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Fall, 2017
Why do we need to learn about materials?
Everything is made of something
Everything is made of something
How is glass made?
The Tension and Compression Test
Test Specimen
Stress–Strain Diagram
Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by
dividing the applied load P by the specimen’s original
cross-sectional area.
P
σ=
A0
L − L0 δ
=ε =
L0 L0
The Stress–Strain Diagram
Elastic Behaviour
Stress is directly proportional to the strain.
Material is said to be linearly elastic.
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its previous shape
after stress is released
Yielding
Increase in stress above
elastic limit will cause material to
deform permanently.
Plasticity or plastic deformation is
the opposite of elastic deformation and
is accepted as unrecoverable strain
Strain Hardening.
After yielding a further load will
reach an ultimate stress or strength.
The ultimate strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand
before material breaks or weakens
Necking
At ultimate stress, cross-sectional
area begins to decrease in a
localized region of the specimen.
Specimen breaks at the
fracture stress.
Necking
Stress–Strain Behavior of Ductile and Brittle Materials
Brittle Materials
Ductile Materials
Materials that exhibit low strain,
Material that can be subjected to
little or no yielding before failure
large strains before it ruptures is
are referred to as brittle materials
called a ductile material
Brittle material do not or exhibit
Exhibit high plasticity
low plasticity
e.g plastic, copper
e.g ceramics, wood.