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Chapter 1
4 Measurement
“The branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of
which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties and the ways
in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these processes
to form new substances.”
∼Horace G. Deming
http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2013/09/10/219372252/the-most-and-least-lucrative-college-majors-in-1-graph
http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2013/09/10/219372252/the-most-and-least-lucrative-college-majors-in-1-graph
Theory-dependence of observation
Language shapes perception!
Jules Davidoff worked with the Himba tribe from Namibia. In their
language, there is no word for blue and no real distinction between green
and blue.
Macroscopic Microscopic
Liquids flow, take the shape of their container and possess a definite volume
Gases flow and take both the shape and volume of their container
Atoms are light. The world’s most sensitive balances ∼0.0000001 g, it would take
over 300,000,000,000,000 (3 × 1014 ) lead atoms to reach this weight!
K =◦ C + 273.15
The SI system uses prefix multipliers to change the value of the unit by
powers of 10, just like the exponent does in scientific notation.
For example, the kilometer has the prefix kilo meaning 1000 or 103 . Therefore:
1 kilometer = 1000 meters = 103 meters
Similarly, the millimeter has the prefix milli meaning 0.001 or 10−3 .
1 millimeter = 0.001 meters = 10−3 meters
For example, the SI unit for speed is meters per second (m/s). A combination
of two SI units.
For example,
volume of cube = (edge length)3
A cube with a 10cm edge has a
volume of (10cm)3 or 1000cm3 .
To convert this to m3 :
1m 1m 1m
1000cm · cm · cm × 100cm 100cm 100cm
= 0.001 m3
For example, the SI unit for speed is meters per second (m/s). A combination
of two SI units.
For example,
volume of cube = (edge length)3
A cube with a 10cm edge has a
volume of (10cm)3 or 1000cm3 .
To convert this to m3 :
1m 1m 1m
1000cm · cm · cm × 100cm 100cm 100cm
= 0.001 m3 = 1 liter
The density (d) of a substance is the ratio of its mass (m) to its volume (V ).
mass m
Density = volume or d = V
Intensive properties are the same regardless of how much you have, i.e. the
density of aluminum is the same if you have 1g or 1 kg. Mass, in contrast,
depends on the amount of substance and is therefore an extensive property.
A man receives a platinum ring from his fiancee. Before the wedding, he
notices that the ring feels a little light for its size, and so he decides to
determine its density. He places the ring on a balance and finds that it
has a mass of 3.15 g. He then finds that the ring displaces 0.233 cm 3 of
water. Given that the density of platinum is 21.4 g/cm3 , is the ring made
of platinum?
The greater the number of significant figures the greater the certainty of the
measurement.
For example, the number 23.5 has three significant figures, while the number
23.56 has four.
(b) 5.0003 km
(c) 10 dm = 1m
(e) 0.00002 mm
(f) 10,000 m