Heat and Mass Transfer

where A, and A0 are the inside and outside surface areas of the cylinder.
Heat conduction through a composite cylinder:
_ "I'm-town]
_n=n 1
Z k 1n[nn+l)/rn]
n=l n
Heat conduction through a hollow sphere .'
_ ('1 - '2)
Q _ (r2 - r1)
4Ttkrlr2
Logarithmic mean area for the hollow sphere :
Am =\/A,Ao
Heat conduction through a composite sphere :
4'lt (thf - tar)
Q: 1 + n=nZ r(n+)l_r n + 1
h 2
hf -'1 k r r
n=l M' n- (I1+l) h 2
cf r(n+l)
10. Critical thickness of insulation :
k
For a cylinder : '2 (= re) h- (where ): heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of the
0
insulation).
The above relation represents the condition for minimum resistance and consequently
maximum heat flow rate. The insulation radius at which resistance to heat flow is minimum
is called the 'critical radius'.
2k
For a sphere: r2 (= r6) = E

11. Heat conduction with internal heat generation .'

A. Plane wall :
Case I. Both the surfaces have the same temperature .'
q .
t=2-:(L-x)x+t" ...(i)

q a ..
[max = i L. + tn ...(ll)

t=ta+q-gL+q-g(L-x)x "-(iii)
h 2k 9 Considering h and ta
L" .
...(lv)
tmaax = to + qg [E + g]

(at the mid plane, i.e., x =L/2)

t=- qg 2L-x x+t (V)

2k ( ) M
q
[max = _g L2 + tn ..(v1)
2k
Case II. Both the surfaces of the wall have diflerent temperatures :
t-t 2 _

-tu] _; u2 {
 Chapter : 2 : Conduction-Steady-State One Dimension

rm -t,,2 = (Z +1)2
r". - m 42 "'
qg L2
where, Z=- --
2k (till _ tu2)
Case III. Current carrying electrical conductor :
_ J_2
qg ke
where, qg = Heat generated per unit volume per unit time
IN = Temperature of the wall surface
L = Thickness of the wall
k = Thermal conductivity of wall material
it = Heat transfer coefficient
J = Current density, and
kg = Electrical conductivity.
B. Cylinder :

t=t +- qg R2 -r »2 4kl ] .
(I)

rm =t, +:_:.R2 ...(ii)

|:1- ..(lll)
[mm _Mtn =| ) :|
(Temperature distribution in dimensionless form)
'1 .
tH =ta +j.R ...(iv)

qg qg 2 2 . .
t=t +-.R+-R -r a 2h 4k [ ],cons1der1ng h & ta (v)

q q .
tmat=ta+j~R+fi-R2 ...(VZ)

C. Nuclear cylindrical rod :

Case I. Without cladding .'
3q R2
In _tmm =_0-f' ...(l)
16 kf,

t -t =- qo Rfr -+-
3Rfr 1
mm a 4 |:4kfl ['1 ...(ll)
~-

Case II. With cladding

2
'10 Rfr 3 1
tmm =tu +T[W+k-d~1n (Rel/1219) ...(iii)

where, q" = Heat generation rate at centre of the rod (r = 0),

Rf, = Outer radius of the fuel rod,
Ra = Outer radius of cladding,
kc, = Thermal conductivity of cladding material, and
kfl = Thermal conductivity of fuel rod material.
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