Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Cabinet of Ministers
Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA
Environmental Management Sector
February 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1 INTRODUCTION 4
C Background Information 9
C.1 Legislative Framework 9
C.2 Method 9
C.3 Consultation 9
F. Mitigation 21
G. Conclusions 23
3 OSP
1 INTRODUCTION for 1996 regarding the limitation of
polluting industries in the vicinity of
The purpose of these guidelines is to the capitals of the Governorates, and
identify the main factors to be other relevant ministerial decrees.
considered when preparing an Developers should be aware of their
Environmental Impact Assessment obligations under all laws and
(EIA) study for cement manufacturing guidelines applicable to their situation.
plants. Each project should be
carefully assessed to identify the key 2 OBJECTIVE OF THE
issues and an EIA to assess these, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
using these guidelines for assistance. ASSESSMENT
The issues presented here are equally The aim of Environmental Impact
applicable in preparing a Compliance Assessment (EIA) is to enable the
Action Plan (CAP). They will also approving authority and the developer
assist in identifying those issues which to properly consider the potential
are of most concern to the relevant environmental consequences of the
government agencies. project and to make recommendations
to reduce it.
Not all matters in these guidelines will It is important to provide sufficient
be applicable to every proposal. The information for the approving
EIA must be tailored to suit the authority to make a decision on
potential impacts of the specific whether to approve the project and if
proposal at the specific proposed so, under what conditions. The
location(s), and it is essential to focus information provided should be clear,
on relevant key issues. objective, and supported by maps or
other descriptive detail.
The EIA report should be submitted
via the Competent Administrative 3 THE EIA PROCESS
Authority to the Egyptian
Environmental Affairs Agency The EIA should be prepared by a team
(EEAA). The Competent of consultants with experience
Administrative Authority for Cement appropriate to the study of the
Manufacturing Plants is the Ministry different aspects of the development
of Industry and Mineral Resources. site. The team should be headed by a
project manager with sufficient
Use of this guideline alone will not be relevant experience, whose ultimate
sufficient to prepare an EIA. responsibility is to co-ordinate the
Reference should be made to relevant inputs of individual specialists and to
laws and other guidelines, such as Law provide an overview.
4/1994 for the Environment, Law
48/1982 protecting the River Nile and The EIA study could be done through
its waterways from pollution, Law a company or joint venture of
86/1956 concerning mines and consultants to ensure a full
quarries, Law 96/1962 concerning professional coverage.
disposal of waste water to municipal
sewers, Law 102/83 for protected The EIA process should proceed
areas, EEAA Guidelines for Egyptian through a number of steps:
EIA, Military Governor Decree No. 2
4 OSP
3.1 Description of the project: What 4 GUIDELINES FOR THE EIA
type of projects, its size, REPORT
components, and processes
expected, all stages of These guidelines provide advice on the
implementation? content of formal EIA’s for both
developers and consultants involved.
3.2 Screening: is an EIA required?
The guidelines are not exhaustive.
3.3 Scoping, or identification of They are intended to identify the main
potential environmental impacts: issues of concern related to the
What has to be covered in the construction or expansion of cement
formal EIA and in what detail? manufacturing plants. Developers
must carefully assess each individual
3.4 Baseline: What are the existing element of their project to ensure that
environmental conditions? all issues relevant to the site have been
identified.
3.5 Prediction: What environmental The suggested contents for the EIA
impacts will the project have? report are:
6
• Elevations, cross sections and plans reclamation), transport activities
of all built development supported (e.g. delivery of raw materials,
by photomontages or similar to transport of product), milling,
show the visual appearance mixing, pre-heating, pre-
proposed; calcination, kiln processes.
• A description of the extent and type Furthermore, describe the energy
of industrial development proposed conservation measures considered,
including a description of the uses e.g. kiln technology and heat
proposed and the processes to be exchanging.
used. This includes the following • Proposed usage of water in the
information: different industrial stages and
• Flow chart of the proposed sources of water supply (ground
activity. Include sand, limestone, water, surface water and including
clay, pyrite, gypsum and chalk discharges from any desalination
extraction activities, water plants) and options for water
catchments, port facilities, recycling and reuse;
transportation, storage of raw • Quantities of solid and liquid waste
materials, the cement process generated and the arrangements for
(mills/grinders, preheaters, collection, recycling, storage,
precalciner, kilns), storage silos, treatment and disposal (solid waste,
packing facilities etc.) hazardous waste);
• List of machinery and process • Transportation description
equipment – technical including internal and external
information (such as capacity transport activities (transport of raw
and expected hours of operation) materials and product by train,
and operational control measures truck, ship).
(emissions data such as NOx, • Details of access, parking, and
SOx, dust, noise etc.) loading/unloading arrangements;
• An estimate of the essential • Description of unloading of raw
types and expected consumption materials and loading of product.
of raw materials and fuel types. What considerations have been
This should include a description made to prevent unnecessary dust
of the intention of reusing by- nuisance during operation
products or waste products from • Details of storage facilities for raw
other industries. This might materials, type of storage, size,
comprise granulated blast number, surface coating, roofing,
furnace slag from iron industries, drainage, measures to prevent dust
aluminium silicate from refining problems etc.
of oil, “oxiton” from • Details of storage of any hazardous,
regeneration of aluminium scrap, toxic or inflammable substances;
calcines which is an intermediate • Technical information of packing
product from cellulose industry, system, including expected dust and
fly ash from the electro filters at noise emission and what preventive
the power plants. measures have been considered.
• Power supply requirements and • Identification of the proposed
proposed energy conservation means of surface water drainage;
measures such as energy • The anticipated employment in
consumption during port activities, operation
pumping activities (e.g. sand
7
• The anticipated operating hours • Any stabilisation structures or
(week days, week end and holidays) earthworks including the dredging,
• The anticipated hours for reclamation, excavation or landfill
transportation (internal associated with these;
transportation at site, delivery of • Quantities of material to be moved
raw materials and transport of to or from the site, the method of
product). disposal of excess material, and the
• Monitoring program sources of material to be brought to
Describe the monitoring site;
programme planned to control the • Details of the construction
pre-heater, pre-calciner and the kiln workforce, including source,
processes during steady operation, expected numbers and fluctuations
e.g. temperature, O2-content, water throughout the construction period.
content.
• Risk management Furthermore, investigate types of
Evaluate the risk management previous activities on the land
considerations made during the intended to be included in the
programming/planning of the proposed project:
project., e.g. • Previous activities that may have
• monitoring of the pre-heaters, caused serious soil contamination
pre-calciners and kilns and result in of any remediation
• noise during milling/grinding measures
• packing (high pressure packing) • Remediation of the site may be
• emergency and contingency necessary prior to any
planning building/construction activities
• What kind of remediation
technology is possible (technical
B.4 Site Preparation and and economical)?
Construction • What possibilities of soil treatment
or disposal facilities exist?
8
• The relationship of the proposed • Describe the residual effects after
development to any existing mitigation.
development in the neighbourhood.
This chapter should include details of:
9
For industrial development, agencies considered important to EIA for the
with regulatory powers or cement industrial development
responsibilities in relation to planning proposals.
control, roads and traffic, waste
disposal, discharge limits to fresh
waters, emissions to air, historic This includes:
monuments, and conservation of • Land characteristics and use,
natural resources must be consulted. • Landscape Character and Existing
These will include as a minimum the View,
Egyptian Environmental Affairs • Habitats, Flora and Fauna,
Agency (EFAA). Governorate • Water including Hydrogeology,
representatives, Ministry of Housing, groundwater and water quality,
Ministry of Reconstruction, Ministry • Noise levels,
of Transport, Ministry of Health, and • Antiquities and other sites of
relevant Community Development historic and cultural significance,
Associations (CDAs). • The social and economic context,
• Traffic flows and transport
Consideration of Alternatives infrastructure,
• Utility service
The EIA should include a summary of
alternatives to the development and the
Data must be relevant to the proposed
reasons why the proposed
development. The level of detail
development is preferred.
should match the level of importance
of the issue in decision-making. To
Alternatives will include:
make the EIA report easier to read, it
may be sensible to include the
• Alternative locations;
specialist detail for each of the
• Alternative schemes and layouts of following sections as a technical
the development and services (these appendix to the report with a summary
may be further developed under of each section in the main EIA report.
mitigation);
• Alternative management or
operational practices (these may be D.2 Land Characteristics and Use
further developed under
mitigation); and All industrial development involves
• The ‘no development’ alternative. occupying land. The Baseline should
therefore include:
10
would be sensitive to industrial emissions may place the quality of
development. both surface water and groundwater at
risk. There is a need to understand the
Note that the land characteristics and surface water drainage in the area even
uses will also be relevant to other parts if this is very intermittent, e.g. flash
of the baseline, e.g. landscape and floods every 50 years. Baseline data
visual character. includes:
12
• Existing transport infrastructure • Construction works which directly
including roads, railways, port and damage the existing landform and
canals; add to the impacts by landtake
• Existing traffic flows on that • Economic impacts during
infrastructure and anticipated construction which may create job
changes which would take place opportunities and increase local
even if the development did not business;
proceed. • Economic impacts during operation
which may create longer term
benefits, such as the creation of job
and business opportunities, which
D.11 Existing Utilities have positive effects on the
Infrastructure and Usage economic welfare of the local
population;
Industrial development will usually • The provision of proper services
place demands on existing utility and infrastructure with wider
infrastructure notably water supply, benefits to those living and working
sewage and waste water treatment, and in the local area;
electricity. The baseline includes: • Dust generated during construction
• Existing utility infrastructure or operation which may affect
including water supply, sewage, human, plant and animal growth;
waste water treatment works, power • Gaseous emissions to air resulting
lines and transformer sub-stations; in negative effects on heath of the
• Existing capacity of and load on local population;
utilities infrastructure. • Discharge of untreated or
inadequately treated effluent to
canals and drains with resulting
E. Prediction of Impacts and effects on water quality and
Evaluation of Significant potential adverse effects on crops
Environmental Effects and health;
• Disposal of waste, particularly that
containing toxic or otherwise
E.1 Basic Methodology
harmful compounds with resulting
This chapter should include a effects on amenity, water quality
discussion of impacts both: and land quality and potential
adverse effects on crops and health;
• During construction and any built
or engineered development, and • Noise which may disturb people in
their homes, schools and other
• In operation of the proposed
sensitive uses;
industry.
• Traffic which may increase delays
Examples of potential impacts of and result in traffic related effects
industrial developments and their such as road accidents and traffic
significant effects include (but are not noise;
restricted to): • Impacts on existing utility
• Landtake leading to the loss of infrastructure and possible benefits
ecological habitats with negative as a result of improved
effects on flora and fauna infrastructure;
populations;
13
• Risks to local people as a result of
the storage and use of inflammable E.2 Landtake
or toxic substances.
Industrial development almost always
There is a need to distinguish between involves the development of land.
impacts which are: Only where land has already been
• Positive or negative; committed for the development of
• Reversible or irreversible; industry is landtake not an issue. This
• Temporary or permanent; will occur where an industry moves on
• Short term or long term; to an industrial estate which has
already been developed with services
• Direct or indirect.
and possible buildings.
in assessing environmental impacts
and the significance of their effects:
Landtake may result in the partial or
• Who or what is affected must be
complete loss of:
identified;
• Ecological habitats with negative
• How they are affected must be
effects on flora and fauna
described;
population;
• These effects must be evaluated
• Attractive landscape with negative
against a set of consistent
effects on landscape character and
assessment criteria.
the views enjoyed by people;
• Antiquities and sites of historical
Criteria for evaluating the significance
and cultural interest;
of impacts and their effects should be
set in advance. They should be based • Land in other uses, e.g. agricultural
on local standards wherever possible. land or community facilities, with
Where these are not available, resulting impacts on people’s
acceptable international standards livelihood or social life.
should be used (e.g. WHO, US EPA,
etc. guidelines). In all cases the choice Note that even where land is taken for
of the appropriate standard must be industrial development careful design
robust, defensible and relevant to the can reduce impacts by retaining
local situation. If no suitable existing residual areas in their natural or
standard is available, then the criteria existing state.
developed and used must be clearly
explained in the EIA. Landtake is normally evaluated on the
basis of the area of land lost and the
The use of matrices can be very sustainability of that land for other
helpful in coordinating and uses, e.g. agriculture, urban
summarising information for this development, recreation.
section of the EIA report.
14
impacts existing features. Key features Estimates of benefits to the local
which may be affected are: economy can be based on an estimate
• Surface water features, of the number of local people
• Landform, employed during construction, the
• Existing vegetation, average duration of employment and
• Antiquities the average rate of pay. Benefits to the
local business can be based on an
The effects are similar to those noted estimate of the proportion of
for landtake and in some cases these construction spending which is spent
two impacts may be better considered in the local economy.
together.
All new industrial developments will Where new industries are introduced
involve some expenditure on to an area an estimate should be made
construction. Where local contractors of the annual purchases of goods and
undertake this work there is an services from existing businesses.
obvious benefit to the local economy;
this is likely to be strengthened where Estimating the negative impacts on
the contractor makes purchases from existing businesses is more difficult.
other local businesses. In some cases Often the presence of a number of
contractors from outside the local area similar businesses in an area is
may win the construction contracts, beneficial in that the local area gains a
while the benefit may be less, reputation in that industrial sector;
employment of local labour and furthermore the presence of several
purchases from local businesses will firms in the same industry may
still benefit the local economy. encourage the development of better
skilled workforce.
15
this dust is a serious plant problem.
By-pass dust causes severe pollution to
E.6 Dust the environment that may cause
adverse health problems in the area
Dust may be generated during surrounding the cement plants.
construction of and in the operation of Dust may be deposited on crops and in
a cement manufacturing plant. During water bodies and watercourses; it may
construction dust most often arises also reduce air quality with impacts on
from vehicle movements on unsealed human health particularly where dust
roads and from earthmoving particles contain harmful matter. The
operations using construction plant generation of dust can have a negative
such as excavators. During operation effect on vegetation when emitted to
of a cement manufacturing plant dust the surrounding environment. The loss
particles may be emitted from the of vegetation produces extra runoff to
following processes/activities: the surrounding water bodies, which
• Quarrying operations of raw again can result in flooding. The major
materials constituents in dust from cement
• Grinding and blending operations manufacturing plants are alumina,
• Stacks from the kiln operation silica, metallic oxides and clay, trace
• Raw material storage amounts of organic chemicals (dioxins
• Packing and furans), heavy metals (cadmium,
• Transport between the processes lead and selenium) and radio nuclides.
• Transport to and from the site Existing dust levels in Egypt are
strongly affected by weather and
However, the largest emission source, particularly the strength of winds from
is the kiln operation, which includes the desert areas to the east and west of
the feed system, the fuel firing system, the Nile Valley. At times the level of
the clinker burning, cooling and naturally occurring dust is such that
hauling system. dust arising from industrial
development from whatever source is
In Egypt, the raw materials have a not likely to be noticed.
relatively high alkali content. In dry-
process plants, the gases from rotary The accurate prediction of dust
kilns carry with them a certain amount impacts is very difficult given the
of dust particles that are rich in alkalis. changing natural dust levels; an
Therefore, pre-heater and pre-calciner appropriate way of dealing with this
kilns are equipped with alkali by-pass subject is:
systems. The amount of by-pass dust • To identify the main sources of dust
may rise as high as to 15 % of the attributable to the development and
clinker production. By-pass dust the scale on which dust may arise;
consists primarily of the following • To identify the people or resources
compounds: alkali sulphates ((Na, K) that may be affected by this dust
SO4), alkali chlorides (NaCl and KCl), and the level of any nuisance
sulphate purrite (2C2S.CaSO4), free caused; and
lime (CaO) and alkalis due to the • To consider what measures should
combustion of fuel. Plants which be taken to reduce dust from
produce low-alkali cement and use sources associated with the
high alkali raw materials do not development to an acceptable level.
recycle dust to the kiln. Disposal of
16
This approach is effectively based on mentioned three pollutants. However,
reducing any emissions to a level other emissions are present as well;
which will not cause nuisance rather ammonia, VOC’s, PCDD/ PCDFs
than attempting to predict impacts with (Dioxins), Metals, HF, HCl and
precision. Data programmes modelling Odour.
the dispersion can be an efficient tool
when predicting the future impact Existing air quality in Egypt is
from cement manufacturing plants. strongly affected by weather and
particularly the strength of winds from
the desert areas to the east and west of
E.7 Gaseous Emissions to Air the Nile Valley. At times the level of
naturally occurring dust in such a
Gaseous emissions to the atmosphere gaseous emission is likely to be
may be generated both during masked by the dust loading.
construction and operation of a cement
manufacturing plant. Emissions to air The accurate prediction of air quality
may be gaseous or in the form of impacts is very difficult given the
particles loaded by adsorbed gases; the changing natural dust levels; an
latter can be regarded as a constituent appropriate way of dealing with this
of dust which has been dealt with subject is:
earlier. Gaseous emissions may reduce
air quality with impacts on human • To identify the main sources of
health particularly where emissions are gaseous emissions attributable to
of harmful gases. The impact can be the development, the scale on
extremely serious, e.g. where which they may arise, the likely
emissions contain harmful compounds presence of harmful gases and the
such as dioxins. worst case concentrations likely to
arise in the atmosphere given the
The main releases to air derive from dispersion characteristics of the
physical and chemical reactions site;
involving the quarrying operations of • To identify the people or resources
the raw materials and the combustion that may be affected by these
of fuels in the kiln system but emissions and the level of any
grinding, storage and transport of fuels nuisance caused; and
and raw materials also are a source to • To consider what measures should
air emissions. be taken to reduce or avoid gaseous
emissions from sources associated
The typical gaseous emissions to air with the development to an
from cement manufacturing plants acceptable level. Some of the
include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur primary measures when
dioxide (SO2), carbon oxides (CO and manufacturing cement are
CO2) and dust. The emission of SO2 upgrading the kiln system. The
depends on the content of volatile measures should; reduce the fuel
sulphur in the raw material and fuel, consumption, optimise the oxygen
and does therefore not always content, lower the flame and
represent a significant regulatory burning temperatures, stable the
environmental aspect. Cement plant kiln operation. The upgrading could
operation and literature on air be installation of flame cooling, low
pollution and abatement techniques NOx- burner, selective non-catalytic
generally focus on the above-
17
reduction, activated carbon, storage areas to minimize wash-off of
absorbent addition and/or solids and recycling cooling waters.
scrubbers. The kiln system Effluent water could be recycled and
representing the so-called Best reused using cooling towers or ponds,
Available Technique is considered settling ponds, containment ponds and
to be the dry process, with clarifiers.
multistaged pre-calciner and pre-
heater. Water quality impacts are easier to
predict than air quality impacts.
As with dust, this approach is Existing water quality can be
effectively based on reducing any measured using a number of criteria
emissions to a level, which will not such as the biological oxygen demand
cause nuisance rather than attempting (BOD) level. Predictions of changes in
to predict impacts with precision. water quality can be based on:
However, it should be mentioned that
data programs modelling the • Anticipated effluent discharges
dispersion can be an efficient tool including volume, the concentration
when predicting the future impact of suspended solids, concentration
from the cement manufacturing plant. of harmful substances like the
above mentioned, etc;
• Baseline data for the recipient water
E.8 Emissions to Water resources both surface and
underground.
Emissions to surface water and
groundwater may be generated both The criteria for judging the
during construction and operation of a significance of impacts will include
cement manufacturing plant. the people or resources that may be
Waterborne effluent may reduce water affected by changes in water quality.
quality with impacts on:
The impact on human health from
• Human health particularly where intake of effluents from Cement
water is used for irrigation or public Manufacturing plants; The salts –
water supply, chlorides and sulphates - make the
• Freshwater and marine flora and water undrinkable before they reach
fauna. seriously harmful concentrations.
However, recent evidence is linking
During cement manufacturing high intake of sodium chloride with
operations, effluent discharge is high blood pressure. The possible
generated from cooling process content of metals in the effluent are of
equipment and wet scrubbing kiln concern, as a number of metallic ions
stack emission for recovering cement are known to cause metabolic
kiln dust and as runoff water from the disturbances in humans upsetting the
outdoor areas. Effluents contain production and function of certain
mainly dissolved solids (Potassium enzymes. (e.g. aluminium
and sodium hydroxide, chlorides and concentrations are possibly linked with
sulphates) suspended solids (calcium the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease.)
carbonate) and waste heat. Reduction
of effluent discharge could be obtained An alternative approach can be taken,
by designing stormwater systems and based on improving effluent quality
18
and reducing effluent volumes to
levels which will not result in a
significant impact on the water E.10 Noise
resources concerned.
The potential sources of noise
E.9 Waste Disposal associated with a development need to
be identified; these are likely to
Disposal of waste, particularly that include:
containing toxic or otherwise harmful
compounds, can potentially have • Construction noise (e.g. blasting,
adverse effects on amenity, water pile driving, compressors, etc.)
quality and land quality, on crops and • Operation noise (e.g. vehicle
people’s health. movements and from operation of
the conveyors, the kiln system, the
The waste generation at a cement mills and grinders and packing
manufacturing plant primarily includes machinery, both within and outside
particulate matter, including bypass- the factory).
dust. However, waste is also generated
when technical equipment is If these are likely to be significant for
maintained (Maintenance waste: oils particular receptors and resources, an
and other lubrication waste, spent assessment will need to be made of:
organic solvents, sludge and solids
from the paint and coatings, auto and • Baseline conditions (including
truck assembly) and from the testing in relevant meteorological and
laboratories. (Product testing and topographical factors, and existing
research wastes: Solid and/or major sources of noise);
hazardous wastes). The waste • Proposed working hours during
generation can be reduced by recycling construction and operation;
collected particulate matter, reusing • Where these impacts will be most
maintenance and laboratory waste as important (e.g. housing areas and
fuel and raw material substitutes. sensitive natural areas).
19
transport network; issues to the cement manufacturing industry the
consider include local waste disposal could benefit, as
• vehicle, train or boat size and many waste types can be reused as
types, fuels for the kiln.
• frequency of movements at
various times of day and year These impacts are generally dealt with
(including the need for by:
restrictions at night or peak • Describing the anticipated changes
periods), in services and infrastructure
• safety issues. provision,
• Estimating the average and peak • Considering the demands placed on
movement and parking demands provision by incoming industrial
including the adequacy of on-site development, and
facilities. • Setting out how any changes in
provision may benefit the local
For cement manufacturing plants community.
especially delivering of raw materials
and fuels, shipping of final cement
product and transportation of raw E.13 Risk Assessment
materials and fuels internal on the
plant between processes should be Hazards can be assessed by:
considered in relation to noise and air • Identifying all materials stored
emissions. which are classified as hazardous,
their quantities and proposed safe
storage and handling (e.g. fuel, raw
E.12 Services and Infrastructure materials, lubrication oils for
maintenance and laboratory testing
The provision of proper services and chemicals);
infrastructure for industrial • Identifying potential hazards from
development may have wider benefits fire, explosion or release of
for those living and working in the chemicals or polluted waters,
local area. However, the reverse can natural occurrences such as floods,
be true where industrial development storms, landslip. ( e.g. handling of
takes place without adequate fuels and packaging using high
investment in services and pressure, protection of storages
infrastructure and; existing services from runoff waters, maintenance of
and infrastructure may become discharge system for effluents,
overloaded and the local community maintenance of machinery and
may be adversely affected. abatement for air emissions,
prevention of dust emissions from
In general, the impact on services and fugitive sources –like covering of
infrastructure is likely to be fairly transfer points and conveyors,
neutral; a significant benefit is only water spraying point sources,
likely to occur where the industrial paving, road wetting and wind
development enables a major barriers for open piles);
improvement to local infrastructure, • Identifying potential risks to local
e.g. a water treatment works, which people and local resources in the
could not be funded by the existing event of an emergency.
level of development in the area. For
20
F. Mitigation • Control and disposal of solid
waste (e.g. reused as fuel or at
other industries).
F.1 Mitigation Strategy • Water quality – measures include:
• Control and treatment of liquid
This section considers the mitigation
effluent (e.g. recycling cooling
strategy, including the consideration of
waters, cooling towers, oil
alternative opinions, and the extent to
separators, sand traps, ponds and
which this will avoid or reduce
clarifiers)
significant effects. The evaluation of
• Contamination and recovery
the strategy will take into account its:
facilities,
• Sustainability,
• Procedures for handling, storage,
• Integration,
transport and disposal of waste
• Feasibility, and for all hazardous and dangerous
• Compliance with statutory material (e.g. recycling of waste
obligations under other licences or as raw material(dust) or
approvals. fuel(chemicals), closed storages
secured from stormwater runoff.)
The mitigation strategy should outline • Air quality – measures include:
the environmental management
• Control of stack emissions (e.g.
principles to be followed in the
cyclones, fabric filters and
planning, design, establishment and
scrubbers),
operation of the proposed
• Control in fuel inputs (e.g.
development. It should include
substitution of fuels with high
specific locational, layout, design or
sulphate or ash content)
technology features and an outline of
• Control of optimised kiln
ongoing management and monitoring
operation (e.g. gravimetric solid
plans.
fuel feed, reduced flame and
burning temperature)
F.2 Specific Mitigation Measures • Control of fugitive emissions
(e.g. encapsulating/covering
These include proposed mitigation and conveyors, waterspraying and
management measures to control ventilation systems with
impacts on (the examples mentioned cyclones in closed storage
are only some out of many measures areas);
that could be taken for additional • By-pass dust should be treated
information Pollution Prevention notes by using nodulizers equipped on
from United States and the European the by-pass systems of the dry
Union can be recommended): lines of clinker production. By
• Land quality – measures include: this, the excessive dust generated
• Stabilization works for cuttings, during the process of loading the
embankments and open dust into the trucks may be
channels, eliminated, saving space at
• Erosion and sedimentation dumping sites. It can also be
control structures (e.g. wind treated by using a circulating
barriers), fluidized bed roasting system,
• Landscaping and re-vegetation involving dust preparation for
proposals, the fluidized bed.
• Noise – measures include:
21
• Control of noise from plant and • Management of construction
machinery to ensure compliance impacts (e.g. landscape
with relevant standards, management plans);
• Sound attenuation measures such • Management of operational impacts
as wall and banks (e.g. (e.g. hazardous materials and fuel
maintenance on noisy machines, management, transport and packing
rubber curtains of openings at management, maintenance and site
mills and grinders, noise security plans, emergency and
adsorbing claddings and contingency plans);
encapsulation) • Strategies and actions plans to feed
• Habitats, flora and fauna – information from monitoring into
measures include: management practices;
• Compensatory planting or • Public awareness and training
restocking of indigenous species, programmes for operational staff;
• Provision of new appropriate • Indicators of compliance with
habitat, licensing and approval
• Opportunities for colonisation, requirements.
• Careful timing of major
disturbances, An EMP should include a monitoring
• Measures to control and prevent plan that should be carefully designed
infestations at the site and to and related to the predictions made in
control spread into localities the EIA and the key environmental
adjacent to the proposal. indicators. The EMP should outline
• Historical and cultural features – the need for monitoring, its duration
measures proposed should mitigate and reporting procedures.
impacts and conserve antiquities
and areas of historical or heritage Parameters which may be relevant
significance during all stages of this include:
development. • Performance indicators in relation
to critical operational issues
All measures must be compatible with including:
the provision of relevant acts and laws. • water quality (marine and fresh)
• shoreline morphology and
sediment budget,
F.3 Environmental Management • soils and sediments
Plan • noise and air quality,
• public health indicators,
An environmental management plan • land surface and hydrology,
(EMP) is a document designed to • flora and fauna.
ensure that the commitments in the • Waste management performance
EIA and subsequent condition of any indicators in relation to recycling
approval or licence are carefully and reuse;
implemented. The EMP should
• Monitoring of complaints received
demonstrate that sound environmental
practices will be followed during the
Monitoring procedures should cover
establishment, operation, rehabilitation
the following:
and afteruse of the development. It
• The key information that will be
should cover the following:
monitored (such as noise (low-
frequency, infra sound and
22
vibrations), dust (particulate matter) • The likely success of mitigation
and air emissions (NOx, SOx, CO, measures adopted or recommended
H2O %, metals etc.), wastewater to alleviate those impacts
(volume, suspended solids, pH,
substances etc.), waste (solid waste This information can be presented
and hazardous waste) and odour), either as text or as summary tables if
its criteria and the reason for desired.
monitoring
• The monitoring locations (Air After mitigation measures have been
emission outlet: particulate matter, assessed, residual and/or cumulative
NOx, SOx; the boundary: noise, effects may remain. It is useful to set
odour, particulate matter, NOx, SOx these out in a table in which the level
and other relevant substances; out of significance of each effect is given.
door storage areas of raw materials:
dust fall), intervals and duration
• Actions to be undertaken if the
monitoring indicates a non-
compliance or abnormality;
• Internal reporting and links to
management practices and action
plans;
• Reporting to relevant authorities
and, if appropriate to the consent
authority or the community such as
reports on interruption of operation,
operational journals, list of used
raw materials, protocol on stored
raw materials, dust fall reports from
the storage areas for raw materials,
noise documentation
• Reports, odour and air pollution
emission and immission
concentration contribution reports,
CO2 % documentation reports,
energy consumption reports, waste
water reports etc.
G. Conclusions
23