Class XII - Math

Chapter: Integral Calculus

Concepts and Formulae

S.No Chapter Formulae

1 Integrals 1.1 Indefinite Integrals

∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C where F(x) is the
antiderivative of f(x)
Properties
∫ ∫
[f(x) + g(x)]dx = f(x)dx + g(x)dx ∫
∫ kf(x)dx = k ∫ f(x)dx for any real number k
∫ [k f (x) + k f (x) + ...... + k f (x)]dx =
11 2 2 nn

k ∫ f (x)dx + k ∫ f (x)dx + .... + k ∫ f (x)dx

1 1 2 2 n n

where, k1,k2…kn are real numbers & f1,f2,..fn

are real functions
1.2 Some Standard Integrals
xn +1
∫xndx =
n+1
+ C,n ≠ −1

∫ dx = x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
2

∫ co sec x dx = − cot x + C
2

∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

∫ co sec x cot x dx = − cosec x + C
dx
∫ 1 − x = sin x + C
−1
2

dx
∫ 1−x 2
= − cos−1 x + C

dx
∫1 + x2
= tan−1 x + C

dx
∫1+x 2
= cot −1 x + C

dx
∫ 2 = sec x + C
−1

x x −1
 dx
∫ 2
= − cos ec−1 x + C
x x −1

∫ e dx = e
x x
+C

ax
∫ ax dx =
loga
+C

1
∫ x dx = log x + C
1.3 Integration by Partial Fractions
P(x) P (x)
A rational function = T(x) + 1 if degree of
Q(x) Q(x)
P (x)
P(x) > degree of Q(x) & 1 can be expressed
Q(x)
as sum of partial fractions.
px + q A B
= + , a≠b
(x − a)(x − b) x − a x − b
px + q A B
2
= +
(x − a) x − a (x − a)2
px2 + qx + r A B C
= + +
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) x − a x − b x − c
px2 + qx + r A B C
2
= + 2
+
(x − a) (x − b) x − a (x − a) x −b
px2 + qx + r A Bx + C
2
= + 2
(x − a)(x + bx + c) x − a x + bx + c
where x2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further

1.4 Integration by substitution

A change in the variable of integration often
reduces an integral to one of the fundamental
integrals. Some standard integrals are:
∫tan x dx = log sec x + C

∫ cot x dx = log sin x + C

∫ sec x dx = log sec x + tan x + C
∫ co sec x dx = log co sec x − cot x + C
Standard substitutions
x2+a2 substitute x = a tan θ
x2 -a2 substitute x = a sec θ
a2 − x2 substitute x = a sin θ or a cos θ
1.5 Integral of some special functions
dx 1 x−a
∫
2
x −a 2
=
2a
log
x+a
+C

dx 1 a+x
∫a 2
−x 2
=
2a
log
a−x
+C

dx 1 x
∫ 2
x +a 2
= tan−1 + C
a a
dx
∫ 2
x −a 2
= log x + x2 − a2 + C

dx x
∫ 2
a −x 2
= sin−1 + C
a
dx
∫
x +a 2 2
= log x + x2 + a2 + C

1.6 Integration by parts

d 
∫ f (x).f (x)dx = f (x)∫ f (x)dx − ∫  dx f (x).∫ f (x)dx dx
1 2 1 2 1 2

where f1 & f2 are functions of x

ILATE I- inverse trigonometric
L- logarithmic A-algebra T-Trigonometric E-
exponential , is used to identify the first
function.
1.7 Some special type of integrals
x 2 2 a2
∫ x2 − a2 dx =
2
x − a − log x + x2 − a2 + C
2
x 2 2 a2
∫ x2 + a2 dx =
2
x + a + log x + x2 + a2 + C
2
x 2 a2 x
∫ a2 − x2 dx =
2
a − x2 + sin−1 + C
2 a
1.8 Area function
x

∫
A(x) = f(x)dx , if x is a point in [a,b]
a
 1.9 Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
First fundamental theorem of integral
x
calculus: If Area function, A(x)= ∫ f(x)dx
a
for all

x≥a, & f is continuous on [a,b].Then A′(x)= f (x)

for all x∈ [a, b].
Second fundamental theorem of integral
calculus: Let f be a continuous function of x in
the closed interval [a, b] and let F be another
d
function such that F(x) = f(x) for all x in
dx
domain of f, then
b
b
∫ f(x)dx = F(x) + C
a
a
= F(b) − F(a)

2 Definite 2.1 Definite integral as limit of sum

Integrals b
1
∫ f(x)dx = (b − a)lim n f(a) + f(a + h) + .... + f(a + (n − 1)h
a
n→∞

b−a
where h =
n

2.2 Properties of Definite Integrals

b b

∫
a
∫
f(x)dx = f(t)dt
a
b a

∫ f(x)dx = − ∫ f(x)dx
a b
a

∫
In particular, f(x)dx = 0
a
b c b

∫ f(x)dx =∫ f(x)dx + ∫ f(x)dx

a a c
b b

∫ f(x)dx =∫ f(a + b − x)dx

a a
a a

∫ f(x)dx =∫ f(a − x)dx

0 0
 2a a a

∫
0
∫ ∫
f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(2a − x)dx
0 0
2a a

∫ f(x)dx =2∫ f(x)dx,if f(2a − x) = f(x)

0 0

=0 ,if f(2a − x) = −f(x)

a a

∫ f(x)dx =2∫ f(x)dx,if f (−x) = f(x)

−a 0

=0 ,if f(−x) = −f(x)

3 Application of 3.1 Area of bounded region
Integrals The area of the region bounded by the
curve y = f (x), x-axis and the lines x = a and x
b b
= b (b > a) is Area= ydx = ∫
a
∫ f(x)dx
a

The area of the region enclosed between
two curves y = f (x), y = g (x) and
the lines x = a, x = b is
b

∫
Area = [f(x) − g(x)]dx where, f(x) > g(x)
a
in [a,b]

If f (x) ≥ g (x) in [a, c] and f (x) ≤ g (x)
in [c,b], a < c < b, then
c b

∫ ∫
Area = [f(x) − g(x)]dx + [g(x) − f(x)]dx
a c