence the wear of the drill and for
there in the final diameter of the drills when this gets thin ( sucked drills ).
The perforation takes effect for the following means:
Percussion, with effect all at once and court like the one belonging to a chisel and hammer. Example,
the proportionate for the little air hammers and rompepavimentos.
Percussion rotation, with effect all at once, cut and I turn, like the manufactured for the common air drills,
tracdrills, hydraulic jumbos.
Rotation with effect of court for friction and ruling with very hard material ( wear down of the rock, without
blow ), like the manufactured for the diamond-like punching machines for exploration.Fusión (jet piercing)
mediante un dardo de llama que funde roca y mineral extremadamente duro como la taconita
(hierro), método aplicado en algunos yacimientos de hierro de Norteamérica.
TEAMS OF perforation
At present they use three types of perforating machines:
1.
Manuals
Of percussion with air compressed, for little holes ( 25 to 50 mm of diameter ), for horizontal work or to
the floor ( pick hammer ) or for vertical holes to the roof ( stopers ). The mechanical drills of steel integral
finished in a fixed drill use type bevel, or sweep the floor with drill for us acoplable.
2. Mechanized
Of percussion and of rotopercusión, ridden in chassis on wheels or caterpillars. For holes to 150 mm ( 6
” of diameter ) and 20 m of depth. Example the wagondrill, track drill and pneumatic or hydraulic jumbos,
that acoplables with interchangeable drills use mechanical drills.
3. Mechanized rotatory
Generally of big dimensions for use in chunks opened, mounted on truck or on caterpillars with own
movement, with rotatory independent motor and
Perforation for pressure ( pull down or pressure of bar ) with rotatory tri-conical drills of 6 ” to 15 ” of
diameter, being the commonnest ones of 6 ”, 9 7/8 ”, 11 ” and 12 5/8 ”.
A normal team of perforation is compound for:
to. Punching machine or hammer.
b. Bear and car bearer.
c. Compressional hydraulic Brocas's bombs and mechanical drills.
and. Accessories ( hoses, oilers, etc.).
to. Hammers
They are the machines that trigger the bar or mechanical drill of perforation and they can be:
- pneumatic tires, triggered for compressed or hydraulic air, triggered for oil to loud pressure.
- manuals or easily portable, for 1 drills to 3 m of depth, or of great capability, for holes of even
30 meters.
The hammers can be located on the mechanical drill denominándose drifters, or in the mechanical drill's
tip denominándose down the hole, in which case penetrate into the rock along with the mechanical drill
or bar.
b. The supports
Otherwise called castles, the simple tripods or tubular paws can be of automatic advance like give them
the stoper and jack hammer. In the jumbos, trackdriles and besides the perforating cars utilize articulate
arms and pantographs themselves. These last very adequate for parallel perforation in drills of start for
burned-out court.
The rotatory have loud metallic structures ( castles )
In order to bear the weight of the machine of the bar and.
c. The compressional
They can be stationary, easily portable ( motives ) and carrozadas, these last ridden in the same
perforating car. His working can be electric or power-driven to explosion ( largely diesel ). They can be
according to the mechanical system of compression:
Of pistons ( simple and reciprocating ), when air compresses low pressure itself first and next to tall in
two cylinders tandem.
Rotatory ( of sliding trowels or vanes, and of screw or helicoid ).
d. Drills and mechanical drills
Drills are edge tools, generally of highly resistant steel to the impact, reinforced in his cutting edges with
inserts or buttons of very hard resistant material to the abrasion ( tungsten carbide ).
The bars or mechanical drills are rods or pipes of steel acoplables that get the impact of the hammer
across to the drill, located in one of his extremes.
Bars can be tubular, hexagonal, rigid, etc and his connections of thread, consecutive thread, rope,
threaded cone, smooth embone's cone, etc.
When the thread is a part of the mechanical drill he is named integral, but for the general music
independent or interchangeable since his wear is major than the one belonging to the bar. According to
the way of his cutting and disposition face or they can be distribution of the inserts of the type bevel, cross,
ex, buttons, expanding or rhyming, etc.
In synthesis, the drills classify in three groups:
Of court
Generally employees in perforation of production with small machines, between 1 ” and 4 ” of diameter, (
integrate them, cross, etc.) Where the insert is the element that runs and that wears down .
Rotatory
Otherwise called tri-conical to be composed of three toothed cones coupled to a fixed body or incendiary
bomb. These cones turn the drill's axle when this starts moving crushing the rock freely about.
TEAMS' selection OF perforation
Various types and check marks of teams of perforation for different conditions of employment exist . His
selection is based on cost-reducing criteria. Of mechanical design, maintenance and service, operating
capacity, adaptability to the rest of the teams of the mine, and of general conditions of the workplace (
access, rock, topography, sources of energy, etc.).
One of the more important criteria in perforation is the velocity of penetration. The introduction of the
hydraulic perforation that uses oil under pressure instead of air.
Tablet to activate the hammer and the rest of the team of perforation has managed to increase this velocity
and, therefore, the efficiency of the perforation, specially in hard rocks.
The pneumatic penetration has touched the limit of its development for the limited pressure of compressed
air. Many elders on the drill can apply working pressures themselves with the hydraulic system. Another
advantage is that a hydraulic punching machine requires a third part of the energy that it consumes an air
drill.
Cage Alimak for perforation of chimneys
Perforación paralela con jumbo
CONDITIONS OF perforation
The perforation is so important like the selection of the explosive, which is why this work must
take effect with good opinion and care in order to get an efficient blowing-up. Regrettably, the supervision
of the correct operation of perforation not yet is adequately accomplished in many mines, that permits that
deficiencies in the quality of work happen ( deviated drills, more spaced, of irregular length, etc.) That
they determine losses of efficiency of the explosive available energy.
Normally the quality of the drills to be perforated is determined for four conditions: Diameter, length,
rectitude and stability.
to. Diameter
It depends on the kind of application the drill will be used in. Like general rule, the one belonging to minor
feasible diameter will be the best-suiteddest and economic to realize.
b. Length
Influence very much the election of the capability of the perforating team and naturally in the advance of
the shot ( depth of the drill ).
c. Rectitude
Vary with the kind of rock, method of perforation and the perforating team's characteristics. They must
have the bigger rectitude and alignment in order that the explosive be appropriately distributed.
The parallelism between drills is of vital importance for the interaction of the blasting charges in all the
blowing-up in the majority of sketches of perforation.
d. Stability
They must maintain the drills open until now of his job. They tend to crumble down for what he can be
necessary to get loaded in earthly loose changes ( casing ) or to make another adjacent drill to the
plugged.
Particular cases
Some works of blowing-up require drills of great length, parallels or distributed in radial form. The parallels
use perforating especial machines like the simbas, pack themselves sac, diamondrill and another one.
It is fundamental than operators, perforistas know like a book the handling of your machine, your
possibilities and limitations, your basic maintenance and perceive the sketch's designs or plan of
perforation clearly, understanding the purpose clearly or purpose of the blowing-up to realize.
VELOCITY OF penetration And SWEEPING
The velocity of penetration not only depends on the application of force; Also it depends on the sweeping
or cleanliness of the detrituses of the drill with compressed air and or with water under pressure, through
the same agreeable bar the perforation advances .
Some hydraulic punching machines have an especial bomb for the water of sweeping, to get a
high pressure and constant on top of 10 bar, what the velocity of penetration increases .
The lubrication of the system ribs the drill during work is fundamental, since each machine has its own
system, be with water, air or both, with pulverization or nebulization of oil.
Water in materials like salt, gypsum, potash, anhidrita or bauxite and certain clays must not be utilized
only, because they form a mud that the ribs dock . As an alternative in this case we would have :
- using air only ( with mechanism of vacuum to collect the dust ).
- perforating with helicoid mechanical drills or augers, airless.
- the mixture controlled of air waters down like fog, in order to humidify the injection.
In addition, the air only will tend to create a lot of dust in the environment.
Hardness and abrasiveness of the rock are important factors to determine what means of perforation
using : Simple rotation or rotopercusión. Usually at the most soft be the bigger rock it must be the rate of
perforation ( normally up to a maximum of 1 500 rpm ). In addition, at the most the resistance fighter be
to compression, you enforce principal and they will be torque necessary to perforate her.
Another important aspects are the factor of wear of the drill, directly contingent upon the abrasion of the
rock, that his diameter tails off progressively and it matches filing inserts or buttons demanding his
continuous sharpening and the life of the steel with which the time of useful work of the ribs is known
before it deteriorate or it break for fatigue, term.
The ribs or bar, transfer the energy of the blow of the hammer to the drill, what his service life depends
for over the wave of interior fatigue than of the energy for blow and the frequency of impacts generated
by the hammer.
Many modern machines have suspension systems within the hammer and centralizing gags or guides for
the bar, that they decrease the reflex of the wave of impact and the vibration produced in the ribs, so that
you decrease the wear of the mechanical components. The guide avoids also the sway or circular shift of
the drill, that produces wear at its flanks or coattails, deviates the drill's alignment and gives him an interior
irregular finishing, specially when it perforates at incompetent lot, important aspect for the diameter and
confinement of the explosive column.
A. Fallas of perforation in drills of bigger diameter
Errors can come from spacing between drills, deviation, irregularities in internal diameter for soft lot or
incompetent, fall of detrituses and errors in benches of on perforation ( normally enter 10 to 12 low % the
level of the floor of the bench ).
B.
Fallas of perforation in drills of small diameter at subsoil
Errors are significant, specially if they affect the start of the shot. Among themselves we have :
to. In starts
Insufficient diameter or number of drills of relief.
b. Deviations in parallelism
In this case the burden does not keep uniform, it proves to be what you affect to the
fracturamiento and to the advance biggerly at the bottom. This problem is determining in the
starts and in the peripherals ( roofs ) of tunnels and galleries.
c. Irregular spacings between drills
They propitiate coarse fragmentation or puff of wind of the explosive.
d. The irregular length of drills
Influence the advance ( specially if the one belonging to relief is very short ) and also you
determine a new very irregular face.
and. Interception of drills
Affect the explosive burden sharing in the rock's body to break.
f. I number principal of drills than the necessary or very large diameters; They can determine
surcharge, that you will hit the surrounding rock.
Perforation OF production AT SUBSOIL
The perforation of reduce or tajeos for court and the ascending filling can come from two different
forms:
to. Perforation in vertical address.
b. Perforation in horizontal address ( bresting )
The perforation in vertical or almost vertical address offers two advantages:
The perforation and the cleanliness of the shot are independent operations, permitting the team's
loud grade of utilization and making the job design easy.
The shots can take effect with bigger number of drills, increasing the efficiency.
Two fundamental disadvantages with the vertical perforation are :
The height of the cut after the shot.
His rigidity, that yields problems when the limits of veins are irregular .
The horizontal perforation presents the following advantages:
The height of the reduce or tajeo shortens after the shot making easier out of the wild the roof
itself and improving the stability. The tajeo's stability or reduce ( smooth blasting ) the roof can
be improved with smooth blowing-up.
It allows controlling the dilution and loss of mineral of value, since his flexibility is rendered for
shots that they cut easily the reduce just in the limit of the mineral body.
The horizontal perforation is more efficient as much as the principal be the size of the shot ( it is
necessary to perforate small shots followed ), which is why the tajeo's width is important, that by
no means can be ampler than the body of the mineral.
The teams of perforation can be standard, with the jumbos you can get loud rates of perforation
and good level of parallelism, while with jacklegs the capability of perforation is very low, since
he has to take effect from on the fractured mineral to get a height enough to catch up with the
roof ( I step on the subversive element not too bad not too goodly ).
The best result of the horizontal perforation is obtained ( wash again ) the one one can make to
get to the roof very near of the chunk ( 0.5 to 1.0 m ), so that the height can increase in the cut
when making easy the perforation in tall chunks with jumbos and with hydraulic filling.
Increment the productivity when allowing to increase the mechanization.
Increment the certainty when reducing the height of the cuts and improving his stability.
CONVENTIONAL perforation
It comes true with parallel drills or drills at an angle, attacking the jai alai court directly or free
front face with the beginning of tunnel ( circular bench ), with a group of drills that they will form
an initial, continuous cavity of start of the rest of drills of breaking distributed around the start,
delimitándose the section or area of the jai alai court with the peripheral drills. Section or area of
the jai alai court with the peripheral drills. The depth of the advance ( length of the drills ) is limited
for the width of the section. The denomination of these drills in the Peru is the following:
The peripheral drills comprise rises and draggings to the squaring, and give them the nucleus to
give them pull out ( filter ), you help and drills of production.
The section can be semi-elliptical, circular or quadratic,
Maintaining the same scheme of distribution.
This scheme of perforation is applicable at tunnels, galleries, chimneys, piques, ramps and
another developments. The radial applicable perforation in exploitation of ample veins and bodies
of mineral. The fact that they depart from a gallery's axle accomplishes itself with long drills,
arranged in radial or fan form, in a perpendicular diagram to the axle.
They distribute several parallel diagrams of radial drills in the axle. Normally, you separate to equal among
themselves, diagrams that can go off one by one or varied for time but with letterspaced delays.
BLOWING-UP OF ROCKS
Parameters OF THE ROCK
They are determining, owing explosives and his methods of application making suitable the
conditions of the rock. Among themselves we have :
A. Physical PROPERTIES
to. Hardness
You indicate the difficulty to perforate her approximately.
b. Tenacity
You indicate the facility or difficulty to break under the effect of forces of compression, tension
and impact, varying between the ranges of friable ( easy ), intermediate to tenacious ( difficult ).
c. Density
Indicate approximately between the difficulty to pilot it and cm3 varies between 1.0 4.5 g on the
average.
The dense rocks require also dense explosives and rapids to break.
d. Texture
Plot or form of mooring of the crystals or grains and his grade of cementation or cohesion, once
also his facility of breaking was related to.
and. Porosity
Proportion of pores or hollows and his capability to gain water.
f. Variability
Rocks are not homogeneous in their composition and texture. They have a tall index of anisotropy
or heterogeneity.
g. Grade of alteration
Deterioration produced by effect of the intemperismo and phreatic waters, in addition to
geological phenomena that they modify them or they transform .
B. elastic Or expeditious- RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF THE ROCKS
to. Seismic frequency or velocity of propagation of the seismic rays and of sound
Velocity that the rocks experience these waves with.
b. Mechanical resistance
Resistance to the forces of compression and tension.

c. Internal friction
Ability of the internal surfaces to slide under efforts ( stratified rocks ).
d. Young's Module
Elastic resistance to deformation.
and. Poisson's Radio
The low material's radio of transverse contraction or longitudinal extension tension.
f. Impedance
Relation of the seismic velocity and density of the rock versus the velocity of detonation and the
density of the explosive. Usually the rocks with seismic high frequency require high-speed
explosives of detonation.
SPECIFIC FIELDS OF THE BLOWING-UP
The plosive industrials use themselves in two types of subterranean and surface blowing-ups.
The subterranean works understand : Road and hydraulic tunnels, excavations stops
hydroelectric and of storage, galleries and developments of mining operation, piques, chimneys,
ramps and tajeos of production. The pure sore emulsions are executed with the majority job of
dynamites and emulsions rolled up into a cone of different grades of force and resistance to
water, with granular, dry agents of blowing-up like ANFO and Examon carried pneumatically and
eventually in bulk, loaded for pumping.
The dynamites ( gelatines, semi-gelatines, pulverulent and permissible ) lose their high standards
rolled up into a cone in paper form waxed, in diameters that they go from 22 mm ( 7/8 ” ) even
76 mm ( 3 ” ), the emulsions sensitized in cartridges of plate of plastic and in few cases in paper
form waxed ( example: Semexsa And ), in diameters from 22mm ( 7/8 ” ) and the granular agents
in bags in bulk.
The works of surface understand : Opening of roads, canals, stone pits of material for the
construction, foundations, demolitions and mines to open chunk, the ones that are carried out
with dynamites and child's emulsions to medium diameter, ANFO and Examon at stone pits and
road works, while the open chunks have majority ANFO's job in bulk, Heavy ANFO, Slurries
emulsions ( 203 mm ) and in bulk in freight mechanized in 127 mm's drills ( 5 ” ) to 304 mm ( 12
” ) of diameter ( in cartridges of plastic plate PVC to 8 ” of diameter
Evaluation OF THE BLOWING-UP
A blowing-up is evaluated for the obtained results. They consider the following aspects in order
to qualify it: Volume of moved material, advance of the shot, floors, fragmentation, form of
accumulation of the detrituses, total cost of the shot.
Last row of drills will have to surpass the advance of the front shot in blowing-up of benches in
surface.
The
maximum advance is equivalent to the amplitude of the tunnel at tunnels and galleries, therefore
the advance will have to be at least equal to the depth of the drills. The peripherals at the tunnels
will have to be equal to the planned; If you prove to be younger, you will require additional
enlargement ( desquinche ). In addition, if you surpass the specified limit problems will result
from cost, and in certain cases problems of stability and expenses of support.
The level of the floor in benches or the new shot bench's floor must work out at the same level
as the existent. If they encounter irregularities like loins ( tow ), one must show off very not much
over-perforation or lack of load of bottom.
These loins make difficult the work of the shovels loaders and require additional work, usually of
secondary blowing-up to eliminate them. At galleries and it is tunnels
Indispensable maintaining the level of the floor for the water drainage and for the laying of lines
of rail where transportation with locomotive be utilized.
BLOWING-UP IN SURFACE
The blowing-up of rocks in surface understands works of mining operation in benches of stone
pits and open chunks, you act of civil engineering and ampoule like excavations, canals, ditches,
courts to half a slope and especial works like secondary breaking of pedrones, demolitions and
controlled blowing-ups ( Smooth blasting ) but fundamentally you get to the point in benches.
A. Voladura in benches. General appearances
Definition
Benches are similar excavations to steps of stair at the lot. His principal characteristic is to have,
at the very least, two free faces, the superior and the front.
Types
to. They consider two types according to his importance:
- blowing-ups with drills of small diameter, of 65 to 165 mm.
- blowing-ups with drill of great diameter, of 180 to 450 mm.
b. For his application or they are purpose:
1. Conventional
You look for the maximum concentration, esponjamiento and displacement of the material
broken, once mining operation was applied for.
2. Of breakwater
In order to obtain large-sized stones.
3. Of maximum displacement ( Cast blasting )
In order to project great volume of long-distance rock.
4. Of crater
With short drills and great diameter, stops clear the weeds of of over-capes and other ones.
5. Ditches and ramps
Lineal confined excavations.
6. Road excavations
For roads, highways, slopes and also to produce fine material for ripiado or for aggregates of the
construction.
7. For foundations and levelings
You act of civil engineering or of construction.
8. Of loosening or pre blowing-ups
Additional Fracturamiento to the native of rocky mountain masses, without almost to displace
them, in order to stir agricultural lot, to increment the permeability of the ground or to withdraw it
with light team or escariadoras ( Scrapers ) etc.
9. Tajeos mining
Many works of subterranean mining are based on the parameters of benches when they have
over two free faces, ( examples: Tajeos VCR, bresting and other ones ).
What looks for a blowing-up is the maximum efficiency it was expensive to the minor and with
the bigger certainty, that reflects, between another aspects, in:
- grade of obtained fragmentation.
- Esponjamiento and range of displacement.
- volume charged versus the team's time of operation.
- geometry of the new bench; Advance of the cut, floors, stability of front slopes and other ones,
aspects that are observed and evaluate after the shot to determine the global costs of the
blowing-up and transporting.
B. Elementos for the design of blowing-ups in benches
Also named parameters of the blowing-up, music data used in calculation and design of shots.
Some are invariable, like the correspondents to the physical characteristics of the rock:
Density, hardness, fisuramiento's grade, coefficients of resistance to deformation and breaking,

etc.; And other ones are variable, that means that we can modify them at will, according to the
real needs of work and conditions of the lot.
They can group these controllable parameters in:
to. Geometric: Height, width and length of the bench, slope, free face.
b. Of perforation: Diameter and length of the drill, mesh.
c. Of load: Density, explosive column, length of plug, physical chemical characteristics of the
Explosive.
d. Of time: Times of delay between drills, sequence of exits of the shots.
The over-perforation ( SP )
Just as it was indicated previously it is important in the vertical drills to maintain the razante of
the floor. If it proves to be deforestation normally they will reproduce loins, but if it is excessive
it would be produced on excavation with increment of vibrations and of the costs of perforation.
Spacing ( And )
The distance between drills comes from a same row that are shot with a same delay or with
different delays and elders in the same row.
Burden ( B
Also named stone, board or line of minor resistance to the free face.
It is distance from the foot or the drill's axle to the free perpendicular closer face. Also you
separate her between rows of drills in a blowing-up.
Dimension
It is known that the bolones come normally from the front row; Therefore, the blowing-ups of
several rows produce minus bolones proportionally that a very row give them to. For this reason,
the length of the area of the shot should not be major than 50 % of the width.
That way the big necessary fragmentation for the construction of cofferdams, jetty and another
protective works at rivers can be so difficult like the small fragmentation. Geology is the first
obstacle to get pedrones; The homogeneous rock is preferable than the fissured. The method to
utilize is different for this case ( Rip rap ) than the conventional banqueo.
Blowing-up of tunnels and galleries
Generalities
Two reasons to excavate at underground railroad exist :
to. In order to utilize the excavated space ( transporting accesses, storage of various
materials, works of the construction, military defense, etc.).
b. In order to utilize the excavated material ( mining operation ).
Both times the tunnels form important part of the complete operation: Under construction
subterranean, as the case is for example of hydroelectric works, where they are necessary to
have access to the cameras; In mining, in order to get to the mineral blocks and to initiate his
exploitation, in addition to the operations of development and internal communication, but also
they are open for a purpose in themselves ( tunnels cart drivers or railroad men and hydraulic
tunnels for decanting of water ).
Tunnels are opened by majority in horizontal laying, but also tilted and in vertical form. In the
latter case, if the excavation takes effect up from a determined point or level name him chimneys
( Raise shafts ) and if it is piques downwards ( Sink shafts ). In true
Conditions of lot are any one excavated of continuous mode with machines tuneleras of rotatory
advance ( Tunnel Boring Machines – TBM and Raise Boring Machines – RBM ) but they do the
great majority in non continuous form, for phases. He is tunnels and the banqueo at stone pits
that way known or the chunks are the operations of bigger consumption of explosives with
perforation and blowing-up, covering one a great variety of types of rock and geometries of shot.
Rocks can be from soft like gypsum, you intermediate like the limestone, even outrageously you
last like granite and basalt and of his structural conditions depends the finishing touch and the
need or not give additional support if not they can maintain his stability.
The section of the tunnels can vary between 9 m2 even over
100 m2, while the face of the benches varies between 5 m of height to 40. The diameters of drill
at tunnels go from 32 mm to 51 mm and in 51 mm's bench to 165 mm, even even 310 mm, what
you show to an ample range of parameters to consider.
In competent rocks the tunnels with minor sections of

100 m2 can excavate complete section in a very step themselves, in the meantime than the
opening of big tunnels, where the section proves to be too ample, or where characteristics
Geomecánicas of the rock they do not enable the excavation to complete section, the usual
method involves dividing the tunnel in two you depart : Her superior or vault that is excavated
like a gallery of horizontal advance, and the inferior that is excavated for conventional banqueo
in shape delayed regarding the advance of the vault. This banqueo can make itself with vertical
drills or lightly tilted perforations with trackdrill, or in which case the jumbo used for the vault will
utilize the same perforating equipment itself with horizontal drills.
Courts or starts
The beginning of the word blowing-up of tunnels resides, therefore, in the opening of an initial
cavity, named court, filter or pull out, destined to create a second free face of great surface to
make easy the subsequent breaking of the rest of the section, so that the drills of the nucleus
and of the peripherals can run tearing apart the rock in address toward the aforementioned cavity.
You turn into an annular bench when the front closed of the tunnel creates his cavity, where the
factors of calculation stops the tear apart they will be alike to the employees in a bench of surface,
but as already it was mentioned, demanding considerably bigger loads to displace the crushed
material.
Court's methods
They correspond to the forms to make the shot in first phase to create court's cavity, that two
groups understand :
Cater-cornered courts
The effectiveness of the cater-cornered cuts lies in that they get ready in angular form regarding
the front of the tunnel, that permits that the rock break and take off in the shape of successive
descostre to the shot's bottom. The advance, plus diagonal drills must be at the most deep they
must be perforated in stepped form, one after another conform allow it the width of the tunnel.
These cuts are recommended most of all for very tenacious rock or plastic arts for the push that
they provide from behind. Also the ones that they have diagrams of breaking defined, since they
give bigger alternative than the parallel cut to attack them with different angles.
In the main they take effect with manual punching machines and his advance in general is minor
in depth than with the cuts in tandem ( 45 and 50 % of the width of the tunnel ), but they have the
advantage on your side of than no himself they freeze or they sinter for excess of load or
inadequate distance between drills, as it happens frequently with the parallel cuts.
1. Court in pyramid or diamond ( Center cut )
Understand four or more drills directed in the shape of a convergent bundle toward one common
point imaginarily located downtown and bottom of the work to excavate, so that a pyramidal cavity
will create his instantaneous shot.
This method calls for a loud concentration of load in the bottom of the drills ( ápex of the pyramid
). He is preferred for piques and chimneys. You can have one or two superimposed pyramids
according to the dimension of the front. They can get advances of 80 % of the width of the gallery
with this court; His inconvenience is the great projection of debris to considerable distance of
the front.
2. Court in wedge or in v ( Wedge cut )
Understand four, six or more convergent drills for pairs in several diagrams or levels ( you did
not make a very point ) so that the open cavity have the way of a wedge or piece of cake. It is of
more easy execution although of short advance specially at narrow tunnels, for the difficulty of
perforation.
The disposition of the wedge can be in vertical horizontal sense. The angle made suitable for the
orientation of the drills comes from 60 to 70.
It is more effective in soft rocks to you intermediate, while the one belonging to the pyramid is
applicable in hard or tenacious rocks.
3. Cut in wedge of dragging ( Drag or Draw cut )

A cut in made level wedge comes practically from the gallery's floor of mode than the rest of the
tear apart of the same
Be for collapse. It is used little at tunnels, more in mines of carbon in mantles of soft rock.
4. Fan-shaped court ( Fan cut )

You are similar to the trawling but with the cut as from one of the sides of the tunnel, getting
ready the drills in the shape of a fan ( divergent in the background ). Also they name court to him
of tear apart because you are based on the breaking of all the free face or working face of the
tunnel.
Utilized little, you require certain width to get acceptable advance.
5. Court combined of wedge and fan
Usually protégé for tenacious and hard rock, to vest. Utensil and very reliable, although you are
difficult to perforate.
6. Courts in tandem
As his name suggests it, they take effect with parallel drills among themselves. Type Jumbo, the
fact that they have arms articulated in the shape of pantograph to provide the alignment and to
give precision at the position have become general for the each time bigger job of perforating
machines of the same in the front of blowing-up.
The correspondent drills to the nucleus and to the tunnel's peripherals also are parallel as
concerns that it is virtually impossible perforating diagonally with these machines.
They all have the same length getting to the work's intended bottom.
Parallel courts' types

The basic schemes with parallel drills are :
- burned-out court.
- cylindrical court with drills of relief.
- cut tiered across horizontal slices.
All of them with different variants according to the conditions of the rock and the experience
achieved in various applications.
Burned-out court
Understand a group of drills of equal diameter perforated in the neighborhood among themselves
with several sketches or figures of distribution, some of whom they do not contain explosive load
so that they perform on his vacuums like free faces for the action of the drills with explosive load
when they detonate
Cylindrical court
This court's type maintains similar distributions than the burned-out cut, but with the difference
than has influence one or more central empty drills of bigger diameter than the rest, what you
make easy the creation of the cylindrical cavity. Normally provide bigger advance than the
burned-out cut.
The burden is very important in this type of start or separates between the big empty drill and the
most next charged, that you can take care of oneself with the following relation: B 0.7 x diameter
of the central drill ( the burden must not become confused with the distance between centers of
the same, normally utilized ).
The relation gets modified in the event of using two drills of great diameter to: B 0.7 x 2 central
diameter. A practical Indian rule that the distance between drills must be of 2.5 diameters.
Basic design for subterranean blowing-up at tunnel
The sketch or diagram of distribution of drills and of the sequence of exit of the same you
present numerous alternatives, according to the nature of the rock and to the perforating
team's characteristics, arriving in certain cases to be quite complex.
We showed the already acknowledged method of squares and registered rhombuses, with
start for court burnt in rhombus, like initial guide to prepare a basic design of blowing-up at
tunnel and with distribution of the drills and his order of exit.
FINDINGS
The perforation is very important since his use today as of the present moment takes place
every day at the mining sector.
The perforation like method of exploitation gives us to know than you would suffer the mining
without it in his catch up with necessary of his cost-reducing means and his trade name.
The blowing-up of rocks like principal matter in mining shows us clearly that you are useful
in the child's space and great mining.
And finally doing use made suitable of these basic matters in the middle or we can
deduce mining factor that this way a company can generate good entrances in
contribution to the country and to its trade name.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- blowing-up of benches in surface. Foundations: EXSA
- conventional blowing-up, rule of thumb, stone pits and chunks.. JUAN R.O
- blowing-up of crater. Generalities JOSE L. CARRION
- blowing-up of great projection: Cast Blasting. Generalities
- tunnels, galleries, chimneys and piques. Basic design: LUIS F. WILLOW GROVE.
- methods of subterranean mining. Generalities
- especial blowing-ups. Blowing-up of stopper: ING. Venjamin C. H.

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE HUANCAVELICA

Very lofty consequence pressures.

Fragmentation and displacement.

· Knowing the theme of perforation and blowing-up of rocks.

· Demonstrating the theory of blowing-up of rocks.

TEAMS' selection OF perforation

Perforación paralela con jumbo

Perforation OF production AT SUBSOIL

Resistance to the forces of compression and tension.

Density, hardness, fisuramiento's grade, coefficients of resistance to deformation and breaking,

In competent rocks the tunnels with minor sections of

3. Cut in wedge of dragging ( Drag or Draw cut )

4. Fan-shaped court ( Fan cut )

Parallel courts' types

Basic design for subterranean blowing-up at tunnel

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