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DEFI NITIONS
1._______________________ The quantity that tends to accelerate or change the movement of a body
3._______________________It is the general term applied for all forces which act upon a structure and anything else
which causes stresses or deformations within a structure or part thereof :
4. ___________________These refer to the forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials
, occupants and their possessions , environmental effects , differential movements and restrained dimensional
changes .
5 _______________________It is a term applied to the weight of the materials of construction that is , the weight of
the beams , girders , floorings , partitions , etc.
6._________________________ It refers to the occupancy load ( excluding earthquake or wind forces ) , which is
either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all is called :
13. ______________________ Intensity of force per unit area of the cross section
14.__________________ is the cohesive force in a body , which resist the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of the body
A is in m2 , mm2 or in2
Stress (S) = force ( P )
Area(A) P is in N , KN or lbs
Hence , also
1 Mpa = 1 _N_
mm2
9 3
1 Gpa = 1 x 10 Pa = 1 x 10 x 10 Pa
6
1 Gpa = 1 x 103 Mpa
Examples :
th
28 day compressive strength of concrete (fc’) Ex. fc’ = 3000 psi = 3 ksi x 6.895 Mpa = 20.7 Mpa
CONCRETE
15. _______________ - Allow concrete to dry slowly by keeping it moist ( hydration ) to attain maximum strength .
16. ______________________________ - concrete that used large stones (more than 150mm) for aggregates
17. The most determinant of the compressive strength of fully cured concrete :_____________________________
18. Type of concrete where large stones are used as coarse aggragates _________________________________
19.) ______________________ - A test for the workability of concrete wherein a conical mould is filled with concrete ,
well – rammed , and then carefully inverted and emptied over a flat plate. The amount by which the concrete cone
drops is measured below the top of the mould which gives us a rough idea of the water content of the mix .
21.) _________________________ A material other than water , aggregate or hydraulic cement , used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixture to modify its properties .
22.) ___________________________ - An admixture in concrete , other than water reducer , which can reduce the
requirement of mixing water and can produce a flowing concrete that does not segregate and needs very little
vibration . This admixture produces impermeable , strong concrete but then so fluid that it can easily be pumped.
23.) _____________________________ - A substance , which when added to concrete , mortar or grout , increases
the rate of hydration of the hydraulic cement , shortens the time of setting or increases the rate of hardening .
24) __________________________ - An admixture which slows down the setting the rate of concrete
( lengthening the time of setting ) , added as late as possible but before the concrete is three hours old .
25) When an air entrainment agent is introduced in a concrete mix to produce tiny bubbles in enhancing its workability
A.) the strength will increase B.) the strength will decrease
C.) the strength will not be affected D.) the water cement ratio must be reduced from 10 to 15%
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Grade 33 ( structural grade ) Fy = 33 ksi x 6.895 = 230 Mpa ( PNS or PS Grade 230 )
white
Grade 40 ( intermediate grade ) Fy = 40 ksi x 6.895 = 276 Mpa ( PNS or PS Grade 275 )
yellow
Grade 60 ( high grade ) Fy = 60 ksi x 6.895 = 414 Mpa ( PNS or PS Grade 410 / 415 )
blue or green
fa
P
A
TWO BASIC TYPES OF STRESS
A.) AXIAL Stress - where force ( P ) is acting along the axis of the member . axis
In other words force ( P) is perpendicular to the cross sectional area ( A ) ,
hence this is also called NORMAL stress
A
P
B.) SHEAR Stress – where force ( P ) acts parallel to the area
Also known as TANGENTIAL stress
FEATURES OF THE STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
27._____________________ - is the change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action of a force
29. According to ACI Code , if the strain in a concrete specimen reaches 0.003 , it will begin to ____________
SH – strain hardening stage – the point where material crystals restructure toresist loads again
33.__________________________________ - the highest point in the stress strain diagram. The maximum value of
stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rupture.
35. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed to be equal to
_______________
37. For normal weight of concrete , the modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec is given by the formula
______________
.
Also , the modulus of elasticity of steel = ________________________
38. It is the condition in which a structure or components is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended
function ( or serviceability ) or to be unsafe ( or its strength ) ______________________
39. The condition at which the structure reaches a limit state . It may be due to deflection , cracking or leakage , but it
usually does not involve rupture ( total breakage of specimen ) __________________________
40. It is the greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without a permanent deformation remaining upon
complete release of stress ________________________________________________.
41.____________________________ The ultimate strength of the material divided by the allowable working stress
42 It is the maximum value of tension , compression or shear respectively that the material can sustain without
imminent failure ________________________________________
43. The amount of energy that can be stored in an elastic material per unit volume without a permanent deformation
( until elastic limit ) _________________________________________________
45 Ability of steel to be stretched to fine wire without rupture ( breaking ) – _________________________( with less
carbon )
46. Ability of steel to be stretched and regain original shape when forces released - ________________________
47.Ability of steel to be hammered or compressed into thin sheets without breaking - ______________________
48.The term given to the tendency for concrete to continue to strain over a period of time when the stress is constant
___________________
49 Hooke’s Law states that : As a force is applied to a material , the deformation ( or strain ) is directly proportional to
the stresses , but only up to a certain point , called the elastic limit . What happens beyond this point ?
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
51.. _________________________________ It is the moment on the structure as a whole at any given level , due
to wind or earthquake lateral forces
52. An object subject to balanced forces is said to be at rest and in a state of _______________________
F = 10 KN
Simply Supported truss
Top Chord - Compression
Bottom Chord - Tension
Top chord
4m
Ah
4m 4m
Av bottom chord Bv
Hinge – joint that will permit rotation but not vertical or horizontal movement
Fh = 0 = 10 KN = Ah
If the number of unknowns is more than the number of equations , the reactions cannot be solved by equations of
statics alone ( one needs special methods to solve reactions) . This is called STATICALLY INDETERMINATE .
Example :
bh3 / 12 where b is the dimension parallel to the axis or line where beam bends about
Where I – is the moment of inertia of section and A is the area of the section.
68. In the formula for slenderness ratio , Kl / r , what does K stand for ? ____________________________________
69. A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads parallel to its longitudinal axis ; _______________
70. A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads transverse ( perpendicular )
to its longitudinal axis ______________________
BEAMS
71. _________________ The upward resistance of a support such as a wall or column against the downward
pressure produced by loads in a member such as a beam or truss .
The last three beams are called statically indeterminate beams because the
equations of statics ∑Fv = 0 ,∑Fh = 0 and ∑M = 0 are insufficient to
solve all the unknowns
x
a’
P/2 P/2
V =( - ) F
V = ( + ) P/2
P/2
Relative Beam Movement Corresponding
to Sign of Shear
Considering left side of the cut section
Upward loads produce positive shear (+)V
L R
R L Downward loads produce negative shear (-)V
F
d M = ( - ) Fxd
x
P/2 M= +(P/2)x
+ M -- M
85A.) _________________ - is the deepened portion of a column or rafter designed to accommodate the
higher bending moments at such points and usually occurs at the column and rafter connection .
BENDNG STRESS
A’ B’
At section A - A’ ( + Moment ) Maximum Flexural or Bending stress ( fb or Sb ) is found at
f b MAX the outermost fiber ( that is , at the top & bottom of the beam )
fb max = M c
(C) c I
NA
(T) where
M – bending moment ( maximum )
c - is the distance of the outermost
fiber to the neutral axis .
I - is the moment of inertia
Neutral Axis ( “NA”) ( flexural stress is zero , neither tension
nor compression ) Rearranging fbmax = M
I/c
Or fbmax = M
S
Where S is section modulus
87) To determine the required section modulus , S , the maximum moment , Mmax , should be :
A.) Multiplied by the maximum allowable bending stress
B.) Divided by the maximum allowable bending stress
C.) Multiplied by allowable deflection
D.) Divided by modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia
91.) What type of failure occurs when the column or wall punches through the footing ?
A.) Flexural B.) Buckling C.) Sliding D.) Shear
DEFLECTION
99.) Wood beams are not as stiff as steel or concrete . What type of failure is of major concern here ?
a.) Shear b.) Deflection c.) Compression d.) Buckling
101.) ___________________________ is the upward deflection introduced to the member to offset anticipated
deflections due to dead loads
SEISMOLOGY AND SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISION TERMS FROM NSCP ( SEE SEPARATE PORTION )
102.) ___________________ - a natural phenomenon caused by the slippage of adjacent plates of the earth’s crust
and the subsequent release of energy in the form of ground waves .
109.) ___________________________– a machine providing useful quantified seismic data such as the acceleration
of the building or the ground usually placed at the basement , mid-portion and near the top of the building .
110.) ___________________________ - An instrument which measures the actual displacement of the ground with
respect to a stationary point during an earthquake .
111.) ____________________ – the time in seconds for a building to complete one full side – to – side oscillation ,
which is dependent on the mass and stiffness ( or slenderness ) of the building .
112.) ___________________________ - The loss of the load carrying ability of loose fill ( such as sand ) during
earthquake
113.)
115. ________ – is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure .
123. ___________________ – is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system .
130.____________________________ – is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced
by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame .
131. ___________________________________- are the effects of the structure due to ( earthquake ) extreme lateral
motions acting in directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration.
WALL
132.) ___________________________ - A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall .
135 When wind forces are transferred from the diaphragm into the shear wall , where does the shear wall transfer the
forces?
a.) Connectors B.)Columns C.)Foundations D.) Beams
PILES
136.)_________________________________– a vertical post of pile which carries the weight of the foundation,
transmitting the load to a structure to the bedrock or subsoil without detrimental settlement.
138.)._____________________– a mass of reinforced concrete cast around the head of a group of piles to ensure
that they act as a unit to support the imposed load.
138A.) ________________________ - are beams used to support the sheeting of a cut which is braced to collapse of
the side walls .
140.) ________________________ -A temporary dam-like water-tight structure around an area of water or water –
bearing soil , constructed which excludes water from the site of the foundation during its excavation and construction .
141.) __________________________ - A watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a flared top used in
depositing concrete under water .
142.) __________________________ - The name given to a steel rolled section driven into the ground to carry the
force from a horizontally sheeted earth bank or fill .
142A.) A form of anchoring into the earth as a support for retaining walls by burying a long shaped element such as
log , pile or plate to which a tension member is fastened is called ___________________
143.) .__________________________ – A reinforced concrete beam framed between columns at ground level (
grade elevation )carrying the wall to these columns , therefore serving as a foundation for the superstructure ..
144.) .___________________________ – a long , straight beam that functions essentially as a cantilever beam by the
insertion of two hinges in alternate spans.
PRESTRESSING
146.) ________________________________ - Reinforced concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced
to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads
147.) ________________ - A steel element such as wire , cable , bar , rod or strand , or a bundle of such elements ,
used to impart prestress to concrete
147A) __________________________ - It is a material encasing the a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the
tendon with the surrounding concrete , to prevent corrosion protection and to contain the corrosion inhibiting coating.
148.) ________________________ The temporary force exerted by a device that introduces tension into pre-
stressing tendons
150.) ___________________________ is the method of introducing a jacking force in which tendons are tensioned
after the concrete has hardened enough to sustain this jacking force
152.) __________________________ - The type of incidental friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified
prestressing tendon profile
153.) A type of beam failure initiated by crushing of concrete . At this point , the steel strain will be less than the yield
strain . Hence the steel stress will be lower than its yield strength . This type of failure occurs when there is more
reinforcement than that required for balanced condition .
A.) Cracked section B.) Under-reinforced section C.) Balanced condition D.) Over-reinforced section
154.) It is a condition in which the concrete reaches its full compressive strength when the steel reaches it yield
strength. This condition in strength design is called
A.) Under-reinforced design B.) Over-reinforced design C.) Balanced design D.) None in the list
155.) Concrete will be poured in two batches . What steel members should be provided beyond the first
batch so that there is sufficient bonding for the next batch of concrete to be poured ?
a.) Key
b.) Dowels
c.) Tendons
d.) Rebars
a.) Live Load b.) Wnd Load c) Lateral Load d.) Dead Load
157.What is the best way to protect structural steel members from fire ?
162.) Wind pressures , directions and timing are constantly changing . However , for purposes of calculations . what
type of load is wind considered?
a.) Combined b.) dynamic c.) Static d.) Rotating
163) In a truss system , the straight members form a number of triangles . What type of stresses are they subjected to
?
a.) Compression b.) Tension c.) Torsion d.) Either Tension or compression
164) In Figure 1, the influence lines of the foundation intersect , causing danger of settlement and crack formation .
where is this likely to happen ?
a.) When rooms in a building are too small
b.) Stairs built too close to the toilet
c.) Renovation of structures
d.) New buildings built adjacent to the old buildings
165) In concrete columns, what do steel reinforcement bars need to keep them from buckling outward ?
a.) Binders b.) Ties c.) stiffeners d.) stirrups
167.) Which of the following criteria for bundled bars,do NOT apply ?
A.) Bars larger than 32 mm shall not be bundled in beams .
B.) Bundle bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties .
C.) Group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to three in any one bundle .
D.) Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points
with at least 40 db staggered .
168.))When the ratio of short span to the long span of a slab is less than 0.50 , slab is a:
A.) one-way slab B.) slab on fill C.) two-way slab D.) cantilevered slab