TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Incompressible Fluid: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 Compressible Fluid: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Types of Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.1 Uniform Flow: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.2 Non Uniform Flow: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.3 Steady and Unsteady Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.4 Laminar Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.5 Turbulent Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Kinematic Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7 Classification of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7.1 Ideal Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7.2 Newtonian Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.8 Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.8.1 Continuity Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.8.2 Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8.3 Equations for Newtonian Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8.4 Equations for Jeffrey Fluid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9 Solution Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9.1 Perturbation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9.2 Recursive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

xi
2 Comparison between Analytical Techniques for Two Dimensional New-

tonian Fluid Flow through Two Parallel Porous Plates 11

2.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Solution of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 Case 1: Perturbation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 Case 2: Recursive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3 Solutions of Two Dimensional Jeffrey Fluid Flow Model through Two

Parallel Porous Plates using Analytical Techniques 37

3.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2 Solution of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.1 Case 1: Perturbation Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.2 Case 2: Recursive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

4 Conclusion 68

5 Bibliography 70

xii
 List of Figures

2.1 Geometry of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2 u component of velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 v component of velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4 Pressure Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.1 Geometry of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.2 u component of velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3 v component of velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4 Caption for pji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

xiii
 List of Symbols

A1 Rivlin-Ericksen tensor
f body force
p dynamic pressure
Q̄ volumetric flow rate
Re Reynolds number
S extra stress tensor
u, v velocity components along x and y directions respectively
V velocity vector
x, y Cartesian coordinates
ρ density
µ dynamic viscosity
ν kinematic viscosity
τ stress tensor
λ1 ratio of relaxation to retardation
λ2 delay time
ψ stream function

xiv
 Chapter 1

Introduction

1
This chapter contains the basic definitions and concepts used in this dissertation.

1.1 Fluid

A substance which deforms continuously under the application of tangential (shear) stress
no matter how small the stress may be is known as fluid.

1.2 Flow
If the deformation of the material continuously increases without limit, then the phe-
nomenon is called flow.

1.3 Density
Density, ρ is the mass per unit volume of a fluid at a given temperature and pressure and
is expressed by the equation
m
ρ=
V
where m is the mass and V is the volume.

1.3.1 Incompressible Fluid:

If the density of the fluid remains constant through out the domain, the fluid is incom-
pressible.

1.3.2 Compressible Fluid:

The fluids in which the density is not constant are called compressible fluids.

2
1.4 Types of Flow

1.4.1 Uniform Flow:

A flow in which velocity of liquid particles everywhere within the region of interest is
same, is known as uniform flow. This term is generally applied to flow in channel.

1.4.2 Non Uniform Flow:

In non uniform flow, velocity of liquid particles is different at different positions in the
domain.

1.4.3 Steady and Unsteady Flow

Flows in which flow properties do not change with respect to time are called steady flows.
If η represents a flow property then for steady flow we have

∂η
= 0.
∂t
For unsteady flow
∂η
6= 0.
∂t

1.4.4 Laminar Flow

When the fluid flows in parallel layers with no intermingling between the layers, and the
streamlines of the flow do not intersect each other, then the flow is called laminar flow.

1.4.5 Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is the flow,in which fluid layers intermingled with each other forming eddies
and swirls.

3
1.5 Viscosity
It is the physical property of a fluid which gives resistance to fluid motion. Mathematically,
it is defined as the ratio of shear stress to rate of shear deformation, i. e.
shear stress
µ=
rate of shear deformation
In above definition, µ is called the dynamic viscosity. Its value depends upon nature
of the fluid.

1.6 Kinematic Viscosity

It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density, normally denoted by ν and is given by

µ
ν= .
ρ

1.7 Classification of Fluids

Fluids can be further classified in three categories, depending upon their viscosity, or
shear stresses:

1. Ideal fluids

2. Newtonian fluids

3. Non-Newtonian fluids

1.7.1 Ideal Fluid

Ideal fluids are hypothetical fluids that have zero viscosity. However, in some engineering
problems fluids with negligible viscosity are encountered and can be treated as ideal fluids.
Ideal fluids are commonly referred to inviscid fluids.

4
1.7.2 Newtonian Fluids
Newton’s law of viscosity states that
” shear stress is directly and linearly proportional to the rate of angular deformation.”
Mathematically it may be expressed as
 
du
τxy = µ ,
dy
where τxy is shear stress acting on a plane normal to y-axis and u is the velocity in
x-direction.
Fluids those obey Newton’s law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids. Water and
air under normal conditions are their obvious examples.

1.7.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids

Fluids that does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity are called non-Newtonian fluids. For
example rubber, soap, petroleum, plastic, fiber etc.

1.8 Basic Equations

1.8.1 Continuity Equation

The equation that comes from the law of conservation of mass is known as continuity
equation. i.e.,
∂ρ
+ ∇.(ρV) = 0, (1.1)
∂t
where ρ is the density of fluid, t is the time and V = (u, v, w) is the velocity field.
For steady flow, continuity equation is given as

∇.(ρV) = 0. (1.2)

If the fluid is incompressible then

∇.V = 0. (1.3)

5
In two dimensional Cartesian coordinates (x, y), continuity equation can be written as
∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1.4)
∂x ∂y
where u and v are velocity components in x and y directions, respectively.

1.8.2 Equation of Motion

In vector form momentum equation is given as
DV
ρ = ∇.τ + ρf, (1.5)
Dt
D
where τ is Cauchy stress tensor, f is body force and Dt
is the material derivative defined
as
D ∂
= + (V.∇),
Dt ∂t
∂
where ∂t
is local part and (V.∇) is convective part, then eq. (1.5) has the form
 
∂V
ρ + (V.∇)V = ∇.τ + ρf. (1.6)
∂t
For steady state, we have

ρ(V.∇)V = ∇.τ + ρf, (1.7)

by ignoring body forces, it reduces to

ρ(V.∇)V = ∇.τ, (1.8)

and

τ = −pI + S. (1.9)

In eq.
 (1.9) p is dynamic pressure. In two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system
S S
S = xx xy is extra stress tensor then eq. (1.8) has the form
Syx Syy
 
∂u ∂u ∂p ∂Sxx ∂Sxy
ρ u +v =− + + , (1.10)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
 
∂v ∂v ∂p ∂Syx ∂Syy
ρ u +v =− + + . (1.11)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y

6
1.8.3 Equations for Newtonian Fluid
For Newtonian fluid extra stress tensor S is given as

S = µA1 , (1.12)

where A1 is Rivlin-Ericksen tensor defined as

A1 = (∇V) + (∇V)T , (1.13)

∂u ∂u
 
 ∂x ∂y 
∇V =  , (1.14)
 
 ∂v ∂v 
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
 
 ∂x ∂x 
(∇V)T =  , (1.15)
 
 ∂u ∂v 
∂y ∂y
then
∂u ∂u ∂v
 
2 +
 ∂x ∂y ∂x 
A1 =  , (1.16)
 
 ∂u ∂v ∂v 
+ 2
∂y ∂x ∂y
so for Newtonian fluid using continuity equation, momentum equation becomes
 2
∂ u ∂ 2u
  
∂u ∂u ∂p
ρ u +v =− +µ + , (1.17)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2
 2
∂ v ∂ 2v
  
∂v ∂v ∂p
ρ u +v =− +µ + , (1.18)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2
eqs. (1.17-1.18) along with continuity equation (1.4) are also known as Navier-Stokes
equations.

7
1.8.4 Equations for Jeffrey Fluid Model
For Jeffrey fluid model extra stress tensor S is given as
 
µ DA1
S = A1 + λ2 ,
1 + λ1 Dt
   
µ ∂
= A1 + λ2 + V.∇ A1 ,
1 + λ1 ∂t
∂
for steady case ∂t
= 0, we get
 
µ
S= A1 + λ2 (V.∇)A1 , (1.19)
1 + λ1
where λ1 is the ratio of relaxation to retardation times and λ2 is the delay time. In
component form
 2
∂ 2u
 
µ ∂u ∂ u
Sxx = 2 + λ2 u 2 + v , (1.20)
1 + λ1 ∂x ∂x ∂x∂y
    
µ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v
Sxy = + + λ2 u + )+v + , (1.21)
1 + λ1 ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Syx = Sxy , (1.22)
2 2
  
µ ∂v ∂ v ∂ v
Syy = 2 + λ2 u +v 2 . (1.23)
1 + λ1 ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y
Using eqs. (1.20-1.23) and in eqs. (1.10-1.11), we get
     
∂u ∂u ∂p µ 2 ∂ ∂ 2 ∂u ∂ ∂u
ρ u + v =− + ∇ u + λ2 u +v ∇ u+
∂x ∂y ∂x 1 + λ1 ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
2 2 3
∂ 3u
   
∂v ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂ u ∂v ∂ u ∂ v
+ + + + + +u 2 +v ,
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y 2
(1.24)
     
∂v ∂v ∂p µ ∂ ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u
ρ u + v =− + ∇2 v + λ2 u +v ∇2 u +
∂x ∂y ∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
2 2 3
∂ 3u
   
∂v ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂ v ∂u ∂ v ∂ u
+ + + + + +u 2 +v ,
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y 2
(1.25)
where
∂2 ∂2
∇2 = + . (1.26)
∂x2 ∂y 2

8
1.9 Solution Techniques
There are so many problems in engineering, biosciences and mathematics whose solutions
are not possible due to the nonlinear nature of the equations. Various analytical meth-
ods such as perturbation method, homotopy perturbation method, homotopy analysis
method, optimal homotopy analysis method, Adomian decomposition method, recursive
approach etc., are used to solve a wide range of these differential equations. In this thesis,
we used perturbation method and recursive approach to solve the flow problems. In the
following sections, we are giving a brief introduction to these methods.

1.9.1 Perturbation Method

It is one of the powerful techniques which gives the approximate solution of the problem
whose exact solution can not be obtained easily. This technique can be used for the
problems in which a small parameter is being involved. The required solution is expanded
form of power series involving that small parameter. The expansion is called perturbation
expansion. Let

LF = B. (1.27)

be any differential equation, along with boundary conditions

F (Xn ) = bn , (1.28)

where L is any differential operator and F is any arbitrary function, then F can be
expanded as
∞
X
F = an Fn , (1.29)
n=0

where a is any small dimensionless parameter, and Fn are independent of a. Using eq.
(1.29) in eqs. (1.27-1.28), and equating the equal powers of a, we get a system of equations.
By solving each equation in the system subject to its boundary condition, we get F0,F1,· · · .
Which on substitution in eq. (1.29), we get our required solution.

9
1.9.2 Recursive Approach
In this approach we start as

F = F (1) + 2F (2) + 3F (3) + · · · , (1.30)

B = C + B (1) + 2B (2) + 3B (3) + · · · , (1.31)

where C is an arbitrary constant,  is small dimensionless constant. By substituting

eqs. (1.30-1.31) in eq. (1.27-1.28) and comparing equal powers of  , leads to systems of
equations along with boundary conditions for [F (1),B (1)], [F (2),B (2)], [F (3),B (3)]. By sub-
stituting the solutions obtained by each system of equations in eqs. (1.30-1.31), provides
a solution of the problem.

10
 Chapter 2

Comparison between Analytical

Techniques for Two Dimensional

Newtonian Fluid Flow through Two

Parallel Porous Plates

11
In this chapter, review of the paper titled ”Laminar Flow in Channels with Porous Walls”
by Burman[1], is presented in details. In his paper he discussed a two dimensional problem
in Cartesian coordinates system. In order to solve that problem he used the similarity
transformations to convert the partial differential equations of the problem into ordinary
differential equation and solved it by using perturbation technique. In this thesis we also
solved the same problem using recursive approach and results are compared.

2.1 Problem Formulation

In this problem the steady, laminar flow of Newtonian, incompressible fluid through the
porous channel of rectangular cross section is considered. It is assumed that no external
forces are acting on the fluid. The flow is symmetric about a plane midway between the
walls. Cartesian coordinate system is chosen with the origin at the center of the channel
along x-axis. The y-axis is perpendicular to the channel walls. Let the distance between
two walls is 2h and the channel length is l. We seek velocity profile of the form

V = (u(x, y), v(x, y)).

Figure 2.1: Geometry of the Problem

12
 The boundary conditions of the problem are

u(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.1)
∂u(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (2.2)
∂y
v(x, y) = 0, at y=0 (2.3)
v(x, y) = vw , at y = ±h (2.4)
Z h
2 u(x, y)dy = Q̄, at x=0 (2.5)
0

where vw is suction/injection velocity and Q̄ is the volumetric flow rate.

Introducing variable δ as
y
δ= , (2.6)
h
continuity equation (1.4) becomes

∂u 1 ∂v
+ = 0, (2.7)
∂x h ∂δ
and eqs. (1.17-1.18) can be written as
 2
1 ∂ 2u

∂u v ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ u
u + = − +ν + , (2.8)
∂x h ∂δ ρ ∂x ∂x2 h2 ∂δ 2
 2
1 ∂ 2v

∂v v ∂v 1 ∂p ∂ v
u + = − +ν + . (2.9)
∂x h ∂δ hρ ∂δ ∂x2 h2 ∂δ 2
Boundary conditions (2.1-2.5) according to eq. (2.6) are transformed as

u(x, δ) = 0, at δ = ±1 (2.10)
∂u(x, δ)
= 0, at δ=0 (2.11)
∂δ
v(x, δ) = 0, at δ=0 (2.12)
v(x, δ) = vw , at δ = ±1 (2.13)
Q̄
ū(0) = , at x=0 (2.14)
2h
where ū(0) is average velocity.
Introduce stream function ψ as
1 ∂ψ
u(x, δ) = , (2.15)
h ∂δ

13
 ∂ψ
v(x, δ) = − , (2.16)
∂x
which identically satisfy continuity equation (2.7).
As the flow is symmetric about a plane midway between the walls, the solution can be
calculated for the half channel. Looking into the boundary conditions, suitable choice of
stream function can be taken as

ψ(x, δ) = [hū(0) − vw x]f(δ), (2.17)

here f(δ) is some function of parameter δ, to be determined yet. Using eq. (2.17) in eqs.
(2.15-2.16), we obtain
 
vw x 0
u(x, δ) = ū(0) − f (δ), (2.18)
h

v(x, δ) = vw f(δ). (2.19)

Substituting eqs. (2.18-2.19) in eqs. (2.8-2.9), yield
    
1 ∂p vw x vw 02 00 ν 000
− = ū(0) − − f (δ) − f(δ)f (δ) − 2 f (δ) , (2.20)
ρ ∂x h h h
2
1 ∂p v νvw
− = w f(δ)f 0(δ) − 2 f 00(δ). (2.21)
hρ ∂δ h h
Simplifying eq. (2.20), we get
h2 ∂p
    
vw x vw h 02 00 000
= ū(0) − f (δ) − f(δ)f (δ) + f (δ) . (2.22)
νρ ∂x h ν
Defining Reynolds number
vw h
Re = , (2.23)
ν
eq. (2.22), implies
h2 ∂p
    
vw x 02 00 000
= ū(0) − Re f (δ) − f(δ)f (δ) + f (δ) . (2.24)
νρ ∂x h
Differentiating eq. (2.24) w.r.t δ and eq. (2.21) w.r.t x, yield
0
h2 ∂ 2p
   
vw x 02 00 iv
= ū(0) − Re f (δ) − f(δ)f (δ) + f (δ) , (2.25)
νρ ∂x∂δ h
1 ∂ 2p
− = 0, (2.26)
hρ ∂x∂δ

14
which implies
 0
Re f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) + f iv (δ) = 0.
02 00
(2.27)

Integrating w.r.t δ, we obtain

 
Re f 02 (δ) + f(δ)f 00 (δ) + f 000(δ) = k, (2.28)

where k is the constant of integration.

Boundary conditions (2.10-2.13) with the help of eqs. (2.18-2.19) are reduced to
f(0) = f 0 (1) = f 00 (0) = 0, (2.29)
f(1) = 1. (2.30)

2.2 Solution of the Problem

2.2.1 Case 1: Perturbation Method

To apply perturbation method, we define series for f(δ) and k as

f(δ) = f0(δ) + Re f1(δ) + R2e f2 (δ) + · · · + Rne fn (δ) + · · · , (2.31)

k = C0 + Re C1 + R2e C2 + · · · + Rne Cn + · · · . (2.32)
Substituting eqs. (2.31-2.32) in eq. (2.28) and collecting equal powers of Re leads to the
following set of equations:

O(R0e ) : f0000 = C0 , (2.33)

O(R1e ) : f1000 = C1 + f0 fo00 − f002 , (2.34)
O(R2e ) : f2000 = C2 + f0 f100 + f1f000 − 2f00 f10 . (2.35)
.. ..
. .
Transforming boundary conditions according to eq. (2.31), we obtain
fn (0) = fn0 (1) = fn00 (0) = 0, n≥0 (2.36)
f0 (1) = 1, (2.37)
fn (1) = 0, n ≥ 1. (2.38)

15
Solving eq. (2.33) subject to boundary conditions (2.36) for n = 0 and (2.37), we get
1 3
f0 = − δ 3 + δ. (2.39)
2 2
Solving eq. (2.34) subject to boundary conditions (2.36) and (2.38) for n = 1, gives
 
1 7 3
f1 = − δ + 3δ − 2δ . (2.40)
280
The perturbation solution for f(δ) and k, after substituting in series (2.31) and (2.32)
become

   
1 2 Re 7 3
f(δ) = δ 3−δ + − δ + 3δ − 2δ + · · · , (2.41)
2 280
 
81
k = −3 + Re + · · · . (2.42)
35
Taking derivative of eq. (2.41), we obtain
   
0 3 2 1 6 9 2 1
f (δ) = 1 − δ + Re − δ + δ − + ··· , (2.43)
2 40 280 140

Substituting eq. (2.43) in eq. (2.18) and eq. (2.41) in eq. (2.19), we obtain velocity field
as
     
vw x 3 2 1 6 9 2 1
u(x, δ) = ū(0) − 1 − δ + Re − δ + δ − , (2.44)
h 2 40 280 140
    
1 2 Re 7 3
v(x, δ) = vw δ 3 − δ + − δ + 3δ − 2δ . (2.45)
2 280
Using eq. (2.28) in eq. (2.24), we obtain
 
∂p kµ vw x
= 2 ū(0) − . (2.46)
∂x h h
From (2.21), we have

∂p µvw 00
= −vw2 ρf(δ)f 0 (δ) + f (δ). (2.47)
∂δ h
Integrating eq. (2.47) w.r.t δ, yields

vw2 ρ 2 µvw 0
p(x, δ) = − f (δ) + f (δ) + A(x), (2.48)
2 h

16
where A(x) is constant of integration.
Now differentiating eq. (2.48) w.r.t x gives

∂p
= A0(x), (2.49)
∂x
comparing eqs. (2.46) and eq. (2.49), we obtain
 
0 kµ vw x
A (x) = 2 ū(0) − , (2.50)
h h

Now integrating w.r.t x implies

v w x2
 
kµ
A(x) = 2 ū(0)x − + a, (2.51)
h 2h

where a is the constant of integration need to be determined. Substituting value of A(x)

from eq. (2.51) in eq. (2.48), we get
vw2 ρ 2 v w x2
 
µvw 0 kµ
p(x, δ) = − f (δ) + f (δ) + 2 ū(0)x − + a,
2 h h 2h
2
vw2 ρ 1
      
2 Re 7 3 µvw 3 2
= − δ 3−δ + − δ + 3δ − 2δ + 1−δ
2 2 280 h 2
v w x2
   
1 6 9 2 1 kµ
+ Re − δ + δ − + 2 ū(0)x − + a. (2.52)
40 280 140 h 2h
Let the pressure at entrance of the channel at (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain
 
µvw 3 Re
a = p0 − − . (2.53)
h 2 140

Finally we get
2
vw2 ρ 1
    
2 Re 7 3 µvw 3
p(x, δ) = p0 − δ 3−δ + − δ + 3δ − 2δ + − δ2
2 2 280 h 2
2
   
1 9 2 kµ vw x
+ Re − δ 6 + δ + 2 ū(0)x − .
40 280 h 2h
(2.54)

which is pressure distribution obtained by using perturbation method.

17
2.2.2 Case 2: Recursive Approach
To get the solution of the problem mentioned above (Burman’s problem) using recursive
approach, we proceed by rewriting eqs. (1.30) and (1.31):
V = V(1) + 2V(2) + 3V(3) + · · · , (2.55)
p = C + p(1) + 2p(2) + 3 p(3) + · · · , (2.56)
where C is an arbitrary constant and  is small dimensionless constant.
Using series (2.55), we get continuity equation (1.3) as

∇. V(1) + 2 V(2) + 3V(3) + · · · = 0,

or
∇.V(1) + 2 ∇.V(2) + 3∇.V(3) + · · · = 0, (2.57)

which can be written as

∇.V(1) = 0, (2.58)
2∇.V(2) = 0, (2.59)
3∇.V(3) = 0, (2.60)
.. ..
. .

For momentum eq. (1.8), we start with:

 
V +  V +  V + · · · .∇ V(1) + 2 V(2) + 3V(3) + · · · ,
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3)




V.∇ V =

= 2 (V(1).∇)V(1) + 3 (V(1).∇)V(2) + 3 (V(2).∇)V(1) + · · · ,

= 2 (V(1).∇)V(1) + 3 (V(1).∇)V(2) + (V(2).∇)V(1) + · · · .
 
(2.61)
Also
∇V = ∇ V(1) + 2V(2) + 3V(3) + · · · ,

= ∇V(1) + 2 ∇V(2) + 3 ∇V(3) + · · · , (2.62)

similarly

(∇V)T = (∇V(1))T + 2(∇V(2))T + 3 (∇V(3))T + · · · , (2.63)

substituting eqs. (2.62-2.63) in eq. (1.13), we have

A1 =  ∇V(1) +(∇V(1))T +2 ∇V(2) +(∇V(2))T +3 ∇V(3) +(∇V(3))T +· · · . (2.64)

     

18
Defining
(1)
A1 = (∇V(1)) + (∇V(1))T , (2.65)
(2)
A1 = (∇V(2)) + (∇V(2))T , (2.66)
(3) (3) (3) T
A1 = (∇V ) + (∇V ) , (2.67)
eq. (2.64) can be written as
(1) (2) (3)
A1 = A1 + 2A1 + 3A1 + · · · . (2.68)
Substituting eq. (2.68) in eq. (1.12), we get
 (1) (2) (3)
S = µ A1 + 2 A1 + 3 A1 + · · · .

(2.69)
Substituting eq. (2.69) and eq. (2.56) in eq. (1.9), we obtain
(1)
(2)
(3)

τ = −C +  p(1)I + µA1 + 2 p(2) I + A1 + 3 p(3) I + A1 + · · · . (2.70)
Using eqs. (2.61) and (2.70) in eq. (1.8), we get momentum equation as
 
2 (1) (1) 3
 (1) (2) (2) (1) (1)
+ · · · = (−∇p(1) + µ∇.A1 )

ρ  (V .∇)V +  (V .∇)V + (V .∇)V
(2) (3)
+ 2(−∇p(2) + µ∇.A1 ) + 3 (−∇p(3) + µ∇.A1 ) + · · · . (2.71)
For two dimensional flow velocity coordinates are defined as
u(x, y) = u(1) + 2 u(2) + 3u(3) + · · · , (2.72)
v(x, y) = v (1) + 2v (2) + 3 v (3) + · · · , (2.73)
and accordingly boundary conditions (2.1-2.5) are transformed as

u(1) + 2 u(2) + 3u(3) + · · · = 0, at y = ±h (2.74)

∂u(1) ∂u(2) ∂u(3)
+ + + ··· = 0, at y=0 (2.75)
∂y ∂y ∂y
v (1) + 2 v (2) + 3 v (3) + · · · = 0, at y=0 (2.76)
v (1) + 2 v (2) + 3 v (3) + · · · = Vw , at y = ±h (2.77)
Z h
2 [u(1) + 2 u(2) + 3u(3)]dy = Q, at x=0 (2.78)
0

where
vw = Vw and Q̄ = Q.
Equating equal powers of , we get following systems of equations

19
2.2.2.1 System of 1st Order Equations:

∇.V(1) = 0, (2.79)
(1)
−∇p(1) + µ∇.A1 = 0. (2.80)
Subject to:

u(1)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.81)
∂u(1)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (2.82)
∂y
(1)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (2.83)
v (1)(x, y) = vw , at y = ±h (2.84)
Z h
2 u(1)(x, y)dy = Q, at x=0 (2.85)
0

2.2.2.2 System of 2nd Order Equations:

∇.V(2) = 0, (2.86)
(2)
ρ(V(1).∇)V(1) = −∇p(2) + µ∇.A1 . (2.87)
Subject to:

u(2)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.88)
∂u(2)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (2.89)
∂y
(2)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (2.90)
v (2)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.91)

2.2.2.3 System of 3rd Order Equations:

∇.V(3) = 0, (2.92)
(3)
ρ (V(1).∇)V(2) + (V(2) .∇)V(1) = −∇p(3) + µ∇.A1 .
 
(2.93)

20
Subject to:

u(3)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.94)
∂u(3)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (2.95)
∂y
(3)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (2.96)
v (3)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.97)

2.2.2.4 Solution to First Order System of Equations

Now we calculate the 1st order velocity and pressure field as

V(1) = [u(1)(x, y), v (1)(x, y)], (2.98)
 (1)
∂u(1)

∂u
 ∂x ∂y 
(1)
 
∇V =   ,
 (2.99)
 ∂v (1) ∂v (1) 
∂x ∂y
 
∂u(1) ∂v (1)
 ∂x ∂x 
 
[∇V(1)]T = 
 (1)
, (2.100)
(1) 

 ∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y
then
∂u(1) ∂u(1) ∂v (1)
 
2 +
 ∂x ∂y ∂x 
(1)
 
A1 =

.
 (2.101)
 ∂u(1) ∂v(1)
∂v (1) 
+ 2
∂y ∂x ∂y
From eq. (2.79), we have
∂u(1) ∂v (1)
+ = 0. (2.102)
∂x ∂y
Using eq. (2.101), the component form of eq. (2.80) can be written as

∂p(1)
= µ∇2u(1), (2.103)
∂x

21
 ∂p(1)
= µ∇2v (1). (2.104)
∂y
Defining stream function as

∂ψ (1)
u(1) = , (2.105)
∂y
∂ψ (1)
v (1) = − , (2.106)
∂x
which identically satisfy continuity equation (2.102) and eqs. (2.103-2.104) reduced to
∂p(1) ∂
= µ ∇2ψ (1), (2.107)
∂x ∂y
∂p(1) ∂
= −µ ∇2ψ (1). (2.108)
∂y ∂x
From eqs. (2.107-2.108), we obtain
∇4ψ = 0, (2.109)
along with boundary conditions
∂ψ (1)
= 0, at y = ±h (2.110)
∂y
2 (1)
∂ ψ
= 0, at y=0 (2.111)
∂y 2
∂ψ (1)
= 0, at y=0 (2.112)
∂x
∂ψ (1)
= −vw , at y = ±h (2.113)
∂x
Z h (1)
∂ψ
2 dy = Q, at x=0 (2.114)
0 ∂y
also at central line i.e.,
ψ (1) = 0, at x=0 (2.115)
Let
ψ (1)(x, y) = Vw xf(y) + g(y), (2.116)
∇4ψ (1)(x, y) = Vw xf iv (y) + g iv (y). (2.117)
Comparing eq.(2.109) and eq.(2.117), we obtain

Vw xf iv (y) + g iv (y) = 0, (2.118)

22
 either f iv (y) = 0, (2.119)
or g iv (y) = 0. (2.120)
Transforming boundary conditions according to eq. (2.118), we obtain

f(0) = f 0 (h) = f 00 (0) = 0, (2.121)

f(h) = −1, (2.122)
g(0) = g 0 (h) = g 00(0) = 0, (2.123)
Q
g(h) = . (2.124)
2
Solving eq. (2.119) subject to the boundary conditions (2.121-2.122), we get

1 y3 3y
f(y) = 3
− . (2.125)
2h 2h
Solving eq. (2.120) subject to the boundary conditions (2.123-2.124), we obtain

Qy 3 3Qy
g(y) = − + . (2.126)
4h3 4h
So
Q 1 y3
  
(1) 3y
ψ (x, y) = Vw x − −
2 2 h3 2h
 
Q
= Vw x − H(y), (2.127)
2
implies
 
(1) Q 0
u (x, y) = Vw x − H (y),
2
Q 3 y2
  
3
= Vw x − − (2.128)
2 2 h3 2h

v (1)(x, y) = −Vw H(y),

 3 
1y 3y
= −Vw − (2.129)
2 h3 2h
where
1 y3
 
3y
H(y) = − , (2.130)
2 h3 2h
 2 
0 3y 3
H (y) = − . (2.131)
2 h3 2h

23
Using eq. (2.128) in (2.103) and eq. (2.129) in eq. (2.104), yields

∂p(1)
 
Q
= µ Vw x − H 000(y). (2.132)
∂x 2
∂p(1)
= −µVw H 00(y). (2.133)
∂y
Integrating eq. (2.133) w.r.t y, we get

p(1) (x, y) = −µVw H 0 (y) + B(x), (2.134)

where B(x) is integration constant, now by differentiating eq. (2.134) w.r.t x, we obtain

∂p(1)
= B 0(x). (2.135)
∂x
Comparing eqs. (2.132) and (2.135), we get
 
0 Q
B (x) = µ Vw x − H 000(y). (2.136)
2
Now integrating w.r.t x, implies
Vw x2 Qx
 
B(x) = µ − H 000(y) + b, (2.137)
2 2

where b s the constant of integration need to be determined. Substituting value of B(x)

from eq. (2.137) in eq. (2.134), we get

Vw x2 Qx 000
 
(1) 0
p (x, y) = −µVw H (y) + µ − H (y) + b,
2 2
 2
3µ Vw x2 Qx
  
3y 3
= −µVw − + 3 − + b. (2.138)
2 h3 2h h 2 2
(1)
Let the pressure at the entrance of the channel at (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain

3µVw 3µ Vw x2 Qx
 
(1)
b = p0 − − 3 − . (2.139)
2h h 2 2
Finally we get
3 y2
 
(1) (1)
p (x, y) = p0 − µVw . (2.140)
2 h3

24
2.2.2.5 Solution to 2nd Order system of Equations

Now we calculate 2nd order velocity and pressure field as

V(2)(x, y) = [u(2)(x, y), v (2)(x, y)], (2.141)

following the same procedure given in previous section, we obtain

∂u(2) ∂u(2) ∂v (2)

 
 2 ∂x ∂y
+
∂x 
(2)
 
A1 =   .
 (2.142)
 ∂u(2) ∂v (2) ∂v (2) 
+ 2
∂y ∂x ∂y

From eq. (2.86), we have

∂u(2) ∂v (2)
+ = 0. (2.143)
∂x ∂y
Using eq. (2.142), the component form of eq. (2.87) can be written as
(1) (1)
∂p(2)
 
(1) ∂u (1) ∂u
ρ u +v =− + µ∇2 u(2), (2.144)
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂u(1) ∂u(1) ∂p(2)
 
ρ u(1) + v (1) =− + µ∇2 v (2). (2.145)
∂x ∂y ∂y
Defining stream function as

∂ψ (2)
u(2)(x, y) = , (2.146)
∂y
∂ψ (2)
v (2)(x, y) = − , (2.147)
∂x
which identically satisfy continuity equation (2.143) and eqs. (2.144-2.145) reduced to

∂p(2)
  
∂ 2 (2) Q 02 00
− + µ ∇ ψ = ρVw Vw x − H (y) − H(y)H (y) , (2.148)
∂x ∂y 2

∂p(2) ∂
− − µ ∇2ψ (2) = ρVw2 H(y)H 0(y). (2.149)
∂y ∂x

25
From eqs. (2.148-2.149), we obtain
  
4 (2) ρVw Q 0 00 000
∇ψ = Vw x − H (y)H (y) − H(y)H (y) ,
µ 2
Q 3y 3
  
ρVw
= Vw x − , (2.150)
µ 2 h6
let
 
(2)ρVw Q
ψ = Vw x − N(y), (2.151)
µ 2
 
4 (2) ρVw Q
∇ψ = Vw x − N iv (y). (2.152)
µ 2
Comparing eq. (2.150) and eq (2.152), we get

3y 3
N iv (y) = . (2.153)
h6
Transforming the boundary conditions according to eq. (2.151), we get

N(h) = N(0) = N 0 (h) = N 00(0) = 0. (2.154)

Solving eq. (2.153) subject to the boundary conditions (2.154), we get

 7  3  
h y y y
N(y) = −3 +2 , (2.155)
280 h h h
  6  2 
0 1 y y
N (y) = 7 −9 +2 , (2.156)
280 h h
implies
 
(2) ρVw Q
u (x, y) = Vw x − N 0 (y),
µ 2
   6  2 
ρVw Q y y
= Vw x − 7 −9 +2 , (2.157)
280µ 2 h h
ρV 2
v (2)(x, y) = − w N(y),
µ
 7  3
ρVw2 h y
 
y y
= − −3 +2 . (2.158)
280µ h h h

26
Using eqs. (2.128), (2.129) and (2.157) in eq. (2.144), we obtain

∂p(2)
  
Q 000 02 00
= ρVw Vw x − N (y) − H (y) + H(y)H (y) . (2.159)
∂x 2
Using eqs. (2.128), (2.129) and (2.158) in eq. (2.145), we obtain

∂p(2)
= −ρVw2 N 00(y) − ρVw2 H(y)H 0(y). (2.160)
∂y
Integrating eq. (2.160) w.r.t y, we obtain
ρVw2 2
p(2) (x, y) = −ρVw2 N 0 (y) − H (y) + C(x), (2.161)
2
where C(x) is constant of integration. Differentiating eq. (2.161) w.r.t x, we have

∂p(2)
= C 0(x). (2.162)
∂x
Comparing eq. (2.159) and eq. (2.162), we obtain
  
0 Q 000 02 00
C (x) = ρVw Vw x − N (y) − H (y) + H(y)H (y) . (2.163)
2
Integrating above equation w.r.t x, yields
Vw x2 Qx
  
000 02 00
C(x) = ρVw − N (y) − H (y) + H(y)H (y) + c, (2.164)
2 2
where is c is constant of integration, need to be determined. Substituting value of C(x)
from (2.164) in eq. (2.161), we get
ρVw2 2 Vw x2 Qx
 
(2) 2 0
p (x, y) = −ρVw N (y) − H (y) + ρVw − N 000(y) − H 02(y)
2 2 2

+ H(y)H 00 (y) + c,
  6  2  3  2
ρVw2 ρVw2

y y y y
= − 7 −9 +2 − −3
280 h h 8 h h
4 2
ρVw Vw x2 Qx
     
y y 81
− 2
− − 3 + + c. (2.165)
h 2 2 h h 35
(2)
Let p(2) (x, y) = p0 at (x, y) = (0, 0), then
(2) ρVw2
c = p0 + . (2.166)
140

27
Finally we obtain
  6  2   3  2
(2) ρVw2 y
(2) y ρVw2 y y
p (x, y) = − 7
p0 −9 − −3
280 h h 8 h h
 2
 4  2 
ρVw Vw x Qx y y 81
− 2
− −3 + .
h 2 2 h h 35
(2.167)

2.2.2.6 Solution to 3rd Order System of Equation

Now we calculate 3rd order velocity and pressure field as

V(3) = [u(3)(x, y), v (3)(x, y)], (2.168)

following the same procedure given in previous section, we obtain

∂u(3) ∂u(3) ∂v (3)

 
 2 ∂x ∂y
+
∂x 
(3)
 
A1 =  
.
 (2.169)
 ∂u (3) (3) (3)
∂v ∂v 
+ 2
∂y ∂x ∂y
From eq. (2.92), we have

∂u(3) ∂v (3)
+ = 0. (2.170)
∂x ∂y
Using eq. (2.169), the component form eq. (2.93) can be written as

(2) (2) (1) (1)

∂p(3)
 
(1) ∂u (1) ∂u (2) ∂u (2) ∂u
ρ u +v +u +v =− + µ∇2u(3), (2.171)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x

(2) (2) (1) (1)

∂p(3)
 
(1) ∂v (1) ∂v (2) ∂v (2) ∂v
ρ u +v +u +v =− + µ∇2 v (3). (2.172)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y
Defining stream function ψ (3) as

(3) ∂ψ (3)
u = , (2.173)
∂y

(3) ∂ψ (3)
v =− , (2.174)
∂x

28
which identically satisfy continuity equation (2.170) and eqs. (2.171-2.172) reduced to

∂p(3) ρVw2
  
∂ 2 (3) Q 0 0 00 00
− +µ ∇ ψ = Vw x − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) ,
∂x ∂y µ 2
(2.175)
(3) 3
 0
∂p ∂ ρVw
− − µ ∇2 ψ (3) = H(y)N(y) . (2.176)
∂y ∂x µ
From eqs. (2.175-2.176), we obtain
0
ρ2 Vw2
 
4 (3) Q 0 0 00 00
∇ψ = Vw x − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) , (2.177)
µ2 2
let,

ρ2 Vw2
 
(3) Q
ψ = Vw x − M(y), (2.178)
µ2 2

ρ2 Vw2
 
4 (3) Q
∇ψ = Vw x − M iv (y). (2.179)
µ2 2
Comparing eq. (2.177) and eq.(2.179), we obtain
 0
iv 0 0 00 00
M (y) = 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) ,

3y 7 9y 5 9y 3
= − + − . (2.180)
35h9 10h7 70h5
Transforming the boundary condition according to eq. (2.178), we have

M(h) = M(0) = M 0 (h) = M 00 (0) = 0. (2.181)

Solving eq. (2.180) subject to boundary conditions (2.181), we get
 11  9  7  3
h2
  
1 y 1 y 3 y 1049 y 611 y
M(y) = − + − + − ,
560 165 h 6 h 35 h 2310 h 1155 h
(2.182)
  10  8  6  2 
h 1 y 3 y 3 y 1049 y 611
M 0 (y) = − + − + − .
560 15 h 2 h 5 h 770 h 1155
(2.183)

29
So
ρ2 Vw2
 
(3) Q
u = Vw x − M 0 (y),
µ2 2
 10  8  6  2
ρ2 Vw2 h
  
Q 1 y 3 y 3 y 1049 y 611
= Vw x − − + − + − ,
560µ2 2 15 h 2 h 5 h 770 h 1155
(2.184)
2 3
ρV
v (3) = − 2w M(y),
µ
2 3 2
  11  9  7  3  
ρ Vw h 1 y 1 y 3 y 1049 y 611 y
= − − + − + − .
560µ2 165 h 6 h 35 h 2310 h 1155 h
(2.185)

Using eqs. (2.128-2.129), (2.157-2.158) and (2.184-2.185) in eqs. (2.171-2.172), yields

∂p(3) ρ2 Vw2
  
Q 000 0 0 00 00
= Vw x − M (y) − 2H (y)N (y) + H(y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) ,
∂x µ 2
(2.186)
0
∂p(3) ρ2 Vw3
  
= − H(y)N(y) + M 00(y) . (2.187)
∂y µ
Integrating eq. (2.187) w.r.t y, we get

ρ2 Vw3
 
(3) 0
p (x, y) = − H(y)N(y) + M (y) + D(x), (2.188)
µ

where D(x) is constant of integration. Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

∂p(3)
= D0 (x). (2.189)
∂x
Comparing eq. (2.186) and eq. (2.189), we have

ρ2 Vw2
  
0 Q 000 0 0 00 00
D (x) = Vw x − M (y) − 2H (y)N (y) + H(y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) . (2.190)
µ 2

Integrating eq. (2.190) w.r.t x, we get

ρ2 Vw2 Vw x2 Qx
  
000 0 0 00 00
D(x) = − M (y)−2H (y)N (y)+H(y)N (y)+H (y)N(y) +d, (2.191)
µ 2 2

30
where d is constant of integration. Substituting value of D(x) from eq. (2.191) in eq.
(2.188), we get
ρ2Vw3 ρ2 Vw2 Vw x2 Qx
   
(3) 0
p (x, y) = − H(y)N(y) + M (y) + − M 000(y) − 2H 0 (y)N 0(y)
µ µ 2 2

00 00
+ H(y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) + d,
  10  8  6  4  2
ρ2Vw3h 14 y 3 y 18 y y 1049 y
= − − − + 11 +
560µ 15 h 2 h 5 h h 770 h
   2 2
 2
  8 
y 611 ρ Vw Vw x Qx 3 y 26459
− 6 − + − + + d.
h 1155 hµ 2 2 140 h 215600
(2.192)
(3)
Taking p(3)(x, y) = p0 at (0,0), we obtain
ρ2 Vw3h 611
 
(3)
d = p0 − . (2.193)
560µ 1155
Finally we get
  10  8  6  4  2
(3) ρ2 Vw3h 14 y
(3) 3 y 18 y y 1049 y
p (x, y) = − p0 − − + 11 +
560µ 15 h 2 h 5 h h 770 h
8
ρ2 Vw2 Vw x2 Qx
      
y 3 y 26459
− 6 + − + .
h hµ 2 2 140 h 215600
(2.194)
Using eqs. (2.128, 2.157, 2.184) in eq. (2.72) the u component of velocity field is given as
  2   6  2
2ρVw h 1 y
  
Vw x Q 3 y 9 y 1
u(x, y) = − −1 + − +
h 2h 2 h µ 40 h 280 h 140
10 8 6 2
3 ρ2 Vw2 h2
         
1 y 3 y 3 y 1049 y 611
+ − + − + −
µ2 560 15 h 2 h 5 h 770 h 1155
+ ··· . (2.195)
Using eqs. (2.129, 2.158, 2.185) in eq. (2.73) the v component of velocity field is given as
 3   2
 7  3  
Vw y 3 y 2 ρVw h y y y
v(x, y) = − − − −3 +2
2 h 2 h µ 280 h h h
2 3 2
   11  6   7   3
3 ρ Vw h 1 y 1 y 3 y 1049 y
−  − + − +
µ2 560 165 h 6 h 35 h 2310 h
 
611 y
− + ··· .
1155 h
(2.196)

31
Similarly substituting eqs. (2.140, 2.167, 2.194) in eq. (2.56), we obtain pressure field as
 2    6  2 
ρVw2
 
(1) 3y 2 (2) y y
p(x, y) = C +  p0 − µVw 3
+  p0 − 7 −9
2h 280 h h
2
 3  2  2
 4  2 
ρVw y y ρVw Vw x Qx y y 81
− −3 − 2 − −3 +
8 h h h 2 2 h h 35
 2 3
  10  8  6  4  2
3 (3) ρ Vw h 14 y 3 y 18 y y 1049 y
+  p0 − − − + 11 +
560µ 15 h 2 h 5 h h 770 h
8
ρ2 Vw2 Vw x2 Qx
      
y 3 y 26459
− 6 + − + , (2.197)
h hµ 2 2 140 h 215600
say
(1) (2) (3)
p0 = C + p0 + 2p0 + 3p0 . (2.198)
Implies
  6  2 
3 y2 ρVw2
   
2 y y
p(x, y) = p0 +  − µVw 3
+ − 7 −9
2h 280 h h
3 2 4  2
ρVw2 ρVw Vw x2 Qx
       
y y y y 81
− −3 − 2 − −3 +
8 h h h 2 2 h h 35
 2 3
  10  8  6  4  2
3 ρ Vw h 14 y 3 y 18 y y 1049 y
+  − − − + 11 +
560µ 15 h 2 h 5 h h 770 h
  2 2
 2
  8 
y ρ Vw Vw x Qx 3 y 26459
− 6 + − + ,
h hµ 2 2 140 h 215600
(2.199)
Substituting values of Vw and Q in eqs. (2.195-2.196) and (2.199), we get
   2    6  2 
vw x Q 3 y ρvw h 1 y 9 y 1
u(x, y) = − −1 + − +
h 2h 2 h µ 40 h 280 h 140
10 8 6 2
ρ2vw2 h2
         
1 y 3 y 3 y 1049 y 611
+ − + − + −
µ2 560 15 h 2 h 5 h 770 h 1155
+ ··· ,
(2.200)
 3   2
 7  3  
vw y y ρv h y y y
v(x, y) = − −3 − w −3 +2
2 h h µ 280 h h h
2 3 2
  11  6  7  3  
ρ vw h 1 y 1 y 3 y 1049 y 611 y
+ − + − +
560µ2 165 h 6 h 35 h 2310 h 1155 h
+ ··· ,
(2.201)

32
   6  2   3  2
3 y2 ρvw2 ρvw2
 
y y y y
p(x, y) = p0 − µvw − 7 − 9 − − 3
2 h3 280 h h 8 h h
 2
 4  2  2 3
  10  8
ρvw vw x Q̄x y y 81 ρ vw h 14 y 3 y
− − −3 + − −
h2 2 2 h h 35 560µ 15 h 2 h
 6  4  2  8
ρ2 vw2 vw x2 Q̄x
   
18 y y 1049 y y 3 y
− + 11 + −6 + −
5 h h 770 h h hµ 2 2 140 h

26459
+ + ··· . (2.202)
215600

33
2.3 Result and Discussion

For u(0) = 0.5, vw = 0.5, h = 2, x = 0.5, R = 1, Q = 2, ρ = 0.5, µ = 0.5.

Figure 2.2: u component of velocity

This figure shows the u component of the velocity profile, in which P M is the graph
of solution obtained by perturbation techniques and RA is the graph of solution obtained
by recursive approach. We can observe that the graphs using P M and RA coincide to
each other.

34
 For ū(0) = 1, vw = 0.5, h = 2, x = 2, R = 1, Q = 2, ρ = 0.5, µ = 0.5.

Figure 2.3: v component of velocity

This figure shows the v component of the velocity profile, in which P M is the graph
of solution obtained by perturbation technique and RA is the graph of solution obtained
by recursive approach. The graphs of v component of the velocity profile coincide for P M
and RA.

35
 For p0 = 0.5, ū(0) = 0.5, vw = 0.5, h = 2, x = 0.1, ρ = 0.5, µ = 0.5, R = 1, Q = 2.

Figure 2.4: Pressure Profile

This figure shows the pressure profile of the problem, in which P M is the graph of
solution obtained by perturbation technique and RA is the graph of solution obtained by
recursive approach. There is minor difference between the results obtained by RA and
the results obtained by P M as they both are much more closer to the assumed boundary
conditions.

36
 Chapter 3

Solutions of Two Dimensional

Jeffrey Fluid Flow Model through

Two Parallel Porous Plates using

Analytical Techniques

37
This study is the extension of the previous chapter. The same problem was discussed
for Newtonian fluid. Now we apply Jeffrey fluid model instead of Newtonian fluid on the
same problem. The perturbation method and recursive approach has also been used in
this problem. And the results are compared afterwards.

3.1 Problem Formulation

Consider steady, laminar flow of incompressible Jeffrey model fluid through the porous
channel of rectangular cross section. The geometry and boundary conditions are same as
in chapter 2.

Figure 3.1: Geometry of the Problem

For Jeffrey model fluid continuity equation (1.4) and momentum equation (1.24-1.26)
using δ = hy transformed to

∂u 1 ∂v
+ = 0, (3.1)
∂x h ∂δ

38
and eqs. (1.24-1.26) can be written as
   
∂u v ∂u ∂p µ ¯ u + λ2 u ∂ + v ∂ )∇
2 ¯ 2u
ρ u + =− + ∇
∂x h ∂δ ∂x 1 + λ1 ∂x h ∂δ
∂u ∂ 2u 1 ∂v ∂ 2u
  
1 ∂u ∂ 1 ∂u ∂v 1 ∂v ∂ 1 ∂u ∂v
+ ( + + 2 + + +
h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂δ h ∂δ ∂x ∂x ∂x2 h ∂x ∂x∂δ
u ∂ 3v v ∂ 3u

+ + ,
h ∂x2∂y h2 ∂x∂δ 2
(3.2)

    
∂v v ∂v 1 ∂p µ 2
¯ v + λ2 u ∂ v ∂ ¯ 2u
ρ u + =− + ∇ + ∇
∂x h ∂δ h ∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x h ∂δ
1 ∂v ∂ 2v 1 ∂u ∂ 2v
   
∂u ∂ 1 ∂u ∂v 1 ∂v ∂ 1 ∂u ∂v
+ + + + + 3 +
∂x ∂x h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂δ 2 h2 ∂δ ∂x∂δ
u ∂ 3u v ∂ 3u

+ + .
h ∂x2∂δ h2 ∂x∂δ 2
(3.3)

where
2 2
¯2 = ∂ + 1 ∂ .
∇ (3.4)
∂x2 h2 ∂δ 2
Let
 
ψ(x, δ) = hū(0) − vw x f(δ), (3.5)

here f(δ) is some function of parameter δ, need to be determined. Using eq. (3.5) in eqs.
(2.15-2.16), we obtain
 
vw x 0
u(x, δ) = ū(0) − f (δ), (3.6)
h

v(x, δ) = vw f(δ). (3.7)

Substituting eqs. (3.6-3.7) in eqs. (3.2-3.3), we obtain
    
ρvw vw x 00 02 ∂p µ vw x
ū(0) − f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) = − + ū(0) − f 000(δ)
h h ∂x h2 (1 + λ1 ) h
 
λ2 vw iv 002
+ f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) , (3.8)
h

39
 ρvw2
  
0 1 ∂p µvw 00 λ2 vw 0 00 000
f(δ)f (δ) = − + f (δ) + 3f (δ)f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) .
h h ∂δ h2 (1 + λ1 ) h
(3.9)
Differentiating eq. (3.8) w.r.t δ and eq. (3.9) w.r.t x, yields
0
∂ 2p
   
ρvw vw x µ vw x
ū(0) − 00 02
f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) = − + ū(0) − {f iv (δ)
h h ∂x∂δ h2 (1 + λ1 ) h
 0 
λ2 vw iv 002
+ f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) , (3.10)
h
1 ∂ 2p
− = 0. (3.11)
h ∂x∂δ
Substituting eq. (3.11) in eq. (3.10) and simplifying, we get
   
ρvw (1 + λ1 )h iv λ2 vw 0
000 0 00
f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ)f (δ) = f (δ) + f (δ)f iv (δ) + f(δ)f v (δ)
µ h

− 2f 00 (δ)f 000(δ) .

(3.12)
Defining
ρvw (1 + λ1 )h
R= , (3.13)
µ
and
λ2 vw
k= , (3.14)
h
we get
R f(δ)f 000(δ) − f 0(δ)f 00(δ) = f iv (δ) + k f 0 (δ)f iv (δ) + f(δ)f v (δ) − 2f 00(δ)f 000(δ) . (3.15)
   

Let
kR k
k= = Rk̄, where k̄ = , (3.16)
R R
then
R f(δ)f 000(δ) − f 0 (δ)f 00(δ) = f iv (δ) + Rk̄ f 0 (δ)f iv (δ) + f(δ)f v (δ) − 2f 00 (δ)f 000(δ) .
   

(3.17)
Boundary conditions (2.10-2.13) with the help of eqs. (3.6-3.7) are transformed to

f(0) = f 0 (1) = f 00(0) = 0, (3.18)

f(1) = 1. (3.19)

40
3.2 Solution of the Problem

3.2.1 Case 1: Perturbation Technique

To apply perturbation method, we define series for f(δ) as

f(δ) = f0 (δ) + Rf1 (δ) + R2 f2(δ) + · · · + Rn fn (δ) + · · · . (3.20)

Substituting eq. (3.20) in eq. (3.17) and collecting equal powers of R leads to the following
set of equations:
O(R0 ) :

f0iv = 0, (3.21)

O(R1 ) :

f0 f0000 − f00 f000 = f1iv + k̄[f00 f0iv + f0 f0v − 2f000 f0000], (3.22)

O(R2 ) :

f0 f1000 + f1 f0000 − f00 f100 − f10 f000 = f2iv + k̄[f00 f1iv + f10 f0iv + f0 f1v + f1 f0v − 2f000 f1000 − 2f100 f0000].
(3.23)

Transforming boundary conditions according to eq. (3.20), we have

fn (0) = fn0 (1) = fn00 (0) = 0, n ≥ 0, (3.24)

f0 (1) = 1, (3.25)
fn (1) = 0, n ≥ 1. (3.26)

Solving eq. (3.21) subject to boundary conditions (3.24) for n = 0 and (3.25), we get
1 3
f0 = − δ 3 + δ. (3.27)
2 2
Solving eq. (3.22) subject to boundary conditions (3.24) and (3.26) for n = 1, we get
   
1 7 3 3k̄ 5 3
f1 = − δ + 3δ − 2δ + δ − 6δ + δ . (3.28)
280 20

41
Solving eq. (3.23) subject to boundary conditions (3.24) and (3.26) for n = 2, we get

1 11 1 9 3 7 73 3 4553 1 9 33 7
f2 = δ − δ + δ + δ + δ + k̄ δ − δ
92400 3360 19600 107800 123600 560 1400
  
9 5 71 3 99 2 3 7 9 5 9 3 3
+ δ + δ − δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ − δ . (3.29)
1400 1400 2800 70 100 175 700
The perturbation solution for f(δ), after substituting eqs. (3.27-3.28) in series (3.20)
becomes
  
1 3 3 1 7 3

3k̄ 5 3 2 1
δ 11


f(δ) = − δ + δ + R − δ + 3δ − 2δ + δ − 6δ + δ + R
2 2 280 20 92400

1 9 3 73 4553 1 9 33 7 9 5
− δ + δ7 + δ3 + δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ
3360 19600 107800 123600 560 1400 1400
  
71 3 99 2 3 7 9 5 9 3 3
+ δ − δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ − δ + ··· . (3.30)
1400 2800 70 100 175 700
Differentiating eq. (3.30) w.r.t δ, we get
  
0 3 2 3 1 6 2

3k̄ 4 2

2 1 10
f (δ) = − δ + + R − 7δ + 9δ − 2 + 5δ − 18δ + 1 + R δ
2 2 280 20 8400

3 8 3 6 219 2 4553 9 8 33 6 9 4
− δ + δ + δ + + k̄ δ − δ + δ
1120 2800 107800 123600 560 200 280
  
213 2 99 2 3 6 9 4 27 2 3
+ δ − + k̄ δ − δ + δ − + ··· . (3.31)
1400 2800 10 20 175 700
Using eq. (3.31) in eq. (3.6) and eq. (3.30) in eq. (3.7), we obtain

   
vw x 3 2 3 1 6 2

3k̄ 4 2


u(x, δ) = ū(0) − − δ + +R − 7δ + 9δ − 2 + 5δ − 18δ + 1
h 2 2 280 20
 
2 1 10 3 8 3 6 219 2 4553 9 8 33 6
+ R δ − δ + δ + δ + + k̄ δ − δ
8400 1120 2800 107800 123600 560 200
   
9 4 213 2 99 2 3 6 9 4 27 2 3
+ δ + δ − + k̄ δ − δ + δ − + ··· , (3.32)
280 1400 2800 10 20 175 700
   
1 3 3 1 7 3

3k̄ 5 3 2 1
δ 11


v(x, δ) = vw − δ + δ + R − δ + 3δ − 2δ + δ − 6δ + δ + R
2 2 280 20 92400

1 9 3 73 4553 1 9 33 7 9 5
− δ + δ7 + δ3 + δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ
3360 19600 107800 123600 560 1400 1400
   
71 3 99 2 3 7 9 5 9 3 3
+ δ − δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ − δ + ··· .
1400 2800 70 100 175 700
(3.33)

42
From eqs. (3.8-3.9), we have
   
∂p µ vw x 000 λ2 vw iv 002
= ū(0) − f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ)
∂x h2 (1 + λ1 ) h h
  
ρvw vw x
− ū(0) − f(δ)f 00 (δ) − f 02 (δ) , (3.34)
h h
  
∂p µvw λ2 vw
= 00
f (δ) + 3f (δ)f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) − ρvw2 f(δ)f 0 (δ).
0 00 000
∂δ h(1 + λ1 ) h
(3.35)

Integrating eq. (3.35) w.r.t δ, yields

ρv 2
  
µvw λ2 vw
p= 0
f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) + f (δ) − w f 2 (δ) + A(x),
00 02
(3.36)
h(1 + λ1 ) h 2
where A(x) is constant of integration. Differentiating eq. (3.36) w.r.t x, we get
∂p
= A0(x). (3.37)
∂x
Comparing eq. (3.24) and eq. (3.37), we obtain
   
0 µ vw x 000 λ2 vw iv 002
A (x) = ū(0) − f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ)
h2(1 + λ1 ) h h
  
ρvw vw x 00 02
− ū(0) − f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) . (3.38)
h h
Now integrating w.r.t x, implies
v w x2
   
µ 000 λ2 vw iv 002
A(x) = ū(0)x − f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ)
h2 (1 + λ1 ) 2h h
v w x2
  
ρvw 00 02
− ū(0)x − f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) + a, (3.39)
h 2h
where a is the integration constant, need to be determined. Substituting value of A(x)
from eq. (3.39) in eq. (3.36), we obtain
ρv 2
  
µvw λ2 vw
p = 0
f (δ) + 00
f(δ)f (δ) + f (δ)02
− w f 2 (δ)
h(1 + λ1 ) h 2
2
   
µ vw x 000 λ2 vw iv 002
+ ū(0)x − f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ)
h2 (1 + λ1 ) 2h h
v w x2
  
ρvw 00 02
− ū(0)x − f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) + a. (3.40)
h 2h

43
Let the pressure at the entrance of the channel at (x, y) = (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain
ρvw2 2
  
µvw 0 λ2 vw 00 02
a = p0 − f (0) + f(0)f (0) + f (0) + f (0). (3.41)
h(1 + λ1 ) h 2
Finally we get
 
µvw 0 0 λ2 vw
p(x, δ) = p0 + f (δ) − f (0) + f(δ)f 00 (δ) + f 02 (δ) − f(0)f 00 (0)
h(1 + λ1 ) h
ρvw2 2 v w x2
    
02 2 µ
− f (0) − f (δ) − f (0) + 2 ū(0)x − f 000(δ)
2 h (1 + λ1 ) 2h
v w x2
    
λ2 vw iv 002 ρvw 00 02
+ f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) − ū(0)x − f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) .
h h 2h
(3.42)

3.2.2 Case 2: Recursive Approach

For momentum equation of Jeffrey fluid, we also required following terms:
Using eqs. (2.55) and (2.68), we have
 
(1) (2) (3)
V +  V +  V + · · · .∇ A1 + 2A1 + 3A1 + · · · ,
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3)



(V.∇)A1 =
(1) (2) (1)
= 2(V(1).∇)A1 + 3(V(1) .∇)A1 + 3 (V(2).∇)A1 + · · · ,
(1) (2) (1)
= 2(V(1).∇)A1 + 3[(V(1).∇)A1 + (V(2).∇)A1 ] + · · · . (3.43)

Substituting eqs. (2.68) and (3.43) in eq. (1.19), yields

  
µ (1) 2 µ (2) (1) (1) 3 µ (3)
S =  A1 +  A1 + λ2 (V .∇)A1 +  A1
1 + λ1 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
 
(2) (1)
+ λ2 V(1).∇)A1 + (V(2) .∇)A1 + ··· . (3.44)

Using eqs. (2.56) and (3.44) in eq. (1.9), we obtain

    
(1) µ (1) 2 (2) µ (2) (1) (1)
τ = −C +  − p I + A + −p I+ A1 + λ2 (V .∇)A1
1 + λ1 1 1 + λ1
  
3 (3) 3 µ (3) (1) (2) (2) (1)
+  −p I+ A1 + λ2 ((V .∇)A1 + (V .∇)A1 ) + · · · . (3.45)
1 + λ1

44
Using eqs. (2.61) and (3.45) in eq. (1.8), we get momentum equation as

 2 (1) (1) 3
 (1) (2) (2) (1)
+ · · · =  − ∇p(1)I
 
ρ  (V .∇)V +  (V .∇)V + (V .∇)V
   
µ (1) 2 (2) µ (2) (1) (1)
+ ∇.A1 +  − ∇p I + ∇.A1 + λ2 ∇.(V .∇)A1
1 + λ1 1 + λ1
  
3 (3) µ (3) (1) (2) (2) (1)
+ − ∇p I + ∇.A1 + λ2 (∇.(V .∇)A1 + ∇.(V .∇)A1 ) + · · · .
1 + λ1
(3.46)

Equating equal powers of , we get following systems of equations

3.2.2.1 System of 1st Order Equations:

∇.V(1) = 0, (3.47)
µ (1)
−∇p(1) + ∇.A1 = 0. (3.48)
1 + λ1
Subject to:

u(1)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.49)
∂u(1)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (3.50)
∂y
(1)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (3.51)
v (1)(x, y) = vw , at y = ±h (3.52)
Z h
2 u(1)(x, y)dy = Q, at x=0 (3.53)
0

3.2.2.2 System of 2nd Order Equations:

∇.V(2) = 0, (3.54)
 
(1) (1) µ
(2) (2) (1) (1)
ρ(V .∇)V = −∇p I + ∇.A1 + λ2 ∇.(V .∇)A1 . (3.55)
1 + λ1

45
Subject to:

u(2)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.56)
∂u(2)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (3.57)
∂y
(2)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (3.58)
v (2)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.59)

3.2.2.3 System of 3rd Order Equations:

∇.V(3) = 0, (3.60)
 
µ (3) (2)
ρ (V(1) .∇)V(2) + (V(2).∇)V(1) = −∇p(3)I + ∇.A1 + λ2 ∇.(V(1).∇)A1
 
1 + λ1

(2) (1)
+ ∇.(V .∇)A1 .

(3.61)

Subject to:

u(3)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.62)
∂u(3)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (3.63)
∂y
(3)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (3.64)
v (3)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.65)

3.2.2.4 Solution to 1st Order System of Equations

Now we calculate the 1st order velocity and pressure field as:
From eq. (3.47), we have

∂u(1) ∂v (1)
+ = 0. (3.66)
∂x ∂y

46
Using eq. (2.101), the component form of eq. (3.48) can be written as

∂p(1) µ
= ∇2u(1), (3.67)
∂x 1 + λ1
∂p(1) µ
= ∇2v (1). (3.68)
∂y 1 + λ1
Using eqs. (2.105-2.106),continuity equation (3.66) satisfied identically and eqs. (3.67-
3.68) reduced to
∂p(1) µ ∂ 2 (1)
= ∇ψ , (3.69)
∂x 1 + λ1 ∂y
∂p(1) µ ∂ 2 (1)
=− ∇ψ , (3.70)
∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x
from eq. (3.69-3.70), we obtain
∇4ψ = 0, (3.71)

along with boundary conditions

∂ψ (1)
= 0, at y = ±h (3.72)
∂y
2 (1)
∂ ψ
= 0, at y=0 (3.73)
∂y 2
∂ψ (1)
= 0, at y=0 (3.74)
∂x
∂ψ (1)
= −vw , at y = ±h (3.75)
∂x
Z h
∂ψ (1)
2 dy = Q, at x=0 (3.76)
0 ∂y
also at central line i.e.,
ψ (1) = 0, at x=0 (3.77)
Let
ψ (1)(x, y) = Vw xf(y) + g(y), (3.78)

∇4ψ (1)(x, y) = Vw xf iv (y) + g iv (y). (3.79)

Comparing eq.(3.71) and eq.(3.79), yields

Vw xf iv (y) + g iv (y) = 0, (3.80)

47
 either
f iv (y) = 0, (3.81)
or
g iv (y) = 0. (3.82)
Boundary conditions (3.72-3.77) transformed according to eq. (3.78) as
f(0) = f 0 (h) = f 00 (0) = 0, (3.83)
f(h) = −1, (3.84)
g(0) = g 0 (h) = g 00(0) = 0, (3.85)
Q
g(h) = . (3.86)
2
Solving eq. (3.81) subject to the boundary conditions (3.83-3.84), we get

1 y3 3y
f(y) = 3
− . (3.87)
2h 2h
Solving eq. (3.82) subject to the boundary conditions (3.85-3.86), we get

Qy 3 3Qy
g(y) = − + . (3.88)
4wh3 4wh
Using eqs. (3.87-3.88) in eq. (3.78), implies
Q 1 y3
  
(1) 3y
ψ (x, y) = Vw x − − ,
2 2 h3 2h
 
Q
= Vw x − H(y), (3.89)
2
where
 3  
1 y y
H(y) = −3 , (3.90)
2 h h
 2 
0 3 y
H (y) = −1 . (3.91)
2h h
Implies,
 
(1) Q 0
u (x, y) = Vw x − H (y),
2
  2 
3 Q y
= Vw x − −1 , (3.92)
2h 2 h
v (1)(x, y) = −Vw H(y),
 3  
−Vw y y
= −3 . (3.93)
2 h h

48
Using eq. (3.92) in eq. (3.67) and eq. (3.93) in eq. (3.68), yields

∂p(1)
 
µ Q
= Vw x − H 000(y), (3.94)
∂x 1 + λ1 2
∂p(1) µ
= − Vw H 00 (y). (3.95)
∂y 1 + λ1
Integrating eq. (3.95) w.r.t y, we get
µ
p(1) (x, y) = − Vw H 0 (y) + B(x), (3.96)
1 + λ1
where B(x) is integration constant. Now differentiating eq. (3.96) w.r.t x, we obtain

∂p(1)
= B 0(x). (3.97)
∂x
Comparing eqs. (3.94) and (3.97), we get
 
0 µ Q
B (x) = Vw x − H 000(y). (3.98)
1 + λ1 2

Integrating w.r.t x, yields

Vw x2 Qx 000
 
µ
B(x) = − H (y) + b. (3.99)
1 + λ1 2 2

where b is constant of integration, need to be determined. Substituting value of B(x)

from eq. (3.99) in eq. (3.96), we obtain
Vw x2 Qx
 
(1) µ 0 µ
p (x, y) = − Vw H (y) + − H 000(y) + b,
1 + λ1 1 + λ1 2 2
 2
Vw x2 Qx
  
3µVw y 3µ
= − −1 + 2 − + b. (3.100)
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2
(1)
Let the pressure at (x, y) = (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain

(1) 3µVw
b = p0 − . (3.101)
2h(1 + λ1 )
Finally, we get
 2
Vw x2 Qx
 
(1) (1) 3µVw y 3µ
p (x, y) = p0 − + 2 − . (3.102)
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2

49
3.2.2.5 Solution to 2nd Order System of Equations

Now we calculate 2nd order velocity and pressure field as:

From eq. (3.54), we have continuity equation as

∂u(2) ∂v (2)
+ = 0. (3.103)
∂x ∂y
Using eqs. (2.142) and (3.92-3.93), the component form of eq. (3.55) can be written as

∂p(2)
    
µ 2 (2) Q 02 00 µλ2
− + ∇u = Vx Vw x − ρ H (y) − H(y)H (y) − H 002 (y)
∂x 1 + λ1 2 1 + λ1

iv
− H(y)H (y) ,

(3.104)
(2)
  
∂p µ µλ2
− + ∇2 v (2) 2 0
= Vw ρH(y)H (y) − 0 00 000
3H (y)H (y) + H(y)H (y) .
∂y 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
(3.105)

Using eqs. (2.146-2.157) continuity equation (3.103) satisfied identically and eqs. (3.104-
3.105) reduced to

∂p(2)
  
µ ∂ 2 (2) Q 02 00
− + ∇ ψ = Vx Vw x − ρ[H (y) − H(y)H (y)
∂x 1 + λ1 ∂y 2
 
µλ2 002 iv
− H (y) − H(y)H (y) , (3.106)
1 + λ1
∂p(2)
  
µ ∂ 2 (2) 2 0 µλ2 0 00 000
− − ∇ ψ = Vw ρH(y)H (y) − 3H (y)H (y) + H(y)H (y) .
∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x 1 + λ1
(3.107)

From eqs. (3.106-3.107), we obtain

   0 
4 (2) Q (1 + λ1 )ρ
∇ψ = Vw Vw x − H (y) − H(y)H (y) − λ2 H 002(y)
02 00
2 µ
0 
iv
− H(y)H (y) , (3.108)

50
 let  
(2) Q
ψ = Vw Vw x − N(y), (3.109)
2
 
4 (2) Q
∇ ψ = Vw Vw x − N iv (y). (3.110)
2
Comparing eqs. (3.108) and (3.110), we get
 0  0
iv (1 + λ1 )ρ 02 00 002 iv
N (y) = H (y) − H(y)H (y) − λ2 H (y) − H(y)H (y) ,
µ
(1 + λ1 )ρ 3y 3
   
18y
= − λ2 . (3.111)
µ h6 h6
Transforming boundary conditions (3.56-3.59) according to eq. (3.109), yields

N(0) = N(h) = N 0 (h) = N 00(0) = 0. (3.112)

Solving eq. (3.111) subject to the boundary conditions (3.112), we get
 7  3    5  3  
(1 + λ1 )ρh y y y 3λ2 y y y
N(y) = −3 +2 − −2 + ,
280µ h h h 20h h h h
(3.113)
  7  2   5  3  
(1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y y
N 0 (y) = 7 −9 +2 − −2 + ,
280µ h h 20h h h h
(3.114)

implies
 
(2) Q
u (x, y) = Vw Vw x − N 0 (y),
2
   7  2   5
(1 + λ1 )ρVw Q y y 3λ2 y
= Vw x − 7 −9 +2 −
280µ 2 h h 20h h
 3  
y y
− 2 + (3.115)
h h
v (2)(x, y) = −Vw2N(y)
 7  3  5
(1 + λ1 )ρhVw2
 
y y y 3λ2 y
= − −3 +2 −
280µ h h h 20h h
 3  
y y
− 2 + . (3.116)
h h

51
Using eq. (3.115) in eq. (3.104) and eq. (3.116) in eq. (3.105), implies

∂p(2)
    
Q µ 000 02 00 µλ2 002
= Vw Vw x − N (y) − ρ H (y) − H(y)H (y) + H (y) ,
∂x 2 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
(3.117)
(2)
  
∂p µ 2 00 2 0 µλ2 0 00 000
= V N (y) − Vw ρH(y)H (y) − 3H (y)H (y) + H(y)H (y) .
∂y 1 + λ1 w 1 + λ1
(3.118)

Integrating eq. (3.118) w.r.t y, we get

  
(2) µ 2 0 2 ρ 2 µλ2 00 02
p (x, y) = V N (y) − Vw H (y) − H(y)H (y) + H (y) + C(x),
1 + λ1 w 2 1 + λ1
(3.119)

where C(x) is constant of integration. Now differentiating eq. (3.119) w.r.t x, we obtain

∂p(2)
= C 0(x). (3.120)
∂x
Comparing eq. (3.117) and eq. (3.120), yields
    
0 Q µ 000 02 00 µλ2 002
C (x) = Vw Vw x− N (y)−ρ H (y)−H(y)H (y) + H (y) . (3.121)
2 1 + λ1 1 + λ1

Now integrating w.r.t x, implies

Vw x2 Qx
    
µ 000 02 00 µλ2 002
C(x) = Vw − N (y) − ρ H (y) − H(y)H (y) + H (y) + c,
2 2 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
(3.122)

where c is constant of integration, need to be determined. Substituting value of C(x) in

eq. (3.119), we obtain
  
(2) µ 2 0 2 ρ 2 µλ2 00 02
p = V N (y) − Vw H (y) − H(y)H (y) + H (y)
1 + λ1 w 2 1 + λ1
Vw x2 Qx
    
µ 000 02 00 µλ2 002
+ Vw − N (y) − ρ H (y) − H(y)H (y) + H (y)
2 2 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
+ c.

52
    6  2    4  2 
(2) µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
p (x, y) = V 7 −9 +2 − 5 −6 +1
1 + λ1 w 280µ h h 20h2 h h
  3  2  4  2 
2 ρ y y µλ2 15 y y 9
− Vw −3 − [ −9 +
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h2 4 h h 4
4  2
Vw x2 Qx
       
µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ Vw − 210 − 18 − [60 − 12
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
  4   2 
ρ 3 y 9 9µλ2 y
− 2
+ + 4
+ c. (3.123)
h 4 h 4 (1 + λ1 )h h
(2)
Let the pressure at (x, y) = (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain
   
(2) µ 2 2(1 + λ1 )ρ 3λ2 2 9µλ2
c = p0 − V − − Vw . (3.124)
1 + λ1 w 280µ 20h2 4(1 + λ1 )h2
Finally, we get
   6  2    4  2 
(2) (2) µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
p = p0 + Vw 7 −9 − 2
5 −6
1 + λ1 280µ h h 20h h h
  3  2  4  2 
ρ y y µλ2 15 y y
− Vw2 −3 − [ − 9
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h2 4 h h
4  2
Vw x2 Qx
       
µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ Vw − 210 − 18 − [60 − 12 .
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
(3.125)

3.2.2.6 Solution to 3rd Order System of Equations

Now we calculate 3rd order velocity and pressure field as: From eq. (3.60), we have
continuity equation as

∂u(3) ∂v (3)
+ = 0. (3.126)
∂x ∂y

Using eqs. (3.92-3.93), (3.115-3.116) and (2.169), the component form eq. (3.61) can be
written as

53
 ∂p(3)
   
µ 2 (3) 2 Q 0 0 00 00
− + ∇u = Vw Vw x − ρ 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y)
∂x 1 + λ1 2
 
µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H N(y) , (3.127)
1 + λ1
0
∂p(3)
  
µ 2 (3) 3 µλ2
− + ∇v = Vw ρ H(y)N(y) − 3H 0 (y)N 00(y) + H(y)N 000(y)
∂y 1 + λ1 1 + λ1

00 0 000
+ 3H (y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) . (3.128)

Using eqs. (2.173-ref2p165) continuity equation (3.126) satisfied identically and eqs.
(3.127-3.128) reduced to

∂p(3)
  
µ ∂ 2 (3) 2 Q
− + ∇ ψ = Vw Vw x − ρ 2H 0 (y)N 0 (y) − H(y)N 00(y)
∂x 1 + λ1 ∂y 2
  
00 µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− H (y)N(y) − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) ,
1 + λ1
(3.129)
(3)
  0 
∂p µ ∂ 2 (3) µλ2
− − ∇ ψ = Vw3 ρ H(y)N(y) − 3H 0 (y)N 00(y)
∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x 1 + λ1

000 00 0 000
+ H(y)N (y) + 3H (y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) . (3.130)

From eqs. (3.129-3.130), we obtain

   0
4 (3) 2 Q ρ(1 + λ1 ) 0 0 00 00
∇ψ = Vw Vw x − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y)
2 µ
 0 
00 00 iv iv
− λ2 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H N(y) , (3.131)
let  
(3) Q
ψ = Vw2
Vw x − M(y), (3.132)
2
 
4 (3) 2 Q
∇ ψ = Vw Vw x − M iv (y). (3.133)
2

54
Comparing eqs. (3.131) and (3.133), we get
 
iv ρ(1 + λ1 ) 00 0 0 00 000 000
M (y) = H (y)N (y) + H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y)
µ
 
000 00 00 000 0 iv v
− λ2 2H (y)N (y) + 2H (y)N (y) − H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) ,
 7  5  3    5
3(1 + λ1 )2ρ2

y y y 9λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y
= 2 2
−2 + 21 −3 + 4
49
70µ h h h h 70µh h
 3   2
  3  
y y 9λ y y
− 180 +6 + 26 5 + 18 . (3.134)
h h 5h h h
Transforming boundary conditions (3.62-3.65) according to eq. (3.132), we get

M(0) = M(h) = M 0 (h) = 0, M 00 (0) = 0, (3.135)

solving eq. (3.134) subject to boundary conditions (3.135), we get
 11  9  7  3
(1 + λ1 )2 ρ2 h2
  
1 y 1 y 3 y 146 y 3331 y
M(y) = − + − − +
560µ2 165 h 6 h 35 h 385 h 2310 h
  9  7  5  3  
λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 7 y 27 y 9 y 1807 y 8891 y
+ − + + −
140µ 24 h 7 h 10 h 210 h 280 h
7 5 3
3λ22 1 y
        
9 y 267 y 937 y
+ 2
+ − + , (3.136)
20h 14 h 5 h 70 h 70 h
 10  8  6  2
(1 + λ1 )2 ρ2 h
 
0 1 y 3 y 3 y 438 y 3331
M (y) = − + − − +
560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h 385 h 2310
  8  6  4  2 
λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y 8891
+ − 27 + + −
140hµ 8 h h 2 h 70 h 280
6 4 2
3λ22 1 y
       
y 801 y 937
+ 3
+9 − + , (3.137)
20h 2 h h 70 h 70
implies
 
(3) 2 Q
u (x, y) = Vw Vw x − M 0 (y),
2
 10  8  6
Q (1 + λ1 )2 ρ2 h
  
2 1 y 3 y 3 y
= Vw Vw x − − + −
2 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
 2    8  6  4
438 y 3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y
− + + − 27 +
385 h 2310 140hµ 8 h h 2 h
 2 6 4 2
3λ22 1 y
        
1807 y 8891 y 801 y 937
+ − + +9 − + ,
70 h 280 20h3 2 h h 70 h 70
(3.138)

55
v (3)(x, y) = −Vw3 M(y),
 2 2 2
  11  9  7  3
3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 1 y 3 y 146 y
= −Vw − + − −
560µ2 165 h 6 h 35 h 385 h
    9  7  5  3
3331 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 7 y 27 y 9 y 1807 y
+ + − + +
2310 h 140µ 24 h 7 h 10 h 210 h
  2
  7  5  3  
8891 y 3λ2 1 y 9 y 267 y 937 y
− + 2
+ − + .
280 h 20h 14 h 5 h 70 h 70 h
(3.139)
Using eq. (3.138) in eq. (3.127) and eq. (3.139) in eq. (3.128), yields
∂p(3)
    
µ 2 Q 000 2 Q
= Vw Vw x − M (y) − Vw Vw x − ρ 2H 0 (y)N 0(y) − H(y)N 00 (y)
∂x 1 + λ1 2 2
  
00 µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− H (y)N(y) − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) ,
1 + λ1
(3.140)
(3)
  0 
∂p µ µλ2
= − Vw3 M 00(y) − Vw3 ρ H(y)N(y) − 3H 0 (y)N 00(y) + H(y)N 000(y)
∂y 1 + λ1 1 + λ1

00 0 000
+ 3H (y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) . (3.141)

Integrating eq. (3.141) w.r.t y, we get


(3) µ 3 0 3 µλ2
p (x, y) = − Vw M (y) − Vw ρH(y)N(y) − [2H 0 (y)N 0(y) + H(y)N 00(y)
1 + λ1 1 + λ1

00
+ H (y)N(y) + D(x), (3.142)

where D(x) is integration constant. Now differentiating eq. (3.142) w.r.t x, we obtain

∂p(3)
= D0 (x).
∂x
(3.143)
Comparing eq. (3.140) and eq. (3.143), we get
    
0 µ 2 Q 000 2 Q
D (x) = V Vw x − M (y) − Vw Vw x − ρ 2H 0 (y)N 0 (y) − H(y)N 00(y)
1 + λ1 w 2 2
  
00 µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− H (y)N(y) − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) .
1 + λ1
(3.144)

56
Now integrating w.r.t x, implies
2 2
    
µ 2 Vw x Qx 000 2 Vw x Qx
D(x) = V − M (y) − Vw − ρ 2H 0 (y)N 0 (y)
1 + λ1 w 2 2 2 2
 
µλ2
00 00
− H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) − 2H 00 (y)N 00(y) − H(y)N iv (y)
1 + λ1

− H iv (y)N(y) + d, (3.145)

where d is constant of integration. Substituting value of D(x) in eq. (3.142), we obtain

 
(3) µ 3 0 3 µλ2
p (x, y) = − V M (y) − Vw ρH(y)N(y) − 2H 0 (y)N 0 (y)
1 + λ1 w 1 + λ1
2
  
00 00 µ 2 Vw x Qx
+ H(y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) + Vw − M 000(y)
1 + λ1 2 2
2
   
2 Vw x Qx 0 0 00 00
− Vw − ρ 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y)
2 2
 
µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) + d,
1 + λ1

57
  2 2
  10  8  6  2
(3) µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y 438 y
p (x, y) = − V − + − −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h 385 h
   8  6  4  2 
3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y 8891
+ + − 27 + + −
2310 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h 280
6 4 2 10
3λ22 1 y
          
y 801 y 937 3 (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ +9 − + − Vw ρ
20h2 2 h h 70 h 70 560µ h
 8  6  4  2   8  6  4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
 2     8  6  4  2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
 10   6  4  2 
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 3
14 − 49 + 26 −1
h 20h h h h
2
 8  6  4
Qx (1 + λ1 )2 ρ2
  
µ 2 Vw x 1 y y y
+ Vw − − + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ2 h 6 h h h
   6  4  2 
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 3
147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh h h h 35
4 2
3λ22
     
y y 801
+ 4
15 + 108 −
20h h h 35
 2
    10  8  6  4
2 Vw x Qx 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− Vw − ρ − 21 +6 + 56 +3
2 2 280 h h h h
 2    6  4  2 
y 9λ2 y y y
− 18 −2 − 3
− 11 + 38 − 18
h 20h h h h
   5  2  6  4 
µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3
84 − 36 − 140 + 420
1 + λ1 280µh h h h h
  4  2 
9λ2 y y
− 20 + 36 + d. (3.146)
20h5 h h
(3)
Let the pressure is at (x, y) = (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain
2 2
3λ22 937
      
(3) µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 8891
d = p0 + V + − +
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 2310 140µh 280 20h2 70
9λ2
+ Vw3 . (3.147)
20h3

58
Finally, we get
 2 2
  10  8  6
(3) (3) µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y
p (x, y) = p0 − V − + −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
 2    8  6  4  2 
438 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y
− + − 27 + +
385 h 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h
2
  6  4  2    10
3λ2 1 y y 801 y (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ 2
+9 − − Vw3 ρ
20h 2 h h 70 h 560µ h
 8  6  4  2   8  6  4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
 2     8  6  4  2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
 10   6  4  2 
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 3
14 − 49 + 26
h 20h h h h
2 8  6  4
Qx (1 + λ1 )2 ρ2
    
µ 2 Vw x 1 y y y
+ Vw − 2
− + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ h 6 h h h
   6  4  2 
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh3 h h h 35
2
  4  2 
3λ2 y y 801
+ 4
15 + 108 −
20h h h 35
 2
    10  8  6  4
2 Vw x Qx 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− Vw − ρ − 21 +6 + 56 +3
2 2 280 h h h h
 2    6  4  2 
y 9λ2 y y y
− 18 −2 − − 11 + 38 − 18
h 20h3 h h h
   5  2  6  4 
µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3
84 − 36 − 140 + 420
1 + λ1 280µh h h h h
  4  2 
9λ2 y y
− 5
20 + 36 . (3.148)
20h h h

59
Using eqs. (3.92, 3.115, 3.138) in eq. (2.72), the u component of velocity field is given as

   2     6  2 
Q 3 y 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y
u(x, y) = Vw x −  − 1 +  Vw 7 −9 +2
2 2h h 280µ h h
  4  2   2 2
  10  8
3λ2 y y 3 2 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y
− 5 −6 + 1 +  Vw − +
20h2 h h 560µ2 15 h 2 h
 6  2    8  6  4
3 y 438 y 3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y
− − + + − 27 +
5 h 385 h 2310 140µh 8 h h 2 h
 2  2
  6  4  2  
1807 y 8891 3λ2 1 y y 801 y 937
+ − + +9 − + + ··· .
70 h 280 20h2 2 h h 70 h 70
(3.149)

Using eqs. (3.93, 3.116, 3.139) in eq. (2.73), the v component of velocity field is given as

  3     3  
1y 3y 2 (1 + λ1 )ρh y 7 y y
v(x, y) = − Vw 3
− + (Vw ) ) −3 +2
2h 2h 280µ h h h
 5  3    2 2 2
  11
3λ2 y y y 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y
− −2 + + (Vw ) −
20h h h h 560µ2 165 h
 9  7  3     9
1 y 3 y 146 y 3331 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 7 y
+ − − + +
6 h 35 h 385 h 2310 h 140µ 24 h
 7  5  3 7
3λ22 1 y
   
27 y 9 y 1807 y 8891 y
− + + − +
7 h 10 h 210 h 280 h 20h2 14 h
 5  3   
9 y 267 y 937 y
+ − + + ··· . (3.150)
5 h 70 h 70 h

60
Similarly substituting eqs. (3.102, 3.125, 3.148) in eq. (2.56), we obtain pressure as

 2
Vw x2 Qx
  
(1) 3µVw y 3µ
p = C +  p0 − + 2 −
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2
    6  2    4  2
2 (2) µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
+  p0 + Vw 7 −9 − 5 − 6
1 + λ1 280µ h h 20h2 h h
  3  2   4  2 
ρ y y µλ2 15 y y
− Vw2 −3 − 2
−9
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h 4 h h
4   2
Vw x2 Qx
       
µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ Vw − 210 − 18 − 60 − 12
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
  2 2
  10  8  6
3 (3) µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y
+  p0 − V − + −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
 2    8  6  4  2 
438 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y
− + − 27 + +
385 h 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h
6 4 2 10
3λ22 1 y
          
y 801 y 3 (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ +9 − − Vw ρ
20h2 2 h h 70 h 560µ h
 8  6  4  2   8  6  4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
 2     8  6  4  2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
 10    6  4  2
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 3
14 − 49 + 26
h 20h h h h
 2
 2 2
  8  6  4
µ 2 Vw x Qx (1 + λ1 ) ρ 1 y y y
+ Vw − − + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ2 h 6 h h h
   6  4  2 
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 3
147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh h h h 35
4 2  10
3λ22 2
         
y y 801 2 Vw x Qx 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y
+ 4
15 + 108 − − Vw − ρ − 21
20h h h 35 2 2 280 h
 8  6  4  2    6  4
y y y y 9λ2 y y
+ 6 + 56 +3 − 18 −2 − − 11 + 38
h h h h 20h3 h h
 2     5  2  6  4 
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 18 − 3
84 − 36 − 140 + 420
h 1 + λ1 280µh h h h h
  4  2 
9λ2 y y
− 5
20 + 36 + ··· , (3.151)
20h h h

61
  2
Vw x2 Qx
  
3µVw y 3µ
p = p(0, 0) +  − + 2 −
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2
    6  2    4  2 
2 µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
+  Vw 7 −9 − 2
5 −6
1 + λ1 280µ h h 20h h h
  3  2   4  2 
ρ y y µλ2 15 y y
− Vw2 −3 − − 9
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h2 4 h h
4   2
Vw x2 Qx
       
µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ Vw − 210 − 18 − 60 − 12
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
  2 2
  10  8  6
3 µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y
+  − V − + −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
 2    8  6  4  2 
438 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y
− + − 27 + +
385 h 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h
6 4 2 10
3λ22 1 y
          
y 801 y 3 (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ +9 − − Vw ρ
20h2 2 h h 70 h 560µ h
 8  6  4  2   8  6  4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
 2     8  6  4  2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
 10    6  4  2
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 3
14 − 49 + 26
h 20h h h h
2 8  6  4
Qx (1 + λ1 )2ρ2
    
µ 2 Vw x 1 y y y
+ Vw − 2
− + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ h 6 h h h
   6  4  2 
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 3
147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh h h h 35
4 2  10
3λ22 2
         
y y 801 2 Vw x Qx 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y
+ 4
15 + 108 − − Vw − ρ − 21
20h h h 35 2 2 280 h
 8  6  4  2    6  4
y y y y 9λ2 y y
+ 6 + 56 +3 − 18 −2 − 3
− 11 + 38
h h h h 20h h h
 2     5  2  6  4 
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 18 − 84 − 36 − 140 + 420
h 1 + λ1 280µh3 h h h h
  4  2 
9λ2 y y
− 5
20 + 36 + ··· ,
20h h h
(3.152)

62
where
(1) (2) (3)
p0 = C + p0 + 2p0 + 3p0 . (3.153)

Substituting values of Vw and Q in eq. (3.149), eq. (3.150) and eq. (3.152), we get
   2     6  2 
Q̄ 3 y (1 + λ1 )ρ y y
u(x, y) = − − vw x − 1 + vw 7 −9 +2
2h 2h h 280µ h h
  4  2   2 2
  10  8
3λ2 y y 2 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y
− 5 −6 + 1 + vw − +
20h2 h h 560µ2 15 h 2 h
 6  2    8  6  4
3 y 438 y 3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y
− − + + − 27 +
5 h 385 h 2310 140µh 8 h h 2 h
 2  2
  6  4  2 
1807 y 8891 3λ2 1 y y 801 y 937
+ − + 2
+9 − +
70 h 280 20h 2 h h 70 h 70

+ ··· , (3.154)

and

  3     7  3  
vw y y 2 (1 + λ1 )ρh y y y
v(x, y) = − −3 + vw −3 +2
2 h h 280µ h h h
 5  3    2 2 2
  11  9
3λ2 y y y 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 1 y
− −2 + + vw − +
20h h h h 560µ2 165 h 6 h
 7  3     9  7
3 y 146 y 3331 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 7 y 27 y
− − + + −
35 h 385 h 2310 h 140µ 24 h 7 h
 5  3 7 5
3λ22 1 y
      
9 y 1807 y 8891 y 9 y
+ + − + +
10 h 210 h 280 h 20h2 14 h 5 h
 3   
267 y 937 y
− + + ··· ,
70 h 70 h
(3.155)

63
also,
 2
Vw x2 Q̄x
 
3µvw y 3µ
p = p(0, 0) − + 2 −
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2
   6  2    4  2 
µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
+ vw 7 −9 − 2
5 −6
1 + λ1 280µ h h 20h h h
  3  2   4  2
ρ y y µλ2 15 y y
− vw2 −3 − 2
−9
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h 4 h h
 2
    4    2 
vw x Q̄x µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ vw − 210 − 18 − 60 − 12
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
 2 2
  10  8  6
µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y
− v − + −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
 2    8  6  4  2 
438 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y
− + − 27 + +
385 h 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h
2
  6  4  2    10
3λ2 1 y y 801 y (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ 2
+9 − − vw3 ρ
20h 2 h h 70 h 560µ h
 8  6  4  2   8  6  4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
 2     8  6  4  2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
 10    6  4  2
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 14 − 49 + 26
h 20h3 h h h
2 8  6  4
Q̄x (1 + λ1 )2ρ2
    
µ 2 vw x 1 y y y
+ vw − 2
− + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ h 6 h h h
   6  4  2 
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 3
147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh h h h 35
2
  4  2   2
    10
3λ2 y y 801 2 vw x Q̄x 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y
+ 15 + 108 − − v w − ρ − 21
20h4 h h 35 2 2 280 h
 8  6  4  2    6  4
y y y y 9λ2 y y
+ 6 + 56 +3 − 18 −2 − 3
− 11 + 38
h h h h 20h h h
 2     5  2  6  4 
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 18 − 3
84 − 36 − 140 + 420
h 1 + λ1 280µh h h h h
  4  2 
9λ2 y y
− 5
20 + 36 + ··· .
20h h h
(3.156)

64
3.3 Result and Discussion

For ū(0) = 0.5, vw = 0.5, h = 2, x = 0.5, R = 2, K = 0.125, Q = 2, ρ = 0.5, µ =

0.5, λ1 = 1, λ2 = 1.

Figure 3.2: u component of velocity

This figure shows the u component of the velocity profile, in which P M is the graph
of solution obtained by perturbation techniques and RA is the graph of solution obtained
by recursive approach. In this figure we can see that the recursive approach is better
than the perturbation techniques as the solution of recursive approach is giving the much
closer value for the boundary conditions as compared to perturbation techniques.

65
 For ū(0) = 0.5, vw = 0.5, h = 2, x = 0.5, R = 2, k = 0.125, Q = 2, ρ = 0.5, µ =
0.5, λ1 = 1, λ2 = 1.

Figure 3.3: v component of velocity

This figure shows the v component of the velocity profile, in which P M is the graph of
solution obtained by perturbation technique and RA is the graph of solution obtained by
recursive approach. In this figure the both graphs are satisfying the boundary condition
at y = 0 but for y = ± the recursive approach is much closer to the value for boundary
conditions, 0.5 than perturbation methods.

66
 Figure 3.4: Caption for pji

This figure shows the pressure profile of the problem, in which P M is the graph of
solution obtained by perturbation technique and RA is the graph of solution obtained by
recursive approach.
From the above graph we see that there is slight difference between the solutions of the
pressure profile obtained from the P M and RA and the results from RA is much closer
to the assumed condition.

67
Chapter 4

Conclusion

68
In this thesis, we have considered fluid flow between two parallel porous plates. We have
solved this problem for two types of fluids by using two different analytical techniques
and their comparison is provided.

In second chapter, we considered our problem for Newtonian fluid. First we solve it
by perturbation techniques and then using recursive approach. The graphical comparison
shows that in case of Newtonian fluid the velocity profile obtained by both methods is
exactly same, but there is a slight change in the graphs of pressure profile and the results
using recursive approach are more efficient than perturbation techniques.

In third chapter, we considered our problem for Jeffrey fluid model. On the similar
pattern we solved the problem by using perturbation techniques and recursive approach.
Through graphs we see that there is bit a difference between the graphs of solution ob-
tained by perturbation technique and recursive approach. The results using recursive
approach are much closer to the boundary conditions than perturbation methods.

For two dimensional case we found recursive approach much easier to tackle as com-
pared to perturbation methods, especially in case of non-Newtonian fluids. Because for
non-Newtonian fluids we obtain highly non-linear terms and more than one dimensionless
parameters and it is difficult to select the parameter we have to perturb. Even after
perturbing any of the parameters, we still get nonlinear terms in system of equations due
to other parameters. In comparison with perturbation techniques it is more convenient
to apply recursive approach to find our solution.

69
 Chapter 5

Bibliography

70
1. Abraham S. Berman, (1953). Laminar Flow in Channel with Porous Walls. Journal
of Applied Physics Volume 24, Number 9.

2. W.E Langlois and R.S. Rivlin, (1959). Steady Flow of Slightly Viscoelastic Fluid.
Brown University. Tech. Rept. No 3 to Office of Ordnance Research, U.S. Army,
Under Contract DA-19-020-ORD-4725.

3. W.E. Langlois, (1963), The Steady Flow of a Slightly Viscoelastic Fluid Between
Rotating Spheres. Quart. Appl. Math., 21.

4. W.E Langlois and R.S. RIVLIN, (1963). Steady Flow of Slightly Viscoelastic Fluids
through Non-Circular Tubes. Rend. Math. Roma.

5. W.E. Langlois, (1963). A Recursive Approach to the Theory of Slow, Steady-State

Viscoelastic flow. Transactions of the Society of Rheology VII, 75-99.

6. W.E. Langlois, (1964). The Recursive Theory of Slow Viscoelastic Flow Applied to
Three Basic Problems of Hydrodynamics. Transactions of the Society of Rheology
VIII, 33-60.

71