Structural Design Report Rev 02 24.01.2018

DESIGN REPORT-CONTROL BUILDING OF MANNAR
TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE-LOT A-REV-02

CONTROL BUILDING OF MANNAR TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE
Design Report-Control Building of Mannar Transmission Infrastructure-Lot A-rev-02
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report is prepared to highlight the Structural Analysis and Design Procedure of the Proposed
Control Building of Mannar Transmission Infrastructure-Lot A Project.
The Structural Engineering Consultancy Services involves designing of a Three Storey Building with a
Basement Floor.
The Structural Form of the building is selected as a "Framed Building". The Columns and Beams will
resist the gravity loads and Lateral Loads will be resisted by the "Frame Action". Ground Floor is
designed as a Part Slab on Grade and Part Suspended Slab. All the Other Floors are Designed as
Suspended Slabs. Foundations of the Buildings is designed as a combination of Beam-Raft Slab and
Individual Footings.
Reinforcement detailing of elements were done considering the resistance to moderate earthquakes.
This report consists of Load evaluation, structural modeling and Analysis, design calculations procedure
for foundations and columns. Designs will be carried out as per relevant British Standards. Structure is
analyzed in SAP 2000, version 16, an finite element structural analysis software package.
Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 1

Design Report-Control Building of Mannar Transmission Infrastructure-Lot A
2.0 DESIGN INFORMATION AND REFERENCES
Design Information
2.1 Materials
Density of Concrete 24kN/m3
Characteristic Strength of Concrete (fcu )
For All Structural Elements of Sub Structure (Up to Ground 35N/m2
Floor Level).
For All Structural Elements of Super Structure (From 25N/m2
Ground Floor to Roof Level).
Yield Strength of Tor Steel (fy ) 460N/mm2
Yield Strength of Mild Steel (fvy ) 250N/mm2
2.2 Fire rating

2 hr fire rating
2.3 Exposure Conditions
Severe Exposure Conditions
2.4 Cover to reinforcement
Slabs 25mm
Beams and Columns 30mm
Foundations 50mm
2.5 Loads
2.5.1 Dead Loads
Dead load due to floor finishes 1.25kN/m2

Design Information
2.5.2 Live Loads
Cable Basement 5kN/m2
36kV Switch Gear Room 11.5kN/m2
220kV Panel Room 11.5kN/m2
Control Room 11.5kN/m2
Auxiliary Room 11.5kN/m2
Office Room 3.0kN/m2
Roof Slab 1.5kN/m2
2.5.3 Basic wind speed 47m/s

(This wind load complies to Zone 2 of Sri Lanka)
2.5.4 Surcharge Loads for Retaining Walls 10kN/m2
2.6 Soil Properties

Bearing Capacity (refer to Annex 1-Extract from Soil 175kN/m2
Report)
φ' = 28
Friction Angle

References
Code of Practices
1 BS 8110:Part 1:1997
Structural use of Concrete
2 BS 8110:Part 2:1995
Structural use of Concrete
3 BS 8007:1987
Design of Concrete Structures for retaining aqueous liquids.
4 BS 6399: PART 1: 1984
Imposed loads on Buildings
5 CP3 : Chapter V : Part II, 1972
Basic data for design of buildings – Wind loads
6 BS 8002:1994
Earth Retaining Structures
Other References
1 Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Hand Book (Eleventh Edition)
C. E. Reynolds & James C. Steedman
2 Manual for the Design of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures
Published by the Institute of Structural Engineers (UK)
3 Standard Method of detailing structural concrete
Published by the Institute of Structural Engineers (UK)-August 1985
4 Standard Method of detailing structural concrete-Third edition
Published by the Institute of Structural Engineers (UK
5 Reinforced Concrete Design to BS 8110
Simply Explained, by A.H. Allen.
6 Reinforced concrete design-Fifth edition
W.H. Mosley,J.H. Bungey and R.Hussle

References
Other References cont’d.
7 Graded Example in Reinforced Concrete Design
Prof.W.P.S Dias
8 Design of Buildings for High Winds in Sri Lanka
Published by Ministry of local Government Housing and Construction
9 Reinforcement Detailing to mitigate seismic effects
Published by Society of Structural Engineers, Sri Lanka
10 Examples of the design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings to BS 8110-Fourth Edition
C. E. Reynolds & James C. Steedman
11 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design-The Complete Process
Eugene J.O’Brien & Andre S.Dixion

3.0 STRUCTURAL MODELING IN SAP 2000
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Super Structure is modeled in SAP 2000, a Finite Element Structural Analysis package popular among
Structural Engineers. Main steps in the modeling procedure are as follows.
(1) Definition of Grids
In this step building grid lines are defined in the model.
(2) Definition of Materials
Following material properties of the Concrete is defined as per given in Table 3.1 & Table 3.2
Table 3.1: Material Properties of Grade 25 Concrete

Property Value
Density 24kN/m3
Young Modulus 25× 106 kN/m2
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 10 × 10-6

Poisson’s Ration 0.2
Characteristic strength 25N/mm2
Table 3.2: Material Properties of Grade 35 Concrete

Property Value
Density 24kN/m3
Young Modulus 27 × 106 kN/m2
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 10 × 10-6

Poisson’s Ration 0.2
Characteristic strength 35N/mm2

(3) Definition of Frames and Area Sections

Beams and columns were modeled as frame elements. Initial sizes of the members were
determined carrying out a preliminary member size design calculations. Raft Slabs and
Basement Walls are modeled as Shell Elements.
(4) Assignment of Loading
Vertical and lateral loads is assigned to model
(5) Analysis of Structure
Structure is analyzed as a rigid frame structure.
3D model of the Structure is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: 3D Model of the Super Structure

3.2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN STRUCTURAL MODELING
3.2.1 BEAM RAFT SLAB MODELLING

Foundation is modeled as a Beam-Raft Slab with Soil Springs. The Basement Slab and Basement Walls
are modeled as Thin Shells of approximately 0.75mx0.75m and thicknesses are 350mm and 225 mm
respectively. Basement Slab and the Basement Walls are manually meshed to ensure the proper
connectivity between elements. The Ground Beams are modeled as Frame Elements. In order to
simulate the propped cantilever action due to presence of Ground Floor Slab, the Ground Floor Slab is
also modeled.
Modulus of Sub Grade Reaction (K)

The Modulus of Sub grade Reaction is given by following equation.
K = SF × 40 × Q allowable
SF is the Factor of Safety and usually taken as 2.
According to the Soil Report, the allowable bearing capacity is Q allowable = 175kN/m2
Hence K = SF × 40 × Q allowable = 2 × 40 × 175 = 14000kN/m3
Hence Corresponding Spring Constant at Joints is,

K = 14000 × 0.75 × 0.75 = 7875kN/m

3.3 LOAD EVALUATION
3.3.1 GRAVITY LOADS
3.3.1.1 DETERMINATION OF LOADS TRANSFERRED ON TO BEAMS FROM SLABS

Slab loads were assigned to supporting Beams as per Shear Force Coefficients given in Table 3.16 of BS
8110 -1:1997.
Slab loads were assigned to SAP 2000 model under following load cases as given in Table 3.2
Consider "Unit_Slab FF" Load case assigned to First Floor Level is shown in Figure 3.2.
The Loads on the First Floor Slab are as follows.
Self Weight of 175mm thick slabs = 0.175 × 24 = 4.2kN/m2
Finishes = 1.25kN/m2
Live Loads on first floor slab = 11.5kN/m2
Hence "Unit_Slab FF" Load case was scale multiplied as given in Table 3.3 to represent actual loads.
Similar Procedure was carried to model the floor loads of other floors as well.
Table 3.3: Load Cases defined in SAP 2000

"Load Case" Name Represent
Unit_Slab GF Slab Load due to Unit Load Intensity
acting on Ground Floor Slabs
Unit_Slab FF Slab Load due to Unit Load Intensity
acting on First Floor Slabs
Unit_Slab RF Slab Load due to Unit Load Intensity
acting on Roof Floor Slabs
Mass-Concrete Fill Mass Concrete Filling on First Floor
Water_Tank Slab Load due to Unit Load Intensity
acting on Water Tank Level Slabs
Wall Wall Loads

Figure 3.2: "Unit_Slab FF" Load Case assigned on First Floor Beams
Table 3.4: Scale Multiplier for "Load Cases"

"Load Case" Name Scale Multiplier for Load Cases
Self Weight Finishes Live Loads
Unit_Slab GF 4.2 1.25 11.5
Unit_Slab FF 4.2 1.25 115
Unit_Slab RF 3.6 1.25 1.5
Mass-Concrete Fill 10 - -
Water_Tank 3.0 - 2
Wall - - -

3.3.1.2 WALL LOADS

Walls are basically 225mm thick brick walls.
Weight of walls on elevation is 5kN/m 2 .

Floor to floor height of the structure is 3900mm
For example assume beam height is 750mm.
Hence height of the wall is 3150mm.
Hence load on a beam due to wall is 5 × 3.150 = 15.75kN/m .
Wall loads assigned to first floor level are shown in Figure 3.3.
Figure 3.3 : Wall Loads assigned to First Floor Beams

3.3.1.3 ROOF LOADINGS

Roof will be a double pitch steel portal frame roof. The portals will be span between Columns on Grid A
and Columns on Grid C. Hence Roof Loads are assigned to Modal as Point Loads to Columns. (Please
refer to Figure 3.4). The Wind Loads usually will generate uplifts, hence it will have beneficiary effects
for the axial loads in columns, as such roof loads due to dead and live loads are considered as follows.
Weight of Asbestos Roofing Sheets with Insulations 0.25kN/m2
Weight of Purlins 0.04kN/m2
Imposed load on roof is 0.5kN/m2
Hence Serviceability Load Intensity of the Roof is n = 0.25 + 0.04 + 0.5 = 0.79kN/m2
sls
Hence Ultimate Load Intensity of the Roof is n = 1.4[0.25 + 0.04] + 1.6 × 0.5 = 1.206kN/m2
uls
The Plan area of the Roof is 19.8mx15.6m.
There will be Total 12 Columns to support Roof Loads. (Column grid is approximately equal and roof
reactions are compared to other loads).
0.79 × 19.8 × 15.5
Hence Serviceability Point Load = = 20kN
12
1.206 × 19.8 × 15.5
Hence Ultimate Point Load = = 30kN
12
Figure 3.4 : Roof Loads assigned to Columns

3.3.2 LATERAL LOADS
3.3.2.1 WIND LOADS
3.3.2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
A wind force on Structure is calculated as per CP3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972 .According to “Design of
Buildings for High Winds in Sri Lanka” Country is divided in to three wind zones. (See Figure 3.5).
Figure 3.5: Wind Zones in Sri Lanka

Basic wind speeds for each zone is given in Table 3.5 below
Table 3.5: Basic Wind Speeds in Sri Lanka

Zone Basic Wind Speed
Post Disaster Structure Normal Structure
1 53.5 m/s 49 m/s
2 47 m/s 42.5 m/s
3 38 m/s 33.5 m/s
Structure is located in Mannar and is designed as a “Post Disaster Structure”. Hence corresponding
Basic Wind Speed (V) is 47m/s.
Wind force calculation can be done as follows.
Figure 3.6: Wind Loads directions on Structure

Reference Calculations Out Put

Basic Wind Speed V = 47m/s
(Corresponds to Post Disaster Structure located in Wind Zone
2 of Sri Lanka).
Clause 4.3 Design Wind Speed (V )
s
CP3: Chapter V V = V×S ×S ×S
s 1 2 3
Clause 5.4 Topography Factor (S )
1
CP3: Chapter V S =1
1
Clause 5.5 Ground roughness, building size and height above ground
CP3: Chapter V factor (S )
2
Clause 5.5.2 Building is located in a Open Country with No Obstructions.
CP3: Chapter V
Consider the Wind along Y direction.
b-dimension of the Building normal to wind
d-dimension of the building measured in the direction
perpendicular to wind
b = 19.8m and d = 15.5m
(See Figure 3.6)
Hence greatest horizontal dimension of the building is 19.8m.
Height of the building above ground is 8.375m
Hence neither the greatest horizontal dimension nor the
vertical dimension of the building exceeds 50m.
Clause 5.5.2 Hence Building Class-Class B
CP3: Chapter V
Consider the Second floor level.
Height above ground is 8.375m


Table 3 S = 0.91
2
CP3: Chapter V
Clause 5.6 Probability Factor (S )
3
CP3: Chapter V
S =1
3
Hence design wind speed is,
V = 47 × 1 × 0.91 × 1 = 42.77m/s
s
Clause 4.3 Dynamic Pressure (q)
CP3: Chapter V q = kVs
2
k = 0.613
q = 0.613 × 42.772 = 1121N/mm2
Table 3.10 l 19.8

= = 1.27 ≈ 1.5
w 15.5
Clause 4.3 b = 19.8 = 1.27 ≈ 1.5
d 15.5
CP3: Chapter
H = 8.375 = 0.54 ≈ 1/2

b 15.5
Table 10. Hence C = 0.95
f
Floor to Floor Height from First to Second is 3.475m
Hence effective area (A ) corresponds to second floor level is
e
1
A = 19.8 × 3.475 × = 34.40m2
e 2
Clause 7.3 Hence Wind force (F) on Second Floor level is
CP3: Chapter F = C f qA e = 0.95 × 1121 × 34.40 = 36.63kN
Similarly wind load is calculated for other floors and results are
given in Table 3.6 & 3.7.

Table 3.6 : Summary of Wind Load Calculations-X Direction

Level F.F Elevation E.Height Ae S2 Vs Q Fx
Height
Ground 1 1 2.45 38.22 0.78 36.66 823.8448 25.82
First 3.9 4.9 3.6875 57.525 0.8 37.6 866.6349 40.88
Second 3.475 8.375 1.7375 27.105 0.91 42.77 1121.344 24.92
Table 3.7 : Summary of Wind Load Calculations-Y Direction

Level F.F Elevation E.Height Ae S2 Vs Q Fy
Height
Ground
1 1 2.45 48.51 0.78 36.66 792.9338 36.54
First
3.9 4.9 3.6875 73.0125 0.8 37.6 834.1184 57.86
Second
3.475 8.375 1.7375 34.4025 0.91 42.77 1121.34 36.63

3.3.2.1 EARTH PRESSURE
Figure 3.7 : Lateral Loads on Basement Walls
Active Pressure Coefficient- Ka
1 − sinφ 1 − sin28
Ka = = = 0.36
1 + sinφ 1 + sin28
Hence Active Soil Pressure at the Bottom of the Wall is ,
σ = K γh = 0.36 × 18 × 2 = 19.44kN/m2
A a
The Pore Water Pressure at the Bottom of the Wall is,
σ =δ h = 9.81 × 3 = 29.43kN/m2
A water

As per Clause 3.3.4.1 of BS 8002:1994, the minimum surcharge load should be 10kN/m2.
σ = Ka × Surcharge = 0.36 × 10 = 3.63kN/m2

A
4.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Following ULS and SLS Combinations were defined in SAP 2000 as per Table 2.1 of BS 8110-1:1997.
(Please refer to Figure 3.8).
ULS Com 1 -1.4 Dead Loads + 1.6 Live Loads+1.2 Earth Pressure
ULS Com 2 -1.0 Dead Loads + 1.4 Wind Loads in X direction+1.2 Earth Pressure
ULS Com 3 -1.0 Dead Loads + 1.4 Wind Loads in Y direction+1.2 Earth Pressure
ULS Com 4 -1.2 Dead Loads + 1.2 Live Loads + 1.2 Wind Loads in X direction+1.2 Earth Pressure
ULS Com 5 -1.2 Dead Loads + 1.2 Live Loads + 1.2 Wind Loads in Y direction+1.2 Earth Pressure
ULS Com 6 -1.4 Dead Loads + 1.4 Wind Loads in X direction+1.2 Earth Pressure
ULS Com 7 -1.4 Dead Loads + 1.4 Wind Loads in Y direction+1.2 Earth Pressure
SLS Com 1 -1.0 Dead Loads + 1.0 Live Loads
SLS Com 2 -1.0 Dead Loads + 1.0 Wind Loads in X direction+1.0 Earth Pressure
SLS Com 3 -1.0 Dead Loads + 1.0 Wind Loads in Y direction+1.0 Earth Pressure
SLS Com 4 -1.0 Dead Loads + 1.0 Live Loads + 1.0 Wind Loads in X direction+1.0 Earth Pressure
SLS Com 5 -1.0 Dead Loads + 1.0 Live Loads + 1.0 Wind Loads in Y direction+1.0 Earth Pressure
Figure 3.8 : Extract of Table 2.1 of BS 8110-1:1997.

5.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BASEMENT WALLS-SPECIMEN CALCULATION
References Calculation Out Put

Consider a Long Wall Panel on Grid A.
The Serviceability Vertical Bending Envelop (In the Vertical
Direction) is 28 kNm/m. (See Figure 5.1).
Cover to reinforcement = 50 mm
Diameter of main bar (φ ) = 12 mm
(The Reinforcement Diameter was measured from the core

cutter sample).
The Spacing of the Main Reinforcement = 150mm
Assessment of Flexural Crack Width
A s = 754 mm2 /m
d = 250 –50 – 12/2 = 194mm

A 754
ρ= s = = 3.887 × 10 − 3
bd 1000 × 194
X- Depth to the Neutral Axis
α e -Modular Ratio take as 15.

X  
= α eρ 1 + 2 − 1
d  α eρ 
X  2 
= 15 × 3.887 × 10 − 3 ×  1 + − 1
 
194  15 × 3.887 × 10 − 3 
X = 55.90 mm
Z- Lever arm
X 55.90
Z =d− = 194 − = 175.36 mm
3 3
Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL)

Page 20
Figure 5.1 : Serviceability Bending Moments (Vertical) in Long Wall Panel

Page 21

Ms- Serviceability Moment of the Wall Base is 28kNm/m
fs -Steel Stress
M 28 × 106
fs = = = 211.77N/mm2
A Z 754 × 175.36
s
B:2 2
Limiting Steel Stress = 0.8fy = 0.8 × 460 = 368N/mm
BS 8007:1987 Hence Steel stress is within acceptable limits.

fcb -concrete Stress
2M 2 × 28 × 106
fcb = = = 5.71N/mm2
Zbx 175.36 × 1000 × 55.90
B:2 2
Limiting Concrete Stress = 0.45fcu = 0.45 × 35 = 15.75N/mm
BS 8007:1987 Hence Concrete stress is within acceptable limits.

f (h − x) 211.77 (250 − 55.90)
ε1 = s × = × = 1.488 × 10 − 3
E 3
s d − x 200 × 10 (194 − 55.90)
For a Limiting design crack width of 0.2mm,
b (h − x)(a′ − x)
ε2 = t
3Es A s (d − x)
1000 × (250 − 55.90)(250 − 55.90)

ε2 = = 6 × 10 − 4
3
3 × 200 × 10 × 754 × (194 − 55.90)
εm = ε1 − ε2 = 1.488 × 10 − 3 − 6 × 10 − 4 = 8.88 × 10 − 4
 150 2  2
12   12
acr =   +  50 +   − = 87.60mm
 2   2  2

3acr εm 3 × 87.60 × 8.88 × 10 − 4

w= = = 0.17mm < 0.2mm
 acr − Cmin   87.60 − 50 
1 + 2
1 + 2 
 h − x   250 − 55.90 
Hence Crack with is Ok.

Page 22

Assessment of Crack Width Due to Thermal and Moisture
Effects
ρ -Reinforcement Ratio for a Surface Zone
Clause 2.2.3.3 As 754
ρ= = = 0.006032
BS 8007:1987 bh 1000 × 0.5x250
The minimum Reinforcement ratio is 0.0035

Hence minimum reinforcement ratio is satisfactory.
S-Crack Spacing
f φ
smax = ct ×
fb 2ρ
Table A.1 fct

= 0.67
BS 8007:1987 fb
12
smax = 0.67 × = 666.45mm
2 × 0.006032
W-Crack Width
Wmax = SmaxR α(T + T )
1 2
R-Restraint Factor is taken as 0.5.
T1 = 30 C and T2 = 10 C for Sri Lankan context.
α = 10 × 10 −6
Wmax = 666.45 × 0.5 × 10 × 10 − 6 (30 + 10) = 0.13mm < 0.2mm
Hence Crack width is satisfactory.

Page 23
6.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF GROUND BEAMS-SPECIMEN CALCULATION

Consider the Ground Beam on Grid 3.
The Bending Moments and Shear Forces for ULS ENVELOP are
shown in Figure 6.1 and Figure 6.2.
Checks for Bending

Consider the B/3 Support, the support moment is 315kNm
Assume T20 Main Reinforcement, T10 Links and 50mm cover .
20
d = 600 − 50 − 10 − = 530mm
2
Cl.3.4.4.4
M 315 × 106
k= = = 0.070
BS 8110:1-1997
f b d2 35 × 450 × 5302
cu f
 K 
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 
 0.070 
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 −  = 0.92d < 0.95d
 0.9 
M
As =
0.95fy z
315 × 106
= = 1478mm2
0.95 × 460 × 0.92 × 530
3T20+3T20 has been provided at bottom.
A s,provided = 1884 mm2
(See the Reinforcement Detailing in Annex 2)

Page 24
Figure 6.1 : Ground Beam Bending Moment
Figure 6.2 : Ground Beam Shear Force

Page 25

Table 3.25 Checks for Minimum area of reinforcement
BS 8110:1-1997 100A
s = 100 × 1884 = 0.70 > 0.13
bh 450 × 600
Hence minimum steel requirement is satisfied. Minimum r/f Ok.
Clause 3.12.6 Checks for Maximum area of reinforcement
BS 8110:1-1997 Neither the area of tension reinforcement nor compression Maximum r/f Ok
reinforcement should exceed 4% of cross sectional area of the
concrete.
Checks for Shear at RHS Support

Maximum shear at support =297 kN (From SAP Model)
Cl.3.4.5.2 297 × 103
vmax = = 1.25N/mm2
BS 8110:1-1997 (450 × 530)
Cl.3.4.5.2 Maximum permissible shear stress is lesser of

BS 8110:1-1997 0.8 fcu or 5N/mm2
0.8 35 = 4.73N/mm2 > 1.25N/mm2 Maximum Shear
Hence maximum shear is O.K Ok
Cl. 3.4.5.4 Concrete shear Stress

BS 8110:1-1997 The area of tension reinforcement at a distance “d” from the
face of the support is 1884mm

2
Table 3.8 100As 100 × 1570

= = 0.78 < 3
BS 8110:1-1997 bd 450 × 530
14 1
 400  =
 400  4 = 0.93 < 1
 d   530 

Page 26

Hence design concrete shear stress is,
1 1 1
 100As  3  400  4 1  fcu  3
vc = 0.79 ×   ×  × × 
 bd   d  δm  25 
1
1 1  35  3
= 0.79 × (0.78 ) 3 × 0.93 × × 
1.25  25 
= 0.60N/mm2
Table 3.7 Spacing of the shear links
BS 8110:1-1997 v c + 0.4 = 0.60 + 0.4 = 1.0N/mm2
v c + 0.4 < v < v

d max
We have provided 10 Links at supports.
Number of shear legs is 2.
 π × 102  2
A sv = 2 ×   = 157mm
 4 
Hence maximum possible shear link spacing at the support is,
A sv × 0.95 × fyv 157 × 0.95 × 460
Sv ≤
(
bv × v − v
c
) =
450 × (1.25 - 0.6)
= 235mm
We have provided T10 @ 200mm. T10@ 200mm

Cl. 3.4.5.5 Maximum possible spacing of links is 0.75d = 397.5 mm Links
BS 8110:1-1997 Hence maximum spacing is satisfied.
Cl.3.4.6 Checks for Deflection

Table 3.9 The Span of the Beam in 4575 mm and beam is continuous
over supports.
BS 8110:1-1997  Span 
Basic   = 26
 Effective Depth 
 Span  4750
Actual  = = 8.96
 Effective Depth  530
Hence Deflection of the Beam is Satisfactory.

Page 27
7.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BASEMENT SLAB-SPECIMEN CALCULATION
7.1 CHECKS FOR BEARING

Maximum Serviceability Joint Reaction (Corresponds to SLS Combination 01) is 73kN.
This is corresponds to a area of 0.75mx0.75m.
Hence Maximum Serviceability Pressure is
73
Q applied = = 130kN/m2 < 175kN/m2
0.752
7.2 CHECKS FOR BENDING

Maximum Moment for any direction is 90kNm/m. (See Figure 7.1 and 7.2).
Assume T16 is to be used.

Effective depth (d)
16
d = 300 − 50 − 16 − = 226mm
2
M 90 × 106
K= = = 0.050 < 0.156
fcubd2 35 × 1000 × 2262
Hence section can be designed as a singly reinforced section.
 K 
z = 0.5 + 0.25 − d
 0.9 
 0.050 
z = 0.5 + 0.25 − d = 0.94d < 0.95d
 0.9 
M 90 × 106 mm2
Hence Area of reinforcement required , A s,req = = = 969
0.95fy Z 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 226 m
Hence provide T16 @ 150mm C/C.
mm2
A s,provided = 1340
m

Page 28
Figure 7.1 : M11 Bending
Figure 7.1 : M22 Bending

Page 29
7.3 CHECKS FOR SHEAR
Maximum possible shear , lesser of
0.8 fcu or 5N/mm2
0.8fcu = 0.8 × 35 = 4.73N/mm2
1 1 1
 100As  3  400  4 1  fcu  3
v c = 0.79×   × × × 
 b v d   d  δm  25 
 100As   100 × 1340 

 =  = 0.59 < 3
 b v d   1000 × 226 
1 1
 400  4  400  4
 d  =  226  = 1.15 > 0.67
δm = 1.25
1
1 1  35  3
v c = 0.79 × [0.59] 3 × 1.15 × ×   = 0.68N/mm2
1.25  25 
Maximum Shear Stress as per SAP Model is 0.53N/mm^2 (See Figure 7.3 and Figure 7.4).
v < vc

Page 30
Figure 7.3 : S13 Shear
Figure 7.4 : S23 Shear

Page 31
8.0 SPECIMEN CALCULATION FOR A INDIVIDUAL FOOTING

The Specimen Calculations for the Column Footing at Grid C/4 presented here. The SLS and ULS
reactions of the Column are given in Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2.
Reference Calculation Out Put

General Data
Columns are pinned at the base.
Figure 4.1 Axial load at SLS = 598kN
Figure 4.2 Axial load at ULS = 863kN
Soil Report Bearing Capacity at 2.0 m below EGL = 175kN/m2
Cover to reinforcement = 50mm
Grade of Concrete fcu = 35N/mm2
Sizing of the footing

Assume an initial thickness of 300mm.
Hence Allowable bearing capacity = 175 − 0.30 × 24 = 167.8kN/m

2
Hence Required Width (B),
598
B= = 1.89m
167.8
Hence Provide a 2.0mx2.0m Square Footing.
Design for Flexure

863
Ultimate pressure =n = = 215.8kN/m2
22
Dimension of the Stub Column 500mmx500mm

Maximum moment at Column face (For a Unit Width)
(2 − 0.50)2
M = 215.8 × = 60.70kNm/m
8

Page 32
Figure 8.1 : SLS Joint Reactions
Figure 8.2 : ULS Joint Reactions

Page 33

Diameter of the main reinforcement to be used =12mm
16
d = 300 − 50 − 16 − = 226mm
2
Consider a Unit Width of the footing
M 60.70 × 106
k= = = 0.034 < 0.156
f bd2 35 × 1000 × 2262
cu
 k 
z = d0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 
 0.034 
z = d0.5 + 0.25 −  = 0.96d ,but should not be greater than 0.95d
 0.9 
M 60.70 × 106
As = = = 647mm2 /m
0.95fy z 0.95 × 460 × 0.95 × 226
Provide T16@ 150mm C/C T16 @ 150mm
A s,provided = 1340mm2 /m
Checks for minimum reinforcement

100A
s = 100 × 1340 = 0.45 > 0.13
bh 1000 × 300
Table 3.25 Hence minimum steel requirement is o.k.
3.11.4.5 Checks for Maximum shear

Maximum shear stress at column face
863 × 103
= = 1.91N/mm2
2(500 + 500) × 226
Maximum possible shear
0.8 fcu or 5N / mm 2 which is lesser
Hence v = 0.8 fcu = 0.8 35 = 4.73N/mm2

max
Hence Maximum Shear is OK.

Page 34

Shear at 1.0 d from the face of the Column
 (2 − 0.50) 
215.8 ×  − 0.226 × 1000
v=  2  = 0.50N/mm2
1000 × 226
Table 3.8 Design concrete shear strength
100As 100 × 1340
= = 0.59 < 3
bd (1000 × 226)
1 1
 400  4 =  400  4 = 1.15
 d   226 
Hence design concrete shear strength is,

1 1
 100As  3  400  4 1
vc = 0.79 ×   ×  ×
 bd   d  δm
1
1 1  35  3
= 0.79 × (0.59 ) 3 × 1.15 × ×   = 0.68N/mm2 vc=0.68N/mm2
1.25  25 
Hence shear at 1.0 d is OK.

Checks for Punching shear at 1.5 d
Critical Perimeter = 4(0.50 + 3d) = 4(0.50 + 3 × 0.226) = 4 × 1.178 = 4.712m
Force outside the critical perimeter
= 215.8 × (22 − 1.1782 ) = 563.74kN

Hence Punching shear stress
563.74 × 1000
= = 0.53N/mm2
4712 × 226
Hence Punching Shear is OK.

Page 35
8.0 COLUMN DESIGN-SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS

Column layout is determined as per the Client's requirements and initial member sizes were
estimated carrying out a preliminary design. Then structure was modeled in SAP 2000 and each
column is designed to withstand the bending and axial loads for ULS combination. Specimen
Calculation is provided for Column at grid B/3 (Type C2).Columns are designed as unbraced by
assuming all the lateral loads are taken by the columns.

Page 36
Reference Calculations Output

Specimen Calculation for Column Type "C2"
The Column size is 450x450
Consider a Column Segment from Ground to First Floor
Level.
Determination of Short or Slender Column
Bending about X-X Axis
Dimension of column about XX axis Bending h = 450mm
Depth of the Beam along Y direction is 750mm.
Cl.3.8.1.6.2 Hence Top Condition is 1.
BS 8110-1:1997 Slab Thickness at Ground Level is 175mm.
Hence Bottom Condition -2
Table 3.2 Hence β = 1.3
BS 8110-1:1997 L ex = βL ox = 1.3 × (3900 − 750) = 4095mm
L ex 4095
= = 9 < 10
h 450
Hence Column is Short for X-X axis Bending.
Bending about Y-Y Axis

Dimension of column about YY axis Bending h = 450mm
Depth of the Beam along X direction is 500mm.
Cl.3.8.1.6.2 Hence Top Condition is 1.
BS 8110-1:1997 Ground Beam Depth is 450mm.
Hence Bottom Condition -1
Table 3.2 Hence β = 1.2
BS 8110-1:1997 L ey = βL oy = 1.2 × (3900 − 500) = 4080mm
L ey 408
= = 9 < 10
b 450
Hence Column is Slender for YY axis Bending. Short Column
Hence "C2" Column is a short Column.

Page 37
Figure 9.1: ULS Axial Loads on Column at B/3
Figure 9.2: ULS XX Bending Moment of the Column

Page 38
Figure 9.3: ULS YY Bending Moment of Column at B/3

Page 39

Design Loads from SAP 2000 Model
Column is designed for ULS 1 Load Combination.(Critical)
N = 2223kN
Mxx = 165kNm
Myy = 57kNm
Cl.3.8.2.4 Minimum Moments

BS 8110-1:1997 e xx = 0.05 × 450 = 22.5mm > 20mm
M = 2223 × 0.020 = 45kNm < 165kNm

xx, min
e yy = 0.05 × 450 = 22.5mm > 20mm
M = 1800 × 0.020 = 36kNm < 57kNm

yy,min
Design Moments
M = 165kNm
xx
M = 57kNm
YY
Cl.3.8.4.5 Biaxial Bending

BS 8110-1:1997 25
b' = 450 − 30 − 10 − = 397.5mm
2
25
h' = 450 − 30 − 10 − = 397.5mm
2
7N 7 × 2223 × 103
β =1− =1− = 0.49
6bhf 6 × 450 × 450 × 25
cu
M
xx = 165 = 0.42
h′ 397.5
M
yy 57
= = 0.14
b′ 397.5
M M
xx > YY
h′ b′
Hence Column is bending about XX axis.

Page 40
h′ 397.5
M′x = M + β M = 165 + 0.49 × × 57 = 193kNm
x b′ y 397.5
Column Design Design of Main Reinforcement
Charts by
IstructE
d 397.5
= ≈ 0.90
h 450
N 2223 × 103
= = 0.44
bhfcu 450 × 450 × 25
M 193 × 106
= = 0.08
bh2 fcu 450 × 4502 × 25
ρfy
Hence = 0.2
f
cu
0.2 × 25
ρ=
460
A
sc = 0.2 × 25
bh 460
A
sc = 0.2 × 25 × 450 × 450 = 2201mm2
bh 460
A
sc = 1100mm2
2
Provided Reinforcement per Face is 5T25. 5T25 per Face
A = 2455mm2
sc, provided
Hence provided Reinforcement is Satisfactory.

Page 41

Table 3.25 Checks for Minimum Area of Reinforcement
BS 8110- 100A sc
= 0.4
1:1997 bh
0.4 × 450 × 450
A sc = = 810mm2
100
Hence provided reinforcement satisfied the minimum reinforcement
requirement.
Checks for Maximum Area of Reinforcement
Cl.3.12.6.1 100Asc
=6
BS 8110- bh
1:1997
6 × 450 × 450
A sc = = 12150mm2 > 4910mm2
100
Hence Maximum Area of Reinforcement is Ok.
At Laps
At a Lap 6T25 bars are lapped.
A sc = 6 × 491 = 2946mm2
(4910 + 2946)
A sc = × 100 = 3.87 < 10%
450 × 450
Cl.3.12.7.1 Design of Links
BS 8110- Largest Compression bar =25mm
1:1997 Hence Diameter of the shear link should be larger than 25/4=6mm.
Hence T10 Links were provided.
Shear Link spacing should be less than 12 times smallest compression bar.
(12x25=300mm) T10-150
Links are provided at 150mm Spacing. Links

Page 42
ANNEX 1-LOADINGS

LEGENDS
5 kN/m2
LEGENDS
SLAB ON GRADE
11.5kN/m2
LEGENDS
11.5 kN/m2
3kN/m2
LEGENDS
1.5kN/m2
ANNEX 2-EXTRACT FROM SOIL REPORT

6.4 Recommendations
Giving due regard to the above factors and inferring similar subsurface conditions throughout the
site, it is recommended that individual pad footings be used at each tower leg. The footings can
be placed at a depth of 2 m, and designed for an allowable bearing capacity of 175kPa.
The above shallow foundation option is based on the presumption that there would be no
significant interference between the zones of influence of the designed footings. This condition
shall be met if the clear distance between the foundations should be more than the width of the
larger footing.
Further, it recommended that the stability of the foundation shall checked against possible
uplifting and sliding. For the purpose the following design parameters shall be used:
shear strength parameters of the soils above footing level can be taken as c’ = 8 kN/m2, ф’ = 28.
The frictional resistance at the base of the footing can be taken as ca = 5 kN/m, δ= 19.5
16thSeptember 2015
12
ANNEX 3-STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

Structural Design Report Rev 02 24.01.2018

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DESIGN REPORT-CONTROL BUILDING OF MANNAR

TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE-LOT A-REV-02

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 1

2.0 DESIGN INFORMATION AND REFERENCES

Yield Strength of Mild Steel (fvy ) 250N/mm2

2.2 Fire rating

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 2

2.5.3 Basic wind speed 47m/s

2.5.4 Surcharge Loads for Retaining Walls 10kN/m2

2.6 Soil Properties

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 3

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 4

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 5

3.0 STRUCTURAL MODELING IN SAP 2000

Table 3.1: Material Properties of Grade 25 Concrete

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 10 × 10-6

Table 3.2: Material Properties of Grade 35 Concrete

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 10 × 10-6

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 6

(3) Definition of Frames and Area Sections

Figure 3.1: 3D Model of the Super Structure

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 7

3.2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN STRUCTURAL MODELING

3.2.1 BEAM RAFT SLAB MODELLING

Modulus of Sub Grade Reaction (K)

SF is the Factor of Safety and usually taken as 2.

Hence K = SF × 40 × Q allowable = 2 × 40 × 175 = 14000kN/m3

Hence Corresponding Spring Constant at Joints is,

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 8

3.3 LOAD EVALUATION

3.3.1 GRAVITY LOADS

3.3.1.1 DETERMINATION OF LOADS TRANSFERRED ON TO BEAMS FROM SLABS

Self Weight of 175mm thick slabs = 0.175 × 24 = 4.2kN/m2

Live Loads on first floor slab = 11.5kN/m2

Table 3.3: Load Cases defined in SAP 2000

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 9

Table 3.4: Scale Multiplier for "Load Cases"

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 10

3.3.1.2 WALL LOADS

Weight of walls on elevation is 5kN/m 2 .

Figure 3.3 : Wall Loads assigned to First Floor Beams

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 11

3.3.1.3 ROOF LOADINGS

Weight of Asbestos Roofing Sheets with Insulations 0.25kN/m2

Weight of Purlins 0.04kN/m2

Imposed load on roof is 0.5kN/m2

Figure 3.4 : Roof Loads assigned to Columns

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 12

3.3.2 LATERAL LOADS

3.3.2.1 WIND LOADS

Figure 3.5: Wind Zones in Sri Lanka

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 13

Table 3.5: Basic Wind Speeds in Sri Lanka

Figure 3.6: Wind Loads directions on Structure

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 14

Reference Calculations Out Put

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 15

Reference Calculations Out Put

q = 0.613 × 42.772 = 1121N/mm2

Table 3.10 l 19.8

H = 8.375 = 0.54 ≈ 1/2

Prepared by Gihan Chathuranga, BSc.Eng(Hons), PG Dip in Strcut.Eng, Design, C.Eng,MIE(SL),MSSE(SL) Page 16

Table 3.6 : Summary of Wind Load Calculations-X Direction

Table 3.7 : Summary of Wind Load Calculations-Y Direction