CHAPTER 7 : ACIDS & BASES

7.1 Acids, Bases & Alkalis

Asid, Bes & Alkali

1. Acids/ Asid
 An acid is a chemical substance which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+.
Asid adalah bahan kimia yang mengion didalam air untuk menghasilkan ion hidrogen, H+.
 H+ reacts with water to produce hydroxonium ions, H3O+ . This ion is simply written as H+.
H+ bertindakbalas dengan air untuk menghasilkan ion hidroksonium, H3O+. Ion ini ditulis ringkas sebagai H+
 Eg: HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
OR HCl H+ + Cl-
 Example of acids:
Contoh – contoh asid:
Name of acid Chemical formula of acid Category of acid
Nama asid Formula kimia asid Kategori asid
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
Asid hidroklorik
Nitric acid
HNO3
Asid nitrik
Mineral
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
Asid sulfurik
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Asid fosforik
Ethanoic acid Organic
CH3COOH
Asid etanoik Organik

2. Bases/ bes
 A base is a chemical substance that can react with acid to form salt and water
Bes adalah bahan kimia yang bertindakbalas dengan acid untuk membentuk garam dan air
 Example of bases: magnesium oxide, MgO, sodium oxide Na2O, zinc oxide, ZnO, copper (II) oxide,
CuO
Contoh – contoh bes adalah magnesium oksida, MgO, natrium oksida, Na2O, zinc oksida; ZnO, kuprum (II) oksida;
CuO.
 Example : 1) MgO + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2O
2) CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O
3) Na2O + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O

3. Alkali
 Alkalis are chemical substances that ionises in water to form hydroxide ions, OH-.
Alkali adalah bahan kimia yang mengion didalam air untuk membentuk ion hidroksida, OH-
 Eg NaOH Na+ + OH-
 Alkalis are bases that are soluble in water
Alkali adalah bes yang larut didalam air.
 Ammonia, NH3 is considered an alkali. Explain why ammonia is an alkali.
Ammonia, NH3 dianggap sebagai alkali. Terangkan mengapa ammonia adalah alkali.

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4. Basicity of acids/ kebesan
 Acid can be classified as monoprotic or diprotic based on its basicity.
Asid boleh dikategorikan sebagai monoprotik atau diprotik berdasarkan kebesannya
 Basicity is the number of ionisable hydrogen ion per molecule of an acid. OR number of hydrogen ions
per molecule produced when acid is ionised in water.
Sifat bes asid adalah bilangan ion hidrogen yang boleh diionkan per molekul asid. ATAU bilangan ion hidrogen per
molekul yang dihasilkan apabila asid diionkan dalam air.

Name of acid Chemical formula of acid Category of acid Basicity of acid

Nama asid Formula kimia asid Kategori asid Kebesan asid
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
Asid hidroklorik Monoprotic
Nitric acid monobes
HNO3
Asid nitrik
Mineral
Sulphuric acid Diprotic
H2SO4
Asid sulfurik Dwibes
Phosphoric acid Triprotic
H3PO4
Asid fosforik Tribed
Ethanoic acid Organic Monoprotic
CH3COOH
Asid etanoik Organik monobes

In general,
Secara amnya,

An acid is a chemical A base is a chemical Alkalis are bases that

substance which substance that can are soluble in water to
ionizes in water to neutralise acid to form form hydroxide ions,
produce hydrogen OH-.
salt and water
ions, H+.
Bes adalah bahan kimia Alkali adalah bahan
Asid adalah bahan kimia kimia yang mingion
yang bertidnak balas
yang mingion dalam air dalam air untuk
untuk membentuk ion dengan asid untuk membentuk ion
hidrogen, H+ menghasilkan garam dan hidroksida, OH-
air

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5. Role of Water in showing the properties of Acids and Alkalis
Peranan air dalam menunjukkan sifat – sifat asid dan alkali

Acids
 Acid only shows its acidic properties when dissolved in water
Asid hanya menunjukkan sifat – sifat asid apabila dilarutkan dalam air
 Without water, an acid still exists as covalent molecules and there are no H+ ions present.
Tanpa air, asid masih wujud sebagai molekul kovalen dan tiada ion H+ yang hadir.
 In the presence of water, the acid ionizes to form ions.
Dengan kehadiran air, acid mengion untuk membentuk ion H+
 Therefore acid will show its acidic property
Oleh itu asid boleh menunjukkan sifat – sifat asid
 Dry acids (glacial acids) do not show electrical conductivity as they have no free moving ions.
Asid kering (asid glasial) tidak boleh menunujkkan sifat asid seperti mengalirkan arus elektrik kerana tiada
kehadiran ion – ion yang bergerak bebas
 They exist as covalent molecule
Asid tersebut wujud dalam keadaan molekul

Situation 1

Situation 2

Alkalis
 Alkali only shows its alkaline properties when dissolved in water
Alkali hanya menunjukkan sifat alkali apabila dilarutkan dalam air
 Without water, an alkali still exists as covalent molecules and there are no OH- ions present.
Tanpa air, alkali wujud sebagai molekul kovalen dan tiada ion OH- yang hadir
 In the presence of water, the alkali ionizes to form hydroxide ions, OH-
Dengan kehadiran air, alkali mengion untuk menghasilan ion hidroksida, OH-
 Therefore alkali will show its alkaline property
Oleh itu, alkali akan menunjukkan sifat – sifat alkalinya

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6. Chemical Properties of Acids/ sifat – sifat kimia asid
 Acid reacts with metal to form hydrogen gas and salt
Asid bertindakbalas dengan logam untuk membentuk gasi hidrogen dan garam
 Acid reacts with base to form salt and water
Asid bertindakbalas dengan bes untuk menghasilkan garam dan air
 Acid reacts with carbonate to form salt, water and carbon dioxide gas.
Asid bertindakbalas dengan karbonat untuk menghasilkan garam, air dan gas karbon dioksida.

7. Chemical Properties of Alkalis

 Alkalis react with acids to form salt and water
Alkali bertindakbalas dengan asid untuk menghasilkan garam dan air
 Alkali reacts with ammonium salt when heated to form salt, water and ammonia gas.
Alkali bertindakbalas dengan garam ammonium apabila dipanaskan untuk menghasilkan garam, air dan gas
ammonia
 Alkali reacts with metal to form metal hydroxide that are insoluble in water.
Alkali bertindakbalas dengan logam untuk menghasilkan logam hidroksida yang tidak larut dalam air.

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7.2 pH Scale, Strong/ Weak Acids and Strong/ Weak Alkalis
Skala pH, Asid Kuat/ Lemah dan Alkali Kuat/ Lemah
 pH scale is used to indicate the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
Skala pH digunakan untuk menentukan darjah keasidan atau kealkalian sesuatu larutan
 it consists of pH values from 0 to 14
Ia mengandungi nilai pH dari 0 hingga 14
 For pH less than 7 : Acidic solution
Untuk pH kurang dari 7: alrutan berasid
 For pH = 7 : neutral solution
Untuk pH = 7 : Larutan neutral
 For pH more than 7 : an alkaline solution.
Untuk pH lebih dari 7: larutan beralkali

0 7 14

 pH meter, pH paper and universal indicators can be used to determine the pH value of a solution
Meter pH, kertas pH dan penunjuk universal boleh digunakan untuk menentukan nilai pH sesuatu larutan.
 Indicators are used to show the colour change of acid and bases.
Penunjuk digunakan untuk menunjukkan perubahan waran asid dan bes.

Name of indicator Colour in acid Colour in neutral Colour in alkali

Nama penunjuk Warna dalam asid Warna dalam neutral Warna dalam alkali
Litmus paper Red Blue
Kertas litmus Merah Biru
Phenolphthalein No colour No colour Pink
Fenolftalein Tidak berwarna Tidak berwarna Merah jambu
Methyl orange Red Orange Yellow
Metil jingga Merah Jingga Kuning
Bromothymol blue Yellow Orange Blue
Bromotimol biru Kuning Jingga Biru
Universal indicator Red Green Blue
Penunjuk universal Merah Hijau Biru

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Strong Acids/ Weak Acids & Strong Alkalis/ Weak alkalis

STRENGTH ACIDS ALKALIS

Strong

Weak

Comparison of acid/ alkali and their strength

Name of acid Chemical formula of acid Category of acid Basicity of acid Srength of acid
Nama asid Formula kimia asid Kategori asid Kebesan asid Kekuatan asid
Hydrochloric acid Strong
HCl
Asid hidroklorik Monoprotic Kuat
Nitric acid monobes Strong
HNO3
Asid nitrik Kuat
Mineral
Sulphuric acid Diprotic Strong
H2SO4
Asid sulfurik Dwibes Kuat
Phosphoric acid Triprotic Weak
H3PO4
Asid fosforik Tribed Lemah
Ethanoic acid Organic Monoprotic Weak
CH3COOH
Asid etanoik Organik monobes Lemah

1. Strong alkali : sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide

Alkali kuat
2. Weak alkali : Ammonia

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7.3 Concentration
 The concentration of a solution refers to the quantity of solute in a given volume of solution, which
is usually 1.0 dm3.
 The quantity of solute can be measured in grams or moles:-
 Concentration can be expressed in gdm-3 or moldm-3
 Unit: molarity (moldm-3) and molar concentration (M)
 Molarity is the number of moles of solute that are present in 1 dm3 of solution

Concentration = Mass of solute (g) Molarity = Number of moles of solute (mol)

(g/dm3) Volume of solution (dm3) (mol/dm3) Volume of solution (dm3)

X molar mass
Molarity Concentration
(moldm-3) (gdm-3)
÷ molar mass

 Number of moles of solute, n = Molarity X volume


Number of moles of solute,n = Molarity X Volume
1000

1. 5.0 g of copper (II) sulphate is dissolved in water to form 500 cm3 solution. Calculate the
concentration of copper (II) sulphate solution in g dm-3?[Answer: 10.0 g dm-3]
2. What is the mass of sodium carbonate required to dissolve in water to prepare 200 cm3 solution
that contains 50 g dm-3? [Answer: 10 g]
3. 4.0 g of sodium carbonate powder, Na2CO3, is dissolved in water and made up to 250 cm3. What
is the molarity of the sodium carbonate solution? [Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16; Na, 23]
4. A student pipetted 20.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide, KOH solution into a conical flask. The
concentration of the alkali was 1.5 moldm-3. Calculate the number of moles of potassium, KOH
in the flask.[Answer: 0.03 mol dm-3]
5. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions present in 200 cm3 of 0.5 moldm- 3 sulphuric
acid. [Answer: 0.2 mol of H+ ions]

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 Preparation of Standard Solution
 Standard solution is a solution of known concentration.
 It can be prepared by dissolving solid substances to known concentration OR diluting a
concentrated solution to the concentration.
1. To prepare 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH
Calculate the mass of NaOH needed. [Relative atomic mass: Na: 23 ; O: 16 ; H: 1]
2. To prepare 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; C, 12]
3. 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) ,KMnO4 solution from 1.0 mol dm-3
potassium manganate(VII) ,KMnO4 solution.
4. 200 cm3 of 0.10 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 300 cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid. Calculate the concentration of the resulting solution
5. What volume of 2.0 moldm-3 sulphuric acid must be added to distilled water to obtain 250cm3 of
sulphuric acid of concentration 0.2 moldm-3

Preparation of Standard SOlution

Using Solid Substances

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Using dilution method

a)

b)

c)

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 d)

Neutralsation reaction

 What is a neutralisation reaction?

 Write a abalnced chemical equation for the following

(i) nitric acid and barium hydroxide

(ii) sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide
(iii) phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide
(iv) ethanoic acid and potassium hydroxide

Acid-Base titration
 Method used to carry out neutralisation reaction using indicators to mark the end-point of titration.
 Indicators used are as given:-

 Calculate the following:-

(i) Calculate the volume in cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid that is required to react completely
with 2.65 g of sodium carbonate. [Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; C, 12]
(ii) 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid was neutralised with 18.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide 1.0 moldm-3. Calculate
(a) the molarity of sulphuric acid
(b) the number of moles of sulphuric acid that is used in this reaction.

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