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January 3, 2018
Dear Ma’am Marialie,
“Nothing will ever equal that moment of joyous excitement which filled my
whole being when I felt myself flying away from the earth. It was not mere
pleasure; it was perfect bliss. Escaped from the frightful torments of
persecution and of calumny, I felt that I was answering all in rising above all.”
Hello ma’am! I chose to research about Charles’ Law since it was the second
one to be introduced to us. Doing that, I happened to find a quote by Jacques
Charles (the one written at the top); it is fascinating that he sincerely admired
the sky as he journeyed through it with a hydrogen balloon.
Charles's law or the law of volumes, describing how gases tend to expand when
heated, was formulated by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited
it to the unpublished work by Jacques Charles.
Now, why did he want to study gases? Charles was inspired to study physics
in 1779, when Benjamin Franklin visited France.
In the late 1700s ballooning became a major preoccupation of France and other
industrialized nations. On August 27, 1783, Charles launched the first
hydrogen-filled balloon using gas produced by the reaction of sulfuric acid on
iron filings. Charles, who was interested in aeronautics, understood the concept
of buoyancy and also was aware of Henry Cavendish's discovery of hydrogen,
an element fourteen times lighter than air, seventeen years earlier. Among the
50,000 witnesses of this event was Benjamin Franklin, then residing in Paris
as the U.S. ambassador to France. When the balloon returned to Earth in the
French countryside, it was reportedly attacked with axes and pitchforks by
terrified peasants who believed it to be a monster from the skies. On November
21 of that same year the Montgolfier brothers launched the first hot-air balloon
with humans aboard, managing an altitude of less than 30 meters (98 feet).
Charles, with the aid of brothers Nicholas and Aine Jean Robert, became the
first human to ascend in a hydrogen balloon just ten days later. A far greater
height of almost 3,000 meters (9,843 feet) was attained thanks to the superior
lift of the hydrogen balloon Charles had designed and helped build.
For his experiment, just like Boyle did, Charles used a J-shaped tube with a
certain amount of gas trapped inside it. Mercury was then added and allowed
to equalize in height at the bottom of the tube. With both levels of mercury at
the same height ensured that the pressure inside the tube was the same as the
atmospheric pressure. The tube was then submerged in water and by varying
the temperature of the water, it changed the temperature of the gas within the
tube. This showed that when the temperature was raised the total volume of the
gas would rise, pushing the mercury up the j-shape tube. Using this experiment,
the relationship between volume and temperature of a gas can be seen (Charles'
Law).
The variables manipulated in Charles’ Law are volume and temperature while
the variable that remained constant is pressure. It is expressed as:
Vi Vf
=
Ti Tf
So, what would happen if gases did not act this way? Well, it would be hard to
imagine how gases would act then but it is given that without it, the combined
gas law wouldn’t be complete and Charles’ flight with the hydrogen balloon
wouldn’t happen.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charles
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Charles-Jacques.html
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Charles
https://jacquescharles.weebly.com/biography.html
https://www.chemteam.info/GasLaw/Gas-Charles.html
http://scienceprimer.com/charles-law
https://gareths-chemistry-assignment1.weebly.com/jacques-charles.html
http://www.edulab.com/news/charles-law-real-life-applications
I tried to make it shorter but it turned out like this. I hope that you would read
it ma’am. Thank you!
Your Student,