Code of Lecture : ENCH801008

Nama of Lecture : Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbon

Course Coordinator : Prof. Dr.Ir. Widodo W. Purwanto DEA

Introduction to hydrocarbon industry and the

field development life cycle.
Overview of Oil and Gas Industry in Indonesia

By
Ahmad Hanif, PhD
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name : Ahmad Hanif, PhD
Phone : +62 812 8333 633 (mobile)
Email : ahmad_hanif@yahoo.com

EDUCATIONS:
PhD Natural Gas Chemistry, Balliol College, University of Oxford, UK 2000
MSc Chemical Engineering, UI sandwich IRC-CNRS Lyon, France, 1994
BSc Mining Exploration, ITB, 1987

WORK EXPERIENCES:
2011 - 2012 CONOCOPHILLIPS INDONESIA, Jakarta (Project Interface)
2010 - 2011 PETRONAS CARIGALI, KL – Malaysia (Sr. Production Engineer)
2007 - 2010 SAUDI ARAMCO, Dahran, KSA (Sr. Petroleum Engineer)
1989 – 2006 PERTAMINA EP
2005 - 2007 EOR Manager - PEP and FSO Deputy Manager - Banyu Urip, Exxon-Mobil Cepu
2000 - 2005 Production, Proc. & Fac. Specialist, E&P Techology Centre, Pertamina EP, Jkt.
1994 - 1997 Sr. Production Engineer, Jakarta
1989 - 1992 Field Engineer, Production & Drilling Engineer, Lirik-Sumatra & Papua.
1986 – 1989 ITB (Assistant Lab & Lecture) & COWI (Water Drilling Supervisor)
OUTLINE:

- INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON / PETROLEUM

- HYDROCARBON INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA

- FIELD DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

-GEOLOGY, SEDIMENTARY BASIN & PETROLEUM SYSTEM

 INTRODUCTION TO
HYDROCARBON / PETROLEUM
 What is Hydrocarbon?

• Hydrocarbon : an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms

• Petroleum : a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath
the earth’s surface

Light Crude Heavy Crude

Petroleum Products
A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:
Gasoline - 19.5 gallons

One Barrel Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallons

= 159 liter
= 6.293 m3 Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallons
= 42 gallons
Asphalt - 2.3 gallons

Kerosene - 0.2 gallons

Lubricants - 0.5 gallons

Petrochemicals,
other products - 6.2 gallons
American Petroleum Institute, 1999
History of Petroleum
Coal, oil, gas, solar, and wind power were all used before 1200 B.C.
Fire, animal labor, and hot springs were used long before that.

First Use: • Egyptians: oil to preserve mummies

• Chinese: natural gas for fuel
• Babylonians: oil to seal walls and pave streets
• Americans: tar to seal canoes

First Drilling: • Chinese using bamboo: to 800’ in 347 AD

• Americans using cable tool: to 70’ in 1859 AD

First Product: • Kerosene for lamps

• Gasoline was unwanted by-product

Demand Increase: • Industrial Revolution : harnessed energy sources on a grand scale.

- Internal Combustion Engine (1885)
- Global Economic Growth
 Hydrocarbon Origin

HOW THE WAY PEOPLE SIMPLY EXPLAIN ORGANIC ORIGIN THEORY :

MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO, TINY ANIMALS AND PLANTS LIVED IN THE SEA. WHEN THEY DIED,
THEY SANK TO THE BOTTOM AND WERE BURIED IN THE SAND.
RIVERS CARRIED MORE BITS OF ROCK AND SAND INTO THE SEA.
THE LAYERS OF ROCK AND SAND WERE PRESSED DOWN SO TIGHTLY THAT THEY FORMED
SEDIMENTARY ROCK.
THE ANIMALS AND PLANTS DECAYED IN THE ROCKS AND CHANGED INTO OIL AND GAS.
 Depletion of oil reserves

• World oil reserves are a finite resource as well.

• Some observers predict they are peaking right about now.
Distribution of fossil fuel reserves

• Saudi Arabia has

the most oil.

• Russia has the

most natural gas.

• The U.S. has the

most coal.
 Distribution of fossil fuel reserves
• Global distribution of fossil fuel reserves is very uneven.

• The Middle East and northern Russia are richest in fossil fuels.
Oil production and consumption

• Saudi Arabia
produces the
most oil.

• The U.S.
consumes the
most oil.
 GEOLOGY:
TECTONIC & SEDIMENTARY BASIN
 INTRODUCTON TO GEOLOGY

Geology is a science which study the

earth composition and processes both
surface and sub-surface

Petroleum Geology is a branch of geology that

specifically study the origin and mechanism of
hydrocarbon including their distribution and
accumulation
FORMATION OF EARTH AND SOLAR SYSTEM
SUMMARY OF THE EARTH STRUCTURES
CRUST VS. PLATES
IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY & METAMORF ROCK FORMING
WORLD PLATE TECTONICS
TECTONIC SETTING OF INDONESIAN REGION

• ACTIVE TECTONICS REGION

• INTERACTION OF THREE
MAJOR PLATES

• YOUNG & COMPLEX TECTONIC

HISTORY

• INDONESIA DIVIDED INTO:

WESTERN (SUNDALAND) :
CONVERHENT MARGIN SINCE
MEZOSOIC (ASIAN AFFINITY),
OIL PRONE BASIN

EASTERN :
PASSIVE MARGIN UNTIL LATE
MIOCENE (AUSTRALIAN AFFINITY),
GAS PRONE BASIN
PRESENT DAY TECTONIC SETTING OF INDONESIAN REGION
FREE AIR GRAVITY MAP OF INDONESIAN REGION
TECTONIC SETTING AND TERTIARY BASIN DISTRIBUTIONS
PRESENT-DAY WESTERN INDONESIA BASINS
TIME & HISTORY OF GEOLOGY
FOUR LEVELS OF PETROLEUM INVESTIGATION
 SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES

WEATHERING, EROSION, TRANSPORTATION, DEPOSITION

• COMPACTION
• LITHIFICATION
SEDIMENT EROSION AND TRANSPORT

EROSION
The fundamental mechanism that controls the transport of
sediment is the turbulent flow of a fluid, either air or water. A
fluid flowing over a solid interface engenders a shear force on
the interface, proportional to the velocity of the fluid. If the flow
occurs on a bed of unconsolidated sediment, when the shear
force is greater than the frictional resistance and inertia of the
individual sediment grains, the sediment is entrained by the
fluids and erosion occurs. The force necessary to erode
sediment is generally expressed in terms of a critical current
velocity at a specified distance (usually 1 m) above the bottom.

For a given fluid, the critical velocity required to erode a

sediment depends on two parameters:
1. sediment grain size
2. intergranular cohesion of the sediment.
SEDIMENT EROSION AND TRANSPORT

Based on these two parameters, sediments can be subdivided into

two major classes:

1. Cohesive sediments consist of silt and clay with a grain size less
than 0.1 – 0.2 mm. These sediments are characterised by a high
degree of cohesion between the grains, due to electrostatic
charges on the grain surface. In these sediments, the forces of
intergranular cohesion predominate over inertial forces and the
sediments are difficult to erode because the grains tend to stick
together.

2. Non-cohesive sediments consist of sediments coarser than 0.1 –

0.2 mm and comprise sand and gravel. The hydrodynamic
behaviour of these sediments is controlled by grain inertia, and
because intergranular cohesion is very weak, they are easier to
erode than cohesive sediments.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTATION
 • BIOCHEMICAL (ORGANIC)
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS • CHEMICAL (IN ORGANIC)
• DETRITAL
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
DEPOSITIONAL GEOMETRY
 RIFT BASIN SEDIMENTATIONS

Schematic diagram of Dead Sea region, viewed to the North, showing

generalized rift topography, tectonics framework, and meteorological patterns
Gabon Basin Rio Muni Basin Douala/Kribi-Campo Basin Niger Delta

Petroleum
Systems

Slide 10
 Rio Muni-Cameroon Cross-section

Slide 13
HYDROCARBON / PETROLEUM
SYSTEM
HYDROCARBON / PETROLEUM SYSTEM
 ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBON

Fossil fuels: Formation

• Plants and animals die
• Organic material settles in
anaerobic site and is partly
decomposed
• Organic material is buried
• Heat and pressure alter
chemical bonds
• Coal, gas, oil formed
 The Origin of Petroleum

Organic-rich Thermally Matured

Organic Matter
Oil
Source Rock
 PETROLEUM SYSTEM

1. GENERATIVE SUB SYSTEM

2. MIGRATION SUB SYSTEM
3. ENTRAPMENTS SUB SYSTEM
 Petroleum System Processes

• Generation - Burial of source rock to temperature and

pressure regime sufficient to convert organic matter into
hydrocarbon
• Migration - Movement of hydrocarbon out of the source
rock toward and into a trap
• Accumulation - A volume of hydrocarbon migrating into a
trap faster than the trap leaks resulting in an accumulation
• Preservation - Hydrocarbon remains in reservoir and is not
altered by biodegradation or “water-washing”
• Timing - Trap forms before and during hydrocarbon migrating
 Petroleum System Elements

• Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone

organic matter
• Reservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates:
- Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil accumulates
- Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oil
and gas moves
• Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move
effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)
• Migration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas
moves from source rock to trap
• Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that
focuses oil and gas into an accumulation
GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Applied organic geochemistry has

become an essential part of prospect
evaluation.
Few companies would acquire or
relinquish acreage without first
performing a geochemical analysis.
The main concepts or processes we’ll
be interested in are:
Source rock ACCUMULATION
MATURATION upon burial
GENERATION of hydrocarbons
EXPULSION from the source
rock
 SOURCE ROCK

¾SOURCE ROCK ARE ANY ROCKS IN

WHICH SUFFICIENT ORGANIC MATTER TO
FORM PETROLEUM HAS BEEN
ACCUMULATED, PRESERVED, AND
THERMALLY MATURED

¾ORGANIC PARTICLES ARE USUALLY

FINE-GRAINED, AND WILL SETTLE OUT
MOST EASILY IN QUIET-WATER
ENVIRONMENTS

¾ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS

IN DETERMINING WHETHER AN
ORGANIC-RICH ROCK WILL BECOME A
SOURCE ROCK IS ITS THERMAL
MATURITY
 SOURCE ROCK CRITERIA

Typically, hydrocarbons are generated in a dark,

GENERATIVE SUB SYSTEM organic-rich shale.
Criteria that must be considered:
Quantity
zQUANTITY OF ORGANIC MATTER
Type
zTYPE OF ORGANIC MATTER
Maturity
zMATURITY OF ORGANIC MATTER
Generation
zGENERATION OF HYDROCARBONS
Maturation
zEXPULSION OF HYDROCARBONS
Quantity usually measured as TOC (Total Organic
Carbon). A TOC = 1.0 means that organic carbon
constitutes 1 percent dry weight of the rock.

% TO C G ra d e Typical source rocks have TOC values of above

1%, ideally 2.5 to 5%.
< 0 .5 V e ry P o o r
0 .5 – 1 .0 Poor Another modelling consideration is that PORTION
of the source rock that has the high TOC content.
1 .0 – 2 .0 F a ir
2 .0 – 4 .0 G ood The entire formation may be hundreds of feet thick.
4 .0 – 1 2 .0 E x c e lle n t The portion rich in TOC may only be tens of feet
thick.
> 1 2 .0 O il S h a le / C o a l
HYDROCARBON TRAP
TRAPPING MECHANISM
Trap Reservoirs
 Petroleum System Elements

Anticlinal Trap
Top Seal Rock
(Impermeable)
Reservoir Rock
(Porous/Permeable)
Potential
Migration Route

Source Rock
(Organic Rich)

24803
Temperature is the most important parameter in controlling the
generation of petroleum
Petroleum generation is temperature-dependent and time dependent
process
Thermal processes are non biogenic and operate to remove the
characteristic of biogenelly derived moleclus.
Many biologically derived molecules have complex and characteristic
structure such as steranes, isoprenoids, porphyrins, etc
These biomarkers are eventually cracked to small molecules which
lack the characteristics of their parents.
The change in the nature of bitumens is widely used for indicating
level of organic maturity.
Biologically derived molecules form an important part of the bitumens
in shallow samples (biogenic) become quantitatively less important in
deeper samples.
 Source Rock for Petroleum
Organic- Thin
Rich Laminae Measured Values
Total
Organic Hydrogen
Carbon Index
3.39 378

Pyrolytically
In-Place Generated
Petroleum Petroleum
S1 S2
2.24 12.80
1 Inch
LOMPOC Quarry Sample
Monterey Formation, CA
So, When Looking for Oil We Primarily Examine

SOURCE ROCK: QUALITY, AMOUNT

Kerogen composition
Thermal history of the area
RESERVOIR
quality (poroperm), volume
Shape (pinchouts)
Stratigraphy (permeability barriers)
STRUCTURAL HISTORY (TRAPPING
MECHANISMS)
 Seismic Imaging of Anticline

Vibrator Truck
Recording Truck (Energy Source)
Geophone
(Receivers)

Returning
Sound Waves

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

 Petroleum System Processes

Gas
Cap
Oil
Entrapment
Accumulation Water Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock

Migration
120° F
Source Rock
350° F
Generation
2480
 Petroleum System
A Dynamic Entity
1) Early Generation Spill Point
Spill Point

Seal Rock
Reservoir Rock (Mudstone)
Migration from (Sandstone)
‘Kitchen’
Gas beginning to
2) Late Generation displace oil

Displaced oil
accumulates
Gas displaces all oil
 Petroleum System Events Chart
North Slope, Alaska

400 300 200 100 Geologic

Time-Scale
Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
Petroleum
D M P P TR J K Pε N System Events
Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Seal Rock
Overburden
Trap Formation
Generation, Migration,
and Accumulation

Preservation
1. Western North Slope
2. East-central North Slope 1 2 Critical Moment
Bird, 1994
 Regional Geology
Basin Modeling: Fluid Flow and Geochemical Kinematics

Basin Modeling is a key component in understanding Petroleum Systems

Results
Components ?
?

?
Improved
cycle time
Faults
12
11 1
3D Miscible 10 2
1 2 3 4 9 3
8 4
7 5
Scale 6

Model
 Prudhoe Bay Oil Field (1968)
Anticlinal/Unconformity
Anticlinal Trap
Combination Trap
South North
Brooks Beaufort
Range Sea

Sea Level

10,000
Seal
unconformity Reservoir
20,000 120°F
Barrow
Arch
30,000
Kitchen

• Largest North American field

• More than 8 billion barrels recoverable
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1990
 East Texas Oil Field (1930)
Unconformity Trap
West East

Sea Level
1,000 Reservoir
2,000 Seal
Seal unconformity
3,000

120°F

• Largest “lower-48” field Kitchen

• More than 5 billion barrels recoverable
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1990